ANU ELECTRON MICROSCOPY UNIT

2004 Annual Report

CONTENTS

1. THE ANUEMU AND ITS OBJECTIVES………......…………………………………2

2.HIGHLIGHTS OF THE YEAR..........………………………………………………......2

3. RESEARCH AND TEACHING ACHIEVEMENTS....…...……………………..…….2

4. PUBLICATIONS........……………………………………..………………… ……......5

5. PERSONNEL…………………………………………….……………………………12

6. FINANCE......…………………………………………….…………………................12

7. ORGANISATION........…………………………………....…………………………..13

8. COLLABORATION AND OUTREACH ……………..…………………...................14

9.APPENDICES………………………………………...............................................…..16

(i) School and Departmental Use of the ANUEMU in 2004 (ii) Numbers of users 1989-2004

(iii) Trends in Equipment Use within ANUEMU 1990-2004(iv) Distribution of ANUEMU Electron Microscope Use across the university,1990- 2004

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1. THE ANUEMU AND ITS OBJECTIVES

The unit is a central ANU facility that provides access to light and electron microscopy and related techniques to staff and students from all areas of the ANU. Major equipment includes four transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), four scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), a dual beam Focused Ion Beam/SEM, confocal, structured illumination deconvolution and other light microscopes, a laser capture microscope, a small scanning tunneling microscope, cryo-preparation instruments and a range of other ancillary equipment for specimen preparation, analysis and image processing. Most instruments are housed in the Research School of Biological Sciences, which administers the Unit, while two of the electron microscopes are sited in the Research School of Earth Sciences. A full description of the operation of the facility can be found through the web page http://www.anu.edu.au/EMU/index.htm. Objectives of the Unit, as set out in its establishment paper (2498/1988):“The purpose of the unit is to provide an efficient service in scanning and transmission electron microscopy to the University community at large and to users external to the University, where appropriate. This service shall include provision for access to modern EM equipment, service for occasional users, training in EM methods for regular users and consultation on applications of EM. The Unit is encouraged to provide leadership in the development and implementation of new EM equipment and methodology. It is an objective of the University to maintain the standard of the facility at a level commensurate with the University's heavy commitment to research and to the major research objectives within the programs of the Schools and Faculties”.

2. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE YEAR

*The versatility of the inverted scanning confocal light microscopy system was enhanced with the addition of an upright microscope and new objectives. This ‘upright’ option has been extensively used since coming on line.

*Funding was secured for a laser capture microdissection system with optical traps, to be run as a university facility jointly with RSBS Molecular Biology Facility. At time of writing, the system has been successively deployed.

3. RESEARCH AND TEACHING ACHIEVEMENTS.

A. Instrument Use

Overall, the use of the Unit’s major facilities increased again in 2004. EM usage increased about 7% (to 7491 hours) , mostly due to a 10% increase in SEM use (to 5642 hours). TEM use remained almost constant at 1849 hours. Light microscopy use continued to increase (5%). A major change was in microtome use, up 45% to 2218 hours, much of this due to cryomicrotomy as a prelude to cold stage SEM.

Distribution of use by School and Department is given in the appendices.

B. Instrument Development:FIB/SEM. A dual beam FIB/SEM was installed last year. The configuration is an Orsay Physics Canion gallium ion gun on a JEOL 6460 SEM, with 3 gas injectors. The major immediate use has been for lithography applications, in particular for the fabrication of optical elements. A pattern generator being developed by RSPhysSE (Laser Physics Centre/CUDOS

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CRC) has been a major factor in the success of this initiative, which is already attracting users from other universities.

C. New Instruments

Installed:

1. A new motorized Leica upright microscope, sharing the confocal lasers and scanning system with the existing inverted microscope. Together with additional high resolution and long working distance objectives, this arrangement has produced an extremely versatile system at a comparatively low cost. It was partially funded from an ANU NHMRC Equipment Grant.

2. Funded by an ANU Teaching Facilities grant, the EMU acquired a number of small items (projector, camera, screen, video display screens) that have made individual and small group training, and larger workshops, much more convenient and effective.

Funding secured:

Despite the failure of an ARC Linkage grant, funding for a laser capture microscope was secured from ANU Major Equipment Committee, CSIRO, Charles Sturt University, and ANU Schools (RSBS, BAMBI), RSBS research Groups (Visual Sciences, CSD) and individuals (Barry Rolfe, Josette Masle, Barry Pogson).

This is a very exciting development which will introduce important new molecular biological methodology to the ANU. Laser capture microscopy allows identification and collection of visually identified cells, even chromosomes, that can then be used in “downstream” analysis techniques. Fixed, sectioned, and even live material can be sampled with no contamination from surrounding tissue, and without the necessity of an identifying fluorescent tag. The material dissected can be used in techniques such as microarray, RT-PCR, even proteomic methods such as 2D-electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, to provide sample-specific outcomes at a very small scale (a few cells, even one cell).

C. TEACHING

Most of the Unit’s teaching is performed on a one-to-one basis, but the ANUEMU delivers or contributes to several courses and undergraduate laboratories each year. ANUEMU staff conduct an annual open access “Microscopy, Imaging and Analysis” course at a level appropriate for non-specialist postgraduates. The format is a series of one or two-day lectures and practical sessions with some “core” sessions delivered every year and other more specialised sessions varying from year to year according to demand and staff time.

1. “Microscopy Imaging and Analysis 2004”, held in June, included:1. Light Microscopy -2D  and 3D Imaging and Deconvolution Methods. An overview, working from the basics of light microscopy to more specialised techniques including DIC, epi-fluorescence,  confocal,  computational and "Apotome" deconvolution methods,  and an introduction to some  3D reconstruction software packages. ( with Lino Montuno, Zeiss Australia)

 2. Understanding and Manipulating Images, from acquisition to publication. Principles of digital image acquisition with emphasis on light and

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electron microscopes, processing the image to reduce noise or emphasis features, introduction to some commonly available measurement and image processing programs.

