"Cocaine — облачная платформа Яндекса". Андрей Сибирёв, Яндекс
Annual Report 2019 - Trimbos-instituut€¦ · In 2019, 7.7% of samples consisted of cocaine....
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Tactus VNN Brijder IrisZorg 1NUL1/ Emergis Mondriaan Novadic- Kentron Stichting Mainline Jellinek Youz GGD Amsterdam Indigo Haaglanden Vincent van Gogh DIMS bureau Embedded in Trimbos-instituut Commissioned by the Ministry of Health (VWS) and local authorities The Drugs Information and Monitoring System is a national network of testing facilities that aims at gaining an insight into the market of controlled substances. What is DIMS? How does it work? Highlights 2019 Nationwide coverage Since this year DIMS operates a testing facility in each province of The Netherlands, providing nationwide coverage. Two new testing facilities In 2019 two new testing facilities were opened: in Amersfoort and Goes. This results in a total of 33 testing facilities. Highest visitor count ever With 18,092 visitors, 2019 saw the highest number of visitors ever at DIMS. No public campaigns or Red Alerts In 2019 DIMS issued no Red Alerts, and only two internal warnings (within testing network). These concerned high-dose ecstasy tablets and a number of powders containing the substance eutylone. High MDMA content in ecstasy tablets The average MDMA content in ecstasy tablets reached an all-time high of 172 mg MDMA (free base). Ecstasy tablets are submitted most frequently at DIMS The overwhelming majority of the samples submitted to DIMS consisted of ecstasy tablets (61%). Frequent detection of a different substance in 2C-B samples 2C-B samples often contained 2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenethyla- mine, rather than 2C-B itself. More 2C-B samples in 2019 The number of 2C-B samples submitted to DIMS almost doubled. 4-FA samples in 2019 usually contain 4-FMA 4-FMA was found more frequently in 4-FA samples than 4-FA itself. Activities: DIMS examines the content of drugs, its associated health-related risks, and analyses trends. Method: DIMS monitors the market in controlled drugs by offering consumers the possibility to have their drugs tested. Application: The data collected are being used for education, prevention and policy interventions. Warnings: DIMS occasionally warns on a national, regional or local level, or e.g. via social media for drugs involving extra risks. Education: The testing facilities serve a major educational purpose and provide information on effects and risks of drugs. DIMS affiliated organizations hold weekly consulting hours. Here, users are able to hand in drugs for analysis, anonymously and discretely. If the sample can be determined, the composition is passed on directly. OPEN If not, the sample is sent to the laboratory for further analysis. A week later, the drugs have been analysed and the results are communicated. Sometimes the result is so disturbing, that a warning or Red Alert is issued. ! Extra dangerous drugs Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS) Annual Report 2019
Transcript of Annual Report 2019 - Trimbos-instituut€¦ · In 2019, 7.7% of samples consisted of cocaine....
TactusVNN
Brijder
IrisZorg
1NUL1/Emergis
Mondriaan
Novadic-Kentron
StichtingMainline
Jellinek
Youz
GGDAmsterdam
IndigoHaaglanden
Vincentvan Gogh
DIMS bureauEmbedded in
Trimbos-instituutCommissionedby the Ministry
of Health (VWS)and local
authorities
The Drugs Information andMonitoring System is a nationalnetwork of testing facilitiesthat aims at gaining aninsight into the market ofcontrolled substances.
What is DIMS?
How does it work?
Highlights 2019
Nationwide coverageSince this year DIMS operates a testing facility in each province of The Netherlands, providing nationwide coverage.
Two new testing facilitiesIn 2019 two new testing facilities were opened: in Amersfoort and Goes. This results in a total of 33 testing facilities.
Highest visitor count everWith 18,092 visitors, 2019 saw the highest number of visitors ever at DIMS.
No public campaigns or Red AlertsIn 2019 DIMS issued no Red Alerts, and only two internal warnings (within testing network). These concerned high-dose ecstasy tablets and a number of powders containing the substance eutylone.
High MDMA content in ecstasy tabletsThe average MDMA content in ecstasy tablets reached an all-time high of 172 mg MDMA (free base).
Ecstasy tablets are submitted most frequently at DIMSThe overwhelming majority of the samples submitted to DIMS consisted of ecstasy tablets (61%).
Frequent detection of a different substance in 2C-B samples2C-B samples often contained 2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenethyla-mine, rather than 2C-B itself.
More 2C-B samples in 2019The number of 2C-B samples submitted to DIMS almost doubled.
4-FA samples in 2019 usually contain 4-FMA 4-FMA was found more frequently in 4-FA samples than 4-FA itself.
