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Malayalam Title: Madhyamakaazhakalil Mayangunnavar

By K.V. Sudhakaran

© Kerala Press Academy. Some rights reserved.

The e-book edition of this work is licensed by Kerala Press Academy under CCBY 4.0. The work is to be attributed to K.V Sudhakaran

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, on paper or anynon-electronic form, without the prior written permission of the copyright-owner.

K.V Sudhakaran asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of thiswork.

Published byKerala Press AcademyKakkanadu, Kochi-30

Cover design : Saji Clarion

Published in May 2014

E-book edition not for sale.

{]km-[-I-¡p-dn-̧ v

tI-c-f {]-kv A-°mZ-an kwÿm-\ k¿-°m-dn-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-

sS ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°p-th-≠n G-s‰-Sp-Ø am-[y-a-K-th-j-W ]-≤-

Xn-bp-sS -̂e-am-Wv, ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\mb {io sI.hn.kp-[m-I-c-s‚

am-[y-a-°m-gv-N-bn¬ a-b-ßp-∂-h¿ F∂ Cu IrXn.

I√-®n¬ \n-∂p-Xp-Sßn-b am-[y-aw \-Ωp-sS Po-hn-X-Im-e-Øv A-

¤p-X-I-cam-b km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-π-h-ß-fn-eq-sS I-S-∂p-t]m-bn-s°m-≠n-

cn-°p-I-bmWv. B am-‰-ßfpw A-Xv a-\p-jy-a-\- n-epw km-aq-ly-Po-hn-

X-Ønepw D-≠m-°p-∂ {]-Xn-̂ -e-\-ßfpw BWv ]T-\-hn-jbw. am-

[y-a-N-cn-{Xw, km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-se hn-Im-kw F-∂n-h kw-_-‘n-

® B-[n-Im-cn-Iam-b hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-®v A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ {io

kp-[m-Ic-\v I-gn-™n-́ p-≠v. sS-en-hn-j\pw C‚¿-s\-‰pw ]pXn-b X-e-

ap-d-bp-sS a-\- n-s\ F-{X-tØmfw a-b-°n-bn-́ p-≠v F-∂-dn-bm≥ \-

SØn-b k-a-{Kam-b k¿-sh-bp-sS I-s≠-Ø-epIƒ, ]T-\-Øn-s‚ \n-

K-a-\-ßƒ, ]pXn-b am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS \-∑-Xn-∑-Iƒ ]p-Xp-X-e-apd-sb

t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ F-∂n-hbpw Dƒ-s°m-

≈p-∂-XmWv Cu Ir-Xn.

`m-hn-bn¬ am-[y-a-N-cn{Xw ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿-°v h-gn-Im-́ p∂ H-t -́sd

h-kv-Xp-X-I-Ifpw \n-co-£-W-ßfpw tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≈ Cu Ir-

Xn, am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sSbpw am-[y-a-hn-Zym¿-∞n-I-fp-sSbpw d-̂ -d≥-

kn-\m-bn C _p-°v B-bn {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ k-¥m-j-ap-≠v.

C-\n-bp-ta-sd N¿-®-Iƒ-°v C-Xv hn-j-b-amIpw F-∂v B-in-°p∂p.

F³.]n.cm-tP-{μ³

sN-b¿-am≥, tI-c-f {]-kv A-°mZansIm-®n

1 Pqsse 2014

DÅS¡w

1. I√-®n¬\n-∂v C‚¿-s\-‰n-te°v 7

2.- aebm-fØn-s‚ am-[y-aap-t∂‰w- 13

3.- am-[y-a°m-gv-NIfp-sS ]cn-kcw- 27

4.- sSen-hn-j≥-: Ncn-{Xhpw- h¿-Øam-\hpw- 36

5.- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifn¬- A`n-can-°p-∂ Iu-am-cw- 40

6.- A\y-am-hp-∂ Iq-́ m-bv-aIƒ- 50

7. hgn-sX‰p-∂ hm-b\ 52

8. sSen-hn-j≥- Izn-kv- F∂ Akw-_‘ \m-SIw- 57

9. C‚¿-s\‰pw- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbpw- 60

10. am-[y-a°m-gv-NIfn¬- abßp-∂h¿- 69

1. IÃ-̈ nÂ\n-¶v CâÀ-s\-än-te¡v

am-[y-aßfp-sS aesh≈∏m-®n-en¬- ap-ßn-bpw- s]m-ßn-bp-am-Wv-

C∂v- a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xw- ap-t∂dp-∂Xv.- tem-Ihym-]Iam-bn-Øs∂ km-

aq-ly-Po-hn-XØn-s‚ AJn-em-fiafießfpw- \n-b{¥n-°s∏Sp-∂Xv-

am-[y-aco-Xn-Ifp-sS BSnØnan¿-°ep-Ifn-em-Wv.- Kp-´≥-_¿-Kn-s‚

A®Sbn¬- Xp-Sßp-∂ am-[y-aNcn-{Xw- C∂v- C‚¿-s\‰n-s‚ A\¥km-

[y-XIƒ- hsc FØn- \n¬-°p-∂p.- Kp-́ ≥-_¿-Kn-¬- Xp-Sßn- C‚¿-

s\‰n¬- FØn- \n¬-°p-∂ A©c\q ‰m-≠n-s‚ Ncn-{Xw- am-[y-aßƒ-

km-aq-ly-Po-hn-Xw- Nn-́ s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw- ]p-Xp-°n-∏Wn-bp-Ibpw- sNbv-

XXn-s‚ Nn-{Xam-Wv- kΩm-\n-°p-∂Xv.- tIhew- kw-̀ hhn-hcWßƒ-

Hcp- hen-b hn-̀ m-Kw- P\ßfn-te°v- ssIam-dm≥- e£y-an-́ v- Bcw-̀ n-

® BZy-Im-e am-[y-a{]h¿-Ø\w- C∂v- AXy-¤p-XIcam-b cq-]hpw-

`m-hhpw- ssIhcn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.-

A®Sn- hn-Zy- Xs∂ G‰hpw- {]m-Ir-Xam-b Im-eL´Øn¬- (15,- 16,-

17 \q-‰m-≠p-Ifn¬-)- e£Wsam-Ø Hcp- ]{XsØ∏‰n- k¶¬-∏n-°m≥-

Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A®Sn- I≠p-]n-Sn-® sPm-lm-\kv- Kp-́ ≥-_¿-Kv-

Xs∂ BZyw- A®Sn-®Xv- ss__nfm-bn-cp-∂t√m.- kzm-̀ m-hn-Iam-bpw-

aXNn-¥Ifpw- aX{]t_m-[\ßfpw- Acßp-hm-Wn-cp-∂ B Im-eØv-

Ahbp-sS {]Nm-cWØn-\v- Iq-Sp-X¬- km-[y-XIƒ- Is≠Øm-\m-bn-

cp-∂p- A®Sn- D]tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv.- sNdn-b eLp-teJIfpw-

sNdn-b ]p-kv-XIßfpsam-s° A®Sn-hn-Zy-bp-sS km-t¶Xn-IXzw-

{]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øn- {]Ncn-®p- Xp-Sßp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- F¶n¬-t∏m-

epw- C∂p- \mw- Im-Wp-∂ cq-]Øn-ep-≈ am-[y-aco-Xn- Bhn-jv-Icn-

°s∏´n-cp-∂n-√.- P¿-a\n-bn¬- Bcw-`n-®v- Cw-•≠n-te°pw- Ahn-sS

\n-∂v- {^-m≥-kn-te°pw- kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚n-te°pw- ]n-∂oSv- ]m-›m-Xy-

˛]u-ckv-Xy- tZißfn-te°pw- hym-]n-® A®Sn-hn-Zy- tIheam-b

Bibhn-\n-abØn-\p-w- {]t_m-[\Øn-\pw- am-{Xam-Wv- D]tbm-Kn-

°s∏´Xv.- A®Sn- hn-Zy-bp-sS an-Ihv- {]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øn- h¿-Øam-

8 �

\∏{Xßƒ- Bhn¿-`hn-®tXm-sS hm¿-ØIfneq-sS Bibhn-\n-

abØn-s‚ ]p-Xn-b km-[y-XIfn-te°v- kaq-lw- FØs∏´p.- Cu-

Bibhn-\n-abw- ]et∏m-gpw- A[n-Im-cn-h¿-KØn-s‚ im-k\ßƒ-

s°Xn-cm-b Iem-]Øn-s‚ Aw-ißƒ- {]ISn-∏n-°m≥- D]tbm-Kn-

°s∏´Xv- ]{Xßfp-sS BZy-Im-e Ncn-{Xw- Xs∂ tcJs∏Sp-Øp-

∂p-≠v.- Xßƒ-s°Xn-cm-bn- Dbcp-∂ i–ßsf ASn-®a¿-Øm-\p-

≈ {iaßƒ- A[n-Im-cn-Ifp-sS `m-KØp-\n-∂p-≠m-hp-I kzm-`m-hn-

Ihp-am-Wv.-

1644¬- {_n-́ o-jv- ]m¿-esa‚ v- h¿-Øam-\]{Xßfp-sS hym-]\hpw-

AXp-hgn- t\cn-tS≠n-hcp-∂ hn-a¿-i\ßfpw- \n-b{¥n-°p-I F∂

e£y-tØm-sS ]{Xßƒ-°v- ssek≥-kn-Mv- \n-baw- sIm-≠p-h∂p.-

]{Xßsf \n-b{¥n-°m-\p-≈ Cu- {iaØn-s\Xn-sc A∂v- tPm -̈

an¬-́ s‚ AZay-am-b A`nem-jßfn¬- \n-∂pw- t]m-cm-́ ho-dn¬- \n-

∂pw- ]n-dhn-sbSp-ØXm-Wv- At±lØn-s‚ {]ikv-X Ir-Xn- Acntbm-

∏Pn-‰n-° - Give me the liberty to know, to utter and argue freelyaccording to conscience, above all other liberties F∂m-Wv- an¬-́ ≥-

]d™Xv-.- an¬-́ ≥- ]{Xkzm-X{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n- Cßs\ hm-Nm-eam-

bn- hm-Zn-s®¶n-epw- ]n-s∂bpw- Ac\q-‰m-≠p- Ign-™v- 1695em-Wv- Cw-

•≠n¬- ]{Xßƒ-°p-≈ ssek≥-kn-Mv- k{ºZm-bw- Ahkm-\n-∏n-

®Xv.-

18mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm-\tØm-sS {_n-´o-jp-Im-cm-Wv- C¥y-

bn¬- h¿-Øam-\ ]{Xßƒ-°v- Xp-S°w- Ip-dn®sX¶n-epw- (1780¬-

sPbnw-kv- AKÃkv- ln-°n- Bcw-̀ n-® _w-Kmƒ- Kk‰v)- CXn-s‚ Np-

hSp-]n-Sn-®v- Bcw-`n-® C¥y≥- ]{Xßƒ- s]m-Xp-hn¬- hn-tZim-[n-

]Xy-Øn-s\Xn-cm-bn- P\ßsf AWn-\n-cØm-\p-≈ Ncn-{X Zu-Xy-

am-Wv- Gs‰Sp-ØXv.- Atacn-°bn-sebpw- bq-tdm-∏n-sebpw- P\kaq-

lßfn¬- \n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-Xam-bn- aX˛Pm-Xn-̨ `m-jm- sshhn-[y-ßƒ-

sIm-≠p-w- BNm-cm-\p-jv-Tm-\ hn-izm-kßfn-se hn-kv-abIcam-b hy-

Xn-cn-‡X sIm-≠pw- AXy-¥w- k¶o¿-Wam-b km-aq-ly-kw-hn-[m-

\am-Wv- C¥y-bn-teXv.- CØcØn¬- sshPmXy-ßfp-sS AXn-k¶o-

¿-WXbn¬- hn-LSn-®p-\n-∂n-cp-∂ C¥y≥- P\Xsb hn-tZim-[n-]Xy-

Øns\Xn-cm-bn- Htc NcSn¬- tIm¿-Øn-W°p-Isb∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p-

20mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ BZy-ZiIßfn-se tZio-b {]ÿm-\Øn-\pw- kzm-

X{¥y-{]ÿm-\Øn-\pw- sNøm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.- ap≥\n-c ]Xm-Im-

� 9

hm-lIcm-b Km-‘n-Pn- AS°ap-≈h¿- Cu-sbm-cp- Zu-Xy-am-Wv- Gs‰Sp-

ØXv.- A°m-eØv- ]{X\SØn-∏p-Im-cpw- ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cp-sam-s°bm-

bn- cw-KØp-hcp∂hsc√mw- tZio-b kz-m-X{¥y-kacØn-s‚ ap≥-\n-

c t]m-cm-fn-Ifp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- cm-{„o-bs]m-Xp-cw-

Kßfn¬- Ah¿- ap-dp-sI ]n-Sn-® Bibßfpw- ap-t∂m-́ p-h® ap-{Zm-

hm-Iy-ßfpw- Ah¿- {]kn≤o-Icn-®p-h∂ ]{Xßfn-epw ÿm-\w- ]n-

Sn-®p.- alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpw- _m-eKw-Km-[c Xn-eI\pw- tKm-]m-eIr-jv-

W tKm-Jsebpw- AS°ap≈ tZio-b t\Xm-°ƒ- CØcØn¬- cm-

{„o-bZu-Xy-sØ am-[y-a Zu-Xyhp-am-bn- hn-f°n-t®¿Øhcm-bn-cp-∂p.-

1905se _w-Kmƒ- hn-̀ P\Im-eØv- Xn-eI≥- tIkcn-bn-epw- adm-Øbn-

epw- Fgp-Xn-b teJ\ßfn-eq-sS {_n-́ o-jv- `cWØn-s\Xn-cm-b hn-

Im-cw- P\ßfn¬- Bfn-°Øn-°m≥- {ian-®Xv- Ncn-{XØn-s‚ `m-

Kam-Wv.- CXn-s‚ t]cn¬- Xn-eI≥- Ip-‰hn-Nm-cW°v- hn-t[b\m-hp-

Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-eq-sS {_n-́ o-jv- ̀ cWØn-s\Xncm-

b hn-Im-cw- Bfn-°Øn-°m≥- {ian-®p-sh∂Xn-s‚ t]cn¬- hn-Nm-

cW sNøs∏´ ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cm-Wv- Achn-μv- tLm-jv-(htμam-Xcw),-

_n- _n- D]m-[ym-b(ku-Zy),- _n- F≥- ZØv (Pp-Km-¥¿),- em-em- em-

Pv-]Xv-dm-bv- Xp-Sßn-bh¿.- ]{Xßfn-eq-sSbp-≈ hn-a¿-i\Øn¬- \n-

∂v- c£s∏Sm≥- {_n-́ o-jv- Kh -̈sa‚ v- 1907¬- s]m-Xp-tbm-Kßƒ- \n-

b{¥n-°p-∂Xn\pw- 1908¬- ]{Xßƒ- \n-b{¥n-°p-∂Xn-\pw- \n-baßƒ-

sIm-≠p-h∂p.- A{Iatam- sIm-e]m-XItam- Hs° t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂

XcØn¬- hm¿-ØIƒ- sIm-Sp-°p-∂ ]{Xßƒ- ]n-Sn-s®Sp-°m≥- aPn-

kv-t{S‰n-\v- A[n-Im-cw- \¬-Ip∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p- {_n-́ o-jv- Kh -̈sa‚n-

s‚ 1908se ]{Xam-cW \n-baw.- CXn-\p-ap-tº 1878¬- kam-\e£y-

tØm-sS sIm-≠p-h∂ sh¿-Wm-°p-e¿- {]kv- BŒn- -\v- Im-cy-am-b

Bbp- v- D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- _w-Km-fn- ]{Xßfp-sS hf¿-®bm-bn-cp-∂p-

A∂v- {_n-ójv- Kh¿-sa‚n-s\ sNm-Sn-∏n-®Xv.- {_n-ójv- `cWØn-

s\Xn-cm-b hn-Im-cw- ]S¿-Øm≥- Ign-bp-∂ Bw-Kteba√m-Ø `m-

jbn¬- {]kn-≤o-Icn-°p-∂ ]{Xßsf \n-ebv-°p- \n¿-Øp-Ibm-bn-

cp-∂p e£yw.- 1870Ifn¬- CØcØn-ep-≈ ]{Xßƒ- Hcp- e£Øn-

e[n-Iw- t]¿- hm-bn-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw- AXn-e[n-Iw- Bfp-Iƒ-°n-Sbn¬-

kzm-[o-\w- Ds≠∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p- {_n-́ o-jv- Kh¿-sa‚n-s‚ IW°v.- Cu-

A]ISw- Hgn-hm-°m-\m-Wv- `m-jm- ]{Xßƒ-°v- t_m-≠v- Bhiy-

s∏Sm≥- sh¿-Wm-°p-e¿- {]kv- BŒv- \n-_‘\ sIm-≠p-h∂Xv.-

F∂m¬- Cu- BIv-Sv- sIm-≠v- Imcyam-b êan-s√∂v- a\ n-em-°n-

10 �

bt∏m-gm-Wv- te_¿- ]m¿-Sn- A[n-Im-cØn-seØn-bt∏mƒ- 1881¬-

BŒv- d±m-°n-bXv.-

CØcØn-ep-≈ ]{Xßƒ-°v- Xp-S¿-∂v- cPn-kv-t{Sj≥- \¬-Im-

Xn-cn-°m-\p-≈ \n-_‘\Ifpw- Cu- \n-baØn¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-Ønbn-cp-

∂p.- CXn-s‚ -̂eam-bn- ]e ]{Xßfpw- {]km-[\w- \n¿-Øn-shbv-

t°≠ ÿn-Xn- h∂p.-

Cu- c≠p-\n-baßfp-sS Xp-S¿-®sb∂hÆam-Wv- 1910¬- C¥y≥-

{]kv- BŒv- sIm-≠p-h∂Xv.- Cu- \n-baa\p-kcn-®v- ]{Xßƒ- A®Sn-

°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ {]kv- ÿm]n-°Wsa¶n¬- \n-›n-X Xp-I sIń-

sh°Ww.- Aßs\ Bcw-`n-°p-∂ ]{Xßƒ- k¿-°m-cn-\v- ln-

XIca√m-Ø co-Xn-bn¬- {]h¿-Øn-®m¬- sIń-h® Xp-I \„s∏Spw.-

]n-∂o-Sv- ho-≠pw- ]{Xw- Bcw-`n-°Wsa¶n¬- BZyw- sIń-h®Xn-

s\°mƒ- hen-b Xp-I sIń-sh°Ww.- CXn-\p-tijhpw- k¿-°m-cn-

s‚ Xm¬-]cy-ßƒ-°v- hn-cp-≤am-bn- {]h¿-Øn-°p-Ibm-sW¶n¬- sIń-

h® Xp-I am-{Xa√,- {] pw- a‰v- A®Sn- km-a{Kn-Ifp-sam-s° k¿-

°m¿- I≠p-sI´pw.-

CØcw- ]{Xam-cW \n-baßƒ-°v- Ip-d®p-Iq-Sn- Icp-Øp-]I¿-∂p-

sIm-≠v- 1913¬- {In-an-\¬- \n-ba t`ZKXn-bpw- 1914¬- Un-̂ ≥-kv- Hm

v̂- C¥y- dKp-tej\pw-(Un-sFB¿)- sIm-≠p-h∂p.- CXn-s‚ Xp-S¿-

®bm-bn-cp-∂p- du-e‰v- \n-baw.- F∂m¬- CØcw- -\n-b{¥Wßsfbpw-

\n-tcm-[\ßsfbpw- sh√p-hn-fn-®p-sIm-≠v- ]{Xßfn-eq-sSbp-≈ hn-

a¿-i\ßfpw- t]m-cm-́ ßfpw- Xp-Scp-I Xs∂ sNbv-Xp.- Cu- km-lNcy-

Øn-em-Wv- 1921¬- tXPv- _lm-Zq¿- k{]p-hn-s‚ A[y-£Xbn¬- {]kv-

tem-kv- IΩn-‰n- cq-]o-Icn-®Xv.- t\csØbp-≈ \n-baßƒ- s]m-fn-

s®gp-XWsa∂ k{]p- IΩn-‰n-bp-sS ip-]m¿-i {]Im-cw- 1922¬- {]kv-

tem- Asa‚ v-sa‚ v- BŒv- ]m-km-°n.-

Cu- L´Øn-em-Wv- alm-flm-Km-‘n- tZio-b kzm-X{¥y- kacØn-

s‚ ap≥-\n-c t]m-cm-fn-bm-bn- cw-K{]thiw- sNøp-∂Xv.- tZio-b kzm-

X{¥y-kacØn-s‚ t]m-cm-´hgn-Ifn¬- Km-‘n-Pn- Db¿-Øn-b

ktμißfpw- Bibßfpw- ]{Xßƒ hym-]Iam-bn- {]Ncn-∏n-®p-

Xp-Sßn.- _w-Km-fn-se Aar-X _km¿- ]{Xn-I Cu- L´Øn¬-Xs∂

{_n-ó-jv- `cWØn-s\Xn-cm-b Bib{]Nm-cWØn-s‚ ap≥-]¥n-

bn¬- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- B\μ_km¿- ]{Xn-Is°m-∏w- _w-Km-fn,- Z

� 11

\m-bIv,- \hi‡n,- _kp-aXn- Xp-Sßn-b ]{Xßfpw- tZio-b kzm-

X{¥y-kacØn-s‚ Du¿-Phpw- Dt∑jhpw- P\a\ p-Ifnte°v- kw-

{Ian-∏n-°m≥- cw-KØp-h∂p.- Z sk¿-®v- sse‰v-(]m-‰v-\),- Z eo-U¿-

(Aelm-_m-Zv),- Z ln-μp-(a{Zm-kv)- F∂o- ]{Xßfpw- tZio-b Zn-

\]{Xßƒ- F∂ \n-ebn¬- kPo-ham-bn.- c≠mw- tem-I alm-bp≤w-

s]m-́ n-∏p-ds∏´tXm-sS Km-‘n-Pn- kXy-{Kl kacØn-\p- Xp-S°an-

´t∏mƒ- Un-sFBdn-se 41mw- N´w- {]Im-cw- k¿-°m-cn-s\Xn-cm-b

tbm-Kßƒ- kw-LSn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\pw- A`n-{]m-bßƒ- {]ISn-∏n-°p-

∂Xn-\pw- \n-tcm-[\w- G¿-s∏Sp-Øn.- F∂m¬- Ip-d™ Im-eØn-\p-

≈n¬- ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cp-am-bn- k¿-°m¿- FØn-t®¿-∂ [m-cW{]Im-

cw-,- \n-tcm-[\w- F¿-s∏Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-≈ hn-⁄m-]\w- ]n≥-hen-

®p.- k¿-°m-cp-am-bn- [m-cWbp-≠m-°n-b ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cp-sS Iq-́ m-bv-

a ]n-∂o-Sv- Hmƒ- C¥y \yq-kv- t]∏¿- FUn-t‰gv-kv- tIm -̈{^≥-kv-

(FsFF≥-Ckn)- F∂ t]cn¬- Adn-bs∏´p- Xp-Sßn.- CXv- ]n-¬-

°m-eØv- tI{μ˛kw-ÿm-\ Xeßfn¬- ]{X D]tZiI kw-hn-[m-

\w-({]kv- AssUz-kdn- kn-kv-‰w)- cq-]o-Icn-°p-∂Xn¬- FØn-t®¿-

∂p. F∂m¬- Cu- kw-hn-[m-\w- ^e{]Zam-bn- {]h¿-Øn®n-cp-∂n-√.-

CXn-\n-Sbn¬- 1942 BKkv-Xn¬- Izn-‰v- C¥ym- kacw- Bcw-̀ n-®tXm-

sS kachp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ hm¿-ØIsfm-∂pw- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®p-Iq-

Sm- F∂p- ]d™v- k¿-°m¿- ]p-Xn-b DØchn-d°n.- CXn-\n-Sbn¬-

Hmƒ- C¥y- \yq-kv- t]∏¿- FUn-t‰gv-kv- tIm -̈{^d≥-kv-,- ]{Xßƒ-

kz-bw- \n-b{¥Ww- G¿-s∏Sp-Øm≥- Xømdm-sW∂v- k¿-°m-cp-am-bn-

[m-cWbp-≠m-°n.- F∂m¬- A`n-am-\t_m-[ap-≈ ]e ]{Xßfpw-

CXw-Ko-Icn-°m≥- Xøm-dm-bn-√.- ]{Xßsf izm-kw- ap-́ n-°p-∂ k¿-

°m-cn-s‚ kao-]\Øn¬- {]Xn-tj[n-®v- ]e ]{Xßfpw- {]km-[\w-

\n¿-Øn-sh®p.- CXn-\n-Sbn¬- tZio-b t_m-[ap-≈ ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-

cpw- ]{X{]h¿-ØIcpw- tZio-b {]t£m-̀ Øn-\v- Du¿-Pw- {]Icp-∂

hm¿-ØIfpw- ktμißfpw- sskt¢m-ssÃ¬- sNbv-Xp- {]Ncn-∏n-

®p- h∂p.-

c≠mw-tem-I bp-≤w- Ahkm-\n-®v- 1947 BZy-tØm-sS cm-Py-Øn-

\v- kzm-X{¥yw \¬-Im-\p-≈ Xo-cp-am-\w- D≠m-hIp-bpw- CS°m-e

Kh¨-sa‚ v- cq-]o-Icn-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-XtXm-sS ]{X{]kn-≤o-

IcWßƒ-°v- G¿-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂ \n-tcm[\ßsf√mw- AS™

A[ym-bßfm-bn.- F∂m¬- kzm-X{¥y{]m-]v-Xn-tbm-sS cm-Py-Øn-s‚

hn-̀ P\w- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-bXv- h¿-Ko-b elfIƒ-°pw- AtX Xp-S¿-∂p-

12 �

≈ kw-L¿-jßƒ-°pw- Akz-ÿXIƒ-°pw- CS\¬-In.- CXp- t\cn-

Sm≥- ]e {]hn-iym- Kh¨-sa‚p-Ifpw- ASn-b¥cm-hÿ°v- kam-

\am-b \n-ba˛\n-b{¥Wßƒ- sIm-≠p-h∂p.- kzm-X{¥y-{]m-]v-Xn-

°p-tijw- tIm -̈Ãn-‰yp-h‚ v- Akw-ªn- ̀ cWLS\bp-sS IcSv- Xøm-

dm-°n-bt∏mƒ- Kh -̈sa‚ v- Hcp- {]kv- tem-kv- F≥-Iz-bdn- IΩn-‰n-°v-

cq-]w- \¬-In.- Cu- IΩn-‰n-bp-sS \n¿-tZiw- A\p-kcn-®v- \n-ehn-ep-

≠m-bn-cp-∂ hn-hn-[ ]{X \n-baßƒ- ]p\x-kw-hn-[m-\w- sNøp-Ibpw-

HSp-hn-¬- 1951se {]kv- BŒv- \n-ehn¬- hcn-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.-

2.- aebm-f¯n-sâ am-[y-aap-t¶äw-

tIcfØn-se ]{X{]km-[\ Ncn-{Xw- 1847¬- Xp-Sßp-∂p.- Cu-

\m-gn-I°√n-\v- ap-{ZNm-¿-Øn-bXv- P¿a≥- ]fin-X\pw- aebm-fn-Iƒ-

°v- Hcn-°epw- ad°m\m-hmØ t]cn-\p-Sabp-am-b tUm.- sl¿-a≥- Kp-

≠¿-́ m-Wv.- Xeticn-bn-se C√n-°p-∂v- F∂ {]tZiØp-\n-∂v- Bcw-

`n-® cm-Py-kam-Nm-c -am-Wv- Cu- Ncn-{XØn-\p- Xp-S°w- Ip-dn-®Xv.-

1847 Pq-Wn¬- I√®n¬- {]kn-≤o-Icn-® cm-Py-kam-Nm-cw - {][m-\am-

bpw- aX{]Nm-cWw- e£yw- sh®p-≈Xm-bn-cp-∂p- F∂v- Ncn-{Xw- ]dbp-

∂p.- aX{]Nm-cWsa∂ km-aq-ly- tkh\]cam-b e£y-ap-≠m-bn-

cp-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-hWw- ]{XØn-\v- hn-e tcJs∏Sp-Ønbn-cp-∂n-√.-