3. Introduction to SEM An introduction to EM columns and to the principles of Scanning Electron Microscopy.

4. Introduction to TEM Continuation of introduction EM columns, and to the principles of  Transmission Electron Microscope operation.   

5. X-ray Analysis of Elements. An introduction to the analysis of elemental composition by energy dispersive (EDXA) and wave-length dispersive (WDS) x-ray analysis. (with Ashley Norris, RSES microprobe)

2. Basic and Advanced SEM Courses run by Steve Chapman (Protrain Ltd, UK, with Anaspec Ltd ) were held in ANUEMU in September. ANUEMU staff assisted with the week-long courses, which attracted both national and international participants.

3. Customised one or two day courses held in 2004:

1. Two day microtomy workshop for CSIRO Plant Industry, January

2. 1-day Summer Scholars “Microscopy Toolbox” Course.

3. One-day Course in SEM for Archeologists, for RSPAS

4. Other Teaching Activities by ANU EMU staff:

Dr. Frank Brink taught practical EDXA/SEM for CRC-LEME Environmental Mineralogy course, June

Dr. Roger Heady lectured in Basic SEM and EDXA in the University of Canberra Conservation and Materials Course, gave a lecture on Wood Structure and Identification” to the Wood Workshop, School of Art, and tutored on Wood anatomy and wood identification in the SRES Forest Products course 3016.

Dr. CX Huang contributed to Prof. Margaret McCully’s CSIRO PI /GRDC workshop in Root/soil biology in Agriculture – Towards a New Conceptual Framework IV.

Dr. Sally Stowe co-supervised two PhD students (RSBS), and one Masters Student (RSPhysSE).

D. ANU SHARED EQUIPMENT WEBSITEIn conjunction with the Biomolecular Resources Unit at JCSMR, ANUEMU have developed a website to help students and staff track down equipment that is available for shared use,

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whether in departments or common facilities. While still in development , the site (http://www.anu.edu.au/equip/) is visited regularly. Suggestions and additions are welcome

E STAFF PUBLICATIONS: Publications produced by EMU staff in 2004

Asgary S, Parirokh M, Egbal MJ, Brink F (2004) A Comparative study of white mineral trioxide aggregate and white Portland cements using X-ray microanalysis. Aust Endodontic J 30:1-4

Brink FJ, Norén L, Withers RL (2004) Electron Diffraction Evidence for Continuously Variable, Composition-Dependent O/F Ordering in the ReO3 type, NbV

1-xNbIVxO2-xF1+x, 0 x

0.48, Solid Solution. J. Solid State Chem. 177: 2177-2182,.

Cheung A, Azvedo G de M, Glover CJ, Llewellyn DJ and Elliman RG  (2004)  Structural perturbations within Ge nanocrystals in silica.  Appl Phys Lett, 84, 278-280.

Liu Y, Withers RL, Brink F,J, Norén L (2004) Cubic Perovskite-Related Phases in the Ternary SrO-CuO-Nb2O5 System, J. Solid State Chem 177: 3141-3149

Parirokh M, Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Stowe S, Kakoei SH (2004). A scanning electron microsocpe study of plaque accumulation on silk and PVDF suture materials in oral mucosa. Int. Endodontic J. 39: 776-781

Parirokh M, Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Zade AE, Shabahang S (2004) A comparative study of white and grey mineral trioxide aggregate as pulp capping agents in dog’s teeth. Dental Traumatology 2004:1-5

Stavenga DG, Stowe S, Siebke K, Zeil J, Arikawa K (2004 ) Butterfly wing colours: scale beads make pierid wings brighter. Proc Roy Soc B 271:1577-1584

Ridgway MC, Azvedo G De M, Glover CJ, Elliman RG, Llewellyn DJ, Cheung A, Johanessen B, Brett DA and Foran GJ (2004)  EXAFS characterisation of Ge nanocrystals in silica.  Nucl Instr Methods Phys Res B, 218, 423-426.

Stowe S, Parirokh M, Asgary S, Eghbal MJ (2004) The benefits of using low accelerating voltage to assess endodontic instruments by scanning electron microscopy. Australian Endodontic Journal 30: 1-6

Withers RL, Brink FJ,. Norén L, Welberry TR, Liu Y, (2004)Local Strain, Structured Diffuse Scattering and Oxygen Fluorine Ordering in Transition Metal Oxyfluorides, Conference proceedings Aperiodic 2003, Ferroelectrics 305: 123-126, 2004.

Withers RL, Welberry TR, Larsson A-K, Liu Y, Norén L, Rundlof H,  Brink FJ (2004) Local Crystal Chemistry, Induced Strain and Short Range Order in the Cubic Pyrochlore (Bi1.5-αZn0.5-

β)(Zn0.5-γNb1.5-δ)O(7-1.5α-β-γ-2.5δ) (BZN). J. Solid State Chem 177:, 231-244

In PressAsgary S, Parirokh M, Eghbal MJ, Brink F. Chemical Differences Between White and Gray Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. J. Endodontics

Asgary S, Parirokh M, Eghbal MJ, Brink FB, Stowe S A qualitative X-ray analysis of white and Grey MTA using compositional imaging. J. Materials Science:Materials in Medicine

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Heady RD, Evans P. The wood anatomy of Actinostrobus (IAWA J)

McCully ME, Canny MJ, Huang, CX. The management of extracellular ice by frost-resistant herbaceous petioles. Annals of Botany.