Activities: DIMS examines the content of drugs, its associated health-related risks, and analyses trends.
Method: DIMS monitors the market in controlleddrugs by offering consumers the possibility to have their drugs tested.
Application: The data collected are being used for education, prevention and policy interventions.
Warnings: DIMS occasionally warns on a national, regional or local level, or e.g. via social media for drugs involving extra risks.
Education: The testing facilities serve a majoreducational purpose and provide information on effects and risks of drugs.
DIMS affiliatedorganizations holdweekly consultinghours.
Here, users are able to hand in drugs foranalysis, anonymouslyand discretely.
If the sample can bedetermined, thecomposition ispassed on directly.
OPEN
If not, the sample issent to thelaboratory forfurther analysis.
A week later, thedrugs have beenanalysed and theresults arecommunicated.
Sometimes the result is so disturbing, thata warning or RedAlert is issued.
!Extra dangerous drugs
Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS)Annual Report 2019
The majority of the samples submitted to DIMS are sold as ecstasy tablets: in 2019 this
was 61% of the total number of samples.
Average price pertablet: € 4.10.Half of theecstasy tabletscost between3 and 5 euro.
The average price of a gramof MDMA powder is € 19.30
Effects•Sense of intimacy•Increased energy
Ecstasy/MDMA in 2019
Risks•Overheating•Exhaustion•Brain damage
Cutting agents•Caffeine•Amphetamine (very rare)•mCPP (rare)•PMMA (rare)
!
Wherever applicable, contents in this report are calculated in free base form, not as salt.
The occurrence of extremely high-dose tablets (>210 mg) still increases.
1-35 36-70 71-105 106-140141-175 176-210 > 210 (mg MDMA)
0%
25%
75%
100%
50%
2015 2017 201920182016
On average, a tablet contains 172 mg MDMA ( ). Half of the tablets contain
between 150 and 197 mg MDMA ( ), a quartile less, and a quartile more than that.
0
50
100
200
250
150
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Samples submitted to DIMS in 2019MDMA is by far the most frequently submitted substance to DIMS. In 2019, 61% of samples consistedof MDMA in tablets (also called ecstasy),and 6%consisted of MDMAin powder/crystalline form.
8% cocaine
6% speed
7% 2C-B
6% MDMA powder
1% GHB
4% ketamine
2% LSD2% 4-FA
4% other substances
61%ecstasy tablets Number of samples submitted to
DIMS
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
2015 2017 201920182016
In 2019, 7.7% of samples consisted of cocaine.
Average price per gram: € 50.30.Half of the cocaine powders cost
between 45 and 60 euro.
Cocaine in 2019
Cutting agents•Levamisole•Caffeine•Phenacetine
Risks•Dependency•Cardiovascular problems•Nasal mucosa•Paranoia
!
Effects•Increased energy•Confident feeling
0
55
65
85
75
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Average cocaine concentration (%)Cocaine concentration covering half of the cocaine powders (%)
The average cocaine concentration in submittedpowder samples has slightly risen to 69%.
Cocaine is adulterated relatively often, usually with levamisole.
Only cocaine Cocaine plus cutting agentsNo cocaine
0%
25%
75%
100%
50%
2015 2017 201920182016
Speed in 2019In 2019, 6.2% of samples consisted of speed.
Average price per gram: € 7.40. Half of the speed powders
cost between 5 and 10 euro.
Effects•Increased energy•Delays fatigueness•Inhibits appetite
Cutting agent•Caffeine
Risks•Overheating•Exhaustion•Brain damage•Paranoia•Heavy physical strain
!
0
20
40
80
60
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
While there is a lot of variation between individual powders, the average amphetamine concentration
has been fairly stable over time (49%)
Average amphetamine concentration (%)Amphetamine concentration covering halfof the speed powders (%)
In 2019, 4.2% of submitted samples consisted of ketamine.
Risks•Bad trip (k-hole)•Nausea, vomiting•Respiratory disorders•Muscle stiffening or paralysis
!
Average price per gram:€ 24.70. Half of the
ketamine powders costbetween 20 and 30 euro.
Cutting agents•Levamisole•Caffeine
Effects•Mind altering•Out-of-body experience
Ketamine samples are fairly pure (77% average), but sometimes contain high
concentrations of levamisole (53% average).
Only ketamine
Ketamine plus adulterationKetamine plus levamisole
No ketamine(and/orlevamisole)
0%
25%
75%
100%
50%
2015 2017 201920182016
2C-B in 20192C-B (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is typically submitted
as tablets, but can also occur as powder. In 2019, 6.7% of samples submitted to DIMS consisted of 2C-B.
Average price per tablet:€ 4.40. Half of the 2C-B
tablets cost between3.50 and 5 euro.
