ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf ·...
Transcript of ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf ·...
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ANTHOPHYTA
MAGNOLIOPHYTINA (ANGIOSPERMAE)
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MAGNOLIOPHYTINA - KRITOSJEMENJAČE
• Imaju sjemenezametke zatvorene u plodnici nastaloj odplodnih listova. Ispadaju iz nje tek kaozrele sjemenke nakonstvaranja ploda.
• Karakterizira ihredukcija gametofita i napredujuća neotenija.
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MAGNOLIOPHYTINA
• Ocvijeće ili periantštiti pup i privlačikukce.
• Cvjetovi zoogamnihvrsta pretežito sudvospolni.
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MAGNOLIOPHYTINA
• Anemogamne vrste u pravilu imajujednospolne cvjetove, koji su često grupiraniu cvatove.
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MAGNOLIOPHYTINA• Peludna zrna se ne
prenose neposrednona sjemene zametke, već na stigmu, tj. dioplodnih listovaspecijaliziran zaprihvat peludi.
• Peludna mješinicadovodi pelud sastigme do sjemenogzametka.
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MAGNOLIOPHYTINA
• Muški gametofit se razvija još u peludnicama. Nema protalijskihstanica, nistaničnog drška, a generativna stanicaje jedini ostatakanteridija.
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MAGNOLIOPHYTINA
• Magnoliophytina se dijele na dva razreda:1. DICOTYLEDONES - DVOSUPNICE2. MONOCOTYLEDONES -
JEDNOSUPNICE• Među dvosupnicama je daleko veći broj
stabala i grmova, pa su ostavile i puno višefosila.
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MAGNOLIOPHYTINA
Razred DICOTYLEDONES
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1.podrazred MAGNOLIIDAE
• Imaju brojne primitivneosobine.
• Smatraju se ishodišnimza razvoj dvosupnica i jednosupnica.
Superfam. MagnoliaceaeMagnolia• Poznate od krede do
danas.
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1.podrazred MAGNOLIIDAE
Superfam. LauraceaeLaurus• Poznat od krede do
danas.• Ima debele, kožnate,
zimzelene listove.• Danas živi u
Sredozemlju.• Fosilno nađen u
miocenu Hrvatske.
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1.podrazred MAGNOLIIDAE
Lauraceae“Cinnamomum”-
kamforovac, cimetovac.
• Od gornje krede do danas.
• Čest u paleogenu i neogenu Hrvatske(Promina, Zagrebačkagora).
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1.podrazred MAGNOLIIDAE
LauraceaePersea - avokadoNađena u miocenu
Medvednice.
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE
• Anemogamnebezlatičnice s resastimcvatovima.
• Imaju plodove u obliku oraha.
Red HAMAMELIDALES
• Poznati od krede do danas.
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-HAMAMELIDALES
Liquidambar• Fosilno poznat
od krede .• Nađen u neogenu
Hrvatske.
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-HAMAMELIDALES
Platanus• Velika stabla koja
danas u prirodi rastu u SAD i Meksiku.
• Imaju svjetlu koru koja se ljušti.
• Cvjetovi su odvojenaspola, a rastu u loptastim cvatovima.
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-HAMAMELIDALES
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Fagaceae
Red FAGALES• Imaju jednospolne,
jednodomne cvjetove bezocvijeća ili s jednostavnimperijantom.
Familia Fagaceae• Imaju plodove
obavijene kupulom.• Poznati su od krede.
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Fagaceae
Castanea -kesten
• Poznati odkrede.
• Ima jestiveplodove.
• Nađen u miocenuMedvednice
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Fagaceae
Fagus - bukva• od krede do danas• danas najčešće
listopadno drvo.• Vezana uglavnom za
područja umjereneklime, te zakarbonatna tla.
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Fagaceae
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Fagaceae
Quercus• od krede do danas• obuhvaća veliki broj
vrsta.• Oblik listova može
biti jako različit.• Nađen u miocenu
Zagrebačke gore.
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE- FAGALES – Fagaceae - hrast
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae
Familia Betulaceae• od eocena do danas• imaju jednostavno,
spiralno raspoređenolišće.
Betula - breza• vezana za hladnija
područja
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae
Corylus -lijeska
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae
Alnus - joha
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae
Carpinus - grab• nađen u pliocensko-
pleistocenskim glinamaVirovitice.
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-URTICALES
Red URTICALES
• Drvenaste i zeljastebiljke sa spiralnim i nasuprotnim listovima.
Ulmus - brijest• Od donje krede do
danas. U Europi odpaleogena.
• Čest u gornjemmiocenu i pliocenu.
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2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-URTICALES
Zelkova• česta od srednjeg
miocena do gornjegpliocena.
• Nađena i u miocenuMedvednice.
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2. podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-URTICALES
Ficus - smokva• Od paleogena do
danas.• Danas živi u toplim
područjima.• Nađena u paleogenu i
neogenu Hrvatske(Promina, Medvednica).
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2.Podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-URTICALES
Urtica - kopriva
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2. podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-JUGLANDALES
Red JUGLANDALES
• Drvenasta stabla, kojadanas uglavnom rastu u umjerenim područjimasjeverne hemisfere.
• U Europi su poznati odcenomana.
Juglans - orah• od gornje krede do danas.
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3. podrazred ROSIDAE
• Danas su vrlo brojne -obuhvaćaju 19 redova, od kojih su samo nekivažni fosilno.