4. PUBLICATIONS using the ANUEMU facilities, 1990-2004(Not including abstracts, theses or papers in press. NB For statistical and reporting purposes items are not inaddition to those listed in Departmental and School reports)]

YEAR RSBS OTHER TOTALav. 1990 - 1993 9.75 19.25 28.5av. 1994 - 1997 10 50.5 60.5av. 1998 - 2000 10 61 712001 15 69 842002 10 90 1002003 8 83 912004 collected to date 10 82 92

2003 not previously listedSpandler CJ, Arculus RJ, Eggins SM, Mavrogenes J.A, Price RC, Reay AJ (2003) Petrogenesis of the Greenhills Complex, Southland, New Zealand: magmatic differentiation and cumulate formation at the root of a Permian island-arc volcano. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 144, 703-721.

Spandler CJ, Hermann J, Arculus RJ, Mavrogenes JA (2003) Redistribution of trace elements during prograde metamorphism from lawsonite blueschist to eclogite facies; implications for deep subduction-zone processes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 146, 205-222.

Glikson AY ( 2003) Comment on "Extraterrestrial influence of mantle plume activity" by D.H. Abbott and A.E. Isley, Earth Planetary Science Letters, v. 215, pp. 425-427

Glikson AY (2003), Comment on "Early Archaean spherule beds: chromium isotopes confirm origin through multiple impacts of projectiles of carbonaceous chondrite type, by Kyte et al., Geology, Online Forum pp. e36.

Glikson, AY ( 2003) Discussion of Extraterrestrial influences on mantle plume activity by D.H. Abbott and A.E. Isley (2002, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 205, 53-62). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 215, 425-427.

Glikson AY( 2003) Early Archean spherule beds: Chromium isotopes confirm origin through multiple impacts of projectiles of carbonaceous chondrite type: comment Geology: Online Forum, pp. e36.

2004 Publications (users and staff)

1. Asgary S, Parirokh M, Egbal MJ, Brink F (2004) A Comparative study of white mineral trioxide aggregate and white Portland cements using X-ray microanalysis. Aust Endodontic J 30:1-4

2. Ball, E.E., Hayward, D.C., Saint R., Miller, D.J. (2004) A simple plan-cnidarians and the origins of developmental mechanisms Nature Rev. Genetics 5:567-577

3. Ball MC, Canny MJ, Huang CX, Heady RD (2004) Structural changes in acclimated and unacclimated leaves during freezing and thawing. Functional Plant Biology 31:29-40

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4. Black LP, Kamo SL, Allen CM, Davis DW, Aleinikoff JN, Valley JW, Mundil R, Campbell IH, Korsch RJ, Williams IS, Foudoulis C ( 2004) Improved 206Pb/238U microprobe geochronology by the monitoring of a trace-element-related matrix effect; SHRIMP, ID-TIMS, ELA-ICP-MS and oxygen isotope documentation for a series of zircon standards. Chemical Geology, 205, 115-140.

5. Bradby JE. Williams J S, Swain MV(2004) Pop-in events induced by spherical indentation in compound semiconductors Journal of Materials Research, 19, 380

6. Brink FJ, Norén L, Withers RL (2004) Electron Diffraction Evidence for Continuously Variable, Composition-Dependent O/F Ordering in the ReO3 type, NbV

1-xNbIVxO2-xF1+x, 0 x 0.48, Solid Solution.

J. Solid State Chem. 177: 2177-2182,

7. Butcher KSA, Wintrebert-Fouquet M, Chen P P-T, Tansley T L, Dou H, Shrestha SK, Timmers H, Kuball M, Prince KE, Bradby JE (2004). Nitrogen-Rich Indium Nitride Journal of Applied Physics, 95, 6124

8. Carnerup AM,. Hyde S., Larsson A-K, Christy AG, Garcia-Ruiz J.M (2004)'Silica-carbonate biomorphs and the implications for identification of microfossils’ In:  J. Seckbach ,J. Chela-Flores ,Tobias Owen ,Frantois Raulin (eds) ‘Life In The Universe: From The Miller Experiment To The Search For Life On Other Worlds’ (Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology) Kluwer Academic Publishers.

9. Cocherie A, Guerrot C, Fanning CM, Genter A, (2004) Datation U-Pb des deux faciès du granite de Soultz (Fossé rhénan, France). Comptes Rendus Geoscience 336, 775-787

10. Brink FJ, Norén L,.Withers RL (2004) Electron diffraction evidence for continuously variable, composition-dependent O/F ordering in the ReO3 type, NbV1-xNbIVxO2-xF1+x, 0 d x d 0.48, solid solution. J.Solid State Chem. 177, 2177-2182,

11. Carter ML, Withers RL (2004) An electron and X-ray diffraction study of the compositely modulated barium nickel hollandite BaxNixTi8-xO16, 1.16 < x < 1.32, solid solution" Z.Krist. 219, 763-767

12. Chen Y and Chadderton L (2004) Improved growth of aligned carbon nanotubes by mechanical activation. J Mater Res, 19, 2791-2794

13. ChenY, Conway MJ, Fitz Gerald JD. Williams JS, Chadderton LT (2004) The nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes in a mechano-thermal process. Carbon, 42, 1543-1548.

14. Cheung A, Azvedo G de M, Glover CJ, Llewellyn DJ and Elliman RG (2004) Structural perturbations within Ge nanocrystals in silica. Appl Phys Lett, 84, 278-280.

15. Crowhurst PV, Maas R, Hill,KC, Foster DA, Fanning CM (2004) Isotopic constraints on crustal architecture and Permo-Triassic tectonics in New Guinea: possible links with eastern Australia.  Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 51, 107-122.

16. Curtis ML, Millar IL, Storey BC, Fanning M. (2004) Structural and geochronological constraints of early Ross orogenic deformation in the Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116, 619-636

17. Dantas EL, Van Schmus WR, Hackspacher PC, Fetter AH. de Brito Neves BB, Cordani, U., Nutman, A.P. & Williams, I.S(2004) The 3.4–3.5 Ga São José do Campestre massif, NE Brazil: remnants of the oldest crust in South America. Precambrian Research, 130(1-4), 113-137.