AXp-sIm-≠v- ku-P\y-am-bn-́ m-bn-cp-∂p- ]{Xw- hn-XcWw- sNbv-Xn-cp-

∂Xv- F∂p-thWw- A\p-am-\n-°m≥.- Kp-≠¿-́ n-s‚ in-jy≥- F -̂v ap-

≈dp-sS ]{Xm-[n-]Xy-Øn¬- 1847 HtŒm-_dn¬- Bcw-`n-® ]›n-

tam-Zbw - BWv-v-aebm-fØn-se c≠m-asØ ]{Xam-bn- KWn-°s∏Sp-

∂Xv.- aX{]Nm-cWØn-s\m-∏w- B[p-\n-I hn-⁄m-\w- ]I¿-∂p- \¬-

Ip-Isb∂ ]pXp-abm¿-∂ e£yw- Iq-Sn- ]›n-tam-ZbØn-\p-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p.-

1848¬- tIm-´bØp-\n-∂m-cw-`n-® ⁄m-\\n-t£] -am-Wv- Cu-

t{iWn-bn-se ASp-Ø Im¬-shbv-∏v,- I√®n¬- \n-∂v- A®Iq-SØn-

te°v- aebm-f ]{Xßƒ- ]n-®h®p- Xp-Sßp-∂Xn-s‚ kq-N\ I≠p-

Xp-Sßn-bXv- ⁄m-\\n-t£]Øn-s‚ {]kn-≤o-IcWtØm-sSbm-Wv-

.- imkv-{Xo-b hn-⁄m-\Øn-s‚ A\pcW\ßƒ- Im-Ws∏´p- Xp-

Sßn F∂ \n-ebn-epw- ⁄m-\\n-t£] -Øn-\p {]k‡n-bp-≠v.-

CXn-\p tijw- 16 h¿-jØn-s‚ \o-≠ CSthf Ign-™m-Wv- as‰m-

cp - aebm-f ]{Xw-˛hn-Zym-kw-{Klw-˛]p-dØn-dßp-∂Xv. - 1864

Pqssebn¬- dh.- tPm¿-Pv- am-Øs‚ ]{Xm-[n-]Xy-Ønem-Wv- CXv-

{]kn-≤o-Ir-Xam-bXv.- BZy- aq-∂v- {]kn-≤o-IcWßfn¬- \n-∂v- hy-

14 �

Xy-kv-Xam-bn- km-ln-Xy- t]m-jW e£yw- Iq-Sn- hn-Zym-kw-{KlØn-

\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- F∂ khn-tijXbp-≠v.-

]{X{]kn-≤o-IcWØn-s‚ Ncn-{XtØm-Sp- _‘s∏Sp-Øn- ]dbp-

∂p-s≠¶n-epw- \m-ep- {]kn-≤o-IcWßfpw- C∂p- Im-Wp-∂ XcØn-

ep-≈ ]{Xßfp-sS BZy-kq-N\Iƒ t]m-epw- \¬-In-bn-cp-∂n-√

F∂Xm-Wv- hkv-Xp-X.- Ahsb√mw- Xs∂ am-kn-IIfm-bn-´m-bn-cp-

∂p- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®n-cp-∂Xv.- ss{Ikv-Xh an-jWdn-am-cp-sS {]h¿-

Ø\hpw- {]t_m-[\ßfpw- km-aq-ly-Po-hn-XsØ Nn-́ s∏Sp-Øm≥-

{ian-®n-cp-∂ A°m-eØv- Cu- {]kn-≤o-IcWßsfm-s° ss{Ikv-

Xh aX{]Nm-cWØn-s‚ `m-Kam-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®n-cp-

∂sX∂pw- Hm¿t-°≠Xm-Wv.- bYm¿-YØn¬- tIcfØn-se BZy-

sØ h¿-Øam\]{Xw- F∂p- ]dbm-hp-∂Xv- 1860¬- Kp-Pdm-Øv- kz-

tZin-bm-b tZhv-Pn- `ow-Pn- Cw-•o-jn¬- ]p-dØn-d°n-b shtÃ¨-

Ãm-¿ - Bbn-cp-∂p.- CXn-s‚ A\p-IcWam-bn- 1864 BKkv-Xn¬- C´q-

∏v- ssd‰dp-sSbpw- ]n- sP ss]en-bp-sSbpw- ]{Xm-[n-]Xy-Øn¬- Bcw-

`n-®Xm-bn-cp-∂p- ]›n-aXm-cI .- {KŸ\n-cq-]W]w-‡n- aebm-

fØn¬- BZyw- Bcw-̀ n-®Xv- ]›n-aXm-cIbn-em-bn-cp-∂p- F∂v- Ncn-

{Xw- ]dbp-∂p.-

]n-∂o-Sp-≠m-b {][m-\]{Xw- 1867¬- Bcw`n-® kμn-„hm-Zn -

bm-Wv.- kz-tZim-`n-am-\n-°pw- ap-tºXs∂ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se cm-

P`cWsØ hn-a¿-in-°m≥- Xøm-dm-b ]{Xw- F∂ \n-ebn¬- kμn-

„hm-Zn-°v- {]tXy-I ÿm-\ap-≠v.- cm-P`cWØn-s‚ IÆn-se IcSm-

bn- am-dn-bXn-s\Xp-S¿-∂v- k¿-°m¿- \n-tcm-[n-® aebm-fØn-se BZy-

]{Xsa∂ _lp-aXn-bpw- kμn-„hm-Zn-°v- kz-¥w.-

1867¬- sIm-®n-bn¬- (Iq-\Ωm-hv) \n-∂m-cw-̀ n-® kXy-\m-ZIm-lf -

hpw- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\ Ncn-{XØn¬- {]tXy-Iÿm-\w- Ae¶cn-°p∂p.-

km-ln-Xy-kw-_‘n-bm-b teJ\ßƒ-Iq-Sn- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®p-sIm-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p- kXy-\m-ZIm-lfw- Xp-S°w- ap-X¬- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®Xv.- AXp-

sIm-≠v- Htc kabw- CXv- hr-Øm-¥]{XØn-s‚bpw- am-kn-Ibp-sSbpw-

kz-̀ m-hw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- am-[y-aNcn-{XIm-c∑m¿- Nq-

≠n-°m-́ p∂p-≠v.- kXy-\m-ZIm-lfw- kXy-\m-Zw F∂ t]cn¬-

tIcf ssSw-kv- ]{XØn-s‚ Rm-bdm-gv-N ]Xn-∏m-bn- Ct∏m-gpw- {]kn-

≤o-IcWw- Xp-Scp-∂p-s≠∂ khn-tijXbp-≠v.-

� 15

Kp-Pdm-Øn¬- \n-∂v- hym-]m-cn-bp-sS tae¶n-bWn-™v- sIm-®n-bn-

seØn-b tZhv-Pn- òw-Pn-bp-sS Po-hn-Xhp-am-bn- _‘s∏´m-Wv- ]n-∂o-

Sv- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\ Ncn-{Xw- ap-t∂dp-∂Xv.- ]p-tcm-Ka\ Po-hn-X ho-

£Wap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ At±lw- Bcw-̀ n-® ]{Xam-bn-cp-∂p- tIcfan-

{Xw .- CXn-\m-bn- BZy-w-Xs∂ tIcfan-{Xw- A®p-Iq-Sw- F∂ t]cn¬-

I√®p-Iq-Sw- At±lw- ÿm-]n-®p.- km-ln-Xyw,- kw-kv-Im-cw- Xp-Sßn-

b hn-jbßfn-epw- AXo-hX¬-∏c\m-bn-cp-∂ At±lw- {io-cm-aI¿-

Wm-ar-Xw- t]m-ep-≈ ]p-kv-XIßfpw- cm-am-bWw,- `m-cXw- Xp-Sßn-b

Ir-Xn-Ifpw- tIcfan-{Xw- A®p-Iq-SØn¬- \n-∂v- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®p.-

tIcfØn-se ]p-kv-XI hym-]m-cn-Ifn¬- {]YaKW\o-b≥- - F∂v-

alm-Ihn- D≈q-cpw- aebm-fØn-se ]p-kv-XI {]km-[\Øn-s‚

{]m-cw-̀ I≥ - F∂v- s]cp-∂ sI F≥- \m-bcpw- tZhv-Pn- òw-Pn-sb hn-

tijn-∏n-®Xv- CXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- km-ln-Xy-tØm-Sp-≈ Cu- AZay-am-

b A`n-\n-thiw- tIcfan-{Xw- ]{XØn-s‚ {]km-[\Øn-epw- tZhv-

Pn- òw-Pn- {]ISn-∏n-®p.- AXp-sIm-≠v- tIcfan-{XØn-s‚ Xp-S°w- ap-

Xep-≈ e°ßƒ- hm¿-ØIƒ-s°m-∏w- km-ln-Xy- kw-_‘n-bm-b

Im-cy-ßƒ-°p- Iq-Sn- {]m-[m-\y-w- \¬-In-bn-cp-∂Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- Ign-

bpw.- Cu- ]{XØn-s‚ {]Ya ]{Xm-[n-]¿- ]n-∂o-Sv- aebm-f at\m-

ca ÿm-]n-® I≠Øn¬- hdp-Ko-kv- am-∏n-fbm-bn-cp-∂psh∂Xpw-

{it≤bam-Wv.- i\n-bm-gv-NIfn¬- am-{Xw- ]p-dØn-dßp-∂\ tIcfan-

{Xw- aebm-fØn-se BZy- hm-cn-Im- {]kn-≤o-IcWw- F∂ \n-ebnepw-

hn-tijn-°s∏Sp-∂p-≠v.- sIm-®n- cm-Py-Øv- hn-hn-[ k¿-°m¿- hIp-∏p-

Ifn¬- \Sam-Sn-b Agn-aXn-bn-te°pw- AXp-aq-ew- P\ßƒ- A\p-̀ hn-

® Zp-cn-Xßfn-te°pw- P\{i≤ Xn-cn-°p-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p- tIcfan-{XØn-

se Hm-tcm- e°hpw.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]{Xw- A[n-Im-cn-Ifp-sS

IÆn-se IcSm-bn- am-dn.- CXaq-ew- ]ehn-[ t¢ißfpw- At±lØn-

\v- A\p-̀ hn-t°≠n-h∂p.- HSp-hn¬- 1894 HtŒm-_¿- 27\v- tZhv-Pn- òw-

Pn-bp-sS \n-cym-WtØm-sS ]{XØn-s‚ {]km-[\hpw- \n-e®p.-

acWtijw- At±lØn-s‚ ZØp-]p-{X≥- _n- Fkv- KW]Xn- kn-

Mv- ]{XØn-s‚ Np-aXetbs‰Sp-sØ¶n-epw- Gsd \mƒ- ap-t∂m-́ p-

sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥- Ign-™n-√.-

tIcfan-{Xw- Bcw-̀ n-® h¿-jw- Xs∂ Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cØv- tIcf

hn-em-kw- {]kn¬- A®Sn-® hn-Zym-hn-em-kn-\n - km-ln-Xy- am-kn-I

F∂ \n-ebn-em-Wv- Ncn-{XØn¬- tcJs∏Sp-Øs∏ń-´p-≈Xv.- hen-

b tIm-bn-Øºp-cm-s‚ im-Ip-¥fw- ]cn-̀ m-j BZy-am-bn- Jfi»x-

16 �

{]kn-≤o-Icn-®Xv- hnZym-hn-em-kn-\n-bn¬- Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- Ncn-{XIm-

c∑m¿- ]dbp-∂p.- ae_m¿- `m-KØv- 1874¬- _m-k¬- an-j≥- {]kn¬-

\n-∂v- A®Sn-®n-d°n-b tIctfm-]Im-cn -bpw- km-ln-Xy- kw-_‘am-

b,- {]tXy-In-®pw- ss{Ikv-Xh km-ln-Xy hn-jbßƒ- ssIIm-cyw-

sNbv-X {]kn-≤o-IcWam-Wv.-

1884 HtŒm-_¿- 19\v- sN¶p-fØv- Ip-™n-cm-a tat\m≥- tIm-gn-t°m-

´p- \n-∂m-cw-`n-® tIcf]{Xn-I - aebm-f ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚

ap-t∂‰ Ncn-{XØn-se {][m-\s∏´ HtcSm-Wv.- aebm-fØn-se BZy-

sØ e£Wsam-Ø ]{Xw- tIcf]{Xn-I - bm-sW∂v- ]{Xm-[n-

]¿- sN¶p-fØv- Ip-™n-cm-a tat\m≥ AhIm-is∏´n-cp∂p. C°m-

cyw hr-Øm-¥ ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-¬- kz-tZim-̀ n-am-\n- sI cm-aIr-

jv-W]n-≈ Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v.- P\Po-hn-Xhp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ hn-

hn-[ taJeIfn-se kw-`hhn-Im-kßƒ- hm-b\°m-cp-sS ap-∂n-

seØn-°p-∂Xn-s\m-∏w- Ahsb hn-iIe\w- sNbv-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈

Ip-dn-∏p-Ifpw- tIcf]{Xn-I -bn¬- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®n-cp-∂p.- tIheam-

b hn-hcßfpw- h¿-Øam-\ßfpw- Adn-bn-°p-∂Xn-\∏p-dwcm-{„o-

bhpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihp-w-,- km-ln-Xy-]chp-am-b hn-jbßfn¬- ]p-

Ø≥- Aht_m-[w- kr-„n-°p-∂Xn-\p-Iq-Sn- ]cym-]v-Xam-b co-Xn-bn-

em-bn-cp-∂p- tIcf]{Xn-I -bp-sS {]kn-≤o-IcWw.- \m-Sn-s‚ ]p-tcm-

KXn-°v- sNtø≠n-bn-cp-∂ Im-cy-ßsf∏‰n- hy-‡am-b Zn-im-t_m-

[tØm-sS teJ\ßƒ- \¬-Ip-∂Xn-epw- tIcf]{Xn-I {]tXy-I

{i≤ ]p-e¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.- tIkcn- F∂ Xq-en-Im-\m-aØn¬-

thßbn¬- Ip-™ncm-a≥- \m-b\m¿- Fgp-Xn-b teJ\ßfpw-

tIcf]{Xn-Ibp-sS ap-X¬-°q-́ m-bn-cp-∂p.- Ip-μeX -bp-sS I¿-Øm-

hm-b A∏p- s\Sp-ßm-Sn-bpsS teJ\ßfpw- tIcf]{Xn-I -bpsS

Cu-Sp-hbv-∏m-bn-cp-∂psh∂v- alm-Ihn- D≈q-cn-s\t∏m-ep-≈h¿-

tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.-

GItZiw- 27 h¿-jw- {]kn-≤o-Icn-® tIcf]{Xn-I -bp-sS _m-

°n-]{Xw- Hcp- \q-‰m-≠n-\p-tijw- ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ-,- F{X Zo¿-

Lho-£WtØmSpw- `m-h\tbm-Spw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- sN¶p-fØv- Ip-™n-

cm-ata\m≥- F∂ ]{Xm-[n-]¿- {]h¿-Ø\Øn®n-cp-∂sX∂v- a\ n-

em-°m≥- Ign-bpw.- kXy-k‘X,- am-\y-X,- BZ¿-iØn-e[n-jv-Tn-Xam-

b \n-e]m-Sp-Iƒ, Idb‰ km-aq-ly-{]Xn-_≤X Xp-Sßn-bhbm-bn-cp-

∂p- At±lØn-s‚ ap-Jap-{ZIƒ.- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ A\yw-\n-

� 17

∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ BZ¿-im-[n-jv-Tn-X \n-e]m-Sp-Ifpw- aq-ey-t_m-[hpsam-

s° N¿-® sNøs∏Sp-∂ h¿-Øam-\Im-eØv- sN¶p-fØn-s‚ ]{Xm-

[n-]s∏cp-a \ap-°v- ]m-Tam-tI≠Xm-Wv.-

Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-¿- k¿-°m¿- k¿-ho-kn¬- Ibdn-∏‰n- B[n-]Xyw-

ÿm-]n-® A\y-tZi°m-cbhcn¬-\n-∂v- G¬-t°≠n-h∂ A]am-

\ßƒ-°pw- ]o-U\ßƒ-°pw- FXn-sc aebm-fn-bp-sS A`n-am-\hpw-

AhIm-it_m-[hpw- Db¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I F∂ e£y-tØm-sS Xn-

cp-h\¥]p-cØp- \n-∂v- 1886¬- Bcw-`n-® ]{Xam-Wv- aebm-fn -.-

t]´bn¬- cm-a≥-]n-≈ Bim-s‚ ]{Xm-[n-]Xy-Øn¬- Bcw-̀ n-® aebm-

fn-bp-sS ]{Xm-[n-]ÿm-\w- ]n-∂oSv- km-£m¬- kn- hn- cm-a≥-]n-≈

Xs∂ Gs‰Sp-Øp.- kn hn- cm-a≥-]n-≈ aebm-fn -bn¬- Fgp-Xn-b

ap-J{]kw-Kßƒ- aebm-fP\Xbp-sS A`n-am-\t_m-[Øn-s‚ {]Xn-

kv ^p-cWßfm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- D≈qcn-s\t∏m-ep-≈h¿- tcJs∏Sp-

Øn-bn-´p-≠v.-

19mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm-\tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- aebm-f ]{X{]h¿-

Ø\Øn-s‚ ]p-jv-Ie Im-ew- Xp-Sßp-∂Xv.- Cu- Im-eL´Øn¬-

Bcw-̀ n-® ]{Xßfm-Wv- aebm-f ]{Xßfp-sS t{iWn-bn¬- C∂pw-

kPo-ham-bn- Xebp-b¿-Øn- \n¬-°p-∂Xpw.- CXn-s‚ Xp-S°w- 1887

G{]n¬- 15\v- tIm-́ bw- Pn-√bn-se am-∂m-\Øp-\n-∂v- {]kn-≤o-IcWam-

cw-`n-® \{km-Wn-Zo-]n-I -bn¬- \n-∂m-Wv.- am-kØn¬- c≠p-

XhWsb∂ \n-ebn¬- {]kn-≤o-IcWw- Bcw-̀ n-® \{km-Wn-Zo-]n-

I ]Sn-]Sn-bm-bn- {]kn-≤o-IcWØn-\n-Sbn-se Im-ebfhv- Ip-d®p-

sIm-≠p-h∂v- 1938 BbtXm-sS Zn-\]{Xam-bn- {]kn-≤s∏Sp-Øn- Xp-

Sßn.- Zn-\]{Xam-btXm-sS \{km-Wn-Zo-]n-I Zo-]n-I -bm-bn- t]cp-

am-‰p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- aebm-fØn-se G‰hpw- ]g°ap-≈ ]{Xsa∂

\n-ebn¬- Zo-]n-I C∂pw- kPo-ham-Wv.- tIcfh¿-a hen-b tIm-bn-

Øºp-cm-\pw- F B¿- cm-Pcm-Ph¿-abpw- AS°ap-≈ km-ln-Xy- a\o-

jn-Ifp-sS km-∂n-[yw- Zo-]n-Ibp-sS Xm-fp-Isf [\y-am-°n-bn-́ p-≠v.-

GXm-≠v- CtX Im-eL´Øn¬- Xs∂ ae_m-dn¬- \n-∂m-cw-̀ n-®

]{Xam-bn-cp-∂p- tIcf k©m-cn -.- 1888 HtŒm-_¿- aq-∂n-\v- thßbn¬-

Ip-™n-cm-a≥- \m-b\m¿- hm-cn-Ibm-bn- Bcw-̀ n-® Cu- ]{Xw- ae_m-

dn-se tZio-b {]ÿm-\Øns‚ {]h¿-Ø\ßƒ- {]Xn-̂ en-∏n-°p-

∂Xn¬- ap-Jy-]¶p-hln-®n-́ p-≠v.- tIcf k©m-cn-bn-se tI,- k,- cn -

F∂o- A£cßƒ- Iq-́ n-t®¿-Øm-Wv- thßbn¬- Ip-™n-cm-a≥- \m-

18 �

b\m¿- tIkcn- F∂ Xq-en-Im-\m-aw- kzo-Icn-®sX∂v- ]dbp-∂p-≠v.-

19mw- \q-‰m-≠ns‚ Ahkm-\am-Ip-∂tXm-sS aebm-f ]{X{]h¿-

Ø\Øn-s‚ co-Xn-im-kv-{XØn¬-Xs∂ au-en-Iam-b am-‰w- hcp-Øn-

s°m-≠v- 1890 am¿-®v- 22\v- aebm-f at\m-ca - ]n-dhn-sbSp-°p-∂Xv.-

]{X{]kn-≤o-IcWØn-\m-bn- Hcp- tPm-bn‚ v- tÃm-°v- Iº\n- Xp-

Sßp-Isb∂ ]p-Xn-b co-Xn- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-°n-s°m-≠m-Wv- I≠Øn¬-

hdp-Ko-kv- am-∏n-f aebm-f at\m-ca -°v- P∑w- \¬-Ip-∂Xv.- 1888¬-

Iº\n- Bcw-̀ n-® hdp-Ko-kv- am-∏n-f 1890 am¿-®v- 22 ap-X¬- hm-cn-Ibm-

bn-́ m-bn-cp-∂p- at\m-ca - {]kn-≤o-Icn-®p- Xp-Sßn-bXv.- 1901 BKkv-

Xv- Ggp- ap-X¬- Bgv-Nbn¬- c≠p-XhWbpw- 1918 Pq-sse 20 ap-X¬-

Bgv-Nbn¬- aq-∂p-XhWbpw- ho-Xw- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®p- h∂ at\m-ca

1928 P\p-hcn- 26 ap-Xem-Wv- Zn-\]{Xam-bn- am-dp-∂Xv.- 1924¬- alm-

Ihn- Ip-am-c\m-im≥- ]√\bm-‰n-ep-≠m-b sdUo-a¿- t_m-́ ]ISØn¬-

acn-®hn-hcw -C∂p- Im-Wp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬- Zn\]{Xßƒ- C√m-Xn-cp-

∂Xp- aq-ew- ]p-dw-tem-Iw- Adn-bp-∂Xv- aq-∂p-Zn-hkw- Ign-™m-Wv.-

CXn\n-Sbn¬- Zn-hm-s‚ hn-{]Xn-]Øn-°v- ]m-{Xam-tI≠n-h∂Xn-s\

Xp-S¿-∂v- HºXp-h¿-jtØm-fw- at\m-ca°v- A®Sn- \n¿-Øn-sht°≠n-

h∂p.-

kz-tZim-̀ n-am-\n- sI cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈bpw- tIkcn- F _m-eIr-

jv-W]n-≈bp-am-Wv- 20mw- \q-‰m-≠n-se BZy-ZiIßfn¬- aebm-f

]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ [o-cXsIm-≠p- {]Im-in-®h¿.- A[n-Im-cn- h¿-

KØn-s‚ ASn-®a¿-Øep-Iƒ-°pw- F√m-hn-[ \r-iw-kXIƒ-°psaXn-

sc [o-tcm-Zm-Øam-b sNdp-Øp-\n¬-∏p-Ifpw- t]m-cm-́ ßfpw- \SØn-

b kzm-X{¥y-]q¿-hIm-esØ C¥y≥- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ AtX

kcWn-bn¬- {]h¿-Øn-® ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p kz-tZim-̀ n-am-\n-

bpw- tIkcn-bpw.- cm-Pm-[n-Im-cØn-s‚bpw- Zn-hm≥-̀ cWØn-s‚bpw-

Zp-¿-\o-Xn-Iƒ-s°Xn-sc Xq-en-I sIm-≠v- \n-c¥cw- Ieln-®hcm-bn-

cp-∂p- Ccp-hcpw.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ahcp-sS hy-‡nPo-hn-XØn-

epw- Ip-Spw-_Po-hn-XØn-epw- Akz-ÿXIfpw- Bi¶Ifpw- hn-s´m-

gn-™n-cp-∂n-√.- Hcp- ]p-Xn-b km-aq-ly-kr-„n-sb°p-dn-®p-≈ kz-]v-

\ßfpw- Nn-¥Ifpw- I¿-a]Yßfn¬- Xn-c-bn-f°w- kr-„n-®t∏mƒ-

kz-Io-bam-b Xm¬-]cy-ßtfm- kp-Jku-Icy-ßtfm- Ah¿-

ths≠∂p- hbv-°p-Ibm-bncp-∂p.-

cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈,- ]{Xm-[n-]cm-Ip-∂Xn-\p- ap-tº Xs∂ P∑kn-

� 19

≤am-b hm-k\bm-se∂ hÆw- km-aq-ly- Po-hn-Xn-Øn-se A\o-Xn-

Iƒ-°pw- A[m¿-an-IXIƒ-°p-saXn-sc Nn-¥n-°p-Ibpw- Fgp-Xp-Ibpw-

sNbv-Xn-cp-∂p.- 1892¬- 14m-w- hb n¬- cmaIr-jv-W]n-≈,- s\øm-‰n≥-

Ic ap-≥-kn-̂ v- ssI°q-en-°m-c\m-sW∂pw- AXp-sIm-≠v- km-[p-°fm-

b I£n-Iƒ- hfsc t¢in-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw- Im-Wn-®v- Hcp- h¿-Øam-

\°p-dn-∏v- ]{XØn¬- Fgp-Xn-b Im-cyw- cm-P-t{Zm-ln-bm-b cm-Py-kv-

t\ln - F∂ {KŸØn¬- Sn- thWp-tKm-]m-e≥- A\p-kv-acn-°p-∂p-

≠v.- ]n-∂o-Sv- 21mw- hb n¬- tIcfZ¿-∏W -Øn-s‚ ]{Xm-[n-]ÿm-

\w- Gs‰Sp-ØXn-s‚ t]cn¬- AΩm-hs‚ A{]o-Xn-°v- ]m-{Xam-bn-

kz-¥w- ho-Sp-hn-́ n-dßn-b cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈bp-sS Nn-{Xw- _n- Ieym-

Wn- AΩbp-sS hym-gh´kv-acWIfn -eS°w- {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.-

]{X{]h¿-ØI\m-Im≥- P∑saSpØbm-fm-bn-cp-∂p- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-

≈ F∂m-Wv- At±lØn-s‚ ]e Po-hNcn-{XIm-c∑m-cpw- \o-co-£n-

°p-∂Xv.-

Pn-⁄m-kbpw- ssÿcy-hpw- [m¿-an-IXbpw- km-aq-ly-{]Xn-

_≤Xbpsam-s° th≠p-thm-fw- {]ISam-°n-bn-cp-∂ cm-aIr-jv-W]n-

≈ Hc¿-YØn-¬- B Im-eL´Øn-s‚ kr-„n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- F∂p-

]dbmw.- tIm-f\n- hm-gv-Nbv-°pw- km-{am-Py-Xz-Øn-\pw- FXn-cm-bn- a\p-

jy-s‚ kzm-X{¥y-hm-Rv-Obpw- P\m-[n-]Xy-t_m-[hpw- AebSn-®p-

b¿-∂ Im-eam-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- Bibßsf∏‰n-bp-≈

