An Introduction to English An Introduction to English Teaching and Learning Teaching and Learning

梁 淑 芳正修科技大學應用外語系

Outline

• Introduction

• Learners

• Teachers

• Managing the classroom

• Describing learning and teaching

• Describing language

• Teaching the language system

Introduction• Language teaching, perhaps more than

many other activities, reflects the times it takes place in. Language is about communication, after all, and perhaps that is why philosophies and techniques for learning languages seem to develop and change in tune with the societies which give rise to them. Teaching and learning are very human activities; they are social and technological just as much as they are (in our case) linguistic.

Learners• Reasons for learning• Different contexts for learning EFL, ESL and ESOL

Schools and language schools In-school and in-company Real and virtual environments

• Learning differences Age (Children, Adolescents, and Adults)

Learning styles Levels Educational and cultural background

• The importance of student motivation Extrinsic and intrinsic motivations

sustaining

level of challenge

affect

agency

• Responsibility for learning learner autonomy

monolingual learners’ dictionaries

Teachers• Describing good teachers What is necessary for effective teaching and how that can help to provoke success

• Who teachers are in class Personality Adaptation Teacher roles

• Rapport Recognizing students Listening to students Respecting students Being even-handed

• Teacher tasks Preparation

Keeping records

Being reliable

• Teacher skills Managing classes

Matching tasks and groups

Variety

Destinations

• Teacher knowledge The language system

Materials and resources

Classroom equipment

Keeping up-to-date

• Art or science?

Managing the classroom

• Classroom management

• The teacher in the classroom Proximity

Appropriacy

Movement

Awareness

• Using the voice Audibility

Variety

Conservation

• Talking to students• Giving instructions• Student talk and teacher talk• Using the L1• Creating lesson stages• Different seating arrangements Orderly rows Circles and horseshoes Separate tables

• Different student groupings Whole class Groupwork and pairwork Solowork Class-to-class

Describing learning and teaching• Children and language acquisition

• Acquisition and learning learning, comprehensible input, monitor

• Different times, different methods Grammar-translation

Audio-lingualism

behaviorism

response, stimulus, conditioning, drill

PPP

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

Task-based Learning (TBL)

Elements for successful language learning (ESA)

• Engage (E)

• Study (S)

• Active (A)

• ESA lesson sequences

• ESA and planning

Describing language

• Meaning in context context, language function

• The elements of language grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation

• Forms and meanings One form, many meanings

One meaning, many forms

• Parts of speech the noun phrase, nouns, countable and uncountable

plural nouns, singular verbs, collective nouns,

compound nouns, relative pronouns,

articles and determiners, adjectives, the verb phrase,

auxiliary verbs, main verbs, plural verbs, adverbs,

joining words, prepositions, conjunctions

• Hypothetical meaning modal verbs, conditional sentences

• Words together collocations, lexical chunks

* Language functions* Text and discourse cohesion, coherence, conversational discourse

* Language variables speaking and writing register language varieties

Teaching the language system

• Teaching specific aspects of language the deductive approach

the inductive approach

• Explaining meaning

• Explaining language construction

• Practice and controlled practice short-term memory, long-term memory

controlled practice

freer practice

• Examples of language system teaching teaching grammar teaching pronunciation teaching vocabulary teaching language functions

• Mistakes, slips, errors and attempts mistakes, slips, errors, attempts, developmental errors

• Correcting students

Happy New Year!!