18. Dortch J (2004) Late Quaternary vegetation change and the extinction of Black-flanked Rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis) at Tunnel Cave, southwestern Australia Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xx xxx– xxx www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo

19. Fanning CM, Link PK ( 2004) U-Pb SHRIMP ages of Neoproterozoic (Sturtian) glaciogenic Pocatello Formation, southeastern Idaho. Geology, 32, 881-884.

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20. Fanning, C.M., Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W., Baldo, E.G., Casquet, C. & Galindo, C. (2004) K-bentonites in the Argentine Precordillera contemporaneous with rhyolite volcanism in the Famatinian Arc. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 161, 747-756.

21. Faul UH, Fitz Gerald JD, Jackson I (2004) Shear wave attenuation and dispersion in melt-bearing Olivine polycrystals II. Microstructural interpretation and seismological testing. J. Geophys. Res., 109, B06202, doi:10.1029/2003JB002407.

22. Gamaly EG, Rode AV( 2004) Nanostructures created by lasers, in: Encyclopaedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Ed. H. S. Nalwa, (American Scientific Publishers, Stevenson Range, v. 7, 783-809.

23. Garcia-Garcia FJ,.Larsson A-K,.Norén L,Withers RL (2004) The crystal structures of Co3Se4 and Co7Se8

Solid State Sciences 6, 725-733

24. Gibson GM, Nutman AP (2004) Detachment faulting and bimodal magmatism in the Palaeoproterozoic Willyama Supergroup, south-central Australia: keys to recognition of a multiply deformed Precambrian metamorphic core complex. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 161, 55-66.

25. Gilotti JA, Nutman AP, Brueckner HK (2004) Devonian to Carboniferous collision in the Greenland Caledonides: U-Pb zircon and Sm-Nd ages of high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 148: 216-235.

26. Glikson, AY, Allen C ( 2004) Iridium anomalies and fractionated siderophile element patterns in impact ejecta, Brockman Iron Formation, Hamersley Basin, Western Australia: evidence for a major asteroid impact in simatic crustal regions of the early Proterozoic earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 220, 247-264

27. Glikson, AY, AllenC, Vickers J (2004). Multiple 3.47 Ga-old asteroid impact fallout units, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,

28. Glikson AY (2004) Early Precambrian asteroid impact-triggered tsunami: excavated sea-bed, debris flows, exotic boulders and turbulence features associated with 3.47-2.47 Ga-old asteroid impact fallout units, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Astrobiology, 4, p.19-50.

29. Goodge JW, Myrow P, Phillips D, Fanning CM, Williams, I.S (2004) Siliciclastic record of rapid denudation in response to convergent-margin orogenesis, Ross Orogen, Antarctica. In Bernet, M., and Spiegel, C., eds., Detrital thermochronology - Provenance analysis, exhumation, and landscape evolution of mountain belts: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 378, p. 105-126.

30. Goodge, J.W., Williams, I.S. & Myrow, P., 2004: Provenance of Neoproterozoic and lower Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks of the central Ross orogen, Antarctica: Detrital record of rift-, passive- and active-margin sedimentation. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116 (9-10), 1253-1279.

31. Gray, D.R, Hand, M., Mawby, J., Armstrong, R.A., Miller, J. McL. and Gregory, R.T. (2004). Sm-Nd and zircon U-Pb ages from garnet-bearing eclogites, NE Oman: constraints on high-P metamorphism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222, 407-422.

32. Harbel B, Bradby JE, Swain MV, Williams JS,. Munroe P(2004). Phase transformations induced in relaxed amorphous silicon by indentation at room temperature. Applied Physics Letters 85, 5559

33. Hardham AR (2004) Fungal and Oomycete Plant Pathogens: Cell Biology. Encycl. Plant & Crop Science 480-483.

34. Hardham AR (2004) Functioning Cells. In: Biology 3rd Edition. Eds P. Ladiges, B. Evans and R. Saint. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Sydney.

35. Hayward DC, Mille, DJ, Ball EE. (2004) snail expression during embryonic development of the coral Acropora: blurring the diploblast/triploblast divide? Dev Genes Evol 214:257-260.

36. Hyde ST, Carnerup AM, Larsson A-K,. Christy AG, Garcia-Ruiz J.M. (2004)'Self-assembly of carbonate-silica colloids: between living and non-living form' Physica A 339, 24-33

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37. James M..Cassidy D, Goossens D J, Withers RL (2004). "The Phase Diagram and Tetragonal Superstructure of the Rare Earth Cobaltate Phases Ln1-xSrxCoO3-¥ (Ln = La3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Gd3+, Y3+, Ho3+, Dy3+, Er3+, Tm3+ and Yb3+)" J. Solid State Chem. 177, 1886-1895,

38. James M,. Cassidy D,.Wilson KF, Horvat J,.Withers RL (2004) Oxygen Vacancy Ordering and Magnetism in the Rare Earth Stabilised Perovskite Form of 'SrCoO3-¥'" Solid State Sciences 6, 655-662,

39. John BE, Foster DA Murphy, JM, Cheadle MJ, Baines AG. Fanning, CM, Copeland P. (2004) Determining the cooling history of in situ lower oceanic crust-Atlantis Bank, SW Indian Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222, 145-160

40. Kazama H, Dan H, Imaseki H, Wasteneys GO (2004) Transient exposure to ethylene stimulates cell division and alters the fate and polarity of hypocotyls epidermal cells. Plant Physiology 134:1614-1623

41. Kinny PD, Nutman AP, Occhipinti SA (2004) Reconnaissance dating of events in the southern part of the Capricorn Orogen. Precambrian Research. 128, 279-294.

42. Kluth P, Johannessen B, Giraud V, Cheung A, Glover CJ, Azevedo G de M, Foran GJ and Ridgway MC (2004) Bond length contraction in Au nanocrystals formed by ion implantation into thin SiO2. Appl Phys Lett, 85, 3561-3563.

