Anti Bio Tika
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![Page 1: Anti Bio Tika](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081511/563db78c550346aa9a8c0ff2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SRI RAHAYU DP
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Antibiotika….Zat yg dihasilkan organismeBersifat baktericid dan bakteriostatikKemoterapi : bahan kimia yang mampu
menghambat kehidupan kuman di dalam tubuh
Perang peneliti,klinisi versus bakteri
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nomenklaturPewarnaan gram : identitas bakteri
patogen dari dari tempat infeksi & pewarnaan
Kultur : pembiakan dan identifukasi mikroba
Kultur positip palsu : bila kultur terkontaminasi
Kultur negatip palsu : sampel terinfeksi & media kultur & teknik tidak sesuai
KHM : Konsentrasi HAmbat Minimal adalah konsentrasi antibiotik yg d/ mencegah pertumbuhan kultur
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ResistensiTimbulnya daya tahan kuman terhadap obatResistensi kuman bisa massal oleh kuman yg
resistenEpidemi nosokomial di RS
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Faktor resistensiPengobatan yg terlambatDosis terlalu rendahKuman adaptasi d/ obatPemberian A.B tidak tepat sasaranKeadaan fisik penderita t/ mendukung
terbentuknya kuman d/ cepat
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hiperreaksiHipersensitifitasToksisitasSuper infeksiEfek kumulasi
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Klasifikasi AntibiotikaPenisilin & sefalosporinTetrasiklin & kloramfenikolAminoglikosidaAntibiotik lain : makrolida, eritromisin
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PENISILIN & SEFALOSPORINPENISILIN BAKTERI GRAM - & GRAM
+,STREPTOKOKUS,STAFILOKOKUS,SPIROKETA,KLOSTRIDIA,ANTRAKS,AKTINIMISETES
PENISILIN PER OS BAIK,BEBERAPA TIDAK,RUSAK KRN ENSIM & HCl
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PENISILIN (ß Lactam)DISTRIBUSINYAAD KE OTAKELIMINASI VIA RENALINDIKASI:
PNEUMONIA,MENINGITIS,OTITIS MEDIA,FARINGITIS,DEMAM REUMATIK,ENDOKARDITIS,GONORE,ANTRAKS,KLOSTRIDIA GAS GANGREN & TETANUS,OSTEOMILITIS,DIPHTERI
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PENISILIN….PERTAMAKALI DIISOLASI DARI JAMUR
PENICILLIUM TH 1949OVER PENISILIN RESISTENSI
(PEMBENTUKAN PENISILINASE)SIFAT KIMIA :
PENISILIN,SEFALOSPORIN,MONOLAKTAM (AZTREONAM) DAN KARBAPENEM (IMIPENEM) CINCIN ß LAKTAM DI PUSAT->PECAH BY ß-LAKTAMASE
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GOLONGAN PENISILINPENISILIN G (300.000-6 JUTA UNIT)PROKAIN PENISILINBENZATIN PENISILINAMPISILINAMOKSISILINOKSASILIN & KLOKSASILINSEFALOSPORIN
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PENISILIN….ASAM KLAVULANAT , PROBENISID
MEMPERKUAT KERJA PENISILIN (contoh: AUGMENTIN & TIMENTIN)
REAKSI ALERGI: REAKSI PENISILIN BERKISAR DARI RUAM KULIT SAMPAI SYOK ANAFILAKTIK & POTENSIAL MENGANCAM JIWA
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SEFALOSPORINMEKANISME SAMA D/ PENISILIN15 % Px ALERGI PENISILIN JUGA ALERGI
SEFALOSPORINPERTAMA KALI U/ BAKTERI GRAM POSITIP
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GOLONGAN SEFALOSPORINGENERASI IGENERASI IIGENERASI IIIGENERASI IV
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GENERASI ISEFALEKSINSEFAZOLINSEFALOTINSEFRADINSEFADROKSILSEFAPRIN
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GENERASI IISEFAKLORSEFUROKSIMSEFAMANDOLSEFOKSITINSEFOTETANSEFONICIDSEFORANIDSEFOMETAZOL
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GENERASI IIISEFOTAKSIMSEFTRIAKSONSEFIKSIMSEFTIZOKSIMSEFOPERAZONMOKSALAKTAMSEFZIDIM
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TETRASIKLINGOL SPETRUM LUASPADA BAKTERI GRAM + DAN GRAM -PADA RIKETSIA,AMUBA,MIKOPLASMA, TRAKOMAPER OS BAIK,METABOLIT PADA GIGI & TULANG
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KLORAMFENIKOLSPEKTUM LUAS JUGASPESIFIK PADA BAKTERI SALMONELLA
TYPOA, HEMOPHILIS INFLUENZA, Boedetella Pertusis
Efek SAMPING : KEBUTAAN & ALERGILARANGAN IBU MENYUSUI
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GOLONGAN TETRASIKLIN
DOKSISIKLINMETASILINKLORTETRASIKLINTETRASIKLINOKSITETRASIKLIN
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TetrasiklinAntibiotik spektrum luasBaik pd bakteri gram -/+Juga pd Riketsia,amuba,trakomaBila dosis tidak tepat menyebabkan
resistensi/kebalPenggunaanya per osDipengaruhi makanan,logam semacam
Al,Mg,Ca dan Fe
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Metabolit tetrasiklin ditimbun di tulang &gigi
Keracunan obat: mual & muntahBisa diare dan dehidrasi beratKeracunan gawat pada hati & ginjalMerupakan obat pilihan koleraJuga dapat pada infeksi
pernapasan,gonore,akneDosis 1-2 gram per oral
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AminoglikosidaBakteriostatik thd gram –Contoh: StreptomisinNeomisin,kanamisin,Amikasingentamisin,tobramisin,sisomisin,
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streptomisinBentuk injeksiBakteriostatikObat pilihan untuk TBC,LepraHati2,resistensi sangat cepatEkskresi melalui ginjal & empeduKeracunan: reaksi alergi sampai syok
anafilaksi berat
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Kanamisin,Neomisin,Amikasin,Gentamisin & TobramisinBakterisid pd gram + dan –Penyerapan neomisin & kanamisin per os
jelek sdgkan gentamisin & tobramisin baikSediaan salep Gentamisin banyak diberikan
pd luka bakar & luka pd kulit
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EritromisinAktivitas mirip penisilinKekuatan lebih rendahSebagai preparat pengganti penisilinPer os baikKeracunan: mual,muntah,superinfeksi dan
alergiSpiramisin mirip eritromisin(Ex Spiradan
tab & syrup)Azitromicin tab,syrup (Zitromax
tab,syrup)
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Kel PolimiksinPolimiksin APolimiksin Byang dipakaiPolimiksin CPolimiksin DPolimiksin Eyang dipakaiKeduanya aktif untuk bakteri gram –Indikasi : infeksi
pseudomonas,shigela,disentri & enterobakter
Banyak dipakai untuk topikal (salep) saja,sal napas