The average price of agram of 2C-B powder
is € 46.20.
Effects•At low dose: euphoria,
increased energy•At high dose: hallucinogenic
In 2019 nearly all 2C-B samples contained adulterations, and sometimes no 2C-B at all.
It often contained a 2C-B analog: 2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.
Only 2C-B 2C-B plus adulterationNo 2C-B
0%
25%
75%
100%
50%
2015 2017 2019201820160
4
8
16
12
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Average 2C-B content (mg)2C-B content covering half of the 2C-Btablets (mg)
A 2C-B tablet contains on average11 mg 2C-B.
Risks•Bad trip•Effects stronger than
expected/overdose
!
Cutting agents•Caffeine
Ketamine in 2019
GHB in 2019
Risks•Addictive•Potentially life-threathening if
combined with alcohol•Risk of overdosing•Burns mouth/esophagus•Unconsciousness
!
In 2019, 0.9% of samples consisted of GHB.
We gathered too little datato give a reliable average
of the price of GHB.
Effecten•Euphoria•Relaxation•Loss of control•Libido enhancing
Cutting agents•GBL
0
300
400
600
500
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Average GHB content (mg/ml)GHB content covering half of the GHBliquid (mg/ml)
After years of increase, the average GHB content has not increased in 2019. On average,
the samples contained 456 mg/ml GHB.
4-FA (4-fluoramphetamine) in 2019In 2019, 4.2% of samples consisted of 4-FA.
Effects of 4-FA•Increased energy•Euphoria•Talkative•Delays fatigue
Risks•Exhaustion•Nausea•Headache•Palpitations•Brain damage
!
Average price per tablet:€ 5.60.
Half of the 4-FA tablets costbetween 4 and 7 euro.
Price per gram (powder): € 8.50.
Cutting agents•4-Fluormethamphetamine (4-FMA)•MDMA•Amphetamine•Caffeine
Since 2017 (the year that 4-FA was scheduled), the number of
4-FA samples has continued to drop.
0
300
600
900
1200
2015 2017 201920182016
457363
698
1065
684
Frequently, 4-FA samples do not actually contain 4-FA, but instead the legal and
comparable substance 4-FMA.
Only 4-FA Only 4-FMA4-FA plus 4-FMA No 4-FA or 4-FMA
0%
25%
75%
100%
50%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q42018
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q42019
NPS in 2019
Number of samples of new psychoactive substances (NPS) Sold as: 4-FA 2C-B Ketamine GHB Other
0
500
1.000
3.000
2.000
2.500
1.500
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Most NPS seen by DIMS are substances like 2C-B that might not be regarded as
“new”, but following the EMCDDA definition are still classified as NPS. The category “other” consists of 60 different NPS or mixtures of NPS. Many of these substances are so-called research chemicals, unlegislated psychoactive substances that are commonly used by a small subset of users. The majority of the NPS submitted to DIMS in 2019 were derivatives from one of three chemical families: phenethylamines, cathinones, or tryptamines.
Mephedrone(4MMC)6-APB
3-MMC
4-FMA
DMT
1P-LSD
Methoxetamine
3-MeO-PCP
4-AcO-DMT
ALD-52
Etizolam
5-MeO-DMT
Ethylphenidate
2C-E
5-MAPB
15 mostcommonother NPS
Product number: INF102Text: Ruben Vrolijk en Daan van der GouweDesign: Rikkers Infographics
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced and / or published in anyform or by any means without prior permission from the Trimbos Institute.
© 2020, Trimbos-instituut, Utrecht
More information:www.drugs-test.nl
Online purchasesA small proportion of the drugs submitted to DIMS were bought via the internet. Sometimes drugs are bought via regular webshops, sometimes also via the darkweb.
The percentage of samples bought online has decreased in 2019.
0%
8%
6%
2%
4%
2017 20192018
5,4%
645samples
728samples
712samples
5,8%
4,1%
The number of samples submitted to DIMS that were bought on the darkweb has, after
a marked increase in 2018, decreased slightly in 2019.
0
500
400
300
100
200
2017
2018
2019
darknet webshop unknown
LSD in 2019In 2019, 1.7% of samples consisted of LSD samples.
Average price per blotter:€ 5.70.
Half of the blotters costbetween 4 and 7 euro.
Risks•Bad trip•Nausea•Flash backs
Effects•Hallucinogenic
!
Cutting agents•LSD-like substances•NBOMes
0
30
60
120
90
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Average LSD content (µg)LSD content covering half of theLSD-blotters (µg)
The average LSD content on blotters has risen substantially over the last four years, to
93 µg in 2019.