43. Kokonyangi, J, Armstrong, R., Kampunzu, A.B., Yoshida, M, Okudaira, T. (2004). U-Pb zircon geochronology and petrology of granitoids from Mitwaba (Katanga, Congo): implications for the evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Kibaran belt. Precambrian Research 132, 79-106

44. Laux, J.H.; Pimentel, M. M.; Dantas, E. L.; Armstrong, R., Armele, A. and Nilson, A.A. (2004). Mafic magmatism associated with the Goiás Magmatic Arc in the Anicuns region, Goiás, central Brazil: Sm-Nd isotopes and new ID-TIMS and SHRIMP U-Pb data. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 16, 599-614.

45. Lever H, Fanning CM (2004) Alunite alteration of tuffaceous layers and zircon dating, Upper Permian Kennedy Group, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, 189-203.

46. Liu Y, Withers RL, Brink F, Norén L ( 2004) Cubic perovskite-related phases in the ternary SrO-CuO-Nb2O5 system. J. Solid State Chem. 1`77, 3140-3148,

47. Liu Y,.Withers RL, Norén L (2004). The pyrochlore to 'defect fluorite' transition in the Y2(ZryTi1-y)2O7  system and its underlying crystal chemistry. Journal of Solid State Chem. 177, 4404-4412,

48. Machowiak, K., Muszynski, A and Armstrong, R. (2004) High-level volcanic-granodioritic intrusions from Zelezniak Hill (Kaczawa Mountains, Sudetes, SW Poland). In: Breitkreuz, C and Petford, N (eds), Physical Geology of High-Level Magmatic Systems. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 234, 67-74.

49. Maksaev, V, Munizaga, F, McWilliams, M., Fanning, M., Mathur, R, Ruiz, J & Zentilli, M. (2004)  New Chronology for El Teniente, Chilean Andes, from U/Pb, 40Ar/39Ar, Re-Os, and Fission Track Dating: Implications for the Evolution of a Supergiant Cu-Mo Porphyry Deposit. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 11, 15-54.

50. Mapeo, R.M.B., Armstrong, R.A., Kampunzu, A.B. and Ramokate, L.V. (2004). SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of granitoid rocks from the western domain of the Kaapvaal Craton, southeastern Botswana: implications for crustal evolution. Kaapvaal Craton Special Volume, South African Journal of Geology 107, 159-172.

51. Mapeo, R.B.M., Ramokate, L.V., Armstrong, R.A. and Kampunzu, A.B. U-Pb zircon age of the Palapye Group (Botswana) and regional implications Journal of African Earth Sciences, 40, 1-16.

52. McCourt, S., Kampunzu, A.B. Bagai, Z. and Armstrong, R.A. (2004). The crustal architecture of Archaean terranes in northeastern Botswana. Kaapvaal Craton Special Volume, South African Journal of Geology 107, 147-158.

53. Nicholas WL (2004) Oxyonchus longisetosus n.sp.Oxyonchus evelynae n. sp. And Oxyonchus culcitatus Wiesner, 1959 (Thoracostomopsidae:Enoplida:Nematoda) from Australian ocean beaches, together with

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observations on the variability of taxonomic characters and a key to species of the genus Oxyonchus. Hydrobiologia 511:47-64

54. Nutman AP, Friend CRL, Bennett VC (2004). Dating of the Ameralik dyke swarms of the Nuuk district, southern West Greenland: Mafic intrusion events starting from c. 3510 Ma. Journal of the Geological Society of London. 161, 421-430

55. Parirokh M, Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Stowe S, Kakoei SH (2004). A scanning electron microsocpe study of plaque accumulation on silk and PVDF suture materials in oral mucosa. Int. Endodontic J. 39: 776-781

56. Pimentel, M. M.; Filho, C.F.F, Armstrong, R A. (2004). SHRIMP U-Pb and Sm-Nd ages of the Niquelândia layered complex: Meso- (1.25 Ga) and Neoproterozoic (0.79 Ga) extensional events in central Brazil. Precambrian Research, 132, 133-153.

57. Ridgway MC, Azvedo G De M, Glover CJ, Elliman RG, Llewellyn DJ, Cheung A, Johanessen B, Brett DA and Foran GJ (2004) EXAFS characterisation of Ge nanocrystals in silica. Nucl Instr Methods Phys Res B, 218, 423-426.

58. Riley TR, Millar IL, Watkeys MK, Curtis, M.L., Leat, P.T., Klausen, M.B. & Fanning, C.M. (2004) U-Pb zircon (SHRIMP) ages for the Lebombo rhyolites, South Africa:refining the duration of Karoo volcanism. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 161, 547-550

59. Roberts J, Offler R, Fanning M (2004) Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian volcanic successions of the Carroll - Nandewar region, northern Tamworth Belt, southern New England Orogen, Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, 205-232

60. Robold AV, Hardham AR (2004) Production of monoclonal antibodies against peripheral vesicle proteins in zoospores of Phytophthora nicotianae. Protoplasma 223, 121-132.

61. Rode AV, Gamaly EG, Christy AG, Fitz Gerald JG, Hyde ST, Elliman RG, Luther-Davies B, Veinger AI, Androulakis J, Giapintzakis J (2004) Unconventional magnetism in all-carbon nanofoam. Phys. Rev. B 70, Article #054407.

62. Ruan Y, Li W. Jarvis R, Madsen N,. Rode A, Luther-Davies B. (2004) Fabrication and characterization of low loss rib chalcogenide waveguides made by dry etching, Optics Express, 12, 5140-5145.

63. Rutland, R.W.R., Williams, I.S. & Korsman, K., 2004: Pre-1.9 Ga deformation and metamorphism in the Palaeoproterozoic Vammala Migmatite Belt, southern Finland, and implications for Svecofennian tectonics. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 76, 93-140.