N¿-®Iƒ- sIm-≠p- kPo-ham-bn-cp-∂p- A∂sØ km-aq-lym-¥co-£w.-

Imƒ- am¿Iv-kn-s‚ PohNcn-{Xw- aebm-fØn-te°v- BZy-am-bn- ]cn-

`m-js∏Sp-Øn-b cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈bp-sS tkm-jy-en-Ãv- Bibßtfm-

Sp-≈ B`n-ap-Jy-sØ∏‰n- Gsd ]dtb≠Xn-√t√m.- ASn-®a¿-Øep-

Iƒ-°pw- sISp-Xn-Iƒ-°p-saXn-sc tem-Ihym-]Iam-bn- Db¿-∂

{]t£m-`ßfp-sS A\p-cW\ßƒ- C¥y-bn-epw- Ne\w- kr-„n-®

Im-eam-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.- sXm-gn-em-fn- kacßfpw- I¿-jI{]t£m-

`ßfpw- i‡n-s∏´p-hcp-∂ Im-ew.- {]£p-œam-b Cu- km-aq-lym-

¥co-£Øn-epw- cm-Pm-[n-Im-cØn-s‚ GXp- sI´ \o-Xn-sbbpw- hgßn-

bpw- hm-gv-Øn-bpw- Ign-™ P\kaq-lam-bn-cp-∂p- s]m-Xp-hn¬- Xn-cp-

hn-Xmw-Iq-dnteXv.- cm-Pm-°∑m-cm-hs´ sIm-´m-c tkhIcp-sS hm-gv-

Øn-∏m-Sep-Ifn¬- A`n-can-®p- Ign-™ Im-ew.- Cu- km-lNcy-w- ap-

XseSp-Øv- cm-Pm-[n-Im-ctØm-Sv- H´n-\n∂ DtZym-Kÿ{]am-Wn-am¿-

P\ßsf Nq-jWw- sNbv-Xpw- ASn-®a¿-Øn-bpw- kz-¥w- Io-i ho¿-

∏n-®n-cp-∂ ÿn-Xn.- Bi¶m-Ip-eam-b Cu- kmaq-ly-Po-hn-XØn-s‚

20 �

kw-L¿-jßƒ-°n-Sbn-em-Wv- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈ ]{X{]h¿-ØI\m-

bn- cw-K{]thiw- sNøp-∂Xv.- ]u-cm-hIm-ißsf∏‰n- P\ßsf t_m-

[hm-∑m-cm-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p- At±lØn-s‚ Xp-S°w- ap-Xtebp-≈

{iaw.- tIcfZ¿-∏W -Øneq-sSbpw- tIcf]©n-I -bn-eq-sSbpw-

At±lw- \n¿-hln-®p-t]m-∂Xv- {][m-\am-bpw- Cu- Zu-Xy-am-bn-cp-∂p.-

]n-∂o-Sv- aebm-fn -bn-eq-sSbpw- tIcf≥- - am-kn-Ibn-eq-sSbpw- HSp-

hn¬- kz-tZim-̀ n-am-\n- -bn-eq-sSbpw- AXv- Xp-Scp-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.-

1906¬- kz-tZim-`n-am-\n -bp-sS ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw- Gs‰Sp-ØtXm-

sSbm-Wv- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈bn-se ]{X{]h¿-ØIs‚ \o-Xn-t_m-

[hpw- km-aq-ly-t_m-[hpsam-s° AXn-s‚ ]m-cay-Øn-seØp-∂Xv.-

Zn-hm≥- ]n- cm-PtKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bp-sS Zp-jv-sNbv-Xn-Isf ]√pw- \Jhpw-

D]tbm-Kn-®v - hn-Nm-cW sNbv-Xp-sIm≠m-Wv- kz-tZim-`n-am-\n-

]{X{]h¿-Ø\cw-KsØ Ip-e]Xn-sb∂ ÿm-\w- kz-¥am-°p-∂Xv.-

C°m-cy-Øn¬- kz-tZim-̀ n-am-\n- ]{XØn-s‚ DSabm-bn-cp-∂ h°w-

A–pƒ-Jm-Z¿- au-ehn-sb∂ kzm-X{¥y-kac`Ss‚ F√m- A\p-

{Klm-in p-Ifpw- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈°v- e`n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw- Hm-¿-

°Ww.- P\ßfp-sS AhIm-ißƒ-°p-th≠n- t]m-cm-Sp-∂Xn-s\m-

∏w- atXXc Nn-¥,- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Bibw- Xp-Sßn-bh P\a\ p-

Ifn¬- FØn-°p-∂Xn-epw- kz-tZim-̀ n-am-\n- Pm-Kcq-I\m-bn-cp-∂p.- Zn-

hm≥- cm-PtKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-tbm-Sp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ hn-tZz-jØn-s‚ ]cn-an-

Xn-bn-¬- - kz-tZim-̀ n-am-\n- _‘\ÿ\m-bn-cp-∂n-t√ F∂p- Nn-¥n-

°p∂ Ncn-{XIm-c∑m-cp-≠v.- Zn-hm-s‚ t]cv- ]cm-a¿-in-°p-∂Xn-\n-Sbn¬-

{]Xy-£Øn¬- tIheam-b Hc®Sn-∏n-isI∂v- tXm-∂pw-hn-[w- cm-

PtKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bp-sS t]cv- Pm-ctKm-]m-em-Nm-cn- - F∂v- ]{XØn-

eSn-®Xv- hy-‡n-hn-tZz-jw- Xo¿-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ Iu-ie∏Wn-bm-bn-cp∂p-

sh∂m-Wv- hna¿-i\ap-∂bn-°p-∂h¿- Icp-Xp-∂Xv.- GXm-bm-epw-

CØcw- cq-£am-b hn-a¿-i\ßfn¬-\n-∂v- c£s∏Sm≥- Hcp-

L´Øn¬- {]Pm-k`bn-te°p-≈ At±lØn-s‚ sXcs™Sp-∏v- Zn-

hm≥- t\cn-́ n-Ss] v́- d±v- sNbv-Xp.- F∂n-́ pw- ASßn-bn-cn-°m≥- Iq-́ m-

°m-Ø cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈sb \n-»–\m-°m≥- At±lØn-s‚ ]{Xw-

I≠p-sI´n.- HSp-hn¬- 1910 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 26\v- At±lsØ IÆq-cn-

te°v- \m-Sp-ISØp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.-

kz-tZim`n-am-\sbt∏m-se Xs∂ [o-cam-b CSs]Sep-Iƒ-sIm-

≠v- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ BNm-cy-ÿm-\w- kz-¥am-°n-b Bfm-

Wv- tIkcn- F _m-eIr-jv-W]n-≈.- cm-aIr-jv-W]n-≈sbt∏m-se

� 21

Xs∂ ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s\m-∏w- km-ln-Xy-˛KthjWcw-Kßfn-

epw- tIkcn- hy-‡n-ap-{Z]Xn-∏n-®p.- kaq-lØn-se A\o-Xn-Iƒ-s°Xn-

sc s]m-cp-Xm-\p-≈ ISp-Ø A`n-hm-Rv-Obm-bn-cp-∂p- _m-eIr-jv-

W]n-≈sb Iq-Sp-X¬- hcp-am-\ap-≠m-°m≥- Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂ h°o¬-

∏Wn-bn¬- A`n-can-°m-sX ]{X{]h¿-Ø\Øn-te°v- hgn-Xn-cn-®p-

hn-´Xv.- kaZ¿-in -bn¬- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\w- Xp-Sßn-b _m-eIr-jv-

W]n-≈ 1930¬- Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cØv- kz-¥am-bn- Hcp- {]kv- (im-cZm-

{]kv)- ÿm-]n-°p-Ibpw- 1930 Pq -̈ 4\v- {]t_m-[I≥ - F∂ t]cn¬-

Hcp- hm-cn-I Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- F∂m¬- Cu- {]kn-≤o-

IcWØn-\v- Im-cy-am-b Bbp- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A∂sØ Xn-cp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-¿- Kh¨ sa‚ v- sIm-≠p-h∂ ]{Xam-cW \n-baØn-s‚ _en-

bm-Sm-bn- am-kßƒ-°p-≈n¬- (1930 sk]v-Xw-_¿- 10)- {]t_m-[I≥-

\n¿-Øem-t°≠n-h∂p.-

F∂m¬- Hcm-gv-N°p-≈n¬-Xs∂ sIm-√sØ \m-cm-bW]n-≈

F∂bm-fp-sS t]cn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ tIkcn - F∂ ]{XØn-s‚

ssek≥-kv-,- _m-eIr-jv-W]n-≈ Xs‚ t]cn¬- hm-ßn- sk]v-Xw-

_¿- 18\v- tIkcn-bp-sS BZy-e°w- ]p-dØn-d°n.- sIń-epw- ań-epw-

D≈S°Øn-epw- {]t_m-[I≥- Xs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p- tIkcn.- tIkcn-

bpw- GItZiw- \m-ep-sIm-√ta {]h¿-Øn®p-≈q-.- kz-¥w- t]cn¬-

ssek≥-kv- C√m-ØXp-sIm-≠v- ]{Xw- {]kn-≤o-Icn-°m≥-Bbn-cw-

cq-] sIń-hbv-°Wsa∂v- Kh¨-sa‚ v- \n¿-tZin-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.-

tIkcn-bn-eq-sS G¬-t°≠n-h∂ hn-a¿-i\icßfn¬- \n-∂p-

c£s∏Sm-\m-bn-cp-∂p- Kh -̈sa‚ v- Cu- h{I_p-≤n- {]tbm-Kn-®Xv.-

A∂sØ°m-eØv- hfsc hen-b Xp-Ibm-bn-cp-∂ Bbn-cw- cq-]

sIń-shbv-°m≥- tIkcn-°v- Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ-

]ecpw- klm-b hm-Kv-Zm-\hp-am-bn- ap-t∂m-́ p-hs∂¶n-epw- `cWm-[n-

Im-cn-Ifp-sS Zp-„_p-≤n-bn¬- Xp-S¿-∂pw- im-k\Iƒ- ]eXpw- hcm-

\n-Sbp-s≠∂dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂ tIkcn- HSp-hn-¬- ]{Xw- \n¿-Øp-Ibm-

bn-cp-∂p.- tIheam-b km-aq-ly-hn-a¿-i\hpw- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\hpw-

F∂Xn-\∏p-dw- ]m-›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy- Pm-eIØn-te°v- aebm-fn-sb

Iq-́ n-s°m-≠p-t]m-hp-Isb∂ Zu-Xyw- \n¿-hln-°m≥- tIkcn-°v- Ign-

™n-́ p-≠v.-

kz-tZim`nam-\n-°pw- tIkcn-°pw- tijap-≈ aebm-f ]{X{]h¿-

Ø\Øn-s‚ Ncn-{Xw- hen-b ap-t∂‰ßfp-sS IYbm-Wv- ]dbp-∂Xv.-

kz-m-X{¥y-{]m-]v-Xn-°p-ap-ºp- Xs∂ Bcw-`n-® tIcfIu-ap-Zn-(1911),-

22 �

am-Xr-̀ q-an- (1923),- tZim-̀ n-am-\n- (1942)- F∂o- ]{Xßsf√mw- Ip-sd°q-

Sn- kw-LSn-Xam-b aX˛km-ap-Zm-bn-I ]n≥-_etam- cm-{„o-b ]n≥-

_etam- D≈hbm-bn-cp-∂p.- AXp-sIm-≠v- tZio-b kz-m-X{¥y-kacIm-

esØ√mw- hfsc [o-cam-b \n-e]m-Sp-Iƒ- kzo-Icn-®Xn-s‚ t]cn¬-

]n-gsbm-Sp-°en-s‚bpw- \n-tcm-[\Øn-s‚bpw- hmƒ-ap-\Iƒ- G¬-

t°≠n-hs∂¶n-epw- tZim-`n-am-\n-°pw- a‰pw- P\ßfp-sS AIagn-

™ ]n-¥p-Wtbm-Spw- klm-btØmSpw- Iq-Sn- ]{X{]kn-≤o-IcWw-

ap-t∂m-́ p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥- Ign-™p.- Chsbm-s°bpw- C∂pw- kPo-

ham-bn- cw-KØp-≠v.- kzm-X{¥y-{]m-]v-Xn-°p-tijw- Bcw-`n-®

]{Xßfn-¬- {it≤bam-bn- C∂pw- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂ ]{Xßƒ- am-[y-

a-(1987)-hpw aw-Kf(1989)-hp-am-Wv.-

GXp-L´Ønse IWs°Sp-Øm-epw- am-[y-akm-£cXbn¬-

tIcfw- ap-t∂m-́ p-Xs∂ Ip-Xn-°p-∂ Im-gv-Nbm-Wv- Im-Wp-∂Xv.- C¥y-

bn¬- e£w- t]¿-°v- icm-icn- 1300 tIm-∏n- ]{Xam-Wv- A®Sn-°p-

∂Xv.- F∂m¬- tIcfØn¬- Ccp-]tXm-fw- ]{Xßfp-tSXm-bn- 40

e£Øn-tesd tIm-∏n-Ifm-Wv- {]Xn-Zn-\w- A®Sn-°p-∂Xv.- AXm-

bXv- tIcfØn¬- e£w- t]¿-°v- icm-icn- 13000 tIm-∏n-bm-Wv- {]Ncn-

°p-∂Xv.- F∂p- ]d™m¬- tIcfØn-se ]{X{]Nm-cWØn-s‚ tXm-

Xv- C¥y≥- icm-icn-bp-sS ]Øv- aSßm-sW∂¿-Yw.- c≠p- aq-∂p-

ZiIw- ap-ºp-hsc tdUn-tbm-bpw- am-[y-asa∂ \n-ebn¬- KWy-am-b

kzm-[o-\w- sNep-Øn-bn-cp-s∂¶n-¬- C∂v- B ÿm-\w- sSen-hn-j≥-

ssIøS°n-bn-cn-°bm-Wv.- cm-Py-Øv- 300tesd sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-

Iƒ- (Ahbn¬- Xs∂ hm-¿-ØIƒ-°p-am-{Xam-bn- 60Hm-fw- Nm-\ep-

Iƒ-)- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂Xm-bm-Wv- IW°v.- tIcfØn-em-hs´ ]Øv-

Iº\n-Ifp-sS DSaÿXbn-em-bn- 16 Nm-\ep-Iƒ- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.-

Chbn¬- As©Æam-hs´ 24x7 hm¿-Øm- Nm-\epIfm-Wv.- aq-∂p- Nm-

\ep-Isf¶n-epw- Cu- h¿-jw- Xs∂ ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- {]h¿-Øn-®p- Xp-

Sßm-\p-≈ Xøm-sdSp-∏n-ep-am-Wv.-

]{Xw- hm-ßp-∂Xn-\v- aebm-fn- h¿-jw- GItZiw- 585 tIm-Sn- cq-]

ap-S°p-∂p-s≠∂m-Wv- IW°v.- F∂m¬- tI_nƒ- Sn- hn- hcn-kw-Jy-

°m-bn- sNehn-Sp-∂Xv- 600 tIm-Sn-bn-tesd.- tIcfØn-se 70 e£w-

Ip-Spw-_ßfn-¬- 50 e£w- ho-Sp-Ifn-epw- Sn- hn-bp-≠v.- CXn¬-Øs∂

32 e£Øn-tesd ho-Sp-Ifn¬- tI_nƒ- Sn- hn- IWIv-j\p-≠v.- CXn-

t\°m-sf√mw- A¤p-XIcam-b co-Xn-bn-em-Wv- aebm-fn-bp-sS sam-

� 23

ss_¬- t^m¨- D]tbm-KØn-s‚ IW°v.- sam-ss_¬- t^m-¨-

kz-¥am-bn- D]tbm-Kn-°m-Øh¿- Bcpw- Cs√∂p am-{Xa√,- D]tbm-

Kn-°p-∂hcn¬- 50 iXam-\Øn-tesdt∏cpw- H∂n-e[n-Iw- t^m¨-

D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂hcp-am-Wv.- Htc kabw- aq-∂p- sam-ss_¬- t^m -̈

D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂hcp-sS FÆhpw- sNdp-X√.- ]p-kv-XIw- hm-ßm≥-

Hcp h¿-jw- 80 tIm-Sn-bn¬- Xm-sg am-{Xw- sNehn-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv- CsX∂p-

Iq-Sn- Hm-¿-°Ww.-

sam-ss_¬- t^m-Wp-Iƒ {]Ncn-®p- Xp-Sßn-b sXm-Æq-dp-Ifn-se

ÿn-Xn-b√ Ct∏m-gp-≈Xv-.- t^m¨- sNøp-Itbm- t^m¨- tIm-fp-

Iƒ- kzo-Icn-°p-Itbm- sNøp-Isb∂ tIheam-b D]tbm-KØn-

\∏p-dw- sam-ss_¬- t-̂ m-Wn-s‚ km-[y-XIƒ- A\¥am-bn- hn-Ikn-

°p-Ibm-Wv.- Iym-adbp-sSbpw- C‚¿-s\‰v- kw-hn-[m-\tØm-sSbp-ap-≈

Iw]yq-́ dn-s‚bp-sam-s° [¿-aßƒ- C∂v- sam-ss_¬- t^m-Wn-eq-sS

\n¿-hln-°m-\m-hp-w.- Iw-]yq-́ ¿-̨ C‚¿-s\‰v- A[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b t^kv-

_p-°v,- tªm-Kv,- Szn-‰¿- t]m-ep-≈ \ham-[y-aßfp-sS km-[y-XIfn-

te°p- Iq-Sn- sam-ss_¬- t^m -̈ hn-Ikn-®tXm-sS CXp-]tbm-Kn-

°p-∂ Bfp-Ifn-te°v- hn-hc˛hn-⁄m-\ hn-t\m-Zßfp-sS FÆn-

bm-sem-Sp-ßm-Ø km[y-XIfm-Wv- an-gn- Xp-d°p-∂Xv.- sslkv-Iq-fn-

epw- lb¿- sk°‚dn- kv-Iq-fn-epw- tIm-tfPp-Ifn-epw- ]Tn-°p-∂ Ip-

´n-Ifn¬- sam-ss_¬- t^m -̈ D]tbm-Kn-°m-Øhcp-sS FÆw- Xp-

temw- ]cn-an-Xam-Wv.- Iw-]yq-́ ¿-̨ C‚¿-s\‰v- kw-hn-[m-\w- ]p-Xn-b ]m-

Ty-]≤Xn-bn¬- A\n-hm-cy-am-btXm-sS Iw-]yq-́ ¿- km-£cXbp-sS Im-

cy-Øn-epw- \Ωp-sS ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d hn-Ikn-X ap-Xem-fn-Ø cm-Py-

ßfn-se Ip-´n-Itfm-Sv- In-S]n-Sn-°Ø° \n-ebn-em-bn-´p-≠v.- Np-cp-

°Øn¬- AXy-¤p-XIchpw- thWsa¶n-¬- A]ISßƒ- D≠m-°m-

\n-Sbp-≈Xp-am-b hen-sbm-cp- tem-IØn-s‚ hn-kv-ab°m-gv-NIfn-eq-

sSbm-Wv- C∂sØ ]p-Xp-Xeap-d k©cn-°p-∂Xv.-

Ccp-]Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm-\w- hscbpw- an-°hm-dpw- km-aq-

ly-Po-hn-XØn-s‚ GXp- afieØn-epw- Bib kzo-IcWØn-\pw-

AXp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ sIm-Sp-°¬- hm-ßep-Iƒ-°pw- D]tbm-Ks∏Sp-

Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv- A®Sn- am-[y-aßsfbm-Wv-.- hm-bn-®p- {Kln-®v- Bib

cq-]o-IcWw- \SØp-Isb∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p- A°m-ew- hscbp-≈ io-

ew.- tem-IØp- \S°p-∂ ]e kw-̀ hßfpw- Adn-™n-cp-∂Xv- ]n-t‰

Zn-hktam- Nn-et∏mƒ- Zn-hkßƒ- Ign-t™m- am-{Xam-bn-cp-∂p.- tdUn-

24 �

tbm- {]t£]WØn-eq-sSbpw- a‰pw- A∂∂p- Xs∂ Adn-bm≥- Ign-

™n-cp-∂Xv- hfsc Npcp-°w- Im-cy-ßƒ- am-{Xam-Wv.- acWtam- acWhp-

am-bn- _‘s∏´ \S]Sn-Itfm- A]ISßtfm- {]t£m-̀ ßtfm- kw-

L¿-jßtfm- bp-≤ßtfm- {]kw-Kßtfm- Hs° aWn-°q-dp-Ifpw-

Zn-hkßfpw- Ign-™v- dn-t∏m¿-́ v- sNøp-∂Xn-\n-Sbn¬- kw-̀ hn-°p-∂

A]{`w-ißfpw- hn-́ p-t]m-Iep-Ifpw- Hgn-hm-°s∏Sep-sam-s° ]n-∂o-

Sv- hm-b\°m-cn-te°v- hn-hcßƒ- FØp-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p- ]Xn-hv.- kw-

`hßƒ- \S°p-∂Xn-\pw- A®Sn- am-[y-aßfn-eq-sS Ah {Kln-°p-

∂Xn-\pw- CSbn-se ta¬-∏d™ XcØn-ep-≈ Acn-∏Iƒ- ]n-∂n-Sp-

tºmƒ- bYm¿∞ kw-̀ hØn-s‚ 50 iXam-\w- t]m-epw- Hcp- ]t£

e`n-s®∂p- hcn-√.- Zr-iy-am-[y-aßfp-sS hym-]\tØm-sS Cu-

Ahÿ°v- am-‰w- h∂p.- kw-̀ hw- \S°p-∂ kabw- Xs∂ X’ab

dn-t∏m¿-´n-ßn-eq-sS t{]£I\v- Im-cy-ßƒ- a\ n-em-°m≥- km-[n-

°p-∂ ÿn-Xn- kw-Pm-Xam-bn.- Nn-{Xßfp-sS AIºSn-tbm-sSbp-≈

hn-hcWßƒ- IqSnbm-hp-tºmƒ- Hcp- Ne®n-{XØn-se∂ hÆw- Im-

cy-ßƒ- Im-Wp-Ibpw- a\ n-em-°pIbpw- sNøp-∂ \n-ebn-em-bn.- hm-

bn-®p- ap-jn-bp-I F∂ Ahÿbn¬- \n-∂v- F√mw- I≠v- Bkz-Zn-°p-

I F∂ Iq -Sp -X¬- BÀm-ZIcam -b A¥co-£ap -≠m-bn. -

A]ISßtfm- kw-L¿-jßtfm- t]m-epw- Nm-\ep-Ifn-eq-sS AhXcn-

∏n-°p-tºmƒ- A¤p-Xhpw- B\μhpw- Ie¿-∂ Ahÿbn-em-Wv-

t{]£I¿- AXn-s\ t\m-°n-°m-Wp-∂Xv.- Kƒ-̂ v- bp-≤Øn-s‚ Im-gv-

NIƒ- Zr-iyhn-kv-ab(spectacle) ßfm-bn- AhXcn-∏n-®Xp- kw-_‘n-

®v- sSen-hn-j≥- dn-t∏m¿-´n-ßn-s\∏‰n- ]n¬-°m-eØp-≠m-b ]e

]T\ßfpw- \n-co-£n-°p-∂p-≠v.- Zr-iy-hn-kv-abßƒ- Hcp-°m-\p-≈

sSen-hn-js‚ Cu- Ign-hv- t{]£Is\,- hn-tijn-®v- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-

dbn¬-s∏´hsc,- Gsd BI¿-jn-°p-∂Xp- kzm-̀ m-hn-Iw.-

C∂sØ Iu-am-c°m¿- ]T\w- Ign-™p-≈ kabw- sSen-hn-

js\tbm- Iw-]yq-́ dn-s\tbm- Hs° D]tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øm≥- aWn-°q-

dp-Iƒ- sNehgn-°p-∂p- F∂p- ]dbp-tºmƒ- AXp-am-bn- _‘s∏´

tIcfØn-se khn-tijam-b km-aq-ly- kw-hn-[m-\w- Iq-Sn- Hm¿-

t°≠Xp-≠v.- 1970Iƒ-°p-tijw- tIcfØn-s‚ km-aq-ly- LS\bn-

ep-≠m-b am-‰w- CXp-am-bn- tN¿-Øp- ]cn-tim-[n-t°≠Xm-Wv.-

tIcfØn-s‚ km-aq-ly-Ncn-{XØn-¬- Iq-́ m-bv-abp-sSbpw- kv-t\lakr-

Wam-b sIm-Sp-°¬-hm-ßep-Ifp-sSbpw- Kr-lm-Xp-cXzw- DW¿-Øp-∂

A¥co-£w- GXm-≠v- Cu- Im-etØm-sSbm-Wv- A\yw- \n-∂p- Xp-

� 25

Sßp-∂Xv.- Chn-sS \n-∂v- AWp-Ip-Spw-_ßfn-te°p-≈ aebm-fn-bp-

sS Iq-Sp-am-‰w- Ahs‚ km-aq-ly-Po-hn-XØn-s‚ kakv-X afießfn-

epw- ]ehn-[ ]cn-h¿-Ø\ßƒ- kr-„n-®p.- ap-Ø»n-am-cp-sS IYIfpw-

]m-´p-Ifpw- hm-’eyßfpw- tI´pw- A\p-`hn-®pw- hf¿-∂ _meyw-

CtXm-sS ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbv-°v- A\y-am-bn.- Xm-cXtay-\ DtZym-Kÿcpw-

tPm-en-°m-cp-am-b a[y-h¿-KsØbm-Wv- CXv- Gsdbpw- _m-[n-

®sX¶nepw- Xm-sg Xń-ep-≈hcpw- Cu- {]hWXbn¬- \n-∂v- Hgn-hm-

°s∏ń-́ n-√.- AWp-Ip-Spw-_w- F∂Xv- Gsd°p-sd tIcfo-b Po-hn-

XØn-s‚ s]m-Xp-ÿn-Xn-bm-sW∂p- h∂tXm-sS ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d

sam-ØØn¬- CXn-s‚ {]iv-\ßƒ- A\p-̀ hn-®p- Xp-Sßn.- c≠p- Ip-

ń-Iƒ- aXn-sb∂ k¶¬-∏Øn¬- \n-∂v- G‰hpw- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbn-

se am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ- ({]tXy-In-®v- DtZym-Kÿ¿)- Hcp- Ip-́ n- am-{Xw-

aXn-sb∂ ]m-X kzo-Icn-®p- Xp-Sßn.- CXpaq-ew- A—\pw- AΩbv-

°pw- H∏w- Hcp- aIt\m-/ aItfm- am-{Xw- F∂ ÿn-Xn-bm-bn.- A—\pw-

AΩbpw- Zq-scÿeßfn¬- t]m-bn- tPm-en- sNøp-∂hcm-sW¶n¬-

]T\w- Ign-™v- ho-́ n-seØp-∂ Ip-́ n-sb kzo-Icn-°p-∂Xv- ]et∏m-

gpw- iq-\y-am-b ho-Sm-bn-cn-°pw.- Nn-et∏m-ƒ- the°m-cn-Iƒ- Ds≠¶n-

em-bn.- tPm-en- Ign-™v- sshIn- ho-́ n¬- Xn-cn-s®Øp-∂ A—\Ωam-

cm-Is´ £o-Wn-Xcpw- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ip-́ n-bp-sS Im-cy-w- Ah[m-

