An Event-based Analysis of An Event-based Analysis of Chinese Adverbs:Chinese Adverbs:

A Case Study of A Case Study of DOUDOU

國立清華大學語言學研究所國立清華大學語言學研究所李一芬李一芬

IntroductionIntroduction

General statement about factsGeneral statement about facts

HabitualityHabituality

Combination of general statemeCombination of general statement and habitualitynt and habituality

IntensificationIntensification

General StatementGeneral Statement

他們都有車他們都有車大部分的學生都看過這部電影大部分的學生都看過這部電影狗都有四條腿狗都有四條腿

HabitualityHabituality

張太太都上傳統市場買菜張太太都上傳統市場買菜他爸爸都用毛筆寫字他爸爸都用毛筆寫字他都關著燈睡覺他都關著燈睡覺

Combination of general statement aCombination of general statement and habitualitynd habituality

他們都搭公車上學他們都搭公車上學我們的爸爸都用毛筆寫字我們的爸爸都用毛筆寫字他們都關著燈睡覺他們都關著燈睡覺

IntensificationIntensification

這本書這本書，（，（連連））張三都買了張三都買了。。天都亮了天都亮了，，路燈還開著路燈還開著。。他都不喜歡我他都不喜歡我。。

Investigation of the ProblemsInvestigation of the Problems

Plurality RequirementPlurality Requirement

Strong NP RequirementStrong NP Requirement

Temporal IssuesTemporal Issues

Symmetric PredicatesSymmetric Predicates

Plurality requirementPlurality requirement

這本書張三都這本書張三都看看了了。。** 這本書張三都這本書張三都借借了了。。張三都用毛筆寫字張三都用毛筆寫字。。

Zhang (1997): an NP that dou quantifies Zhang (1997): an NP that dou quantifies must be semantically measurable.must be semantically measurable.

Lin (1996): Lin (1996): doudou can quantify over parts of can quantify over parts of a single object.a single object.

DistributivityDistributivity

他們有車 他們有車 collective readingcollective reading

他們他們都都有車 有車 distributive readingdistributive reading

他們他們都都很相像 很相像 symmetric predicatesymmetric predicate

天天都都亮了亮了，，路燈還開著 路燈還開著 intensificationintensification

Dou is a distributor. It distributes properties Dou is a distributor. It distributes properties expressed by the predicate to each member in the expressed by the predicate to each member in the set denoted by the quantified NP. (Lee 1986; Li set denoted by the quantified NP. (Lee 1986; Li 1992; Liu 1990; Cheng 1995; Li 1995; Lin 1996)1992; Liu 1990; Cheng 1995; Li 1995; Lin 1996)

Strong NP requirementStrong NP requirement

Barwise and Cooper (1981) defined a division of tBarwise and Cooper (1981) defined a division of the determiners into ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ by using a he determiners into ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ by using a simple sentence of the form ‘D N is a N/are Ns.simple sentence of the form ‘D N is a N/are Ns.

(1) Positive strong: (1) Positive strong: every, most, the N, both, John.every, most, the N, both, John.

(2) Negative strong: (2) Negative strong: neitherneither

(3) Weak: (3) Weak: some, many, few, nosome, many, few, no

Wu (1999): only a strong NP is Wu (1999): only a strong NP is doudou-quantifiable.-quantifiable.

Eg. Eg. 每個學生每個學生都都出席了會議出席了會議

weak/strong associated with dou

a 每個 (every) N strong yes

b 很多 (many) N weak yes

c 這三個 (the three) N strong yes

d 他和我 (he and I) strong yes

e 我 (I) strong no

f 有些 (some) N weak no

g 很少 (few) N weak no

h 三個 (three) N weak no

Strong NP requirementStrong NP requirement

Temporal IssuesTemporal Issues

Crain (2004): Crain (2004): doudou quantifies over individuals, tim quantifies over individuals, times and events.es and events.

禮拜一或者禮拜二禮拜一或者禮拜二瑪莉瑪莉都都要上班要上班

More than one qauntifiable variables in the prediMore than one qauntifiable variables in the predicate.cate.