64. Smith Siddoway C, Richard SM, Fanning CM, Luyendyk, BP. (2004) Origin and emplacement of a middle Cretaceous gneiss dome, Fosdick Mountains, West Antarctica. In Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C. and Siddoway, C.S., eds., Gneiss Domes in orogeny: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 380, 267-294.

65. Smith Siddoway C, Baldwin SL, Fitzgerald P.G, Fanning C.M,. Luyendyk BP, (2004) Ross Sea mylonites and the timing of intracontinental extension within the West Antarctic rift system. Geology, 32, 57-60.

66. Spandler C, Hermann J, Arculus RJ and Mavrogenes, JA, 2004, Geochemical heterogeneity and element mobility in deeply subducted oceanic crust; insights from high-pressure mafic rocks from New Caledonia. Chemical Geology, v. 206, p. 21-42.

67. Spandler CJ, Hermann J, Arculus RJ and Mavrogenes JA, 2004, The subduction blender - the role of slab-derived hybrid rock-types for volatile and trace element recycling in subduction zones. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. A598-A598.

68. Spandler, C.J., Hermann, J., and Rubatto, D. (2004) Exsolution of thortveitite, yttrialite and xenotime during low temperature recrystallization of zircon and their significance for trace element incorporation in zircon. American Mineralogist, 89, 1795-1806.

69. Stavenga DG, Stowe S, Siebke K, Zeil J, Arikawa K (2004 ) Butterfly wing colours: scale beads make pierid wings brighter. Proc Roy Soc B 271:1577-1584

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70. Stowe S, Parirokh M, Asgary S, Eghbal MJ (2004) The benefits of using low accelerating voltage to assess endodontic instruments by scanning electron microscopy. Australian Endodontic Journal 30: 1-6

71. Stump, E., Gootee, B.F., Talarico, F., Van Schmus, W.R., Brand, P.K., Foland, K.A. & Fanning, C.M. (2004) Correlation of Byrd and Selborne Groups, with implications for the Byrd Glacier discontinuity, central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics 47, 157-171

72. Takemoto, D. and Hardham, A.R. (2004) Update: The cytoskeleton as a regulator and target of biotic interactions in plants. Plant Physiology 136, 3864.

73. Tan KP, deCaritat P, Scott KM, Eggleton RA, Kirste D. (2004) The controls on element distribution in the Regolith at the Portia and North Portia prospects, Curnamona, South Australia. In proceedings: PACRIM 2004, 19-22 September 2004. AUSIMM Publication Series No. 5/2004. 273-281 pp.

74. Thiéblemont, D., Goujou, J.C., Egal, E., Cocherie, A., Delor, C., Lafon, J.M., Fanning, C.M. (2004) Archean evolution of the Leo Rise and its Eburnean reworking. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 39, 97-104.

75. Tierney M L, Osborn K E, Milburn P J, Stowell MH B, Howitt S M. (2004)Phylogenetic conservation of disulfide-linked, dimeric acetylcholine receptor pentamers in southern ocean electric rays The Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 3581-3590

76. Ting V,.Liu,Y,Withers RL, Norén L, (2004) An electron diffraction and bond valence sum study o f the space group symmetries and structures of the photocatalytic 1:2 ordered A3CoNb2O9 perovskites (A = Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+). J. Solid State Chem. 177, 2295-2304.

77. Ting V,.Liu Y,.Norén L,.Withers RL, Goossens DJ,.James M,.Ferraris C (2004) A structure, conductivity and dielectric properties investigation of A3CoNb2O9 (A = Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) triple perovskites" Journal of Solid State Chem. 177, 4428-4442,

78. Ting V,.Liu Y, Withers RL. (2004) An electron diffraction and bond valence sum study of the space group symmetries and structures of the photocatalytic 1:1 ordered M(In0.5Nb0.5)O3 double perovskites (M = Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+). J. Solid State Chem. 177, 979-986,

79. Troitzsch U, Christy AG, Ellis, DJ. (2004). Synthesis of ordered zirconium titanate (Zr,Ti)2O4 from the oxides using fluxes. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 97.

80. Troitzsch U, Ellis DJ (2004) High-PT study of solid solutions in the system ZrO2-TiO2: The stability of srilankite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 16, 577-584.

81. Walsh N, Bravo-Nuevo A, Geller S, Stone J. Resistance of photoreceptors in the C57BL/6-c2J, C57BL/6J, and BALBB/cj mouse strains to oxygen stress: Evidence of an oxygen phenotype. Current Eye Research. 2004; 29:441-8.

82. Webster R D. (2004)Analytical Chemistry, 76, 1603-1610.

83. Whitham AG, Morton AC,Fanning CM (2004)  Insights into Cretaceous-Palaeogene sediment transport paths and basin evolution in the North Atlantic from a heavy mineral study of sandstones from southern East Greenland.  Petroleum Geoscience, 10, 61-72.

84. Wise D, Wise A (2004) Application of Raman microspectroscopy to problems in the conservation, authentication and display of fragile works of art on paper. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, Volume 35, Number 8/9, August/September

85. Withers RL (2004)Constraints, 'Order' and New Types of Modulated Phases. Ferroelectrics 305, 69-74,

86. Ray L Withers, Frank J Brink, Lasse Norén, T.Richard Welberry and Yun Liu "Local Strain, Structured Diffuse Scattering and Oxygen/Fluorine Ordering in Transition Metal Oxyfluorides" Ferroelectrics 305, 123-126, 2004.

87. Withers RL, Höche T, Liu Y, Keding R (2004) A temperature-dependent electron diffraction study of the fresnoite type compound Rb2V3O8. Journal of Solid State Chem. 177, 3316-3323

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88. Withers RL, Liu Y, Norén L,. Fitz Gerald JD ( 2004). "A TEM and XRD study of Ni ordering in the wide range non-stoichiometric Ni6Se5-xTex, 0 < x < ~1.7 solid solution" J. Solid State Chem. 177, 972-978,

89. Withers, R.L.Norén L .Liu Y Flexible phases, Modulated Structures and The Transmission Electron Microscope" Z.Krist". 219, 701-710, 2004.