\Xtbm-sS {i≤n-°m-t\m- Ahbn¬- CSs]Sm-t\m- Ign-bm-Ø ÿn-

Xn-bn-ep-am-Ipw.- Np-cp-°Øn¬- Ip-́ n- ]q¿-Wam-bpw- H‰s∏´ \n-ebn-

em-bn-cn-°pw.- A—\pw- AΩbpw- \¬-tI≠ km-ao-]y-hpw,- Ah¿-

]d™p-sIm-Sp-t°≠ Im-cy-ßfpw- ]et∏m-gpw- Ip-́ n- Is≠Øp-∂Xv-

Ahs‚ ]T\ ap-dn-bn-se Iw-]yq-́ ¿- kv-{Io-\n-¬- \n-t∂m- kzo-IcWap-

dn-bn-se sSen-hn-j≥- sk‰n¬- \n-t∂m- Hs°bm-Wv.- sSen-hn-js\

Ip-́ n-Ifp-sS c≠mw- c£n-Xm-hv - F∂v- sdbv-a≠v- hn-eyw-kv- hn-fn-

®Xv- Cu- kμ¿-̀ Øn¬- {]tXy-I ]cm-a¿-iw- A¿-ln-°p-∂p-≠v.-

aWn-°q-dp-Itfm-fw- sSen-hn-j≥- sk‰p-Iƒ-°pw- Iw-]yq-́ dp-Iƒ-°pw-

-ap-∂n-¬ sNehgn-°p-∂ Iu-am-c°m-c≥- Sn-hn-bn¬- Im-Wp-∂ ]cn-

]m-Sn-Iƒ- Fs¥t∂m- Iw]yq-́ dn¬- sk¿-®v- sNøp-∂ Nm-\ep-Iƒ-

Fs¥t∂m- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ-°v- Ir-Xy-am-b hn-hcap-≠m-IWsa∂n-

√.- A—\Ωam-cp-sS Nq-Sp-]‰n-bpw- em-f\Itf‰pw- Ddßn- io-en-°p-∂

Ip-́ n- (BWm-bm-epw- s]Æm-bm-epw)- Iu-am-cØn-te°v- IS°p-∂tXm-

sS kz-¥am-b as‰m-cp- ap-dn-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw- Ddßp-I.- Cßs\ X\n-

®v- cm-{Xn-bn¬- Ign-bp-∂ Ip-ń- Iw-]yq-´dn¬- ]cXp-∂ ssk‰p-Iƒ-

26 �

GsX∂v- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ- ]et∏m-gpw- Adn-bm-dp-an-√.- GXp-XcØn-

ep-≈ hn-{`m-aIam-b Nn-¥Ifn-te°pw- kz-]v-\ßfn-te°pw- hgp-Xn-

ho-Wp-t]m-Ip-∂ Im-eam-Wv- Iu-am-cw- F∂Xp-sIm-≠v- ssk_¿- tem-

IsØ GXp-Xcw- Im-gv-NIfn-em-bn-cn-°p-w- Ah≥-/Ahƒ- A`n-can-

°p-∂sX∂pw- ap-Xn¿-∂h¿- Adn-bWsa∂n-√.- A«o-e ssk‰p-Iƒ-

ÿn-cam-bn- kμ¿-in-®v- A]ISIcam-b am-\kn-I \n-ebn-seØn-b

Iu-am-c°m-cp-sS \n-ch[n- IYIƒ- \mw- am-[y-aßfn¬- hm-bn-®dn-

™n-́ p-≈Xm-Wv.- ÿn-cam-bn- A«o-e ssk‰p-Iƒ- Im-Wp-∂ Iu-am-

c°m-sc \n-co-£n-®v- tIskSp-°m≥- C‚¿-t]mƒ- _‘s∏´ s]m-

eo-kv- A[n-Ir-X¿-°v- \n¿-tZiw- \¬-Ip-Ibpw- AXn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-

\Øn¬- aebm-fn-Ifm-b 25 Iu-am-c°m¿-s°Xn-sc tIkv- FSp-°p-

Ibpw- sNbv-X hm¿-Ø Cu-bn-sSbm-Wv- ]{Xßfn¬- h∂Xv.- CXp-

am-bn- _‘s∏ v́- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]T\ßfpw- At\z-jWßfpw- Bhiy-

am-bn- h∂n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.-

3.- am-[y-a¡m-gv-NIfp-sS ]cn-kcw-

]p-Xn-b am-[y-a{]hWXIsf ]p-Ø≥- Xeap-d Fßs\ Im-Wp-

Ibpw- kzo-Icn-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p- F∂ At\z-jWØn-s‚ `m-K-am-

bn- \SØn-b k¿-shbp-sS ^ew- Iu-Xp-IIcam-Wv.- Xn-cp-h\¥]p-

cw,- Be∏p-g,- sIm-®n,- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- F∂n-hn-Sßfn-se lb¿-

sk°‚dn- kv-Iq-fp-Ifn¬- πkv- h -̈,- πkv- Sp- ¢m-kp-Ifn¬- ]Tn-°p-

∂ 200 Ip-́ n-Ifm-Wv- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-ØXv.- Chcn¬- 40 t]¿-

s] -̈Ip-́ n-Ifm-bn-cp-∂p.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Ø hn-Zym¿-Yn-Ifp-sS

c£n-Xm-°fn¬- 75iXam-\hpw- Db¿-∂ hcp-am-\ap-≈hcpw- D∂X

hn-Zym-`ym-kw- e`n-®hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcn¬-

10iXam-\Øn¬- Xm-sg t]¿-°p- am-{Xam-bn-cp-∂p- IpSpw-_Øn-s‚

{]Xn-am-k hcp-am-\w- 10000 cq-]bn¬- Ip-dhv.- _m-°n- 75 iXam-\Øn\pw-

25,-000 cq-]bn-e[n-Iam-Wv am-khcp-am-\w.- 50000Øn-\pw- e£Øn-\pw-

CSbn¬- {]Xn-am-khcp-am-\ap-≈hcp-sS FÆhpw- 10iXam-\Øn-\Sp-

Øp-hcpw.-

k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcp-sS am-Xm-]n-Xm-°fp-sS hn-Zym-̀ ym-kØn-

s‚ Im-cy-saSp-Øm-epw- GXm-≠v- CtX ]m-t‰¨ Xs∂ Im-Wmw.-

Fkv-Fkv-F¬-kn-bn¬- Xm-sg hn-Zym-`ym-k tbm-Ky-Xbp-≈ am-Xm-

]n-Xm-°fp-sS FÆw- 10iXam-\Øn¬- Xm-sg.- AXp-t]m-se 10 iXam-

\w- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ-°v- s{]m-̂ jW¬- _n-cp-Zßfpw- ]n-F®v-Un- t]m-

ep-≈ D∂X _n-cp-Zßfpw- D≈h¿.- 50 iXam-\w- t]¿-°v- _n-cp-

Zhpw- 25iXam-\w- t]¿-°v- _n-cp-Zm-\¥c_n-cp-Zhp-ap-≠v.-

Xßƒ- ]dbp-∂ Im-cyßƒ- Xßfp-tSXm-bn- ]p-dØdn-bp-∂Xn¬-

k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Ø B¿-°pw- Xs∂ Xm¬∏cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-

√.- AXp-sIm-≠v- tNm-Zym-hen-°v- DØcw- \¬-In-b Ip-́ n-Ifp-sS t]tcm-

kv-Iq-fn-s‚ t]tcm- Ir-Xy-am-bn- tcJs∏Sp-Øm≥- Bcpw- Xøm-dm-bn´n-

28 �

√.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øh¿- Bcpw-Xs∂ Sn- hn- Im-Wm-Øhcm-

bn- D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- 20iXam-\w- t]¿-°p- am-{Xam-Wv- kz-¥am-bn-

Iw-]yq-´¿- C√m-ØXv.- F∂m¬- Ahcpw- GsX¶n-epw- hn-[Øn¬-

Iw-]yq-́ ¿- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂h¿- Xs∂.-

Zn-hkhpw- F{Xt\cw- sSen-hn-j≥- Im-Wp-∂p- F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-

\v- 72 iXam-\w- t]cpw- Hcp- aWn-°q-dn-tesdbpw- c≠p- aWn-°q-dn¬-

Ip-dhpw- t\cw- Sn- hn- Im-Wp-∂p-sh∂m-Wv- DØcw- \¬-In-bXv.- 20

iXam-\w- t]¿- Hcp- aWn-°q-tdm- AXn-¬- Ip-dthm- kabw- am-{Xw- Sn-

hn-°p-ap-∂n¬- sNehgn-°p-∂hcm-Wv.- F´p- iXam-\w- t]¿- Sn- hn-

Im-Wp-∂Xn¬- Ir-Xy-am-b kab\n-jv-T ]p-e¿-Øm-Øhcm-Wv.-

72iXam-\hpw- c≠p- aWn-°q-dn¬- Xm-sg kabw- am-{Xam-Wv- sSen-

hn-j≥- Im-Wm≥- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- F∂Xv- A{X A]ISIcam-

bn- Im-Wm-≥- Ign-bn-s√¶n-epw- \n- m-cam-bn- Im-tW≠X√.- ]gb

{]o-Un-{Kn-°m-ct‚Xn-s\°mƒ- BgØn-epw- ]c∏n-epap-≈ ]p-kv-

XIßfpw- ]m-T`m-Kßfpw- ]Tn-°m≥- _m-[y-ÿ\m-Wv C∂sØ

lb¿-sk°‚dn- hn-Zym-¿-∞n.- s{]m-PŒv,- skan-\m¿ Xp-Sßn-b A\p-

_‘ ]T\ taJeIƒ- CXn-\p- ]p-dsabp-≠v.- AXm-bXv- A©p-

aWn-°q-¿- kv-Iq-fn¬- sNehn-Sp-∂ hn-Zym¿-∞n- A{XtØm-ftam-

Nnet∏m-sg¶n-epw- AXn-tesd t\ctam- ho-´n-en-cp-∂p- ]Tn-t°≠n-

hcp-tºm-gm-Wv- c≠p- aWn-°q-tdm-fw- kabw- Sn- hn-°p- ap-∂n¬-

sNehgn-°p-∂sXt∂m¿-°Ww.-

Sn-hn-bn¬- `q-cn-]£w- t]cpw- Im-Wm\m-{Kln-°p-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-

GsXm-s°sb∂dn-bp-tºm-gm-Wv- CXn-s‚ Ku-chw- \ap-°v- t_m-[y-

am-Ip-∂Xv.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcn¬- 80 iXam-\w- t]sc¶n-

epw- ÿn-cam-bn- Im-Wp-∂Xv- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm,- tIm-aUn- ]cn-]m-Sn-

Iƒ,- kn-\n-a,- ko-cn-bep-Iƒ- Xp-Sßn-b hn-t\m-Z{][m-\ ]cn-]m-Sn-

Ifm-Wv.- hm¿-ØIfpw- hm¿Øm-[n-jv-Tn-X ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw- Im-Wp-∂h¿-

10 iXam-\Øn¬- Xm-sgbm-Wv.- hn-Zym-`ym-k ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- Im-Wp-

∂h¿- A©p-iXam-\Øn¬- Xm-sgbm-sW∂Xm-Wv- Gsd ckIcw.-

hn-t\m-Z]cn-]m-Sn-sb∂ t]cn¬- Sn-hn-bn¬- hcp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn¬-

Gsdbpw- \n-ehm-cw- Ip-d™ Xam-iIfpw- Akw-_‘w- \n-d™

Po-hn-X ap-lq¿-Øßfpw- Ip-Øn-\n-dbv-°p-∂hbm-Wv.- hf¿-∂p- hcp-

∂ Ip-́ n-Ifp-sS `m-h\tbtbm- Nn-¥tbtbm- km¿-∞Iam-b kz-]v-

\ßtftbm- DtØPn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\v- Hcp- XcØn-epw- klm-bIa√

� 29

Cu- hn-t\m-Z]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ.- Po-hn-XsØ°p-dn-t®m- am-\hn-IXsb∏‰n-

tbm- Fs¥¶n-epw- Dƒ-°m-gv-N \¬-Im≥- Ign-bp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw-

Cu- KWØn¬- Im-Wm-dn-√.- Xm¬-°m-en-Ihpw- tIhehp-am-b XdXam-

iIfn¬- kabw- t]m-°m≥- am-{Xw- e£y-an-́ p- ]S®p-hn-Sp-∂ tIm-am-

fn- ]cn-]m-Sn- Im-Wm≥- Sn- hn- Im-Wp-∂ kabØn-s‚ knw-l`m-Khpw-

Ip-́ n-Iƒ- sNehgn-°p-∂p- F∂Xm-Wv- tJZIcw.-

ho-´n-en-cp-∂v- ]T\Øn-\pw- tlmw-h¿-°n-\p-am-bn- F{X kabw-

sNehgn-°p-∂p- F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- c≠p- ap-X¬- aq-∂p- aWn-°q¿-

hsc F∂m-Wv- 78 iXam-\Øn-s‚bpw- DØcw.- 10 iXam-\w- am-

{Xam-Wv- aq-∂p-aWn-°q-dn-tesd kabw- ]T\Øn-\p- \o-°n-shbv-°p-

∂Xm-bn- ]d™n-´p-≈Xv.- c≠p- aWn-°qdn¬- Xm-sg sNehgn-°p-

∂hcm-Wv- _m-°n-bp-≈h¿.-

Sn- hn- Im-Wp-∂Xv- ]T\sØ _m[n-°p-∂p-t≠m- F∂ tNm-Zy-

Øn-\v- 95 iXam-\hpw- C√ F∂m-Wv- DØcw- \¬-In-bXv.- A©p-

iXam-\w- t]¿- am-{Xta Nn-et∏m-sgm-s° _m-[n-°p-∂Xm-bn- ]d™n-

´p-≈q.- _lp-̀ q-cn-]£hpw- ]T\sØ _m-[n-°p-∂n-s√∂m-Wv- DØcw-

\¬-In-bn-́ p-≈sX¶n-epw- GItZiw- ]T\Øn-\p- kam\am-b tXm-

Xn-ep-≈ kabw- Sn- hn- ImWm≥- `q-cn-]£w- t]cpw- sNehgn-°p-∂p-

F∂p- ]dbp-tºmƒ- ]T\Øn-\v- D]tbm-Kn-t°≠ kabØn-s‚ Hcp-

`m-Ksa¶n-epw- Ir-Xy-am-bn- Hcp- Kp-Whpw- sNøm-Ø sSen-hn-j≥- ]cn-

]m-Sn-Iƒ-°m-bn- am-‰n-shbv-°p-∂p-s≠∂p-thWw- Icp-Xm≥.-

Sn- hn-bnse GXp- ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-Wv- Iq-Sp-X¬- C„w- F∂ tNm-Zy-

Øn-\p-≈ DØchpw- Iu-Xp-Iw- ]Icp-∂Xm-Wv.- G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-

Im-gv-®°m-cp-≈Xv- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjmIƒ-°pw- tIm-aUn- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-

°p-am-Wv.- 65 iXam-\w- t]¿.-

Sn- hn-bn¬- Im-Wp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn-se GsX¶n-epw- Im-cy-ßƒ- (

BIv-j≥,- kw-km-cw,- thjhn-[m-\w Xp-Sßn-bh)- Po-hn-XØn¬- A\p-

Icn-°m-dpt≠m- F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- 92 iXam-\w- t]cpw- AsX F∂m-

Wv- DØcw- \¬-In-bXv.- sSen-hn-j≥- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- Iu-am-c°m-sc

F{XtØm-fw- kz-m-[o-\n-°p-∂p- F∂m-Wv- Cu- 92 iXam-\Øn-s‚

{]Xn-IcWw- sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv.-

Sn- hn- AhXm-cIcp-sS kw-km-c`m-j,- kw-km-c co-Xn,- ico-c`m-

j,- thjhn-[m-\w- F∂n-hsbm-s° A\p-Icn-°m≥- {ian-°m-dp-t≠m-

30 �

F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- 60 iXam-\w- t]cpw- C√ F∂m-Wv- adp-]Sn- \¬-

In-bXv.- kw-km-c`m-jtbm-Sv- B`n-ap-Jy-w- tXm-∂p-∂h¿- 10 iXam-

\Øn¬- Xm-sg am-{Xam-Wv.- AhXm-cIcp-sS hkv-{X[m-cWco-Xn-tbm-

Sv- Iºw- tXm-∂p-∂p-s≠∂v- DØcw- \¬In-bh¿- 13 iXam-\w- am-

{Xw.- Chcn¬- Gsdbpw- s] -̈Ip-́ n-Ifm-sW∂Xpw- {it≤bam-Wv.-

Sn- hn-bn-se ]cky-ßƒ- I≠ tijw- Ah hm-ßWsat∂m- kz-

¥am-°Wsat∂m- tXm-∂m-dp-t≠m- F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- `q-cn-]£w-

t]cpsSbpw- DØcw- AsX F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- Ccp-N{Ihm-l\ßƒ,-

sam-ss_¬- t^m¨sk‰p-Iƒ,- sF t]m-Up-Iƒ,- s]¿-^yq-ap-Iƒ-

Xp-Sßn-bh hm-ßm-\m-Wv- Gsdt∏¿-°pw- Xm¬-]cyw.- ]pXn-b Im-

ew- kΩm-\n-°p-∂ BUw-_c ]q¿-Wam-b Po-hn-XØn-s‚ ASn-®p-

s]m-fn -sb°p-dn-®m-Wv- Iu-am-c°m-cn¬- ̀ q-cn-]£Øn-\pw- Xm¬-∏cyw-

F∂¿-∞w.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcn¬- Xm-cXtay-\ Xm-gv-∂ hcp-

am-\ap-≈ Ip-Spw-_ßfn-se Ip-́ n-Ifp-sS Po-hn-XsØt∏m-epw- hym-

tam-ln-∏n-°p-∂Xv- ]p-Xn-b Im-eØn-s‚ hn-tem-`\o-bam-b D¬-

∏∂ßfm-sW∂Xm-Wv- kXyw.- CXv- Ku-chXcam-b ]cn-tim-[\

Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂p.-

Sn- hn- ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn-epw- Sn- hn- kn-\n-aIfn-ep-sam-s° Im-Wp-∂

aZy-]m-\w,- ]p-Ihen- Xp-Sßn-bh A\p-Icn-°Wsa∂p- tXm-∂m-dp-

t≠m- F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- 90iXam-\tØm-fw- t]cpw- Cs√∂

DØcam-Wv- \¬-In-bXv.- CXv- Bizm-kIcam-b {]hWXbm-Wv.- sNdp-

\yq-\]£w- AsX F∂v- DØcw- \¬-In-bXm-hs´ kv{Io-\n¬- AXp-

]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ IYm-]m-{Xßtfm-Sp-≈ Bcm-[\ Xebv-°p- ]n-Sn-®n-

´m -Wv . - F∂m¬- kv -Iqƒ- ]cn -kcßfn¬- ({]tXy -In -® v -

\Kc{]tZißfn-se kv-Iq-fp-Ifp-sS Np-‰p-h´ßfn¬-)- ]m≥-akm-

ebS°ap-≈ elcn- ]Zm¿-∞ßfp-sS hn¬-∏\ h¿-[n-®p- hcp-∂Xm-

bn- hym-]Iam-bn- hm¿-ØIƒ- hcp-∂Xn-s‚ ]›m-ØeØn¬- Cu-

tNm-Zy-Øn-\p-≈ DØcØn-se kXy-k‘X ]q¿-Wam-bpw- Dd∏n-

°m-\m-hm-Ø ÿn-Xn-bm-Wv.- CØcw- Bim-ky-a√m-Ø {]hWX

h¿-[n-®p-hcp-∂p-s≠∂ Is≠Øen-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn-em-Wt√m-

Cu-bn-sS ]m≥- akm-e ]q¿-Wambn- \n-tcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠v- k¿-°m¿-

DØchn-d°n-bXv.-

Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßsf∏‰n- Sn- hn- Nm-\ep-Ifn¬- hcp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-

Im-Wm-dp-t≠m- F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- 70 iXam-\tØm-fw- t]¿- Im-Wm-

� 31

dp-s≠∂ \n-e]m-Sm-Wv- AhXcn-∏n-®Xv.- F^-v-sFB¿,- Ip-‰]{Xw

Xp-Sßn-b t]cp-Ifn¬- Adn-bs∏Sp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifm-Wv- Gsdt∏cpw-

Im-Wp-∂Xv.- Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßsf°p-dn-®p-≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Itfm-Sv- ]p-Xp-Xeapd

Iq-Sp-X¬- B`n-ap-Jyw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂p-sh∂ Is≠Ø¬- \sΩ Ccp-

Øn-®n-¥n-∏n-t°≠Xm-Wv.- ASp-Øbn-sS Be∏p-g Pn-√bn-se Ip-

´\m-́ n¬- Hcp- kv-Iq-fn¬- hn-Zym-eb h¿-jw- Bcw-̀ n-® Zn-hkw- ]Ømw-

¢m-kp-Im-c\m-b ]Xn-\m-dp-Im-c≥- kl]m-Tn-sb Igp-Øp-ap-dn-®p- sIm-

es∏Sp-Øn-b kw-̀ hw- tIcfsØbm-sI sRń-®Xm-Wv.- sIm-e]m-

XIw- \StØ≠ co-Xn-sb∏‰n- a\ n-em-°n-bXv- dmw-t_m - F∂

tlm-fn-hp-Uv- Nn-{XØn¬- \n-∂m-sW∂v- {]Xn-bm-b Ip-́ n- Hcp- hn-Im-

chn-t£m-̀ hp-an-√m-sX ]d™Xmbm-Wv- hm¿-Ø.- a\t m-,- Nn-¥tbm-

H∂pw- ]m-Is∏ń-́ n-√m-Ø {]m-bØn¬- Hcp- s_©n-en-cp-∂v- ]Tn-®

kl]m-Tn-sb {Iq-cam-bn- sIm-es∏Sp-Øn-b Im-cyw- kt¶m-NtaXp-

an-√m-sX Xp-d∂p-]dbp-Ibm-Wv Cu- Iu-am-c°m-c≥.- Hcp- ]t£ Ip-

‰hm-k\ kz-̀ m-hØn¬-Øs∂ D≈h\m-bn-cn-°mw- Ah≥.- AXn-\v-

Ahs‚ Ip-Spw-_]chpw- km-aq-ly-hp-am-b Im-cWßfp-ap-≠m-Imw.-

F¶n¬-t∏m-epw- Hcp- kn-\n-a Akm-[m-cWhpw- ò-Ichp-am-b sIm-

e]m-XIw- \SØm≥- Ah\v- {]tNm-Z\am-bn- F∂Xv- \n- m-ca√.-

Ip-d®p- \mƒ- ap-ºv- Atacn-°bn¬ -Hcp- kv-Iqƒ- hn-Zym¿∞n- kl]m-

Tn-Isf shSn-sh®p- sIm-∂ hm¿-Ø h∂t∏m-gpw- {]Xn-bm-b Iu-am-

c°m-c\v- t{]cWbm-bXv- Sn- hn-bn-epw- kn-\n-abn-epw- Bh¿-

Øn®pI≠ kam-\am-b Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßfm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- dn-t∏m¿´v-

sNøs∏ń-́ p-≠v.- Cu- c≠p- kw-̀ hßfpw- Iq-́ n-hm-bn-t°≠Xm-Wv.-

lb¿- sk°≥-Udn-bn¬- kb≥-kv- {Kq-∏n¬- ]Tn-°p-∂h¿-°v-

]T\{]{In-bbp-sS `m-Kw- Xs∂bm-Wv- Iw-]yq-´¿- A[n-jv-Tn-X hn-

⁄m-\w.- ]T\Øn-\v- A\n-hm-cy-as√¶n¬°q-Sn- Iw-]yq-´dp-Ifp-am-

bn- \n-Xy-_‘an-√m-Ø Iu-am-c°m¿- \s∂ Ip-dhm-Wv.- AXp-sIm-

≠v- Iw-]yq-´¿- D]tbm-KsØ∏‰n-bp-≈ hn-hcßfpw- k¿-shbn¬-

Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.- sSehnj≥- Im-gv-N°v- sNehgn-°p-∂Xn-s‚

]IpXn-bn-tesd kabsa¶n-epw- Iw-]yq-´¿- D]tbm-Kn-°m-\m-bn-

sNehgn-°p-∂p-s≠∂m-bn-cp-∂p- e`n-® hn-hcw.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-

Øhcn¬- 80iXam-\hpw- ]T\Øn-s‚ `m-Kam-bn- Iw]yq-́ ¿- D]tbm-

Kn-°p-∂hcm-Wv.- F∂m¬- Iw-]yq-´¿- D]tbm-Kn-°m-Øhtcm-,- Iw-

]yq-́ ¿- km-t¶XnI hn-Zy- Adn-bm-Øhtcm- Bbn- Bcpw-Xs∂ D≠m-

bn-cp-∂n-√.- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Ø Iw-]yq-́ ¿- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂hcn¬-

32 �

168 t]cpw- Hcp- aWn-°q-dn-\pw- c≠p- aWn-°q-dn-\pw- CSbn¬- Iw-]yq-

´¿- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xm-bm-Wv- tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv.- Cßs\

Iw]yq-´¿- sk¿-®v- sNøp-∂Xn-\v- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ kabØn-s‚

]IpXn-bn-tesdbpw- t^kv-_p-°v-,- Hm¿-°p-́ v Xp-Sßn-b tkm-jy¬-

s\‰v-h¿-°n-Mv- ssk‰p-Ifn¬- t]m-Im-\m-Wv- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.- Hm -̈

sse≥- Nm-‰n-ßn-\pw- bq-Syq-_v- kμ¿-in-°p-∂Xn-\pw- kabw- Is≠Øp-

∂hcpw- Gsd.-

AXm-bXv- ]gb {]o-Un-{Kn-°m-c\v- kv-Iq-ƒ- kabØn-\p- tijw-

ho-́ n-en-cp-∂v- ]Tn-°m≥- e`n-®n-cp-∂ kabØn¬- icm-icn- aq-∂p- aWn-

°q-sd¶n-epw- Ct∏mƒ- {]o-Un-{Kn-°m-cs‚ ÿm-\w- Ae¶cn-°p-∂

lb¿- sk°≥-Udn-°m-c\v- Sn- hn-/Iw]yq-́ ¿- Im-gv-NIƒ-°m-bn- \o°n-

sht°≠n- hcp-∂p- F∂¿-∞w.- ]Tn-°m-\p-≈ kabw- Ip-dbp-∂p-

F∂Xn-s\m-∏w- ]gb {]o-Un-{Kn-°m-cs\ At]£n-®v- Ct∏m-gsØ

lb¿- sk°≥-Udn-°m-c\v- ]Tn-°m-\p-≈ Im-cy-ßfn¬- hen-b tXm-

Xn¬- h¿-[\hp-≠m-bn-́ pap-≠v.- CXv- kzm-̀ m-hn-Iam-bpw- Cu- L´Øn-

ep-≈ Ip-́ n-Isf h√m-Ø am-\kn-I kΩ¿±Øn-em-gv-Øp-∂p-≠v.-

sam-ss_¬- t^m -̈ D]tbm-KsØ∏‰n-bp-≈ tNmZy-ßfn¬- \n-

∂v- hy-‡am-Ip-∂Xv- k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcn¬- \m-ev- iXam-

\Øn-\p- am-{Xam-Wv- kz-¥am-bn- sam-ss_¬- t^m-̈ - C√m-ØXv.-

kz-¥am-bn- sam-ss_¬- t^m -̈ C√m-Øh¿- ho-́ n-ep-≈ ap-Xn¿-∂hcp-

sS t^m -̈ D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.- `q-cn-]£w- t]cpw- Hcp- aWn-°q-

dn-\Sp-Øv- sam-ss_¬- t^m-Wn¬- kw-km-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw- Im-Wp-

∂p.- icm-icn- A©p- ap-X¬- ]Øp-hsc t]sc Hcp- Zn-hkw- sam-

ss_¬- t-^m¨- hgn- _‘s∏Sm-dp-s≠∂pw- tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-