[[ 禮拜一或者禮拜二禮拜一或者禮拜二 ][][ 我們我們 ]] 都都要上班要上班

星期二我星期二我都都在辦公室在辦公室

( 無論 )

( 無論 )

Event-based AnalysisEvent-based Analysis

Davidson (1967): event itself is one of the argumDavidson (1967): event itself is one of the arguments of the action verb, adverbials are predicates ents of the action verb, adverbials are predicates on the event.on the event.

Eg. Eg. 張三在寫字張三在寫字 ee [write (Zhangsan, [write (Zhangsan, ee)])]

Emmon Bach (1989): use the idea of eventualitieEmmon Bach (1989): use the idea of eventualities to cover events, processes and states together.s to cover events, processes and states together.

The PlanThe Plan

Logic:Logic:

(1)(1) e [ [A] e [ [A] → [B] ]→ [B] ]

(2)(2) Where Where e is a binary relation between subsets of e e is a binary relation between subsets of e (situations, events, or moments of time) and [A], [B] are (situations, events, or moments of time) and [A], [B] are subsets of e standing for the denotation of A, B subsets of e standing for the denotation of A, B respectively.respectively.

(3)(3) Dou is an accumulator that expresses the number (or Dou is an accumulator that expresses the number (or quantity) of persons and things involved and, through quantity) of persons and things involved and, through this function, can also specify the number (or quantity) this function, can also specify the number (or quantity) of events involved.of events involved.

Quantification over Multi-eventsQuantification over Multi-events

DouDou accumulates events that share certain basic uniform accumulates events that share certain basic uniformities such as subject individual and properties denoted by ities such as subject individual and properties denoted by the predicate to form a general description about the suthe predicate to form a general description about the subject individual’s habitual behavior.bject individual’s habitual behavior.

Eg. Eg. 張三寫字張三寫字都都用毛筆用毛筆

Schema of tripartite structures:Schema of tripartite structures:

SS

都 都 [[ 張三寫字張三寫字 ] [] [ 張三用毛筆張三用毛筆 ]]

張三寫字都用毛筆張三寫字都用毛筆

(1)(1) e [[e [[ 寫字寫字 (( 張三張三 ,e)] ,e)] → [→ [ 用毛筆用毛筆 (( 張三張三 ,,ee)]])]]

(2)(2) e [[e [[ 寫字寫字 (( 張三張三 ,e)] ,e)] → → ee [ [ 用毛筆用毛筆 (( 張三張三 ,,ee)]])]]

(3)(3) e [[e [[ 寫字寫字 (( 張三張三 ,e)] ,e)] → → ee [ [ match (e, ematch (e, e)) & & 用用毛筆毛筆 (( 張三張三 ,,ee)]])]]

Quantification over Multi-eventsQuantification over Multi-events

Quantification over events of Quantification over events of different individualsdifferent individuals

DouDou accumulates events that share basic unifor accumulates events that share basic uniformity in properties denoted by the predicate to formity in properties denoted by the predicate to form a general statement about certain fact.m a general statement about certain fact.

Eg. Eg. 這三個學生這三個學生都都來了來了

e [ [come(e) & The x: S(x) & |s|=3] → come (x, e)]e [ [come(e) & The x: S(x) & |s|=3] → come (x, e)]

e [ [come(e) & The x: S(x)] → [ |come (x, e) ∩ S(x)| = 3]e [ [come(e) & The x: S(x)] → [ |come (x, e) ∩ S(x)| = 3]

Quantification over smaller eventsQuantification over smaller events

DouDou accumulates events that share certain basic unifor accumulates events that share certain basic uniformities such as subject individual and properties denotemities such as subject individual and properties denoted by the predicate to form a general description about td by the predicate to form a general description about the fact that he fact that holds true during an interval of timeholds true during an interval of time..