90. Withers RL,Vincent ,R Schoenes J (2004). A temperature-dependent electron diffraction study of structural disorder in ThAsSe J. Solid State Chem. 177, 701-708,

91. Withers R.L,.Welberry T.R,.Larsson A-K,.Liu, Y.Norén, L Rundlöf¨ H..Brink F.J "Local crystal chemistry, induced strain and short range order in the cubic pyrochlore (……..)" J. Solid State Chem. 177, 231-244, 2004.

92. Yu DY, Cringle S, Valter K, Walsh N, Lee D, Stone J. Photoreceptor death, trophic factor expression, retinal oxygen status, and photoreceptor function in the P23H rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004; 45:2013

5.PERSONNEL

Facility CoordinatorSally Stowe, MSc Hons (Auck), PhD

Senior Technical OfficersFrank Brink, BAppPhys (SA) MSc(LaTrobe)Roger Heady, BappSc (CCAE), GradDipElec(CCAE), GradDipResMan(CCAE), PhDCheng X. Huang, MSc (Beijing Agricultural), PhD (La Trobe) David Llewellyn, DipEng(Bruce TAFE)

Research Officer Daryl Webb BSc(NTU), MSc (Med)(prelim) (USyd).

Technical OfficersRuolan (Lily) Shen, DipTCM(Guangzhou)

Casual ProgrammerDarren Freeman (from November)

VisitorsSaeed Asgary, Endodontics Department, Shahid Beheshti Dental School, Tehran, Iran. (to January) Atieh Sadr Lahijani, (Rafsanjan Univ. of Health and Medical Sciences, Iran) July-December)

6. FINANCE(Formal returns are provided through RSBS, which administers the main part of ANUEMU, and RSES, which administers the account covering the use of the CM300 TEM).

Charging Policy: The ANUEMU charges non-university government users at a rate that covers all costs apart from capital equipment. Industry users are charged at commercially competitive rates that also cover major equipment replacement costs. The Unit recovers major consumable costs and a proportion of operating costs from academic users with available grants. However for some instruments with high and predictable maintenance costs, (the confocal light microscope and FIB/SEM), all academic users are subject to a minimum hourly rate.

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Operating Funds. Overheads such as electricity, water, and most administration costs are covered by RSBS, or RSES in the case of the CM300. RSES also provides the salary of Dr John Fitz Gerald, who manages that instrument with the assistance of an ANUEMU staff member, Mr David Llewellyn.

In 2004 the ANUEMU received an operating grant of $484,000 to cover salaries and on-costs, operating expenses, minor equipment and all instrument maintenance. Overheads such as electricity, water, and most administration costs are covered by RSBS. Additional operating income in 2004, comprising contributions from grants awarded to ANU staff, income from courses, and external earnings, totalled $49307 (RSBS site), compared to $49,229 in 2003. $19,625 was from sources external to the ANU.

In addition the RSES CM300 TEM account received $13,165 (cf $11,725 in 2003) in earnings and recoveries for consumables in 2004, of which $10,000 was contributed by the EME department of RSPhysSE.

External Equipment Funds.$50,000 NH&MRC Equipment Grant for 3D Fluorescence Microscopy $50,000 CSIRO Plant Industry, $10,000 Charles Sturt University, towards Laser Cell Capture Microscope (with $232, 862 from MEC, $112,000 ANU individuals and departments)

Research Grants to Staff:Stange G, Chahl JS, Stowe S, Ibbotson M. AFOSR International ResearchInitiative Grant. Title: “A Biomimetic Algorithm for Flight Stabilization inAirborne Vehicles, Based on Dragonfly Ocellar Vision." 2002-05 (A$ 360,000)

Income opportunities. In 2004, the amount of funds derived from ANU users, government organisation, and commercial sources were very similar to 2003 levels (which had increased by about 30% in comparison to 2002). There is however significantly increased cooperation developing between ANUEMU and the CSIRO Black Mountain Microscopy Centre, evidenced by the CSIRO contribution to the ANU’s Laser Cell Capture Microscope, which will be run jointly by ANUEMU and the RSBS Biomolecular Resource Facility. Income from other Australian universities was $4,000 in 2004, up from nothing in 2003 and $1,100 in 2002. If this trend continues it will be a promising development, and in keeping with the ANU’s role as “Australia’s National University”. The ANUEMU facilities are made available to staff and students from these universities under the much the same conditions as ANU staff.

7. ORGANISATION

The ANUEMU is a central facility serving both the IAS and the Faculties and currently performing about equal amounts of biological and physical sciences work. The Unit is housed within RSBS and uses its administrative and support structures. The Facility Coordinator reports to the Director of RSBS, who has overall responsibility for the Unit’s operation andchairs an advisory group concerned with provision of microscopy infrastructure at the ANU:

The Coordinator and Director RSBS are advised by the Microscopy Strategic Advisory Group (MSTAG) whose members in 2004 were:Professor Jonathan Stone (Director RSBS) ex officio (Chair)Dr Sally Stowe (ANUEMU Facility Coordinator) ex officioDr Paul Cooper BOZO - (Nominee of the Dean of Science)Dr Ian Williams RSESDr Tim Senden RSPhysSE, Scanned Probe Facility Coordinator.

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Dr Frances Shannon JCSMRDr Edie Sevick RSCDr Zbigniew Stachurski, FEIT (Director of Centre for the Science & Engineering of Materials)Professor Barry Luther-Davies, RSPhysSEDr Patrick De Deckker, Earth and Marine Sciences DeptDr Rosemary White Microscopy Centre, CSIRO Plant Industry - External AdvisorAssociate Professor Simon Ringer, Director Sydney University EMU- External Advisor

User Input. Feedback from users comes from responses to news and queries on the users’ email list, and from written surveys conducted by the Unit to canvass requirements for equipment and various organisational matters. The ANUEMU website is used to solicit comment from users and MSTAG members on a range of matters including planned major equipment purchases.

