ANALISA KEBIJAKAN RUSIA DALAM MEMPERLUAS …
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ANALISA KEBIJAKAN RUSIA DALAM MEMPERLUAS JARINGAN
KERJASAMA SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (SCO)
DENGAN INDIA
Disusun dan Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar
Sarjana Ilmu Sosial (S.Sos) Strata-I
Oleh:
ISTI FADHATUL KHOIROH
NIM. 201510360311192
PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2021
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KATA PENGANTAR
حِيم حْمَنِ الره ِ الره بسِْمِ اللَّه
Puji syukur selalu dipanjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas rahmat dan
kehendak-Nya serta salawat beserta salam kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW,
sehingga penelitian skripsi dengan judul “Analisa Kebijakan Rusia dalam
Memperluas Jaringan Kerjasama Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
dengan India” ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik.
Selama mengerjakan penelitian ini, keberhasilan yang penulis raih dalam
prosesnya tidak lepas dari berbagai bantuan serta dukungan yang datang dari
berbagai pihak. Untuk itu penulis ingin menyampaikan banyak terimakasih
kepada:
1. Terkhusus untuk diri saya sendiri, Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh yang begitu
luar biasa. Terimakasih sudah bertahan dalam melewati segala fase
perjalanan hidup yang baik maupun buruk hingga saat ini.
2. Teristimewa untuk kedua orang tua terkasih bapak Hj. Ahmad Sujadi
(Alm), Ibu Hj. Suparmi (Almh), serta Mimi tercinta Hj. Hartini atas
segala dukungan dan doa yang selalu mengiringi langkah penulis
dimanapun penulis berada.
3. Kedua kakak perempuan penulis yang begitu penulis cintai, Mbak Siti
Mujiah S.Pd.I dan Mbak Susiah. Terimaksih untuk tidak bosan
memotivasi penulis agar terus melangkah dan yakin pada setiap
keputusan yang penulis ambil.
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4. Bapak Dr. H. Fauzan, M.Pd selaku Rektor Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang
5. Bapak Dr. Rinikso Kartono, M.Si selaku dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial
dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
6. Bapak M. Syaprin Zahidi, MA selaku kepala jurusan program studi
Hubungan Internasional Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
7. Kepada Ibu Dr. Dyah Estu Kurniawati, M.Si, selaku dosen
pembimbing satu dan Bapak Hafid Adim Pradana, MA, selaku dosen
pembimbing dua. Berkat arahan, saran, motivasi dan bimbingan Ibu
dan Bapak penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir penulis dengan
penuh syukur dan rasa suka cita.
8. Kepada Ibu Demeiati Nur Kusumaningrum, M.A selaku dosen penguji
satu dan Bapak Haryo Prasodjo, M.A selaku dosen penguji dua atas
masukan dan saran yang sangat bermanfaat dalam penelitian ini.
9. Kepada seluruh dosen HI UMM serta dosen non HI UMM yang telah
memberikan ilmu, nasihat serta pembelajaran selama penulis
menempuh bangku perkuliahan.
10. Sahabat-sahabat tersayang penulis, Nunung, Wahyuni, Nadya Fatma,
Mandalia Pramesti, Cindy Korina, Mbak Rahmi Adnina, Mbak Aulia
Yusliana, Mbak Desta, Mbak Azzura Apriliani, Bebeb Miska Nur
Afiati, Mbak Dhian Jamal, Rheza Articha. Bagi penulis kalian sudah
seperti keluarga. Kehadiran dan bantuan kalian yang menjadikan masa
perkuliahan ini terasa sangat berharga.
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11. Teman-teman HI 2015 terkhusus HI-D, rekan-rekan di BEM FISIP
UMM, Malangfood.id, KKN Taiwan 2017, teman-teman kontrakan
Graha Sejahtera Residence, D’Omah Kost, dan Kost Villa sengkaling
A1 yang telah memberi warna selama penulis tinggal di Malang.
Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan
dan memiliki banyak kekurangan. Banyak hal yang masih perlu diperbaiki,
baik dari sistematika penulisan sampai pembahasan. Oleh sebab itu penulis
mengharapkan kritik beserta saran dari pembaca. Akhir kata, semoga
tulisan ini dapat bermanfaat.
Malang, 17 Juni 2021
Penulis
Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh
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MOTTO
“The answers you get depend upon the questions you ask.”