Eg. Eg. 昨天張三都在家寫功課昨天張三都在家寫功課

(1) T: the set of moments of time(1) T: the set of moments of time t : an interval of T if and only if t t : an interval of T if and only if t T T

(2) (2) e [[At home(Zhangsan, e)] & [T: t e [[At home(Zhangsan, e)] & [T: t T & Yesterday(t)] T & Yesterday(t)] → [At home(Zhangsan, e) & At (e, t)] ]→ [At home(Zhangsan, e) & At (e, t)] ]

Why Quantify over Events Not Individauls?

May (1977): May (1977): nn quantifiers in a proposition will quantifiers in a proposition will give rise to give rise to nn-factorial ways of interpretation.-factorial ways of interpretation.

(1) Each of the students read a book.

x [ Student (x) → y [ Book (y) & Read (x, y)]]

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

y [ Book (y) & x [ Student (x) → Read (x, y)]]

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

B

Why Quantify over Events Not Individauls?

May (1977): May (1977): nn quantifiers in a proposition will quantifiers in a proposition will give rise to give rise to nn-factorial ways of interpretation.-factorial ways of interpretation.

(1) Each of the students read a book.

x [ Student (x) → y [ Book (y) & Read (x, y)]]

y [ Book (y) & x [ Student (x) → Read (x, y)]]

(2) Each of the students made a report.

x [ Student (x) → y [ Report (y) & Made (x, y)]]

y [ Report (y) & x [ Student (x) → Made (x, y)]]＊

所有學生都看了一本書所有學生都看了一本書

Why Quantify over Events Not Individauls?

x [ Student (x) → y [ Book (y) & Read (x, y)]]

y [ Book (y) & x [ Student (x) → Read (x, y)]]

所有學生都吃了一個便當所有學生都吃了一個便當x [ Student (x) → y [ Lunch box (y) & Eat (x, y)]]

y [ Lunch box (y) & x [ Student (x) → Eat (x, y)]]＊

Other than attributing this asymmetry to diOther than attributing this asymmetry to distinctive lexical semantic properties, an indstinctive lexical semantic properties, an individual-based analysis can’t afford a consisividual-based analysis can’t afford a consistent way of solution.tent way of solution.

What is relevant for dou is whether there is What is relevant for dou is whether there is a plurality of events.a plurality of events.

Why Quantify over Events Not Individauls?

The Proportion ProblemThe Proportion Problem

To what extent can To what extent can doudou accumulate events gra accumulate events grammatically?mmatically?

(1)大部分的女孩都喜歡這種芭比。(2)很多的女孩都喜歡這種芭比。(3)有些的女孩都喜歡這種芭比。(4)很少的女孩都喜歡這種芭比。(5)三分之二 ( 以上 ) 的女孩都喜歡這種芭比。(6)三分之一 ( 以上 ) 的女孩都喜歡這種芭比。(7)二分之一 ( 以上 ) 的女孩都喜歡這種芭比。。

＊

＊

？

For the proposition with For the proposition with doudou to be true, the accumul to be true, the accumulated events must be plenty enough to form a larger ated events must be plenty enough to form a larger part of the background set.part of the background set.

The Proportion ProblemThe Proportion Problem

| F| F∩G | > | F – G | (in Kearn(2000)’s definition)∩G | > | F – G | (in Kearn(2000)’s definition) FF: the set denoted by N: the set denoted by N GG: the set denoted by the main predicate/ verb phrase: the set denoted by the main predicate/ verb phrase

F G

F∩G

F – G

大部分的學生都來了大部分的學生都來了

The Proportion ProblemThe Proportion Problem

S (x)

S(x) – Come (x, e)

e [ [Come (e) & S (x)] → [Come (x, e) & | come(x, e) | > | S(x) – Come(x, e) | ] ]

Come(e)

D

Come (x, e)

S(x) ∩ Come (e)

e [ [Come (e) & S (x)] → [Come (x, e) & | come(x, e) | > | S(x)∩ Come(e)| ] ]

Kearn (2000)’s definition:Kearn (2000)’s definition:

| F| F∩G | > | F – G |∩G | > | F – G |

Revised condition for Revised condition for doudou-sentences-sentences

| F| F∩G | > | F ∩G | > | F ∩ ∩ G |G |

The Proportion ProblemThe Proportion Problem

Pragmatic Use of Dou Pragmatic Use of Dou (Intensification)(Intensification)