8. COLLABORATION and OUTREACH Collaborations within the ANU

Brink FJ, PhD project supervised by RL Withers and JG Thompson (RSC).Crystal structure of metal oxy-fluorides.

Heady RD is School Research Associate in the School of Resources, Environment and Society. Studies of Wollemi Pine.

Collaborations with Australian UniversitiesHeady RD with G Burrows, CSU. Branch abscission in Wollemi Pine

ANUEMU facilities are used by visitors to many departments of the ANU. In addition, they were used in 2004 by staff and research students from ADFA, the University of Canberra, University of Western Sydney, Charles Sturt University and the University of Sydney.

Collaborations with Other InstitutionsHeady RD with Prof PD Evans, Centre For Advanced Wood Processing, Univ British Columbia, Canada. Callitroid thickening in Callitris pine.

Huang CX with ME McCully, CSIRO Plant Industry. CryoSEM studies of dissolved element distribution and air embolism in roots.

Stowe S with Prof. Nicholas Strausfeld (Univ. Arizona, USA) and Dr David Rowell (BOZO). Onychorphoran neuroanatomy and phylogeny.

Stowe S with Prof. D Stavenga (University of Groningen) and J Zeil, K Siebke (RSBS). Optically active microstructure of lepidopteran cuticle

Cooperation with Government, Industry & Commerce

The ANUEMU Facilities were used by a number of Government organisations - CSIRO Plant Industry and Entomology Divisions, GeoScience Australia, The Australian Federal Police, National Gallery of Australia and the National Museum of Australia. Commercial users

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included ProSciTech, Robson Laboratories, AOFR and Sustainable Technologies International.

Involvement with professional bodies including service on committees, editorial activities, refereeing of grant applications, provision of expert advice.

Brink FJ, ACT representative for the Australian MicroAnalytical Society (AMAS)Reviewed for Chemistry of Materials

Stowe S served as:

Member of the International Advisory Board of “Medical Electron Microscopy” (Springer Verlag Tokyo),

Member of the Advisory Board of the ANU’s Centre for the Structure and Engineering of Materials,

Member of the advisory committees of JCSMR and CSIRO Black Mountain Microscopy Units,

Referee for “Nanotechnology”(Institute of Physics, UK),

Evaluated image analysis journal for Springer Verlag,

Membership Secretary and listserver administrator of WISENET (Women in Science Enquiry Network) ,

ACT representative for the Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Society

Administrator of the Australian and NZ Microscopy listserver.

Outreach Activities - Conferences, presentations and workshops. National (platform presentations:)Brink F. Electron Diffraction Evidence for Continuously Variable, Composition Dependent, Oxygen/Fluorine Ordering in Niobium Oxyfluorides. 18th Australian Conference on Microscopy and Microanalysis (ACMM18 ) Geelong, February

Heady RD. The Forest, the Timber Industry and the Microscope” at the conference of the Forest History Society, Augusta, WA, and Public lecture “Secrets of Wollemi Pine” at the Australian National Botanic Gardens, Canberra, July.

Stowe S . Biological Applications of Focused Ion Beam. AMMS 18, Geelong, February.

Exploring Materials at the ANU . Future Materials Workshop, ANU, August.

Unit staff contributed to the activities of the National Youth Science Forum, and a workshop for the National Science Teachers Conference. Two school students were hosted as part of the 2004 CSIRO Student Research Scheme

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9 APPENDICES (i) School and Departmental Use of the ANUEMU in 2004

Group (number of users) TEMs SEMs LMs PCs

MICRO-TOMES

weighted hours % use

Weight 1 1 0.4 0.2 0.5

BAMBI (7 ) 105 -- 26.5 17 124 1.3BOZO (12) 17 82 44 135 184 2.0CRES (1) -- 7 -- 7 0.1FEIT (11) 81 143.5 8 -- 227 2.4SRES (4) -- 50 3.5 51 0.5EMS (26) -- 753 16 3.5 -- 760 8.1Nat Int of Arts (2) - 7 2 8 0.1

JCSMR (3) 28 17 -- -- 45 0.5RSBS (73) 221 413 1468 390 1832 2215 23.5RSC (6) 109 88.5 -- -- 198 2.1RSES (35) 194 1385 3 4 -- 1581 16.8RSPAS/ANH (7) -- 100 11 3 -- 105 1.1RSPhysSE (42) 951 1452 32 3 23 2428 25.8General Courses (3) 28 118 53 8 4 171 1.8 OH&SU (2 ) -- 6.6 -- 7 0.1EMU Staff 57 727 142 14 146 917 9.7TOTAL ANU (234) 1793 5350 1809 426 2157 9030 95.9

Other Univs (6) -- 75 13 12 86 0.9GOVT (8) 45 122 2 -- 168 1.8

COMMERCIAL(5) -- 33 2 - -- 33.8 0.4

Miscellaneous (unattrib, outreach) (3)

10 61 43 20 40 112 1.2

(21 external users)TOTALS (256) 1849 5642 1827 447 2218 9420 100

(ii) Numbers of users 1989-2004

YEAR RSBS OTHER IAS

FACULTIES OTHER TOT AL

1989 25 21 42 19 107av. 1990-93 43 51. 8 65. 8 24.8 180.8av. 1994-97 63.5 88.8 68.8 34.5 262.8av. 1998-99 66 75 88 32.5 260av. 2000-2003 60 85 69 38 2522004 73 93 63 27 256

Undergraduate courses and other student groups are counted as one user. The numbers of users have been roughly constant for some time following a steep increase in the first few years of operation.

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(iii) Trends in ANUEMU Equipment Use 1990-2004

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(iv) Distribution of ANUEMU Electron Microscope Use across the university,1990- 2004

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