°p-∂p.- 20 iXam-\w- t]¿- am-{Xam-Wv- ]T\ Im-cy-ßƒ- N¿-® sNøp-

∂Xn-\pw- t{]m-PŒv- h¿-°p-Iƒ- sNøp-∂Xn-\pw- a‰p-am-bn- sam-

ss_en¬- kw-km-cn-°m-dp-≈Xv-.- `q-cn-]£w- t]cpw- Nm-‰n-ßn-\p -am-

{Xam-bm-Wv- samss_¬- t^m-Wp-Iƒ- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.-

]m-T]p-kv-XIßf√m-sX a‰p- ]p-kv-XI hm-b\sb∏‰n-bp-≈ tNm-

Zy-Øn-\v- 66 iXam-\w- t]cpw- Im-cy-am-sbm-∂pw- hm-bn-°p-∂n-s√∂m-

Wv- DØcw- \¬-In-bn-́ p-≈Xv.- hm-bn-°p-∂ Np-cp-°w- t]cmIs´ Zn-

hkw- AcaWn-°q-dn-\pw- Hcp- aWn-°q-dn-\pw- CSbn-ep-≈ kabw- am-

{Xam-Wv- CØcØn-ep-≈ hm-b\bv-°v- sNehgn-°p-∂Xv.- Ku-

chXcam-b hm-b\tbm- ¢m-kn-Iv-{KŸ ]m-cm-bWtam- io-eam-°n-

� 33

bn-́ p-≈hsc Bscbpw- Xs∂ k¿-shbn¬- Is≠Øm-\m-bn-√.-

kv-Iqƒ- kabØn-\p-tijw- Ifn-°m-≥- t]m-Ip-∂hcp-sS FÆw-

\s∂ Np-cp-°am-Wv.- F´p- iXam-\w- am-{Xam-Wv- ]p-dØv- a‰p- Ip-́ n-

Ifp-am-bn- Ifn-Ifn¬- G¿-s∏Sp-∂Xv.- _m-°n-bp-≈hsc√mw- kv-Iqƒ-

hn-́ p- ho-́ n-seØn-bm¬- DS≥- Xs∂ ho-Un-tbm- sKbnap-Ifn-tet°m-

Gsdt∏cpw- Syq-j≥- ]T\Øn-tet°m- ap-ßp-∂ Im-gv-Nbm-Wv.-

k¿-shbn¬- ]s¶Sp-Øhcn¬- \S∂v- kv-Iq-fn¬- t]m-Ip-∂h¿- I„n-

®v- \m-ep- iXam-\w- am-{Xw.- _m-°n-bp-≈h¿- H∂p-In¬- ssk°n-

fn¬- As√¶n¬- Hm-t´mdn-£bn-tem- _ n-tem- BWv- kv-Iq-fn¬-

t]m-Ip-∂Xv.-

\n-Ka\§Ä-

Sn- hn-,- Iw]yq-́ ¿-,- sam-ss_¬- t^m -̈ F∂n-hbp-sS D]tbm-Kw-

kw-_‘n-®v- \SØn-b k¿-shbn¬- \n-∂v- Dcp-Øn-cn-™ {][m-\

Im-cyßƒ- Xm-sg ]dbp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬- kw-{Kln-°mw.-

1.- ]p-Xn-b am-[y-aßfp-am-bn- CS]gIp-∂Xn-\v- icm-icn- aq-∂p- aWn-

°q-sd¶nepw- Ip´n-Iƒ- sNehgn-°p-∂p-≠v.- CXn-s‚ \m-en-sem-

∂p- kabw- am-{Xam-Wv- ]T\ Im-cy-ßƒ-°v- {]tbmP\s∏Sp-

Øp-∂Xv.-

2.- ]p-Xn-b am-[y-aßƒ- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn-\v- sNehgn-°p-∂

kabØn-s‚ ̀ q-cn-̀ m-Khpw- hn-t\m-Z]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°m-Wv- hn-\n-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂Xv.- hn-t\m-Zßƒ- F∂ te_en¬- Sn-hn-bn-epw- a‰pw-

hcp-∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn¬- Gsdbpw- A¿-∞iq-\y-am-b Xd Xam-

iIƒ- Ip-Øn-\n-d®Xm-bXp-sIm-≠v- Ch ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbp-sS

hy-‡n-Xz- cq-]o-IcWØn-\v- Kp-W]cam-b kw-`m-h\sbm-∂pw-

\¬-Ip-∂n-s√∂p-thWw- A\p-am-\n-°m≥-.- adn-®v- Bim-ky-a√m-

Ø Nn-e kzm-[o-\ßƒ- Dfhm-°p-∂pap ≠v.-

3.- ]T\Øn-t\m- Ifn-Iƒ-t°m- im-co-cn-Ihpw- am-\kn-Ihp-am-b

Dt∑jw- {]Zm-\w- sNøp-∂ a‰p-Im-cy-ßƒ-t°m- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥-

Ign-bp-∂ aq-∂p- aWn-°q-dm-Wv- CØcw- am-[y-aßfp-am-bp-≈

CS]gIen-\m-bn- Zn-hkhpw- sNehn-Sp-∂Xv.- CXv- Ip-´n-Ifp-sS

im-co-cn-Ihpw- am-\kn-Ihpw- _p-≤n-]chp-am-b hf¿-®°v- sNdn-b

tXm-Xn-se¶n-epw- XS w- kr-„n-°pw.-

34 �

4.- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifp-sSbpw- Xam-i∏cn-]m-Sn-Ifp-sSbpw- ap-∂n¬-

aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ- sNehn-Sp-∂ Ip-́ n-Ifn¬- bm-Ym¿-∞y-t_m-[an-√m-

Ø {]Xo-£Ifpw- A\p-IcWßfpw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂p-≠v.- kw-Ko-

Xt_m-[tam- kz-cip-≤n-tbm- sXm-́ p-Xo-≠n-bn-́ n-√m-Ø Ip-́ n-Iƒ-

hen-b ]m-´p-Im-cm-Im≥- {ian-°p-∂Xpw- Xm-ft_m-[w- t]m-epw-

a\ n-en-√m-Ø ]ecpw- \¿-ØIcm-Im≥- {ian-°p-∂Xpw- CØcw-

{]Xo-£Ifn¬- \n-∂m-Wv.- Sn- hn- kv-{Io-\n-epw- a‰pw- {]IS\ßƒ

Im-gv-N sh°p-∂Xn¬- km-bq-Pyw- Is≠Øp-∂ am-Xm-]n-Xm-°fn¬-

\√]¶pw- Ip-́ n-Ifp-sS CØcw- bmYm¿-∞y-t_m-[an-√m-Ø {]Xo-

£Isf Bfn-°Øn-°m-\pw- {ian-°m-dp-≠v.-

5.- sSen-hn-j\n-sebpw- a‰v- Zr-iy-am-[y-aßfn-sebpw- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-

Ip-́ n-Isf h√m-sX kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.- Cu- kzm-[o-\w- ]et∏m-

gpw- A\p-IcW{àam-bn- am-dm-dp-ap-≠v.- Nn-et∏m-sgm-s° Cu- A\p-

IcW{àw- A]ISw- hn-fn-®p- hcp-Øp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.-

6.- Zr-iy-am-[y-aßfn-se ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- am-{Xa√,- ]cky-ßfpw- Ip-́ n-

Ifn¬- hn-eb tXm-Xn¬- kzm-[o-\w- sNep-Øp-∂p-≠v.- BUw-

_c Po-hn-XØn-\v- Bhiy-am-b ]e km-[\ßfpw- hm-ßm-\pw-

am-Xm-]n-Xm-°sfs°m-≠v- hm-ßn-∏n-°m-\p-w- CShcp-Øp-∂Xv- CXp-

sIm-≠m-Wv.-

7.- aZy-]m-\w,- ]p-Ihen,- a‰v- elcn- ]Zm¿-∞ßfp-sS D]tbm-Kw-

F∂n-htbm-Sv- sNdn-b tXm-Xn-se¶n-epw- Bcm-[\ tXm-∂p-∂

Np-cp-°w- Ip-ń-Ifp-s≠∂Xv- hkv-Xp-Xbm-Wv.- C°m-cy-Øn¬-

A[ym-]Icp-sSbpw- c£n-Xm-°fp-sSbpw- I¿-i\am-b CSs]Sep-

Ifpw- t_m-[h¬-°cWhpw- A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.-

8.- Zr-iy-am-[y-aßfn-se A{Iaßfpw- sIm-e]m-XIfpw- Ahbv-°v-

D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Ip-‰a‰ im-kv-{Xo-b co-Xn-Ifpw- hfsc sNdnsbm-

cp- hn-̀ m-KØn-s‚ CSbn-em-sW¶n-epw- kzm-[o-\w- sNep-Øp-∂p-

s≠∂Xv- hkv-Xp-Xbm-Wv.- CØcw- Im-cy-ßƒ- kv-{Io-\n¬- sNøp-

∂ \m-bIt\m-Spw- {]Xn-\m-bIt\m-Spw- ho-cm-cm-[\ tXm-∂pw-

hn-[am-Wv- Ch Nn-{Xo-Icn-°m-dp-≈Xv.- CXv- Iq-sS°q-sS Im-Wp-

∂,- {]tXy-In-®v- Ip-‰hm-k\bn-te°v- hgp-Xn- ho-gm-≥- km[y-Xbp-

≈ sNdp-\yq-\]£sØsb¶n-epw- Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßfn-te°v- \bn-

°m-dp-≠v.- A[ym-]Icp-sSbpw- c£n-Xm-°fp-sSbpw- am-{Xa√,- a\x-

� 35

im-kv-{X hn ZKv-[cp-sSbpw- im-kv-{Xo-bam-bn- Iu¨-kn-en-Mv-

\SØm≥- tbm-Ky-cm-bhcp-sSbpw- Ku-chXcam-b CSs]Sep-Iƒ-

Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂ taJebm-Wn-Xv.-

9.- ]m-tTy-Xc hn-jbßfn¬- Ku-chXcam-b hm-b\ Ip-d™p-hcn-

Ibm-sW∂m-Wv- k¿-shbn¬- sXfn-bp-∂Xv.- ]T\{]{In-bsb

i‡n-s∏Sp-Øp-∂ ssKUp-Ifn-epw- d^d≥-kv- {KŸßfn-ep-am-

bn- ]m-tTy-Xchn-jbßfn-se hm-b\ ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Ibm-Wv.-

aebm-f `m-jbpw- Ncn-{Xhpw- kw-kv-Im-chp-sam-∂pw- th≠{X

Adn-bm-sXbm-Wv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbn¬- Gsdt∏cpw- hfcp-

∂sX∂pw- Im-Wp-∂p.-

10.- Sn- hn-bpw- kn-\n-abpw- Iw]yq-́ dpw- AS°ap-≈ Zr-iy-am-[y-aßsf

Iq-td°q-Sn- Ku-chtØm-Spw- hna¿-i\m-flIhp-am-bn- CSs]Sm≥-

]p-Xp-Xeap-dsb t{]cn-∏n-°Wsa∂ ktμihpw- k¿-shbn¬-

sXfn-bp-∂p.-

4.- sSen-hn-j³-: Ncn-{Xhpw- hÀ-̄ am-\hpw-

am-[y-aßfp-sS tem-IØv- {]m-tbW sNdn-b Ncn-{Xta sSen-hn-

j\p-≈q.- e£Wsam-Ø A®Sn-® ]{Xw- Bcw-`n-®n-´v- (1702¬-

e≠\n¬- \n-∂v- Bcw-̀ n-® sUbv-en- sIm-dm-¥v )- aq-∂p- \q-‰m-≠p-

]n-∂n-́ p-sh¶n-epw- sSen-hn-js‚ Ncn-{XØn-\v- Hcp- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Bbp-

p-t]m-epw- Bbn-́ n-√.- 1924¬- \yq-tbm¿-°nepw- e≠\n-ep-am-Wv- tem-

IØv- BZy-am-bn- sSen-hn-j≥- kw-t{]jWw- Bcw-̀ n-®sX∂v- Ncn-

{Xw- ]dbp-∂p.- F∂m¬- \hXn-bn¬-t∏m-epw- FØm-Ø sSen-hn-

j≥- kw-t{]jWØn-s‚ Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-́ w- A¤p-Xm-hlam-Wv.- tem-

IØn-s‚ Im-gv -NIƒ- am-{Xa√,- tem-IØn-s‚ A`n-{]m-bhpw-

Bibhpw- Nn-¥m-KXn-bpw- ap-t∂‰hp-sam-s° \n¿-Wbn-°p-∂Xv-

sSen-hn-j\m-sW∂ \n-ebn-seØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p AXn-s‚ {]Nm-chpw-

hym-]\hpw.- Htckabw- B\μn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- {Xkn-∏n-°p-Ibpw-

A¤p-Xs∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw- Iq-sSs°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-Ibpsam-s° sNøp-∂

hn-kv-abßfp-sS `fim-Km-cam-bn- sSen-hn-j≥- am-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-

Fs´m-ºXp- ]Xn-‰m-≠n-\p-a∏p-dw- Atacn-°bn-epw- Cw-•≠n-epw-

P∑w-sIm-≠ sSen-hn-j≥- kw-t{]jWw- C¥ybn-seØm≥- ]n-

s∂bpw- Im-etasd Im-Øn-cn-t°≠n-h∂psh∂m-Wv- Ncn-{Xw.- 1959

k]v-Xw-_¿- 15\m-bn-cp-∂p- C¥y-bn¬- BZy-am-bn- Zq-cZ¿-i≥- sSen-

hn-j≥- kw-t{]jWw- \SØn-bXv.- 1982 hsc sSen-hn-js‚ km-[y-

XIsf∏‰n- \ap-°v- Im-cy-am-b Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- 1982 BKkv-Xv-

14\v- cm-{Xn- A∂sØ {][m-\a{¥n- Cμn-cm-Km-‘n- cm-Py-Øn-\p- \¬-

In-b kzm-X{¥y-Zn-\ ktμiw- C¥y-bn-se BZy- If¿- sSen-hn-j≥-

kw-t{]jWam-bn- Ncn-{XØn¬- ÿm-\w- ]n-Sn-®p.- AtX h¿-jw-

Ahkm-\tØm-sS U¬-ln-bn¬- \S∂ Gjy≥- cm-Py-ßfp-sS Im-

bn-I am-am-¶am-b Gjym-Uv- Iq-Sn- If¿- sSen-hn-j≥- kv-{Io-\n¬-

� 37

{]Xy-£s∏´tXm-sS sSenhn-j≥- Im-gv-NIfp-sS h¿-Wcm-Pn- C¥y-

°m-c\v- ap-∂n¬- Xp-d∂n-Sp-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.- F¶n¬-t∏m-epw- F -̈]Xp-

Ifn¬- sSehn-j≥- s\‰v- h¿-°p-Iƒ- C¥y-bn¬- hym-]Iam-bn-cp-∂n-

√.- \Kcßƒ- tI{μo-Icn-®p- e`n-°p-∂ Zq-cZ¿-i≥- am-{Xam-bn-cp-∂p-

Cu- Im-ebfhn¬- \Ωp-sS sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gv-NIsf Xr-]v-Xn-s∏Sp-

Øn-bXv.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ _lp-̀ q-cn-]£Øn-\pw- sSen-hn-j\p-

am-bn- CSs]Sm≥- Ahkcw- e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√.- 1992Hm-Sp- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- CXn-

\p- am-‰ap-≠m-bXv.- 1991˛96 Im-eØv- A[n-Im-cØn-en-cp-∂ ]n- hn-

\cknw-ldm-hp-hn-s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈ Kh -̈sa‚ v- C¥y-bp-sS

km-ºØn-I \bw- ASn-ap-Sn- s]m-fn-s®gp-Xn.- DZm-ch¬-°cWw-

(Liberalisation),- kzIm-cy-h¬-°cWw (Privatisation),- BtKm-fh¬-

°cWw- (Globalisation) F∂o- {]am-Wßfn¬- A[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b

]p-Ø≥- km-ºØn-I \bßƒ- Bhn-jv-Icn-®p.- CXn-s‚ Np-hSp-]n-Sn-

®v- hn-tZi sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Iƒ-°v- C¥y-bn¬- kw-t{]jWØn-

\p-≈ AhIm-iw- \¬-In.- CtXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- tI_nƒ- Sn- hn- irw-

JeIƒ- hym-]n-°p-∂Xpw- hn-tZi sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Iƒ- \ap-°v-

e`y-am-bn- Xp-Sßp-∂Xpw-.-

1992 ap-Xep-≈ Ign-™ c≠p- ]Xn-‰m-≠v- sSen-hn-j≥- kw-

t{]jWØn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬- hn-kv-abIcam-b ap-t∂‰am-Wv- cm-Py-

Øv- kr-„n-®Xv.- C∂n-t∏mƒ- B`y-¥chpw- hn-tZio-bhp-am-b 600Hm-

fw- sSen-hn-j≥- Nm-\ep-Iƒ- C¥y-bn¬- e`y-am-Wv.- 1998 BbtXm-

sS hm¿-ØIƒ-°p- am-{Xam-bn- apgp-h≥- kab Nm-\ep-Ifpw- {]h¿-

Øn-°m≥- Xp-Sßn.- Cw-•o-jn-epw- hn-hn-[ {]m-tZin-I `m-jIfn-ep-am-

bn- C∂v- 60tesd ap-gp-kab hm¿-Øm- Nm-\ep-Iƒ- cm-Py-Øv- kPo-

ham-Wv.- tem-Ikw-̀ hhn-Im-kßƒ- ap-gp-h≥- sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gv-NIfneq-

sS \mw- X’abw- G‰p-hm-ßp-∂ ÿn-Xn-bn-seØn.- Adp-]Xp-Ifn-

se hn-bv-‰v\mw- bp-≤w- kzo-IcWap-dn-bn-se BZy-bp-≤(First Livingroom War) am-sW∂m-Wv- Ncn-{XIm-c∑m¿- tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≈Xv.-

1991 P\p-hcn - 16\v - Atacn -° Bcw-`n -® H∂mw- Cdm-Jv -

B{IaWØn-s‚ cw-Kßfpw- Sn- hn- Im-gv-NIfn-eq-sS tem-Iw- Adn-

™Xn-s\∏‰n- ]T\ßƒ- D≠m-bn-́ p-≠v.- tem-I P\X am-{Xa√,- Cdm-

Jn-s\ B{Ian-® Atacn-°≥- {]kn-U≠v- tPm¿-Pv- _p-jpw- AXn-\v-

Ccbm-tI≠n-h∂ Cdm-Jv- {]kn-U‚ v- k±mw- lp-ssk\pw- bp-≤Zr-

iy-ßƒ-°pw- hm¿-ØIƒ-°pw- B{ibn-®n-cp-∂Xv- Atacn-°≥- Sn-

hn- irw-Jebm-b kn-F≥-F∂n-s\ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw- Nn-e

38 �

]T\ßƒ- ]dbp-∂p.- kam-\am-b A\p-̀ ham-Wv- 2008 \hw-_¿- 26s‚

apw-ss_ `o-Icm-{IaWØn¬- tem-IØn-\p-≠m-bXv-.- Xo-{hhm-Zn-Ifp-

sS B{IaWhpw- Ahsc Io-gv-s∏Sp-Øm-\p-≈ ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpw-

s]m-eo-kn-s‚bpw- Iam≥-tUm- Hm-∏tdj\pw- c£m-{]h¿-Ø\hp-sam-

s° sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gv-NIfp-sS hn-kv-ab`m-hßfn-em-Wv- \mw-

X’abw- I≠Xv.- C¥y-°m-sc kw-_‘n-®v- thWsa¶n¬- kzo-

IcWap-dn-bnse BZy-bp-≤sa∂v- apw-ss_ `o-Icm-{IaWsØ hn-fn-

°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- sSen-hn-j≥- kw-t{]jW km-[y-Xbp-sS ]m-cay-am-

Wv \m-an-hn-sS Im-Wp-∂Xv.- tIcfw- sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gv-NIfn-te°v- an-

gn- Xp-d°m≥- ]n-s∂bpw- h¿-jßƒ- th≠n-h∂p.- 1984em-Wv- aebm-

fw- ZqcZ¿-i≥- kw-t{]jWw- Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv.- F∂m¬- As∂m-

s° hen-b tKm-]p-cm-{Kßfn¬- ÿm-]n-°p-∂ B‚n-\bp-sS klm-

btØm-sS am-{Xw- e`n-®n-cp-∂ Zq-cZ¿-i≥- Nm\¬- Zr-iy-Øn-\v- Hcn-

°epw- C∂sØ F¬-CUn- Sn- hn-bn-se Zr-iyßfp-sS sXfn-®tam-

Nm-cp-Xtbm- D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- 1993¬- Gjym-s\‰v- aebm-fØn-se BZy-

D]{Kl Nm-\em-bn- \n-ehn¬- h∂tXm-sS Nn-{Xw- am-dn.- hn-tZi Nm-

\ep-Iƒ-°v- cm-Py-Øv- kw-t{]jWm-hIm-iw- \n-ba]cam-bn- e`n-®tXm-

sS tI_nƒ- Sn- hn- irw-Jebpw- hym-]n-®p.- ªm-°v- B‚ v- ssh‰v-

sSen-hn-j≥- sk‰n-s‚ ÿm-\w- F¬-kn-Un-,- F¬-CUn- Sn- hn- sk‰p-

Iƒ- ssIøS°n.- ]p-cm-W IYIfpw- Nn-{Xßfpw- ]cºcIfpw-sIm-

≠v- Bfp-Isf ]n-Sn-®n-cp-Øm≥- {ian-®n-cp-∂ Sn- hn-bn-te°v- dn-bm-en-

‰n- tjm-Ifpw- {Xkn-∏n-°p-∂ \r-Ø ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpsam-s° IS∂p-

h∂p.- kw-t{]jWw- Bcw-̀ n-°p-∂ Ac\q-‰m-≠n-\p- ap-ºv- cm-Py-Øm-

sI shdp-w- 41 Sn- hn- sk‰p-Iƒ- am-{Xap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ ÿm-\Øv- If¿-

kw-t{]jWw- Bcw`n-® F¨-]Xp-Ifp-sS Xp-S°Øn¬- AXv- 20

e£am-bn- h¿[n-®p.-

]n-∂o-Sp-≈ hf¿-® hn-kv-abIcam-bn-cp-∂p.- ASp-Ø ]Øp- h¿-

jw-sIm-≠v- 20 e£w- F∂Xv- aq-∂p- tIm-Sn-bm-bn- h¿-[n-®p.- 2011

BIp-tºm-ƒ- ]n-s∂bpw- ]e aSßv- h¿-[n-®v- AXv- 12 tIm-Sn- Ihn-

™p.- cm-Py-sØ ]Ip-Xn-tbm-fw- t]¿- sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gv-NIsf

B{ibn-®m-Wv- Xßfp-sS Po-hn-Xw- Nn-́ s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xv- F∂ ÿn-Xn-

bm-Wn-t∏mƒ.-

tIcfØn-se sSen-hn-j≥- km-{μX CXn-epw- Gsdbm-Wv.- ip-

≤Pew- Ir-Xy-am-bn- e`n-°m-Ø tIcfØn-se Dƒ-\m-S≥- {Km-aßfn-

epw- aetbm-c{]tZißfn-ep-sam-s° sSen-hn-j≥- C√m-Ø ho-Sp-

� 39

Iƒ- Is≠Øp-I {]bm-kw.- ap-≈p-ap-cSv- aq¿-J≥- ]m-ºp -Isfm-s°

\n-d™ Zp¿-LS ]m-Xbn-eq-sS aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ- sIm-≠p- am-{Xw-

sNs∂Øm≥- Ign-bp-∂ aXn-sI´m≥- tNm-eh\Øn-s‚ Dƒ-

{]tZißfn¬-t∏m-epw- sSen-hn-j≥- sk‰p-Iƒ- Im-Wm≥- Ign-™n-

´p-≠v.- tIcfØn-se P\ßfn¬- 75 iXam-\hpw- sSenhn-j≥- Im-

Wp-∂hcm-Wv.- 70 e£Øn-tesd Ip-Spw-_ßfn¬- 55 e£tØm-fw-

Ip-Spw-_ßfn-epw- Sn- hn- sk‰p-≠v.- sam-ss_¬- t^m-Wn-s‚ Im-cyw-

]d™Xp-t]m-se a[y-h¿-K˛ Db¿-∂ a[y-h¿-K°m-cp-sS ho-Sp-Ifn-

emhs´ Hcp- ho-́ n¬-Xs∂ c≠pw-aq-∂pw- Sn- hn- sk‰p-≠v.- hm¿-Ø°pw-

hn-t\m-ZØn-\pw- Hgn-hp- kabw- {]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- Hs°

C∂v- aebm-fn- B{ibn-°p-∂Xv- sSen-hn-js\bm-sW∂v- Np-cp-°w.-

165 h¿-jw- ]g°ap-≈ aebm-f ]{Xßƒ-°v- D≠m-°m≥- Ign-bm-Ø

kzm[o-\am-Wv- shdpw- c≠p- ]Xn-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-́ w- sIm-≠v-

sSenhn-j≥- kr-„n-®Xv.-

am-[y-aw- F∂ co-Xn-bn¬- A®Sn- am-[y-aßƒ-t°m- Zr-iy-am-[y-

aam-b kn-\n-abv-t°m sNep-Øm≥- Ign-bp-∂Xn-s‚ ]e aSßv- kzm-

[o-\am-Wv- sSen-hn-j≥- Ip-́ n-Ifp-sS ta¬- sNep-Øp-∂Xv.- A®Sn- am-

[y-aßfn¬- hcp-∂ IYIfpw- Im¿-́ q-Wp-Ifpw- AS°ap-≈ hn-t\m-

Z]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°p-t]m-epw- Ahbp-sS cq-]]cam-b ]cn-an-Xn- t]m-se

Bkzm-Z\]cam-b ]cn-an-Xn-bp-ap-≠v.- A®Sn-® Xm-fp-Ifn¬- sXfnbp-

∂ IYItfm- Im¿-´q-Wp-Itfm- kΩm-\n-°p-∂Xn-s\°mƒ- A¤p-

XIcam-b hn-t\m-Z{]]©am-Wv- Nn-{X]cºcbp-sS AIºSn-tbm-

sS sSen-hn-j≥- kv-{Io-\n¬- sXfn-bp-∂ IYIƒ-°pw- a‰p-ap-≈Xv.-

AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ch Ip-́ n-Isf s]s´∂v- kzm-[o-\n-°p-I kzm`m-

hn-Iw.- A¤p-Xm-Àm-Zßƒ- kr-„n-°p-∂ Nn-{Xßƒ-s°m-∏w- IY ap-

t∂dp-tºmƒ- AXp-fhm-°p-∂ A\p-̀ q-Xn- thsdbm-Wv.- Chn-sSbm-

Wv- sSen-hn-j≥- Zr-iy-ßƒ-°p-≈ kz-m-[o-\Øn-s‚ {]k‡n.- hen-

b kv-{Io-\n¬- Im-Wp-∂ kn-\n-abp-sS Zr-iy-̀ m-jyw- CXn-s\°mƒ-

BI¿-jIam-sW¶n-epw- kn-\n-a Xn-b‰dn¬- t]m-bn- Im-WWsa∂p-

≈Xp-sIm-≠v- CXn-\p-≈ Ahkcw- Xm-cXtay-\ hn-fcam-tb e`n-

°m-dp-≈q.- sSen-hn-j≥- Im-gv-NIfp-am-bp-≈ kw-thZ\am-hs´ Iu-am-

c°m-cs‚ \nXy-Po-hn-X bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-Wv.-

5.- dn-bm-en-än- tjm-IfnÂ- A`n-can-¡p-¶ Iu-am-cw-

aebm-fn-bp-sS \n-Xy-Po-hn-Xhp-am-bn- _‘ap-≈ Iem-cq-

]ßsfbm-sI Xo¿-Øpw- A{]k‡am-°p-Itbm- \n-cm-Icn-°p-Itbm-

sNbv-Xp-sIm-≠v- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- hn-t\m-Z `m-hp-IXz-Øn-te°v- aebm-fn-

sb Iq-́ n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-Ibm-Wv- sSen-hn-j≥- am-[y-aw-.- Po-hn-Xm-[zm-