The function of The function of doudou is to intensify is to intensify

(1) the event that exceeds the expected quantity of events,(1) the event that exceeds the expected quantity of events, Eg. Eg. （連）張三都買了這本書（連）張三都買了這本書

(2) a. the interval in which the event happens lasts longer (2) a. the interval in which the event happens lasts longer than expected.than expected. Eg. Eg. 天都亮了，燈天都亮了，燈 *(*( 還還 )) 開著開著

b. the temporal point at which the event happens falls b. the temporal point at which the event happens falls outside of the expected interval.outside of the expected interval. Eg. Eg. 春天都過去了，花春天都過去了，花 *(*( 還還 )) 還沒開還沒開

Pragmatic Use of Dou Pragmatic Use of Dou (Intensification)(Intensification)

(1)(1) to intensify the event that is outside the set of to intensify the event that is outside the set of expected events.expected events.

Eg. Eg. （連）張三（連）張三都都買了這本書買了這本書。。

A 買了這本書 B 買了這本書 C 買了這本書 ： ： 張三買了這本書

Expected events

Pragmatic Use of Dou Pragmatic Use of Dou (Intensification)(Intensification)

(1)(1) to intensify the event that is outside the set of to intensify the event that is outside the set of expected events.expected events.

Eg. Eg. （連）張三（連）張三都都買了這本書買了這本書。。

A. 連 is a focus marker; 都 , an intensifier.

B. The function of dou is comparable with the use of even in a downward entailing context. Two different implicatures may be derived. (To base on Rooth (1985)’s analysis)

Pragmatic Use of Dou Pragmatic Use of Dou (Intensification)(Intensification)

(1)(1) to intensify the event that is outside of the set of to intensify the event that is outside of the set of

expected events.expected events.Eg. Eg. （連）張三（連）張三都都買了這本書買了這本書。。

a. Existential implicature:

b. Scalar implicature:

除了張三以外，有其他的人買了這本書張三是最不可能買這本書的人

e[ 買這本書 (e) & 買這本書 ( 張三 , e) & 買這本書 (e) ∩ 買這本書 ( 張三 , e) = ]

e[ 買這本書 (e) & 買這本書 ( 張三 , e) & 買這本書 ( 張三 , e) ∩ 買這本書 (e) = ] → exceed [ likelyhood (e), likelyhood (e) ] ]

Pragmatic Use of Dou Pragmatic Use of Dou (Intensification)(Intensification)

(2) a. the interval in which the event happens lasts longer(2) a. the interval in which the event happens lasts longer than expected.than expected.

Eg. Eg. 天都亮了天都亮了，，燈還開著燈還開著。。

天黑 天亮

Expected interval

e [ [e [ [ 開開 (( 燈燈 , e)] & [ T: t , e)] & [ T: t T, t T, t t t & expected (t) ] & expected (t) ] → → [ [ 開 開 (( 燈燈 , e) & At (e, t+t, e) & At (e, t+t)] ])] ]

Pragmatic Use of Dou Pragmatic Use of Dou (Intensification)(Intensification)

b. the temporal point at which the event happens falls b. the temporal point at which the event happens falls outside of the expected interval.outside of the expected interval.

Eg. Eg. 春天都過去了春天都過去了，，花還沒開花還沒開。。

春天 其他季節

Expected interval

e [ [e [ [ 開開 (( 花花 , e)] & [ T: t , e)] & [ T: t T, t T, t t t, expected (t) ] , expected (t) ] → → [ [ 開 開 (( 花花 , e) & At (e, t, e) & At (e, t )] ] )] ]

Issues to be discussedIssues to be discussed

The co-occurrence of dou with universal qThe co-occurrence of dou with universal quantifiers, such as uantifiers, such as 每每 , , 全部全部 , , 所有 所有 etc.etc.

A comparative analysis between ‘A comparative analysis between ‘ 都…還都…還’ ’ and ‘and ‘ 都…才’都…才’ ..

The co-occurrence of dou with wh-words. The co-occurrence of dou with wh-words.