Red ROSALES
Crataegus - glog• od krede do danasRosa - ruža• od paleogena do
danas.
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3.podrazred ROSIDAE - ROSALES
Prunus - šljiva, trešnja, višnja, breskva, marelica
• Od paleogena do danas
Pyrus - kruška
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3.podrazred ROSIDAE - FABALES
Red FABALES (LEGUMINOSAE)
• Zeljaste i drvenastebiljke s perasto složenimlistovima.
• Imaju plod u oblikumahune.
• Danas živi 13 000 vrsta, čiji su listovi slični, pa ihje teško razlikovati.
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3.podrazred ROSIDAE - FABALES
Acacia• nađena u
miocenuMedvednice.
Robinia• Živi u
sušnim, umjerenimpodručjima.
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3.podrazred ROSIDAE - FABALES
Mimosa• Danas živi u suptropskim i
tropskim područjima.
Cassia• u paleogenu Promine i
neogenu Medvednice.
![Page 38: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
3.podrazred ROSIDAE - MYRTALES
Red MYRTALES
• Obuhvaća 8 porodica, međukojima i mangrove koje rastu u plimnoj zoni toplihkrajeva.
![Page 39: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
3.podrazred ROSIDAE - MYRTALES
Eucalyptus• tropska biljka, nađena
u eocenu Promine.
![Page 40: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
3.podrazred ROSIDAE - SAPINDALES
Acer - javor• Nađen u miocenskim sedimentima
Medvednice, te pliocenskimokolice Virovitice.
![Page 41: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
3.podrazred ROSIDAE - CELASTRALES
Ilex - božikovina• Nađena u miocenu
Zagrebačke gore.
![Page 42: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
3.podrazred ROSIDAE - RHAMNALES
• Od gornje krede do danas.Zizyphus• u miocenu MedvedniceVitis
![Page 43: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
3.podrazred ROSIDAE - ARALIALES
Aralia - od kredeHedera - bršljan• od eocena
![Page 44: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
3.podrazred ROSIDAE - CORNALES
Cornus - dren• Od krede do danas, čest u neogenu Europe.
![Page 45: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
4.podrazred DILLENIIDAE
Red SALICALES• Poznati od gornje krede.• Jednospolni, jednodomni cvjetovi sakupljeni su u cvat u obliku
rese.• Rastu u umjerenim područjima.
![Page 46: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
4.podrazred DILLENIIDAE - SALICALES
Salix - vrba• Nađena u miocenu
Medvednice.
![Page 47: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
4.podrazred DILLENIIDAE - SALICALES
Myrica• raste na cretovima i vrištinama• Nađena u miocenu
Medvednice.
![Page 48: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
4.podrazred DILLENIIDAE - SALICALES
Populus - topola• nađena u miocenu
Medvednice.
![Page 49: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
4.podrazred DILLENIIDAE - MALVALES
Red MALVALES
Tilia - lipa• Poznata od miocena.
![Page 50: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
4.podrazred DILLENIIDAE - ERICALES
• Poznati od donje krede. Danas brojne vrste žive odArktika do tropa, gotovo uvijek na kiselom, vlažnom tlu (tresetišta).
Andromeda - vrijes
![Page 51: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
4.podrazred DILLENIIDAE - OLEALES
Red OLEALES
• Danas živi oko 600 vrsta.
Olea - maslina• Ima kožaste,
zimzelene listove.
![Page 52: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
4.podrazred DILLENIIDAE - OLEALES
Fraxinus - jasen
![Page 53: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
4.podrazred DILLENIIDAE - OLEALES
Ligustrum - kalina
![Page 54: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
MAGNOLIOPHYTINA
Razred MONOCOTYLEDONES
![Page 55: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
MONOCOTYLEDONES
• Imaju embrio s jednom supkom• Listovi imaju paralelnu nervaturu• Stabljika nema sekundarni rast u debljinu.• Korijenje je čupavo.• Pretežito su zeljaste, ali ima i drvenastih
stabala (palme)
![Page 56: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
MONOCOTYLEDONES ARECIDAE
PALME• Smatra se da su
se razvile iz predakanalik današnjimlopočima.
• Poznate su od krede.• Stabla mogu narasti do 65 m u visinu, a listovi
mogu biti dugi do 3.5 m.
![Page 57: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
MONOCOTYLEDONES ARECIDAE
• Prema obliku razlikujemo lepezaste iperastolisne palme.
![Page 58: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
MONOCOTYLEDONES ARECIDAE
• Za klasifikaciju je važan oblik lisne osi.
![Page 59: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
MONOCOTYLEDONES ARECIDAE
• Zbog vezanosti za suptropsko-tropska područjapalme su dobri indikatori klime.
![Page 60: ANTHOPHYTA - geol.pmf.hrgeol.pmf.hr/~jsremac/predavanja/paleobotanika/paleobotanika_5.pdf · lijeska. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES - Betulaceae Alnus - joha. 2.podrazred HAMAMELIDIDAE-FAGALES](https://reader034.fdocument.pub/reader034/viewer/2022051202/5a744a247f8b9a4b538bbaab/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
MONOCOTYLEDONES ARECIDAE
• Fosilno se najčešće sačuvališće, a ponekadi ostali dijelovibiljke.
• U Hrvatskoj sunađeni rodoviPhoenicites, Sabal i Palmophyllum.