-Thomas Khun-
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DAFTAR ISI
COVER .......................................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ......................................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ......................................................................... iii
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN ................................................................ iv
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ............................................................... v
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................. vi
MOTTO ........................................................................................................ ix
DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. x
DAFTAR GAMBAR DAN BAGAN .......................................................... xiii
DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN .............................................................................. xv
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................. xviii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................. 1
1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................................... 8
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian dan Manfaat Penelitian ................................................ 8
1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................... 8
1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................. 8
1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................................. 9
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1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran ................................................................................. 18
1.5.1 Teori Realisme Neoklasik ...................................................... 18
1.6 Metodologi Penelitian .............................................................................. 25
1.6.1 Variabel Penelitian dan Level Analisa ................................... 25
1.6.2 Jenis Penelitian ....................................................................... 26
1.6.3 Teknik Analisa Data ............................................................... 26
1.6.4 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ..................................................... 27
1.6.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ...................................................... 28
1.6.5.1 Batasan Materi ............................................................. 28
1.6.5.2 Batasan Waktu ............................................................. 28
1.7 Hipotesa.............................................................................................. 28
1.8 Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................................ 31
BAB II PERKEMBANGAN SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION
(SCO) DAN DUKUNGAN RUSIA AGAR INDIA MENJADI ANGGOTA
SCO ............................................................................................................... 33
2.1 Perkembangan Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) ................... 33
2.1.1 Profil Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) .................. 33
2.2 Dukungan Rusia Dalam Memperluas Jaringan Kerjasama SCO Dengan India
.................................................................................................................. 44
2.2.1 Kemitraan Strategis India dan Rusia Sejak Uni Soviet ........... 44
2.2.2 Proses Masuknya India Sebagai Anggota SCO ....................... 50
2.2.3 Dukungan Rusia Atas Keanggotaan India ke SCO ................. 53
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BAB III PERSAINGAN PROYEK KONEKTIVITAS DI ASIA TENGAH
(SCO) ANTARA RUSIA DAN CHINA ..................................................... 58
3.1 Proyek International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) Rusia vs
Belt Road Initiative (BRI) ........................................................................... 62
3.1.1 Proyek International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)
Rusia ....................................................................................... 62
3.1.2 Hegemoni Ekonomi China di Asia Tengah dengan Proyek Belt
Road Initiative (BRI).............................................................. 71
3.1.3 Pandangan Pemerintah Rusia Terhadap Proyek BRI Serta Upaya
Rusia Mendorong Kemajuan INSTC ..................................... 87
BAB IV KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI VLADIMIR PUTIN
MEMASUKKAN INDIA KE SCO ............................................................. 92
4.1 Pandangan Pemerintah Rusia Terhadap SCO .......................................... 92
4.2 Arti Penting Keberadaan India di dalam SCO bagi Pemerintah Rusia .... 95
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ...................................................... 105
5.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................................. 105
5.2 Saran ........................................................................................................ 108
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................. 109
LAMPIRAN
Piagam Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) .................................... 125
Keterangan Cek Plagiasi ............................................................................... 137
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DAFTAR GAMBAR DAN BAGAN
Gambar 2.1 Profil Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) ................. 43
Gambar 2.2.1 Narendra Modi dan Vladimir Putin Pada Pertemuan di New Delhi
2018 ................................................................................................................ 49
Gambar 3.1.1 Perbandingan Jalur Koridor Terusan Suez dan INSTC ......... 63
Gambar 3.1.1 Rute Jalur Konektivitas di Asia Tengah ................................ 66
Gambar 3.1.2 Jalur Darat dan Jalur Laut Proyek Belt Road Initiative (BRI)79
Gambar 3.2.2 China Media Group Melakukan Interview Bersama Presiden
Rusia ............................................................................................................... 97
Gambar 3.2.2 Negara-Negara Yang Tergabung Dalam Perjanjian Ashghabat
....................................................................................................................... 104
Bagan 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran ..................................................................... 24
Bagan 4.1 Analisa Kebijakan Rusia Memperluas Jaringan Kerjasama SCO
Dengan India ................................................................................................. 107
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.4 Posisi Penelitian ............................................................................ 15
Tabel 2.2.3 Timeline Keanggotaan India di SCO ......................................... 56
Tabel 3 Potensi Cadangan Minyak di Laut Kaspia ....................................... 60
Tabel 3.1.1 Perbandingan Rute Lama dan INSTC ........................................ 68
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ABSTRAK
Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh, 2021, 201510360311192, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Program Studi Hubungan
Internasional, Analisa Kebijakan Rusia dalam Memperluas Jaringan
Kerjasama Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) dengan India. Dosen
Pembimbing I : Dr. Dyah Estu Kurniawati, M.Si dan Pembimbing II : Hafid
Adim Pradana, MA.
Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai kepentingan Rusia mendukung India ke
Organisasi Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Sejak tahun 2008 Rusia
aktif mendukung keanggotaan India di SCO hingga menjadi anggota resmi pada
2017. Tulisan ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor dan alasan yang
mendorong Rusia mendukung India ke SCO. Metode yang digunakan ialah
eksplanatif kualitatif dengan teori realisme neoklasik. Realisme neoklasik melihat
kebijakan luar negeri suatu negara dipengaruhi oleh faktor eksternal (independent
variable) berupa struktur internasional, faktor internal (intervening variable) yaitu
struktur domestik dan hubungan antara keduanya (dependent variable) yang
menghasilkan output kebijakan suatu negara.
Selanjutnya dapat dijelaskan bahwa kebijakan Rusia mendukung India
disebabkan adanya (independent variable) berupa hegemoni China dan persaingan
proyek konektivitas transportasi antara Belt Road Initiative (BRI) China dengan
International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC) Rusia di Asia Tengah. Hal
tersebut mempengaruhi pandangan Vladimir Putin (intervening variable) untuk
mendorong kembali INSTC dengan mengoptimalkan SCO dan menghasilkan
output berupa kebijakan Rusia mendorong India ke SCO. India di SCO selain
mengimbangi China dengan ketidaksetujuannya pada proyek BRI juga aktif
mempromosikan pembangunan INSTC. Perjanjian Ashghabat yang
ditandatangani India akan membuat rute INSTC lebih mudah untuk terhubung ke
sub-rute lainnya. Selanjutnya penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mendeskripsikan
perilaku Rusia sebagai aktor negara dalam merespon persaingan pengaruh pada
kondisi anarki sistem internasional.
Kata Kunci: Rusia, India, China, SCO, INSTC, BRI
Malang, 17 Juni 2021
Penulis
Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh
Disetujui
Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
Dr. Dyah Estu Kurniawati, M.Si Hafid Adim Pradana, MA.
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ABSTRACT
Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh, 2021, 20151036031192, University of Muhammadiyah
Malang, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Department of International
Relations, Analisa Kebijakan Rusia dalam Memperluas Jaringan Kerjasama
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) dengan India. Dosen Pembimbing
I : Dr. Dyah Estu Kurniawati, M.Si dan Pembimbing II : Hafid Adim Pradana,
MA.
This research examines Russia's interest in supporting India to the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). This paper is based on the fact that
since 2008 Russia has been actively supporting India's membership in the SCO
until India became a member of the SCO in June 2017. The problem in this study
with a qualitative explanatory format is to find out the factors and reasons that
pushed Russia to support India to the SCO. The method used is qualitative
explanatory with neoclassical realism theory. Neoclassical realism sees foreign
policy as influenced by external factors (independent variables) in the form of
international structures, internal factors (intervening variables), namely domestic
structures and the relationship between the two (dependent variables) that
produce a country's policy output.
Then, it can be explained that Russia's policy of supporting India is caused
by (independent variables) in the form of Chinese hegemony and competition of
transportation connectivity projects between China's Belt Road Initiative (BRI)
and Russia's International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC) in Central
Asia. This affects Vladimir Putin's view (intervening variable) to push back
INSTC by optimizing SCO and producing an output in the form of Russia's policy
of supporting India to SCO. India in the SCO in addition to counterbalancing
China with its disapproval of the BRI project, is also actively promoting the
development of the INSTC. The Ashghabat Agreement signed by India makes the
INSTC route easier to connect to other sub-routes. Furthermore, this study is
expected to describe the behavior of Russia as a state actor in responding of
influence competition in the anarchic condition of the international system.
Key words: Rusia, India, China, SCO, INSTC, BRI
Malang, June 17th
2021
Researcher
Isti Fadhatul Khoiroh
Aprover,
Advisor I Advisor II
Dr. Dyah Estu Kurniawati, M.Si Hafid Adim Pradana, MA.
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