\Øn-s‚bpw- Po-hn-X ap-t∂‰Øn-s‚bpw- ]cn-kcßfn¬- \n-∂v- cq-

]w- sIm-≠ Iem-cq-]ßƒ-t°m- a\p-jy-s‚ hn-b¿-∏pw- K‘hpw- cp-

Nn-°p-∂ Iemcq-]ßƒ-t°m- C∂v- sSen-hn-j\n¬- Hcp- ÿm-\hp-an-

√.- tIheam-b hn-t\m-Z kw-Ko-X]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn¬- \n-∂v- Ct∏m-gXv- dn-

bm-en-‰n- tjm- F∂ ]p-Xp-cq-]Øn-seØn- \n¬-°p-∂p.- bm-Ym¿-Yy-

hp-am-bn- ]p-e_‘w- t]m-ep-an-√m-Ø IÆ©n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw- Nn-et∏m-

sgm-s° Ad∏p-fhm-°p-∂Xp-am-b CØcw- ]cn-]m-Sn-°v- dn-bm-en-‰n-

tjm- F∂ t]cv- Fßs\ h∂p- F∂Xn-s\∏‰n- KthjWw-

\StØ≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- ]m-́ n-\pw- B´Øn-\pw- am-{Xa√,- ]m-NIØn-

\pw- acw-Ib‰Øn-\pw- hsc dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm- F∂ Akw-_‘ \m-

SIw- Nm-\ep-Ifn¬- Acßp- XI¿-°p-Ibm-Wv.- `q-cn-]£hpw- Iu-am-

c°m-sc D]tbm-Kn-®p-≈hbm-sW¶n-epw- ho-́ Ωamcpw- ho-́ —∑m-cpw-

sIm-®p-Ip-́ n-Ifpw- hsc BSn-Øn-an¿-°p-∂ dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm- Nm-\ep-

Ifn¬- kp-e`am-Wv.- ]cn-lm-k]m-{Xam-bn-́ m-Wv- km-am-\y- P\Øn-\v-

tXm-∂p-∂sX¶n-epw- Nm-\ep-Ifn¬- kz-bw- {]Z¿-in-∏n-°m≥- Ign-bp-

∂Xv- Po-hn-X km-bq-Py-am-sW∂v- Icp-Xp-∂ icm-icn- aebm-fn- F¥p-

tIm-{]m-bhpw- Im-Wn-°m≥- Xøm-dm-sW∂Xn-s‚ sXfn-hm-Wv-

aghn¬- at\m-ca - Nm-\en¬- {]Z¿-in-∏n-°p-∂ shdp-sX A√ `m-

cy - F∂ dnbm-en-‰n- tjm.- Iu-am-c°m-cp-sS Akw-_‘ hn-Nm-chn-

Im-cßƒ-°v- AXn-cp-Ifn-√m-Ø Zr-iy-`m-jyw- \¬-Ip-∂ dn-bm-en-‰n-

tjm-bm-Wv- Gjym-s\‰n-se kn-‰n- tKƒ-kv -.- a\t m- Nn-¥tbm-

F¥n-\v- Im-ep-Iƒ- t]m-epw- Ddbv-°m-Ø Ip-́ n-Isfs°m-≠v- tIm-{]m-

� 41

bßƒ- am-{Xa√ Im-am-Xp-cam-b tNjv-SIƒ- hsc Im-Wn-°m-sa∂

Al¶m-cw- {]ISn-∏n-°p-∂ dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm- BWv- Aar-X Sn-hn-bn-

se kq-∏¿- Um≥-k¿ .-

dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifp-sS IÆ©n-∏n-°p-∂ tem-Iw- G‰hp-tasd

BI¿-jn-°p-I Iu-am-c°m-scbm-Wv.- dn-bm-en-‰n- F∂ hm-°n-s‚

tIheam-b A¿-YØn-\∏p-dw- Ir-{Xn-aam-bn- kr-„n-°s∏´ Hcp- tem-

IØm-Wv- F√m- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifpw- Actßdp-∂Xv.- B¿-°v- sse‰p-

Ifpw- BSbm-̀ cWßfpw- B]m-ZNq-Uap-≈ Nabßfp-sam-s° tN¿-

∂m-Wv- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjmIƒ- AhXcn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂Xv.- Cu- tjm-Iƒ

Acßp-XI¿-°p-∂ Nm-\¬- kv-‰p-Un-tbm-Iƒ- Iu-am-c°m-cs‚ \n-

Xy-Po-hn-X bm-Ym¿-Yy-ßfp-am-bn- s]m-cp-Øs∏Sp-∂hb√.- Ah≥- hn-

kv-abßƒ- \n-d™ as‰m-cp- tem-IØn-eq-sS k©cn-°pIbm-hpw-

sNøp-I.- \n-Xy-Po-hn-XØn¬- km-£m-Xv-Icn-°m≥- Ign-bm-Ø

B{Klßƒ-°v- Chn-sS Ah≥- Ir-{Xn-aam-b km-̂ eyw- tXSp-Ibm-

Wv.- Ir-{Xn-aam-b A`n-em-j k^eo-IcWw- (wishfulfilment) F∂

t{^m-bv-Un-b≥- {]tbm-Kw- Chn-sS km¿-∞Iam-hp-Ibm-Wv.-

am-kßƒ- \o-≠p- \n¬-°p-∂ H-Uo j≥- sSkv-‰n-\p- tijam-Wv-

CØcw- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifn-te°v- Ip-́ n-Isf sXcs™Sp-°p-∂Xv.-

cm-Py-sØ ]e `m-Kßfn¬- am-{Xa√,- hn-tZißfn¬- h®p- t]m-epw-

Cu- sXcs™Sp-∏v- \S°p-∂p-≠v.- ]Xn-\m-bn-cßƒ- Alalan-Ibm-

]s¶Sp-°p-∂ sSkv-‰n¬- \n-∂v- Acn-s®Sp-Øv- HSp-hn¬- Nm-\¬- kv-‰p-

Un-tbm-bn¬- FØn-s∏Sm≥- Ahkcw- e`n-°p-∂Xv- hn-cseÆm-hp-

∂h¿- am-{Xw.- F´pw- ]Øpw- L´ßfn-em-bp-≈ Fen-an-t\j\n-eq-

sS (Hgn-hm-°¬)- ss ^\en¬- FØp-∂Xv- \m-tem- At©m- t]cm-

bn-cn-°pw.- icm-in- ]Øp-am-ksa¶n-epw- \o-≠p- \n¬-°p-∂ Cu- {]{In-

bbp-sS `m-Kam-hp-∂ Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°v- ^eØn¬- Hcp- h¿-jsØ ¢m-kv-

\„s∏Sp-Ibm-Wv.- saUn-°¬-˛F©n\n-bdn-Mv- t]m-ep-≈ s{]m-

^jW¬- hn-Zym`ym-k taJebn¬- \n-∂p- t]m-epw- ]T\Øn-\v-

Ah[n- sIm-Sp-Øv- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifn¬- ap-Jw- Im-Wn-°m-s\Øp-

∂hcpw- Ip-dh√.-

]m-́ p- ]m-Sp-∂ Ip-́ n-Ifpw- hn-[n-I¿-Øm-°fpw- XΩn¬- \SØp-∂

kw-̀ m-jWßfpw- sIm-®p-h¿-Øam-\ßfpw- Iu-Xp-IIcam-Wv.- ]b‰n-

sØfn-™ Km-bIcpw- kw-Ko-X⁄cp-sam-s° Xs∂bm-Wv- hn-[n-

I¿-Øm-°fm-bn- FØp-∂Xv.- ]t£ Ah¿- ]ecpw- Ip-́ n-Ifp-sS Bem-

42 �

]\w- hn-ebn-cp-Øn-s°m-≠v- A`n-{]m-bw- ]dbp-tºmƒ- Bhiy-an-

√m-sX Cw-•o-jv- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- ]et∏m-gpw- Atcm-NIam-hm-dp-

≠v.- Cw-•o-jv- `m-jbp-sS hym-IcWhpw- D®m-cWhp-sam-s° sX‰n-®v-

A`n-{]m-bw- ]dbp-∂ hn-[n-I¿-Øm-°fpw- Ip-dh√.- aebm-fw- am-Xr-

`m-jbs√¶n-epw- aebm-fØn¬- Xs∂ A`n-{]m-bw- ]dbp-∂ hn-[n-

I¿-Øm-°fp-s≠∂Xpw- Im-Wm-sX t]m-Icp-Xv.- kw-Ko-X dn-bm-en-‰n-

tjm-Ifn-sem-∂pw- Cw-•o-jv- ]m-́ p-Iƒ- ]m-Sn-t°´n-́ n-√.- aebm-fw- ]m-

´p-Iƒ- Ign-™m¬- Np-cp-°w- ln-μn-]m-́ p-Itfm- Xan-gv- ]m-́ p-Itfm- BWv-

]m-Sm-dp-≈Xv.- F∂m¬- ln-μn-bn-tem- Xan-gn-tem- hn-[n-I¿-Øm-°fm-

cpw- Xs∂ (Np-cp-°w- Nn-e Xan-gv- kw-Ko-X⁄¿- Hgn-sI)- A`n-{]m-

bw- ]dbm-dn-√.- shdp-sX Cw-•o-jn-s\bm-Wv- hen-®n-g®v- hn-Ir-Xam-

°p-∂Xv.-

dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-Ifp-sS AhXm-cIcm-bn- FØp-∂hcpw- kam-

\am-b `m-jm-{]tbm-KØn¬- sh{]m-fw- Im-́ p-∂hcm-Wv.- ip-≤aebm-

fØn¬- ]d™m¬- t{]£I¿-°v- B¿-°pw- a\ n-em-hp-∂ Im-cyw-

F¥n-\m-Wv- th≠{X hian-√m-Ø Cw-•o-jv- `m-jsb D]tbm-Kn-®v-

\n¿-hln-°p-∂sX∂v- a\ n-em-hp-∂n-√.- dn-bm-en-‰n- tjm-bn¬- ]s¶Sp-

°p-∂hsc thZn-bn-te°v- £Wn-°p-tºmƒ- AhXm-cI≥-/AhXm-

cI ]dbp-∂Xv- ASp-Ø contestant (a’cm¿-Yn-)- F∂m-Wv-.- a’cn®v-

Pbn-°m-\pw- a’cn-®v- Pbn-®v- Io-gv-s∏Sp-Øm-\p-am-Wv- Gsd ISºIƒ-

Xm-≠n- Xßƒ- thZn-bn-seØnbsX∂ tXm-∂em-Wv- tjm-bn¬-

]s¶Sp-°p-∂ Ip-́ n°v- Xp-S°w- ap-X¬- D≠m-hp-I.- ap-sºm-s° bp-

hPt\m-’hßfn-epw- kam-\am-b Iem-a’cßfn-ep-w- ]s¶Sp-°p-

∂hsc participant (]s¶Sp-°p-∂bmƒ)- F∂p- ]d™n-cp-∂

ÿm\Øm-Wv- Ct∏mƒ- contestant IS∂p-h∂n-́ p-≈Xv.- X\n-°v- e`n-

°m≥- t]m-Ip-∂ Hcp- tIm-Sn-bp-sS ho-Sv- X´n-sbSp-°m≥- h∂n-cn-°p-

∂ i{Xp-kam-\\m-b Bfm-Wv- Iq-sSbp-≈sX∂ t_m-[am-Wv-

CØcw- tjm-Iƒ- Ip-́ n-Ifn¬- kr-„n-°p-∂Xv.- aebm-fØn-em-Wv- ]m-

´p- ]m-Sp-∂sX¶n-epw- Cw-•o-jn-¬- th≠{X ⁄m-\an-s√¶n-epw- \m-

e©p-hm-NIw- Bw-KtebØn¬- h®p-Im-®n-bm-te kaq-lØn¬- am-

\y-Xbp-≠m-hq- F∂ sX‰m-b t_m-[hpw- ]s¶Sp-°p-∂ ]ecn-epw-

Im-Wm-dp -≠v. - aebm-fw- Xs∂ Cw-•o-jv - t]m-sesb¶n-epw -

]dbWsa∂ hm-in- ]e¿-°pw- D≈Xp-t]m-se tXm-∂pw.-

AhXm-cIcp-sS hkv-{X[m-cW co-Xn-bm-Wv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dsb

G‰hpw- A]ISIcam-b co-Xn-bn¬- Bthin-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.- Cu-

� 43

BthiØn-\v- ASn-s∏Sp-∂hcn¬- B¨-/s]¨- t`Zan-√.- Hm-tcm-

Im-eØn-s‚bpw- co-Xn-t`Zßƒ-°\p-kcn-®v- hkv-{X[m-cWco-Xn-bn¬-

am-‰w- hcm-dp-≠v.- ]tØm- Ccp-]tXm- h¿-jØn-\n-Sbn¬- Hcn-°em-

bn-cn-°pw- Cu- co-Xn-bn¬- au-en-Iam-b am-‰w- I≠n-́ p-≈Xv.- B am-‰am-

Is´ hkv-{X[m-cWØn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\ [¿-aw- ap-dp-sI ]n-Sn-®p-sIm-

≠p-≈Xp-am-Wv.- ]cn-jv-Ir-X kaq-lØn-se a\p-jy-cp-sS hkv-{X[m-

cW k¶¬-∏ßfn-ep-≠m-b am-‰ßƒ- ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬- C°m-cyw-

a\ n-em-hpw.- F∂m¬- {^m≥kv- t]m-se ^m-j≥- {`aØn-s‚ \o-cm-

fn-∏n-Sp-ØØn¬- AIs∏´ cm-Py-ßfn¬- Im-Wp-∂Xp-t]m-se Zn-

hkßƒ-°p-≈n¬-Xs∂ hkv-{X ^m-j≥- am-dp-∂ AXy-]q¿-ham-b

km-aq-ly- {]Xn-̀ m-kw- Hcp-]t£ tIcfØn¬- am-{Xam-bn-cn-°pw- Im-

Wp-I.- Cu- {]hWX°v- Gsdbpw- ASn-s∏Sp-∂Xv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-

dbm-Wv- Xm-\pw-.- CXn-\p- {][m-\ t{]cW Zr-iy-am-[y-aßfn¬- \n-

ds™m-gp-Ip-∂ Im-gv-NIfm-sW∂Xm-Wv- kXyw.-

s] -̈Ip-́ n-Ifp-sS hkv-{X[m-cW co-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-b am-‰am-Wv- Gsd

Iu-Xp-IIcw.- \m-Ww- adbv-°p-Isb∂ hkv-{X[m-cWØn-s‚ {]m-

Yan-I [¿-aw- t]m-epw- ad∂pt]m-b a´n-em-Wv- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn-se

s] -̈Ip-́ n-Ifn¬- ]ecpw- hkv-{XaWn-bp-∂Xv.- Iu-am-cØn-\pw- bu-

h\Øn-\pw- CSbn-se A¥cm-f L´Øn¬- ]s≠m-s° s] -̈Ip-́ n-

Iƒ- [cn-® hkv-{Xam-Wv- lm-̂ v- km-cn; Nn-et∏m-sgm-s° ^pƒ- km-

cn-bpw.- ]m-hm-Sbpw- ªu-kpw- AWn™p- \S°p-∂ s] -̈Ip-́ n-Iƒ-

km-cn-bn-te°v- Im-b{]thiw- \SØp-tºmƒ- am-dp-adbv-°p-Isb∂

{][m-\ Zu-Xy-am-bn-cp-∂p- km-cn-Øe∏n-\v- \n¿-hln-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-

∂Xv.- (Btdgp- ZiIw- ap-ºv- tIcfØn-se ]e kap-Zm-bßfn-epw-

s]´ kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- am-dp-adbv-°m≥- AhIm-iap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- AXn-

s\Xn-sc [o-cam-b t]m-cm-´ßƒ- \S∂ aÆm-Wv- tIcfØn-teXv.-

Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- \S∂ Nm-∂m¿- elf CXn-\p-Zm-lcWw.- Xr-

iq¿- Pn-√bn-se aWn-ae¿-°m-hn-epw- Be∏p-g Pn-√bn-se tN¿-

Øebn-ep-sam-s° kam-\am-b t]m-cm-́ ßƒ- \S∂Xm-bn- Ncn-{Xw-

tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v-)- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn-se s] -̈Ip-́ n-Iƒ- [cn-°p-

∂ Np-cn-Zm-dn-s‚ jm-fn-\p-≈Xpw- am-dp- adbv-°p-Isb∂ [¿-aam-Wv.-

F∂m¬- Cu- [¿-aw- \n¿-hln-°Wsa∂ Dt±-ir-tØm-sS Np-cn-Zm¿-

AWn-bp-∂hcp-sS FÆw- Ip-d™p-hcp-∂Xm-bm-Wv- Im-Wp-∂Xv.- Igp-

Øn-\p- Np-‰p-tam- tXm-fn-s‚ Hcp- hiØm-tbm- Ccp-ssIIƒ-°p-an-Sn-

bn-em-tbm- jmƒ- sIm-cp-Øp- hbv-°p-∂Xmbm-Wv- s]m-Xp-sh I≠p-

44 �

hcp-∂Xv.- sSen-hn-j≥- AhXm-cI¿- sXm-́ v- hm-¿-Øm- hm-b\°m¿-

hsc ]n-¥p-Scp-∂ Cu- hkv-{X[m-cWco-Xn- Iu-am-c°m-cm-b s] -̈

Ip-́ n-Isf `q-Xm-thiw- t]m-se _m-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p- F∂p-thWw- Icp-

Xm≥.-

ku-μcy- kw-h¿-[I hkv-Xp-°fp-sS e°pw- eKm-\p-an-√m-Ø

D]tbm-Khpw- CXn-\v- A\p-_‘am-bn- I≠p-hcp-∂p-≠v.- ]u-Udpw-

slb¿- ssUbpw- kp-K‘ te]\ßfp-aS°ap-≈ ku-μcy- kw-h¿-

[I hkv-Xp-°fp-sS D]tbm-Kw- hn-kv-aIcamw-hn-[w- h¿-[n-®p-hcp-∂p.-

Po-hn-X hn-ip-≤n-sb∂m¬- sXm-en-∏p-dsabp-≈ ip-≤n-bm-sW∂

kahm-Iy-Øn¬- FØn-bn-cn-°p-Ibm-sW∂v- tXm-∂pw.- AXp-sIm-

≠v- Idp-Ø ico-cw- shfp-∏n-°m-\pw- shfp-Ø ap-Sn- Idp-∏n-°m-\pap-

≈- aebm-fn-bp-sS sNehn\v- CtXhsc Xn-´s∏Sp-Øn-b IW°p-

Isfm-∂pw- e`y-a√.- F∂m-epw- h≥-Xp-I Cu-bn-\Øn¬- sNehgn-

°p-∂p-s≠∂Xn-\v- sXfn-hm-Wv- \m-́ n≥-]p-dßfn¬-t]m-epw- A\p-Zn-

\w- ap-f®p-s]m-́ p-∂ _yq-́ n-]m¿-edp-Iƒ.- ]s≠m-s° Fkv-Sn-Un- _q-

Øp-Iƒ- D≠m-bt]m-sebm-Wv- Ct∏mƒ- _yq-́ n- ]m¿-edp-Iƒ- Db¿-

∂phcp-∂Xv.- s]Æv- Hcp-tß≠Xv- Ieym-W]¥en-em-sW∂ ]gb

k¶¬-∏w- XI¿-°s∏ń-cn-°p-∂p.- am-kØn¬- Ht∂m- ct≠m-

XhWsb¶n-epw- _yq-́ n- ]m¿-edn¬- t]m-Im-Øhƒ- aebm-fn- a¶bm-

bn-cn-°m≥- A¿-lXbp-≈hf√ F∂ [m-cWt]m-epw- Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-

∂Xp-t]m-se tXm-∂p-∂p.- aebm-fn-bp-sS Cu- BUw-_c{àØn-s‚

t\´w- sIm-øp-∂Xm-Is´ Bw-th,- Hm-dn-̂ v-sfbnw,- Km¿-\n-b¿,- sa_en≥-

F∂n-ßs\bp-≈ _lp-cm-{„ kuμcy-kw-h¿-[I D¬-∏∂ Iº\n-

Ifpw.- CXp-]t£ ]et∏m-gpw- \m-adn-bm-sX t]m-hp-Ibm-Wv.-

AWn-s™m-cp-ßp-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬- s] -̈Ip-́ n-Isf am-{Xw- Ip-

‰s∏Sp-tØ≠Xn-√.- B -̈Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈ _yq-́ n- ]m¿-edp-Ifpw-

\m-sSßpw- hym-]Iam-Wv.- jm-cq-Jv- Jm-s\t∏m-se Aekam-b slb¿-

ssÃem-tWm- AtXm- aΩqń-sbt∏m-se shń-sbm-Xp-°n-b slb¿-

ssÃem-tWm- th≠sX∂m-Wv- _yq-ń-]m¿-edn-¬- t]m-Ip-∂bmƒ-

]et∏m-gpw- Xo-cp-am-\n-t°≠n-hcn-I.- tem- thbv-kv-‰v- Po≥-kpw- tjm¿-

Sv- j¿-́ pw- ^m-j\m-°p-∂ Ip-́ n-Ifp-sS cq-]w- H∂p- k¶¬-∏n-®p- t\m-

°p-I.- CXn-s\°m-sfm-s° {]tlfn-Ibm-bn- tXm-∂p-∂Xv- Iu-am-

c°m-cpw- sNdp-∏°m-cpw- ssIØ≠bn¬- sI´p-∂ NcSp-Ifp-sS Im-

cy-am-Wv.- hn-izm-kØn-s‚ (A‘hn-izm-kØn-s‚)- `m-Kam-bpw- A√m-

� 45

sXbpw- ssIIfn¬- NcSp-sI´m-Ø sNdp-∏°m¿ {]m-tbW Ip-dhm-

Wv.- CsX∏‰n- {]ikv-X Ncn-{XIm-c≥- tUm.- cm-P≥- Kp-cp-°ƒ- ]dbp-

∂Xv- t\m-°pI: C∂v- saUn-°¬- tIm-tfPp-Ifn-epw- F©n-\n-bdn-

Mv- tIm-tfPp-Ifn-epw- hsc ssI®cSn-√m-Ø Ip-́ n-Iƒ- hn-cfw.- NcSp-

Iƒ- sI´n-bn-s√¶n-em-Wn-∂v- am-\t°Sv.- kb≥-tkm- im-kv-{Xtam-

Bthin-°m-Ø Hcp- tem-It_m-[Øn-epw- thcp-dbv-°m-Ø bp-hXzw.-

kzm-X{¥y-kacw- t]m-ep≈ h≥- {]ÿm-\ßfpw- \thm-∞m-\ap-

t∂‰ßfpw- Ah¿-°v- aßn-b Ncn-{Xw.- hn-πhw- Ahcp-sS ]Zm-hen-

Ifn¬- t]m-ep-an-√.- kacßfp-sS Xo-°\eWbm-Ø,- hn-πh{]Xo-

£ aßm-Ø `q-XIm-e bp-hkaq-lØn-s‚ IdIf™ bp-‡n-t_m-

[hpw- Pm-{KXbpw- AXy-]q¿-hw .-

]p-Xp-Xeap-bdbn¬-s∏´hcn¬- `q-cn-]£Øn-s‚bpw- ssIIƒ-

hn-hn-[ \n-dßfn-ep-≈ H∂n-tesd NcSp-Iƒ- sIm-≠v- Aew-Ir-Xam-

Wv.- Ge p- sI´n-b NcSp-Ifpw- Ip-dh√.- kn-\n-abn-epw- Sn- hn- Nm-

\ep-Ifn-epw- Im-Wp-∂ Xßfp-sS Bcm-[\m- ]m-{Xßfm-bh¿- [cn-

°p-∂Xp-I≠v- NcSp-Iƒ- sI´p-∂hcpw- Gsd.- Chcn¬- \√ ]¶pw-

km-aq-ly-Po-hn-XØn-s‚ Xn-f®p- adn-bep-Isf°p-dn-®v- H∂pw- Adn-

bm-Øhcm-sW∂Xm-Wv- kXyw.- Po-hn-XØn-s‚ Ip-gadn-®n-ep-Iƒ-°n-

Sbn¬- shdpw- s]m-ßp-XSn-t]m-se In-S°p-∂hcm-Wn-h¿.- A\p-

IcWßfpw- A‘hn-izm-kßfpw- Iq-Sn-°e¿-∂p- kr-„n-°p-∂ tam-

lhebØn¬- Ip-Sp-ßn-°n-S°p-Ibm-Wv- CØc°m¿.- kv-Iqƒ-̨ tIm-

tfPv- Iym-ºkp-Ifn¬- \n-∂v- hn-tZim-[n-]Xy-Øn-s\Xn-sc kzm-X{¥y-

hm-Rv-Obp-sSbpw- P\m-[n-]Xy- t_m-[Øn-s‚bpw- t£m-`n-°p-∂

i–w- tI´ \Ωp-sS ]m-cºcy-Øn-\v- Ct∏mƒ- Fhn-sStbm- Hs°

A]{`w-iw- kw-`hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- H∂pw- Adn-bm-ØXpw- Hcn-°epw-

DWcm-ØXp-am-b Hcp- Xeap-d cq-]s∏Sp-Ibm-tWm- F∂ kw-ibw-

Nn-e tIm-Wp-Ifn¬- \n-s∂¶n-epw- ap-gßn-t°ƒ-°p-∂p-≠v.-

A‘hn-izm-kw,- A\m-Nm-cßƒ,- B`n-Nm-c{In-bIƒ,- Bƒ-ssZh

A¤p-Xm-\p-̀ h {]Xy-bim-kv-{Xw- F∂n-hbn-se√mw- A`n-can-°p-∂

ko-cn-beS°ap-≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifm-Wv- sSen-hn-j≥- am-[y-aØn-eq-sS

Zn-hkhpw- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn-te°v- kw-{Ian-°p-∂Xv.- bp-‡n-Nn-¥ am-

{Xa√,- km-am-\y-t_m-[w- t]m-epw- ]Wbs∏Sp-Øn- ]S®p-hn-Sp-∂

CØcw- ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifp-sS Bcm-[Ihr-μam-bn- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d am-dp-

tºmƒ- AXv- Ahcp-sS Po-hn-XØn¬- \n-∂p- Xs∂ Ku-chXcam-b

46 �

tNm-Zy-ßfpw- Nn-¥Ifpw- tNm¿-Øn-°fbp-Ibm-Wv.- Gjym-s\‰n-se

hn-iz-kn-®m-epw- Cs√¶n-epw - Aar-X,- Gjym-s\‰v- Nm-\ep-Ifn-se

Bƒ-ssZh {]m¿-∞\Ifp-sam-s° CXn-\v- DZm-lcWßƒ.- tUm.-

cm-P≥- Kp-cp-°ƒ- ]dbp-∂Xv- t\m-°p-I:

Po-hn-X ku-̀ m-Ky-ßfp-sS HØp-tNcen-s\ C∂v- bmZr-—n-Iam-

b√,- Cu-iz-cm-\p-{Klam-bm-Wv- ]ecpw- Im-Wp-∂Xv.- Agn-aXn-bpw-

A{Iahpw- hgn- ]m-hßsft∏m-epw- ]n-Sn-®p- ]dn-®p-≠m-°n-bXm-Wv-

kz-¥w- ku-`m-Kyw- F∂dn-bm-hp-∂hcpw- Cu-iz-cm-\p-{KlØn-s‚

h‡m-°ƒ.- Ah¿- Cu-iz-ctIm-]w- `bs∏Sp ∂Xp-s-Im-≠p- Iq-Sn-

bm-hmw- Po-hn-Xw- A‘hn-izm-kßfp-sS Iq-Sm-cam-°n- am-‰p-∂Xv -

˛̨ ˛ H∂\ßWsa¶n¬- Pm-Xn-bpw- aXhpw- t\m-°Ww-.- hn-hm-lØn-

\v- Pm-Xn-bpw- aXhpw- {][m-\w.- k¿-h s]m-cp-Øßfpw- t\m-°n- H∂mw-

Xcw- ap-lq¿-ØØn¬- sI´n-®n-́ pw- am-kßƒ-°p-≈n¬- X√n-∏n-cn-bp-

∂ A\p-̀ hw- I -̈ap∂n¬.- F∂n-́ pw- Pm-XItZm-jw- Xo¿°m≥- c£n-

Xm-°fp-sS s\t´m-́ w.- kp-aw-Ken-bm-hm≥- ]q-P sNbv-Xv- \m-́ n-¬- ap-

°p-‰n- C√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- tZm-j]cn-lm-cØn-\v- Fs¥m-s° a{¥hm-

Zßfm-Wv.- Hcp- {KŸØn-epw- Im-Wm-Ø X{¥ßƒ.- Iw-]yq-́ dn¬-

hcbv-°p-∂ hn-Nn-{X b{¥ßƒ.- A`y-kv-Xhn-Zy¿- t]m-epw- CXp- hm-

ßn- [cn-°p-∂p.- im-kv-{Xw- Adn-bm-Ø im-kv-{Xn-Ifpw- kb≥-kv- kzm-

[o-\n-°m-Ø kb‚n-kv-‰p-Ifpw- \ap-°v- F{Xtbm- D≠v.- C∂v- bm-

Ymÿn-Xn-Icn¬- `q-cn-̀ m-Kw- t]¿-°pw- im-kv-{Xw- Adn-™p-Iq-S.- ]cn-

jv-Ir-Xcn¬- `q-cn-̀ m-Kw- t]¿-°pw- kb≥-kpw-.- Nn-e¿-°v- im-kv-{XØn-

s‚ Hcp- Om-b aXn.-]e¿-°pw- kb≥-kn-s‚ Hcp- Np-h aXn.- F¥pw-

hn-iz-kn-°pw.- Cßs\ c≠pw-sI´h¿-°v- `q-cn-]£ap-≈Xm-Wv- kaq-

lw. -

kb≥-kv- ]Tn-°p-∂ Ip-́ n-Ifn¬-t∏m-epw- im-kv-{Xt_m-[w- A\y-

am-Ip-∂Xv- shdp-sXb√t√m.- iq-\ym-Im-itØ°v- D]{Klw- hn-t£]n-

°p-∂Xn-\v- ap-ºv- tXß DS®v- cm-in-t\m-°p-∂ im-kv-{X⁄cpw- kq-

∏¿- kv-s]jym-en-‰n- Bip-]{XnIƒ ÿm-]n-®v- AXym-[p-\n-I Nn-

In-’m- kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ- G¿-s∏Sp-Øp-∂h¿- Xs∂,- iz-k\ {]{In-

bbp-sS {Iao-IcWØn-eq-sSbpw- {]m¿∞\Ifn-eq-sSbpw- kv-

t\lakr-Wam-b Benw-K\ßfn-eq-sSbpw- tcm-Kim-¥n- hcp-Øm≥-

Ign-bp-sa∂p- {]Ncn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d Cßs\sbm-s°

Bbn-s√¶nte A¤p-Xap-≈q.- Bƒ-ssZh XXz-im-kv-{X (Miracle

� 47

Ideology) tØm-Sp- Ieln®p- ap-t∂dn-b \thm-∞m-\Øn-s‚ ]m-

cºcy-am-Wv- aebm-fn-bp-tSXv.- s]m-cp-Xn- ]cm-Pbs∏Sp-Øn-b ]m-cºcy-

am-Wv- aebm-fn-bp-tSXv.- s]m-cp-Xn- ]cm-Pbs∏Sp-Øn-b B {]Xy-bim-

kv-{XØn-s‚ Iq-Sm-cßfn-te°v- sNdp-∏°msc- hym-]Iam-bn- Bń-

∏m-bn-°p-∂ Ahÿbm-Wv- Ct∏mƒ.-

`q-Xt{]X]nim-Np-°fp-sSbpw- AXn-am-\p-j i‡n-bp-sSbpw-

AXo-{μn-b ⁄m-\Øn-s‚bp-sam-s° AXn-`m-hp-IXzw- \n-d™

IYIfm-Wv- hn-iz-kn-®m-epw- Cs√¶n-epw - F∂ ]cn-]m-Sn- t{]£I¿-

°p- ap-∂n-seØn-°p-∂Xv.- ÿn-cam-bn- CXp- Im-Wp-∂ Ip-́ n-Ifp-sS

am-\kn-I˛sshIm-cn-I `m-hßfn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ am-‰ßsf∏‰n- im-kv-

{Xo-bam-b ]T\ßsfm-∂pw- \S∂n-́ n-s√¶n-epw- CØc°m-cn¬- A\m-

hiy-am-b Bi¶bpw- ò-Xn-bpw- \n-e\n¬°p-∂Xm-bp-≈ A\p-

`hßfp-≠v.-

dn-Xzn-Iv- tdm-js\t∏m-se kn-Iv-kv- ]m-°v- akn-ep-≠m-hWsa∂v-

B{Kln-°p-∂hcm-Wv- `q-cn-]£w- sNdp-∏°m-cpw-.- s]¨-Ip-ń-Ifm-

sW¶n¬- hSn-shm-Ø ta\n-bgIv- thWsa∂v- hm-in- ]n-Sn-°p-∂hcpw-

.- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbp-sS Cu- Zu¿-_eyw- Nq-jWw- sNøm≥- t_mUn-

^n-‰v-\kv - tI{μßfpw- hym-]Iam-bn- Dbcp-∂p-≠v.- t_m-Un- ^n-‰v-

\kv- s{Sbn-\¿-am¿- F∂ ]p-Xn-b C\w- s{]m-̂ jWep-Ifp-sS hf¿-

®bpw- Ct∏mƒ- kPo-ham-Wv.- tkm-̂ v-‰v-shb¿- F©n-\bdp-sS BI¿-

jIam-b tPm-en- Dt]£n-®p-t]m-epw- ^n-‰v-\kv- s{Sbn-\¿-am-cm-bn-

t]m-Ip-∂hcp-sS FÆw- Iq-Sn-hcn-Ibm-Wv.- ico-c ku-μtcym¬-∏m-

Z\Øn-¬- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d F{Xtbsd {i≤n-°p-∂p-sh∂v- a\ n-

em-°m≥- CXp- [m-cm-fat√.-

\n-dsØ∏‰n- A]ISIcam-b Aht_m-[w- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbn¬-

kr-„n-°p-∂Xn-epw- Zr-iy-am-[y-aßƒ-°p-≈ ]¶v- sNdp-X√.- at\m-

lcam-b \n-dw- shfp-∏m-sW∂pw- Idp-∏v shfp-∏n-s‚ i{Xp-hm-sW∂p-

ap-≈ [m-cWbm-Wv- ]e¿-°p-ap-≈Xv.- Idp-∏n-\v- -GggIv- F∂Xm-Wv-

\Ωp-sS k¶¬-∏sa¶n-epw- Idp-∏n-t\m-Sv- ]p-—am-Wv- `q-cn-]£Øn-\pw-

.- A[zm-\n-°p-∂hcpw- shbn-¬- sIm-≈p-∂hcpw- Po-hn-X Zp-cn-Xßfn¬-

\o-¥p-∂hcp-sam-s° km[m-cW IdpØhcm-Wv.- Chscm-s° ]ebn-

Sßfn-epw- c≠mw-Xcw- ]u-c∑m-cm-bm-Wv- ]cn-KWn-°s∏Sm-dp-≈Xv.-

Idp-∏n-t\m-Sp- tXm-∂p-∂ ]p-—w- Idp-Ø a\p-jy-tcm-Sp-≈ shdp-∏m-

bpw- cq-]s∏Sm≥- Gsd t\csam-∂pw- th≠.- \Ωp-sS hn-hm-l ]w-

48 �

‡n-Ifn-se ]cky-ßfn¬- CtXhsc Hcp- sNdp-∏°m-c\pw- Idp-

Øp-saen-™ s] -̈Ip-́ n-sb h[p-hmbn- In-́ Wsa∂v- Bhiy-s∏´Xm-

bn- tIń-́ n-√.- F√m-h¿-°pw- th≠Xv- saen-™p- shfp-Ø s] -̈Ip-

ń-sbbm-Wv.-

shfp-∏n-t\m-Sp-≈ A\m-hiy-am-b Cu- hn-t[bXzw- \Ωp-sS `m-

jbn-epw- kw-km-cØn-epw- `£WØn-epw- hkv-{X[m-cWØn-ep-sam-

s° Zr-iy-am-Wv.- aebm-fw- am-{Xw- Bhiy-ap-≈Xpw- aebm-fa√m-sX

as‰m-∂pw- D]tbm-Kn-t°≠m-ØXp-am-b CSßfn¬-t∏m-epw- Ip-́ n-Iƒ-

Xń-hn-Sp-∂ Cw-•o-jv- Ip-ds®m-∂p-a√.- shfp-∏n-t\m-Sp-≈ hn-t[bXzw-

shfp-Øh≥- kw-km-cn-°p-∂ `m-jtbm-Spw- \mw- Im-Øp-kq-£n-°p-

∂p- F∂Xm-Wv- kXyw.- th≠{X hn-Zym-`ym-ktam- Cw-•o-jv- ]cn-

⁄m-\tam- C√m-Ø bp-hm-°ƒ- t]m-epw- hn-hm-l£W°Øv- Cw-

•o-jn-te ASn-°q.- CØcw- £W°Øp-Ifn¬- ̀ q-cn-]£w- FÆØn-

epw- hym-IcWkw-_‘am-b ]n-ghp-Iƒ- [m-cm-fw- Is≠Øm-sa∂Xv-

ckIcam-b Im-cyw.- Cßs\ Cw-•o-jn¬- IØSn-∏n-°p-∂hcp-sS

\m-e©p- Xeap-d ]n-t∂m-́ p- t\m-°n-bm¬-t∏m-epw- Cw-•o-jv- kw-km-

cn-®n-cp-∂htcm-,- Cw-•o-jp-am-bn- \n-Xy-_‘w- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂htcm- Bcpw-

D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xm-bn- Is≠Øm-≥- Ign-bn-√.- IØv- ASn-∏n-®hcp-sSbpw-

AXv- In-́ p-∂hcp-sSbpw- Im-cyhpw- GXm-≠v- CXp-Xs∂.- F¶n-epw-

sX‰p-Iƒ- \n-d™ Cw-•o-jn-te £W°Øv- A®Sn-°q- F∂ hm-

in-bn-em-Wv.- Cw-•o-jn¬- kw-km-cn-®m¬,- Cw-•o-jn¬- IØv- A®Sn-

®m¬- kaq-lØn¬- am-\y-X Hcp-]Sn- Dbcp-sa∂ sX‰m-b [m-cWbn¬-

\n-∂m-Wv- CØcw- sNbv-Xn-Iƒ- DSseSp-°p-∂Xv.- Cu- an-Yym-[m-cW

Ip-Øn-shbv-°p-∂Xn¬- sSen-hn-j≥- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°pw- kn-\n-aIƒ-

°pw- hen-b ]¶p-≠v.-

aebm-fn-bp-sS s]m-Xp-hnepw Ip-́ n-Ifp-sS {]tXy-In-®pw- ̀ £W

io-eØn¬- h∂ am-‰ßƒ-°v- Zr-iy-am-[y-aßfn-se ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifp-am-

bn- hen-b _‘ap≠v.- ]m-NIIebp-sS AXym-[p-\n-I co-Xn-Iƒ-

]cn-Nbs∏Sp-Øp-∂ Ip-°dn- tjm - Iƒ- C∂v- GXp- Nm-\en-s‚bpw-

Ahn-̀ m-Py- ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-Wv.- hy-Xy-kv-Xßfm-b t]cp-Ifn¬- Hm-tcm-

Nm-\epw- a’cn-®m-Wv - Cu- ]cn]m-Sn - AhXcn-∏n -°p-∂Xv. -

]©\£{X tlm-́ ep-Ifn-se ASp-°f am-lm-fly-sØ sXcp-thm-

cßfn-te°pw- ]p-gtbm-cßfn-te°pw- Iq-́ n-s°m-≠p-h∂v- ]cn-]m-Sn-

Iƒ-°v- {Km-ao-WOm-b \¬-Im-\p-≈ {iaßfpw- Im-Wmw.- CØcw-

� 49

tjm-Ifn¬- ]m-NIw- sNøm-s\Øp-∂ am-kv-‰¿- sj^p-am-cp-sS thjhn-

[m-\w- Xs∂ khn-tijam-b co-Xn-bn-em-Wv.- thjhn-[m-\Øn-\p-

Xs∂ BVy-Xz-Øn-s‚ Om-bbm-Wv.- `£WØn-s‚ tNcp-hIfpw-

Ah Iq-́ p-∂ hn-[hpw- ]mNIw- sNøp-∂ co-Xn-bp-sam-s° am-kv-‰¿-

sj^n-s‚ hm-bn¬- \n-∂v- ho-gp-∂ Bw-Kehm-Wn-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw-

t{]£I≥- Adn-bp-I.- acym-Z°m-cm-b Nn-e AhXm-cI¿- CXn-s‚

aebm-fw- ]ds™¶n-em-bn.- ]©\£{X hn-̀ hßfp-sS A¤p-X°m-

gv-NIfn-te°m-Wv- Cu- tjm-Isfm-s° an-gn- Xp-d°p-∂Xv.- tNm-dpw-

km-ºm-dpw- Ahn-bepw- tXm-c\pw- Im-f\pw- Hm-e\p-sam-s° km-Zm-

`£Wam-sW∂pw- _¿-Kdpw- tlm-́ v-tUm-Kpw- Nn-°≥- I_m-_p-sam-

s° hn-tem-`\o-bhn-`hßfp-am-sW∂ Aht_m-[am-Wv- Cu-hI

tjm-Iƒ- kΩm-\n-°p-∂Xv.- CØcw- ap-¥n-b C\w- `£WtØm-

Sm-Wv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbn-se Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°v- {]n-bsa∂v- \ap-°dn-bmw.-

Cu- `£W km-[\ßƒ- ]eXpw- \n-›n-X CSthfIfn-e√ Ip-

´n-Iƒ- Ign-°p-∂sX∂Xpw- {it≤bam-Wv,- {]tXy-In-®v- sIm-dn-®p- Ign-

°p-∂ t_°dn- km-[\ßƒ.- c≠pw- aq-∂pw- aWn-°q¿- Sn- hn-bp-

sStbm- Iw]yq-́ dn-s‚tbm- ap-∂n-en-cn-°p-∂ Ip´n-Iƒ- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-

I≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xn-\n-Sbn¬-Xs∂ Fs¥¶n-ep-sam-s° sIm-

dn-®p- sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.- `£Wio-eØn-se Cu- A®S°an-√m-bv-a aq-

eam-Wv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbn-se Ip-́ n-Ifn¬- `q-cn-]£w- t]¿-°pw- s]m-

ÆØSn- Iq-Sn-hcp-∂Xm-bn- ]e ]T\ßfpw- sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv.- ico-

cw- A\ßn-bp-≈ hym-bm-atam- A[zm-\tam- C√m-sX hcn-Ibpw-

Bhiy-Øn-tesd `£Ww- Ign-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂Xp-sIm-≠p-≠m-

hp-∂ {]iv-\am-Wv. 20 hb p- Xn-Ibpw-ap-tº {]jdpw- jp-Kdpw- sIm-

fkv-t{Sm-fp-sam-s° hym-]Iam-hp-∂ ÿn-Xn-hn-tijw- Hcp-]t£

aebm-fn-Ifn¬- am-{Xam-bn-cn-°pw- Im-Wp-∂Xv.-

6.- A\y-am-hp-¶ Iq-«m-bv-aIÄ-

aebm-fn-bp-sS km-aq-ly-ap-t∂‰Øn-s‚ B[m-cin-e \Kc˛{Km-

at`Zan-√m-sX D≠m-b Iq-́ m-bv-aIfm-Wv.- 19mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm-

\tØm-sS hSt° ae_m-dn-seØn-bt∏m-gm-Wv- kzm-an- hn-thIm-\μ≥-

tIcfsØ {`m-¥m-ebsa∂v- hn-tijn-∏n-®Xv.- hn-hn-[ aXßfpw- Pm-

Xn-Ifpw- XΩn-epw- Hcp- Pm-Xn-bn¬-Øs∂bp-≈ D]Pm-Xn-Iƒ- XΩn-

epw- \n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂ sXm-́ p-Iq-Sm-bv-abpw- Xo-≠n-°q-Sm-bv-abpw- Hs°

I≠v- a\w- aSp-Øm-Wv- hn-thIm-\μ≥- tIcfØn-\v- A]am-\Icam-b

Hcp- ]Z{]tbm-Kw- \SØn-bXv.- A]am-\Icam-b Cu- Ahÿbn¬-

\n-∂v - tIcfw- s]m-cp-Xn- ap-t∂dn. - Pm-Xo-bam-b D®\o-NXz-

ßsfsb√mw- D®m-S\w- sNbv-Xp.- a\p-jy≥- F∂ \n-ebn¬- F√m-

h¿-°pw- Xpey-am-b AhIm-ißfpw- km-aq-ly-\o-Xn-bpw- e`y-am-bn.-

hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw- km¿-h{Xn-Ihpw- P\m-[n-]Xy-h¬-Ir-Xhp-am-bn-.- F√m-

h¿-°pw- kz-¥am-bn- `q-anbp-≠m-bn.- Bcm-[\m- kzm-X{¥yhpw- F√m-

h¿-°pw- e`n-®p.- ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ- \o-≠ t]m-cm-́ ßƒ- ]e XeØn¬-

\S∂Xn-s‚ êam-bn-́ m-Wv- Cu- km-aq-ly-ap-t∂‰ap-≠m-bXv.- km-aq-

ly- ]cn-jv-I¿-Øm-°fpw- \thm-∞m-\ \m-bIcpw- ]p-tcm-Ka\ P\m-

[n-]Xy- {]ÿm-\ßfpw- Iayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿ń-bp-sam-s° hn-hn-[

L´ßfn¬- Cu- ap-t∂‰Øn-\v- Nm-eIi‡n-Ifm-bn- {]h¿-Øn-®n-́ p-

≠v.-

kzm-X{¥y-Øn-\pw- P\m-[n-]Xym-hIm-ißƒ-°pw- km-aq-lyap-

t∂‰Øn-\pw- th≠n-bp-≈ Cu- {iaßfp-sS ktμiw- G‰p-hm-ßn-

bXv- A°m-eØv- \Ωp-sS \m-́ n≥-]p-dßfn¬- kPo-ham-bn-cp-∂ km-

[m-cWa\p-jy-cp-sS Iq-́ m-bv-abm-Wv.- {Km-ao-W hm-b\im-eIfpw- kmw-

kv-Im-cn-I ÿm-]\ßfpw- tI{μo-Icn-®v- cq-]s∏ń-cp-∂ Cu- Iq-́ m-bv-

aIƒ- ]p-Xn-b ̀ q-an-sb°p-dn-®pw- ]p-Xn-b BIm-isØ°p-dn-®pw- HØn-

� 51

cn- kz-]v-\ßƒ- ]¶p-h®p; HØn-cn- Bibßƒ- lr-ZbØn-te‰p-hm-

ßn.- N¿-®Ifn-epw- kw-hm-Zßfn-epw- s]m-Xp-tbm-Kßfn-ep-sam-s°

a\p-jy-kaq-lhpw- ]p-Xn-b Im-ehpw- Hs°bm-bn-cp-∂p \n-d™p-\n-

∂Xv-.-

Ct∏m-gm-Is´,- CØcw- Iq-́ m-bv-aIƒ- \ap-°v- A\y-am-bn-s°m-≠n-

cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.- kv-Iq-fpw- tIm-tfPpw- Syq-j≥- sk‚dpw- Ign-™m¬-

Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°v- e`n-°p-∂ kabw- hfsc ]cn-an-Xam-Wv-.- AXn-¬-Øs∂

\√ ]¶pw- sSen-hn-j\pw- Iw-]yq-´dpw- Iq-Sn- ]Ip-sØSp-Øp- Ign-

™m¬- ]n-s∂ AXy-m-hiyw- tlmw-h¿-t°m- ]m-T`m-Kßfp-sS adn-

®p-t\m-°tem- Xs∂ \Ss∂¶n-em-bn.- CXn-\n-Sbn¬- \m-́ n≥-]p-dsØ

Iq-́ m-bv-aIƒ°v- Fhn-sS kabw?- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn-se Ip-́ n-Iƒ- s]m-

Xp-hn¬- H‰s∏´ Xp-cp-Øp-Ifn-em-W.-v- Ahs‚ hn-Im-c hn-Nm-cßtfm-

Bibßtfm- ]¶p-shbv-°m≥- Bcp-an-√m-Ø ÿn-Xn.- shdp-sXsbm-

∂v- X√p-Iq-Sm≥- t]m-epw- Iq-́ p-Im-sc In-́ m-\n-√m-Ø Ahÿ.- Ah≥-

kz-¥w- Nn-¥Ifn-te°pw- kz-¥w- kz-]v-\ßfn-te°pw- kz-¥w- tem-

IØn-te°pw- am-{Xam-Wv- IÆpw- Im-Xpw- Xp-d°p-∂Xv.- kv-Iq-fpw- ho-

Spw- Hgn-sI as‰m-cp- tem-IsØ°p-dn-®v- Adn-bp-∂Xm-hs´ an-°hm-

dpw- sSen-hn-j≥- kv-{Io-\n¬- \n-∂m-bn-cn-°pw.- AXm-Is´,- A¿-[kXy-

ßfp-sStbm- s]cp-∏n-®p-Im-́ n-b hkv-Xp-XIfp-sStbm- \n-dw- ]n-Sn-∏n-

® IYIfp-am-bn-cn-°pw-.- kz-¥w- Np-‰p-]m-Sp-Isf°p-dn-®pw- tem-IsØ°p-

dn-®pw- Hcp- aq-∂mw- I£n- \¬-Ip-∂ dn-t∏m¿´p-Ifn-eq-sSbm-bn-cn-°pw-

Ah¿- Adn-bp-I.- Cßs\ HXp-ßn-°q-Sp-∂ Ip-́ n-Iƒ- ]ehn-[ am-

\kn-I {]iv-\ßƒ-°pw- ASn-aIfm-Im-dp-≠v F∂ co-Xn-bn¬- Nn-e

]T\ßƒ- h∂n-́ p-≠v.- AXp-sIm-≠v- Iu-am-c°m¿- Gsdbp-≈ lb¿-

sk°≥-Udn- kv-Iq-fp-Ifn¬- \n¿-_‘am-bpw- Iu-̈ -kn-en-ßn-\p-≈

kw-hn-[m-\w- Hcp-°Wsa∂v- A[n-Ir-X¿- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°m-dp-≠v.- Nn-e

kv-Iq-fp-Ifn¬- Iu¨-kn-en-ßn-\m-bn- am-{Xw- {]tXy-I A[ym-

]Iscbpw- \n-ban-°m-dp-≠v.-

7. hgn-sXäp-¶ hm-b\

aebm-fØn-\v- ¢m-kn-°¬- ]Zhn- e`y-am-°m \p-≈ ap-dhn-fn- ]e

tIm-Wp-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw- Dbcp-∂ Im-eam-Wn-Xv.- `m-bp-sS {]m-am-Wn-

IXz-hpw- km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚ kº∂Xbp-sam-s° Cu- at\m-lc ]Zhn-

°p-≈ \Ωp-sS A¿-lX ASn-hcbn-Sp-∂p-≠v.- aebm-fØn-s‚ ]n-

dhn- kw-_‘n-® Im-esØ∏‰n-bp-≈ X¿-°w- am-{Xam-Wv- ¢m-kn-

°¬- ]Zhn- \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\p-≈ Im-cWam-bn- _‘s∏´h¿- ]dbp-

∂Xv.- cm-{„o-b `cW t\Xr-Xz-hpw- km-ln-Xy- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I \m-

bIcpw- `m-jm-kv-t\ln-Ifp-sam-s° ¢m-kn-°¬- ]Zhn-°m-bp-≈

{]t£m-̀ ßƒ- Xp-Scp-sa∂v- {]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.- F∂m¬- Cu-

ap-dhn-fn- Iq-́ p-∂ \ap°v- bYm¿-YØn¬- AXn-\v- A¿-lXbp-t≠m-

F∂v- ]p-\¿-hn-Nn-¥\w- \StØ≠ Im-ew- AXn-{Ian-®p.- Im-cWw-

]p-dsa Im-́ p-∂ ̀ m-jm-kv-t\lw- \Ωp-sS \n-Xy-Po-hn-X ]cn-kcßfn¬-

Aen-™p- tN¿-∂n-́ p-t≠m- F∂Xm-Wv- {]iv-\w.- `m-j tIheam-b

D -̈a (entity) A√, Po-hn-Xhpw- kw-kv-Im-chp-am-Wv- ̀ m-jsb cq-]s∏Sp-

Øp-∂Xv.- aebm-fn-bp-sS Po-hn-Xw- A¿-∞]q¿-Wam-bn- sIm-≠p- \S°p-

∂bmƒ-°p- am-{Xta aebm-f `m-jbp-sS D -̈absb∏‰n- ]dbm≥-

AhIm-iap-≈q.- \n¿-̀ m-Ky-him¬- aebm-fØn-s‚ ap-{ZNm¿-tØ≠

F√m-bn-Sßfn¬-\n-∂pw- aebm -̈abp-sS km-∂n-[yw- C√m-Xm-Ip-∂

Im-gv-Nbm-Wv.- AXv- kw-km-cw,- ̀ £Ww-,- hkv-{X[m-cWw-,- {]Xn-IcWw-

F∂o- taJeIfn-se√mw- {]ISam-Wv.- Chn-Sßfn¬- \n-s∂√mw-

aebm-fn-ØØn-s‚ F√m- \∑Itfbpw- B´n-∏m-bn-°m-\m-Wv- {]tXy-

In-®pw- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv.-

CØcsam-cp- L´Øn-em-Wv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dbp-sS hm-b\m- kw-

kv-Im-cw- N¿-® sNtø≠Xv.- hm-b\bp-sSbpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I kw-hm-

Zßfp-sSbpw- kar-≤n-sIm-≠v- tIcfo-b kaq-lw- Bt-Lm-jn-® Im-

eam-bn-cp-∂p- 1970Ifpw- 80Ifpw.- {Km-ao-W hm-b\im-eIfpw- kmw-kv-

Im-cnI- kw-LS\Ifpw- tI{μo-Icn-®p- am-{Xa√,- kv-Iqƒ- tIm-tfPv-

� 53

Im-ºkp-Ifn-epw- N¿-®Ifp-sSbpw- kw-hm-Zßfp-sSbpw- AKv-\n-iem-

IIƒ- kPo-ham-bn-cp-∂p.- C∂v- ]m-Ty-]≤Xn-bp-sS `m-Kam-bn- bp-Pn-

kn- {Km‚pw- a‰pw- sNehgn-®p- Xo¿-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ D]m-[n- am-{Xam-b

N¿-®Itfm- skan-\m-dp-Itfm- Bbn-cp-∂n-√ AXv.- hm-b\sbbpw- km-

w-kv-Im-cn-I ap-t∂‰ kz-]v-\ßsfbpw- lr-ZbtØm-Sp- tN¿-Øp-h®

Iu-am-c˛bu-h\ßfp-sS kPo-hXbn-em-bn-cp-∂p- A∂v- kw-hm-Zßƒ-

Acßp-XI¿-ØXv.- Fw- ap-Ip-μs‚ aøgn-∏p-gbp-sS Xo-cßfpw- H hn-

hn-Pbs‚ Jkm-°n-s‚ CXn-lm-khpw-,- B\μn-s‚ Bƒ-°q-́ hpsam-

s° Xe\m-cn-g Io-dn-bp-≈ N¿-®Iƒ-°p- hn-t[bam-°n-b F{Xtbm-

]Iep-Ifm-Wv- A∂v- Im-ºkp-Ifn¬- ]q-Øp-e™Xv.- s_©an≥ sam-

tfm-bv-kn-s\bpw- ]m-tªm- s\cq-Zsbbpw- Ht´m- sds\ Im-kv-‰n-tem-

sbbp-sam-s° ]m-Sn- \S∂ £p-̀ n-X bu-h\hpw- A∂sØ Im-ºkp-

Ifp-sS t\¿-°m-gv-Nbm-bn-cp-∂p.- ASn-b¥cm-hÿbp-sS A[n-Im-cim-

k\ßƒ-s°Xn-sc Hfn-™pw- sXfn-™pw- t]m-cm-Sm≥- N¶p-d∏p- Im-

´n-b bu-h\hpw- A∂sØ Im-ºkp-Iƒ- ASbm-fs∏Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.-

am-[y-a°m-gv-NIfp-sS tem-Iw- Gsdsbm-∂pw- hn-Ikn-®n-́ n-√mXn-cp-∂

Imeam-bn-́ pw- tem-Ikw-̀ hßtfm-Spw- cm-{„o-b km-w-kv-Im-cn-I kaky-

Itfm-Spw- km¿-YIam-bn- kw-hZn-°m≥- A°m-esØ ]p-Xp-Xeap-d

Pm-{KX Im-́ n-bn-cp-∂p.- hm-b\ ssZ\w-Zn-\ Po-hn-XØn-s‚ Ahn-̀ m-

Py-LSIam-°n-b Xeap-dbm-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.- hm-b\bp-sS hgn-Ifn¬-

a\ n-epw- Nn-¥bn-epw- Ibdn-Iq-Sn-b shfn-]m-Sp-Ifm-bn-cp-∂p- Ahsc

ap-t∂m-́ p- \bn-®Xv.- F∂m¬- am-[y-aßfp-sS s]cp-ºdap-g°ßfpw-

sI´p-Im-gv-NIfpw- k¿-h k∂m-lßtfm-Spw- BSn-Øn-an-¿°p-∂ C°m-

eØv- A¿-∞]q¿-Wam-b hm-b\ Ip-d™p-hcp-∂ Im-gv-Nbm-Wv.-

hm-b\bp-sS ]q-°m-ew- aebm-fn-°v- kΩm-\n-® alm-{]ÿm-\am-

Wv- tIcfm- kv-t‰‰v- sse{_dn- Iu -̈kn¬.- sse{_dn- Iu -̈knen¬-

A^n-en-tb‰v- sNbv-X Ggm-bn-ctØm-fw- {KŸim-eIfm-Wv- kw-ÿm-

\sØ 978 ]©m-bØp-Ifn-epw- 60 ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Ifn-epw- 5 tIm¿-

∏tdj\n-ep-am-bp-≈Xv.- Hcp- ]©m-bØn¬- icm-icn- Ggp- hm-b\im-

eIƒ.- \q-dp- iXam-\w- hsc FØn-b tIcfØn-s‚ km-£cX

Db¿-∂ hn-Zym-̀ ym-k \n-ehm-cw- Zn-\Ncy-bp-sS Ahn-̀ m-Py-LSIam-

b ]{X]m-cm-bWw- F∂n-h {KŸiem- {]ÿm-\Øn-\v- hf°q-dp-

≈ aÆm-°n- tIcfsØ am-‰n.- Cßs\bp-≈ {KŸim-em- {]ÿm-

\w- Ip-d®p-\mƒ- ap-ºv- \SØn-b hm-b\m- k¿-shbn¬- Is≠Øn-b

Im-cy-ßƒ- Iu-Xp-Iw- P\n-∏n-°p-∂Xm-Wv.- aebm-fn-bp-sS hm-b\bp-

54 �

sS {Km v̂- ap-Ifn-te°m-tWm- Xm-tg°m-tWm- t]m-Ip-∂sX∂ X¿-

°w- Xp-Scp-Ibm-sW¶n-epw- k¿-sh t_m[y-s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xv- hm-b\bp-

sS BIm-iw- Np-cp-ßn- hcn-Ibm-sW∂m-Wv.- sslsSIv- Po-hn-XØn-

s‚ kº∂XIfpw- A¤p-Xkm-[y-XIfpw- kz-¥w- Po-hn-Xap-‰ßfn¬-

Ip-Sn-bn-cp-Øm-\p-≈ s\t´m-́ Øn¬- [ym-\\n-aKv-\am-b hm-b\bp-sS

kp-Jm-\p-̀ q-Xn-kz-¥am°m≥- `q-cn-]£w- t]¿-°pw- Ign-bp-∂n-√.-

CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- am-[y-aßfp-sS km-∂n-[yw- hm-b\sb _m-[n-®n-

´p-t≠m-,- {Km-ao-W hm-b\im-eIfn¬- ]p-kv-XI hn-XcWw- Ip-dbp-

∂Xn-s‚ Im-cWw- CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- am-[y-aßfm-tWm-,- AtXm- hm-

b\°m-cs‚ A`n-cp-Nn-°\p-kcn-®p-≈ ]p-kv-XIßfp-sS e`y-X°p-

dhm-tWm- F∂p- Xp-Sßn-b Im-cy-ßfm-bn-cp-∂p- k¿-shbn¬- At\z-

jn-®Xv.- kw-ÿm-\sØ sXcs™Sp-°s∏´ 99 {Km-a]©m-bØp-

Ifn-epw- 19 \Kck`Ifn-epw- aq-∂p- tIm¿-∏tdj\p-Ifn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p-

k¿-sh.- `q-cn-]£hpw- hm-bn-°m≥- sNehgn-°p-∂Xn-t\°mƒ- Iq-Sp-

X¬- kabw- Sn- hn- Im-Wm≥- sNehgn-°p-∂p- F∂m-Wv- ]d™Xv.-

{Km-aßfn-ep-≈h¿- hm-b\°v- Zn-hkw- icm-icn- 66 an-\n-́ v- sNehn-Sp-

tºmƒ- Sn- hn- Im-Wm≥- \q-dp- an-\n-́ v- sNehn-Sp-∂p.- \Kcßfn¬- hm-

b\°v- 78 an-\n-́ v- \o-°n-shbv-°p-tºmƒ- Sn- hn- Im-Wm≥- 110 an-\n-́ v-

sNehn-Sp-∂p.- s]m-Xp-hn¬- icm-icn- 73 an-\n-́ v- hm-b\°v- hn-\n-tbm-

Kn-°p-tºmƒ- Sn- hn- Im-Wp-∂Xn-\v- \o-°n-shbv-°p-∂Xv- 107 an-\n-‰m-

sW∂v- k¿-sh Is≠Øn.-

Nm-\ep-Ifp-sS X≈n-°b‰w- C{Xtbsd hym-]Iam-Ip-∂Xn-\pw-

Iw-]yq-´¿-˛C‚¿-s\‰v- Im-gv-NIƒ- kPo-ham-Ip-∂Xn-\pw- ap-ºm-bn-cp-

∂p- Cu- k¿-sh.- Nm-\¬- {]fbØn¬- ap-ßn-Øm-gp-∂ Cu- L´Øn¬-

kzm-̀ m-hn-Iam-bpw- hm-b\bp-sS tXm-Xv- Ip-dbm-\m-Wv- km-[y-X.- Iw-

]yq-́ dp-Iƒ- hym-]Iam-Ip-∂Xp- hgn- C˛hm-b\ km-[y-am-sW∂ hm-

Zw-Db¿-Øn-bm¬- Xs∂ F{XtØm-fw- t]¿- C˛hm-b\ Kp-W]cam-

bn- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-s≠∂Xv- X¿-°ap-≈ Im-cy-am-Wv.- Db¿-∂ A°m-

Zan-I \n-ehm-cw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂ kv-Iq-fp-Ifn-epw- tIm-tfPp-Ifn-epap-≈

sse{_dn-Iƒ- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂hcp-sS FÆhpw- ]cn-an-Xw.- 20 iXam-

\w- t]¿- t]m-epw- tIm-tfPv- sse{_dn-Iƒ- D]tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øp-∂n-

s√∂m-Wv- ]ebn-SØp-\n-∂p-ap-≈ A\p-̀ hw.- sse{_dn- D]tbm-Kn-

°p-∂h¿- Xs∂ ]T\hp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ A\p-_‘ {]h¿-

Ø\ßƒ-°m-bn- am-{Xam-Wv- Xm-\pw.- km-ln-Xy-hpw- kw-kv-Im-chpw-

Ncn-{Xhp-sam-s°bm-bn- _‘s∏´ ]p-dw-hm-b\bp-sS tem-Iw- A\yw-

� 55

\n-∂p-hcn-Ibm-Wv.- Fgp-]Xp-Ifn-epw- F -̈]Xp-Ifn-epw- Cdßn-b ]p-

kv-XIßfpw- A°m-esØ Im-hy-̀ m-hp-IXz-Øn-\v- ]p-Xn-b Xeßƒ-

kΩm-\n-® Ihn-Ifp-sS (ISΩ\n-́ ,- k®n-Zm-\μ≥,- _m-eN{μ≥- Np-

≈n-°m-Sv)- Im-hy-iIeßfpw- Iym-ºkp-Ifp-sS io-epw- io-ehp-am-bn-

cp-∂p.- kaIm-en-I aebm-f km-ln-Xy-Øn-se GsX¶n-epw- ]p-kv-

XItam- Ihn-Xtbm- A{Xtbsd hn-Im-chm-bv-t]m-sS ]p-Xn-b Xeap-

d sIm-≠p- \S°p-∂p-t≠m?- Hcp- Xeap-dbp-sS Nn-¥Isfbp-w- kz-]v-

\ßsfbpw- ]n-Sn-®p-ebv-°pw-hn-[w- kzm-[o-\w- sNep-Øm≥- Ign-bp-

∂ Ihn-Ifpw- Fgp-Øp-Im-cpw- Ip-d™p-hcp-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-sW∂ \ym-

bhm-Zw- thWsa¶n-¬- Db¿-Øm-w.- ]t£ AXv- \ym-bam-bn-Øo-

cWsa∂n-√.-

t]m-b h¿-jw- kv-Iqƒ- sse{_dnIfn¬- ]p-kv-XIw- hm-ßp-∂Xn-

\v- kw-ÿm-\ s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k hIp∏v- ]Øv- tIm-Sn- cq-] sNehm-

°n-bXm-bn- IW°p-Iƒ- ]dbp-∂p.- Cu- ]Øp-tIm-Sn-°v Un-kvIu-

≠v- Ign-®v-,- Np-cp-ßn-bXv- 12 tIm-Sn- ap-Jhn-ebp-≈ ]p-kv-XIßƒ- hm-

ßm≥- Ign-bpw-.- F∂m¬- Cu- ]p-kv-XIMfn¬- 90 iXam-\hpw- Bcp-

sSbpw- Ickv-]¿-ita¬-°m-sX _p-°v- sj¬-̂ p-Ifn¬- hn-{ian-°p-

Ibm-Wv.- kv-Iqƒ- sse{_dn-Ifn¬- `q-cn-]£Øn-\pw- ]cnio-e\w-

e`n-® sset{_dn-bs‚ tkh\tam- Ip-‰a‰ ]p-kv-XI hn-XcW kw-

hn-[m-\tam- C√m-ØXm-Wv- Hcp- {][m-\ {]iv-\w.-

\Ωp-sS {Km-ao-W sse{_dn-Ifn-se ]p-kv-XI hn-XcW cPn-kv-

‰¿- ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬- ]p-Xn-b Xeapdbn¬-s∏´hcp-sS hm-b\m-io-

esØ∏‰n- GItZi cq-]w- e`n-°pw.- 18 hb n¬- Xm-sgbp-≈ Ip-́ n-

Iƒ- ]p-kv-XIßƒ-°m-bn- {KŸim-eIfn¬- FØp-∂Xv- Xp-temw-

]cn-an-Xam-Wv.-

hm-b\°m-cp-sS FÆw- Ip-dbp∂Xpw- ]p-kv-XIßƒ- Xs∂

Cet{Œm-Wn-Iv- am-[y-aßfp-sS km-t¶Xn-I Xn-Ihn¬- ]p-Xn-b cq-

]ßfn¬- {]Xy-£s∏Sp-∂Xpw- aq-ew- ]p-kv-XI hy-hkm-bw- hen-b

{]Xn-k‘n-Ifn-eq-sSbm-Wv- t]m-Ip-∂sX∂pw- ]p-kv-XI im-eIƒ-

\SØp-∂h¿-°v- ]cm-Xn-bp-≠v.- 2020 BIp-∂tXm-sS BtKm-fhym-

]Iam-bn-Øs∂ ]p-kv-XI hy-hkm-bw- {{]Xn-k‘n-bn-em-Ip-sa∂m-

Wv- Ip-d®p- \mƒ- ap-ºv- tem-I ]p-kv-XI hy-hkm-bsØ∏‰n- kzn-‰v-

k¿-e≥-Un¬- \S∂ {]Z¿-i\tØm-S\p-_‘n-® skan-\m¿- Db¿-

Øn-b ktμlw.-

56 �

tIcfØn-epw- CØcsam-cp- Bi¶ Aÿm-\Ø√.- Chn-sS

G‰hpw- Ip-Sp-X¬- kzo-Im-cy-Xbp-≈ Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sS Ir-Xn-Iƒ-t]m-

epw- ct≠m- aq-t∂m- ]Xn-∏p-Ifn¬- HXp-ßp-Ibpw- icm-icn- 5000˛8000

hsc tIm-∏n-Iƒ- am-{Xw- hn-‰gn-bp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂Xm-bm-Wv- IW°v.-

]Xn-\m-bn-c°W°n-\v- ]p-kv-XIßƒ- Cdßp-∂Xn¬- hn-cen-seÆm-

hp-∂h am{Xam-Wv- hn¬-∏\bn¬- A©°Øn-seØp-∂Xv.- aq-∂p-

tIm-Sn-bn-tesdt∏cpw- km-£ccm-hp-Ibpw- c≠p-tIm-Sn-tbm-fw-

t]sc¶n-epw- Db¿-∂ hn-Zym-̀ ym-ktbm-Ky-X Icÿam-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-

X tIcfØn-em-Wv- Hcp- ]p-kv-XIØn-s‚ ]cam-h[n- 8000 tIm-∏n- hn-

‰gn-bp-∂tXm¿-°Ww.- hn¬-∏\bn¬- k¿-hIem-im-e sdt°m-Uv- ÿm-

]n-® Nßºp-gbp-sS caWs‚ Hcp- e£w- tIm-∏n- ]n-∂n-́ Xv- F{Xtbm-

ZiIßƒ-°p-tijam-Wv.-

8. sSen-hn-j³- Izn-kv- F¶ Akw-_Ô \m-SIw-

Adn-hn-s‚ A£bJ\n-Ifpw- Im-Wm-°m-gv-NIfpw- tXSn-bp-≈ bm-

{Xbm-Wv- Izn-kv- ]cn-]m-Sn- \ap-°v- kΩm-\n-°p-I.- _p-≤n-bn-epw- Hm¿-

ai‡n-bn-epw- A\n-Xckm-[m-cWam-b Ign-hv- {]ISn-∏n-°m≥- Ign-

bp-∂h¿-°m-Wv- Izn-kv- ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifn¬- Xn-fßm-≥- Ign-bp-I.- Nn-́ bm-

b hm-b\bpw- ]T\hpw- A\p-io-e\hpw- Hm¿-a ]p-Xp-°ep-sam-s°

CXn-\v- Hgn-®p- Iq-Sm-\m-hm-Ø Im-cy-ßfm-Wv-.- F∂m¬- CsXm-∂p-an-

s√¶n-epw- Izn-kv- ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- ]s¶Sp-°m-sa∂pw- ]Ww- hm-cm-sa∂p-

w- sXfn-bn-°p-Ibm-Wv- ]e Nm-\ep-Ifpw-.- kz-¥w- Adn-hn-√m-bv-a am-

tem-I¿-°p- ap-∂n¬- Hcp- Dfp-∏p-an-√m-sX {]ISn-∏n-°m≥- ss[cyw-

Im-́ p-∂ aebm-fn-bp-sS Nn-{Xhpw- CØcw- Izn-kv- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- kΩm-

\n-°p-∂p-≠v.-

Im-Ww- hn-‰pw- F¥m-Wv- sNtø≠Xv.- F¥p-s≠¶n-em-Wv- De°∏p-

dØpw- In-S°m-\m-hp-I F∂n-ßs\bp-≈ tNm-Zy-ßfm-Wv- tIm-So-iz-

\m-Im\p-≈ Xøm-sdSp-∏p-am-bn- hcp-∂htcm-Sv- AhXm-cI≥- tNm-Zn-

°p-∂Xv.- CØcw- tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°p- ap-∂n¬-t∏m-epw- ]Xdp-Ibpw-

sh≈w-Ip-Sn-°p-Ibpw- kz-¥w- A⁄X am-tem-Isc ap-gp-h≥- Im-́ p-

Ibpw- sNøp-∂hcm-Wv- ]s¶Sp-°p-∂hcn¬- Gsdbpw-.- Gjym-s\‰v-

Nm-\en-se \n-ßƒ-°p-am-Imw- tIm-So-izc≥ - ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- ]s¶Sp-

Ø Ne®n-{X \S≥- kp-cm-Pv- sh™m-daq-Sv- tIcfØn-se \m-hn-I

A°m-Zan- Bÿm-\w- Fhn-sSsb∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- \¬-In-b adp-]Sn-

sIm-®n- F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- Ne®n-{X cw-KØv- ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Ifp-sS ]m-cºcy-

ap-≈ Pbdmw-˛]m-¿-hXn- ZºXn-Itfm-Sv- kn-\n-abp-am-bn- _‘s∏´v-

D∂bn-® tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- icn-bp-Øcw- \¬-Im≥- Ah¿-°v- Ign-™n-√.-

tjIv-kv]n-bdp-sS aIv-_Xv - F∂ Zp-c¥\m-SIsØ D]Po-hn-®v- hn-

{ip-X Pm-∏\o-kv- Ne®n-{XIm-c≥- AIn-c Ip-dtkm-h kw-hn-[m-\w-

sNbv-X Nn-{Xw- Z t{Xm¨ Hm-̂ v- ªUv - BsW∂v- DØcw- \¬-

Im≥- Ah¿-°v- Ign-™n-√.- HSp-hn¬- sse v̂- sse≥- kzo-Icn-®v- Ia¬-

lm-k\p-am-bn- t^m-Wn¬- _‘s∏´m-Wv- icn-bp-Øcw- ]d™Xv.- 3,-

58 �

20,-000 cq-]bp-sS kΩm-\w- Cc´n-bm-bn- 6,-40,-000 cq-] e`n-°p-∂Xn-\v-

\¬-In-b tNm-Zyw- ]n-Wdm-bn- hn-Pb\v- sXm-́ p-ap-ºv- kn-]n-sF Fw-

kw-ÿm-\ sk{I´dn- Bcm-sW∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- \m-ev- DØcßfn¬-

sse v̂- sse≥- ku-Icy-w- D]tbm-Kn-®v- cs≠Æw- Hgn-hm-°n-bXn-\p-

tijap-≈ cs≠ÆØn¬- \n-∂v- Id°n-°p-Øn-bm-Wv- ]s¶Sp-

Øbmƒ- NSb≥- tKm-hn-μ≥- F∂ icn-bp-Øcw- ]d™Xv.- 15 tNm-

Zy-ßƒ-°v icn-bm-bn- DØcw- \¬-In-bm¬- \n-ßƒ-°p-am-Imw- tIm-

So-iz-c≥ - F∂m-Wv- AhXm-cI\m-b Ne®n-{X \S≥- kp-tcjv- tKm-

]n- ]dbp-∂Xv.-

kq-cy- Sn-hn-bn¬- Ne®n-{X \Sn- aav-X tam-l≥-Zm-kv- AhXcn-∏n-

°p∂ ssIbn¬- Hcp- tIm-Sn,- B¿- bp- sdUn - F∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-bpw-

kam-\kz-`m-hap-≈Xm-Wv.- Chn-sS Ggp- tNm-Zy-ßƒ°p-≈ icn-

DØcØn-eq-sS {i≤n-®v- Icp-°ƒ- \o-°p-∂h¿-°v- Hcp- tIm-Sn- kz-

¥am-°mw.- ]t£ c≠v- ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-epw- CtXhsc Hcp- tIm-Sn- F∂

hn-tem-̀ \o-bam-b kΩm-\w- t\Sm≥- B¿°pw- Ign-™n-́ n-√.- Ip-d®p-

\mƒ- ap-ºp-hsc kq-cy-Sn-hn-bn¬- \S≥- ap-tIjv- AhXcn-∏n-® ]cn-

]m-Sn-bm-Wv- Uo¬- Hm¿- t\m- Uo¬ -.- Chn-sSbpw- a’c(Ifn)-Øn¬-

]s¶Sp-°p-∂h¿-°v- tIm-Sn-bn-seØp-∂ kΩm-\Øp-Ibm-Wv- hm-Kv-

Zm-\w- sNøp-∂Xv.- CXn-epw- Hcmƒ-°p-t]m-epw- AXv- FØn-∏n-Sn-°m≥-

Ign-™n-√.-

Cu- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-s°√mw- Smw- (sSen-hn-j≥- Hm-Un-b≥-kv- saj¿-

sa‚ v)- td‰v- hfsc Db¿-∂Xm-sW∂m-Wv- Nm-\¬- A[n-Ir-X¿- ]dbp-

∂Xv. - Cu- ]cn-]m-Sn -bn¬- Dbcp-∂ tNm-Zy-ßfpw- Ahbp-sS

DØcßfpw- a\ n-em-°p-Isb∂Xn-s\°mƒ- t{]£Isc kzm-[o-

\n-°p-∂Xv- CXn-se ]WØn-s‚ ]¶m-fn-Øam-Wv.- H‰t®m-Zyw- \n-

ßfp-sS `m-hn-sbØs∂ am-‰n-adn-°p-sa∂ ]cky-hm-NIw- \sΩ

h√m-sX tam-ln-∏n-°p-∂Xm-Wv.- Po-hn-XØn¬- ]WØn-\p-≈ Hgn-

®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm-Ø kzm-[o-\am-Wv- CXn-\p- Im-cWw.- Cu- ]cn-]m-Sn-

Iƒ- ÿncam-bn- Im-Wp-∂ Ip-́ n-Ifn¬- ]WtØm-Sp-≈f B¿-Øn-

bpw- ]WØn-s‚ kzm-[o-\hpw- Fs¥√mw- am-‰ßfm-Wp-≠m-°p-I

F∂Xv- hn-iZamb ]T\w- Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂ kw-KXn-bm-Wv.- tIhew-

A¿-∞iq-\y-am-b Hcp- tNm-Zy-Øneq-sS e£ßtfm- Zie£ßtfm-

kz-¥am-°m≥- Ign-bp-Isb∂p- ]d™m¬- AXp-fhm-°p-∂ [m-cW

thsdm-∂m-Wv.- Im-cy-am-bn- A[zm-\n-°m-sXbpw- Ku-chXcam-b hm-

� 59

b\tbm- ]T\tam- H∂p-an-√m-sXbpw- thWsa¶n-¬- \n-ßƒ-°p-

]W°m-c\m-Imw.- _p-≤n-]q¿-hap-≈ Nn-e \o-°ßƒ \SØn-bm¬-

am-{Xw- aXn.- Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°v- ]WtØm-Sp-≈ hym-tam-lw- P\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw-

A[zm-\tØm-Sv- Xm¬-]cy-°p-dhv- kr-„n-°p-Ibp-am-Wv- CØcw- ]cn-

]m-Sn-Iƒ- sNøp-I.- Db¿-∂ hn-Zym-̀ ym-k tbm-Ky-Xbp-≈ sNdp-∏°m¿-

t]m-epw- s]s´∂p ]W°m-cm-Im≥- th≠n- tam-jWhpw- sIm-≈bpw-

\SØp-∂ kw-̀ hßƒ- Gdn-hcn-Ibm-Wv.- Ip-d®p- h¿-jw- ap-ºv- sIm-

®n-°Sp-Øv- Hcp- _m-¶n¬- \n-∂v- ]´m-∏I¬- Po-h\°m-scbpw- _m-¶n-

seØn-b CS]m-Sp-Im-scbpw- shSn- DXn¿-Øv- `o-Icm-¥co-£w- kr-

„n-®v- e£ßfp-am-bn- IS∂p-If™- Ccp-]Xp-Im-cs‚ IY hm¿-

ØIfn¬- \n-d™p- \n-∂n-cp-∂p.- Hcp- tIm-tfPv- s{]m-̂ kdp-sS aI\m-

b bp-hm-hv- Xm-cXtay-\ kº∂am-b km-lNcy-Øn¬- Po-hn-°p-

∂bm-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- F∂m¬-t∏m-epw- kz-¥w- \n-ebn¬- Np-cp-ßn-b

kabw- sIm-≠v- ]W°m-c\m-Im-\p-≈ tam-lam-Wv Abm-sf CØcw-

km-aq-ly- hn-cp-≤ {]h¿-Ø\Øn-\p- t{]cn-∏n-®Xv.- HSp-hn¬- s]m-eo-

kn-\p- Io-gSßn- \n-baØn-\p- ap-∂n¬- hn-Nm-cW sNøs∏Sp-Ibpw-

sNbv-Xp.- Xm≥- I≠ Nn-e tlm-fn-hp-Uv- Nn-{Xßfp-sS kzm-[o-\Ønem-

Wv- _m-¶v- sIm-≈ Bkq-{XWw- sNbv-XsX∂mbn-cp-∂p- Cbmƒ-

s]m-eo-kn-\v- sam-gn- \¬-In-bXv.-

sSen-hn-j\n-epw- sh≈n-Øn-cbn-epw- {]Z¿-in-∏n-°p-∂ ]e kn-

\n-aIfn-epw- ko-cn-bep-Ifn-epw- Im-Wp-∂ \m-bIs‚ Po-hn-Xco-Xn-

Ip-́ n-Isf h√m-sX kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.- Ifhpw- sIm-e]m-XIhpw-

A[m¿-an-Iam-b atZym¬-∏m-Z\hpw- hn¬-∏\bp-sam-s° \SØp-∂Xv-

\m-bI\m-sW¶n-epw- Abm-tfm-Sv- Im-gv-N°m-¿-°p- tXm-∂p-∂Xv-

HcpXcw- ho-cm-cm[\bm-Wv.- Cu- ho-cm-cm-[\bn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- \m-bIs‚

[o-ckm-lkn-I {]hr-Øn-Iƒ- Po-hn-XØn¬- A\p-Icn-°m-\p-≈

t{]cW D≠m-Ip-∂Xv.-

9. CâÀ-s\äpw- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbpw-

hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-ab cw-KØv- Ahn-iz-k\o-bamw-hÆw- A¤p-Xßƒ-

kr-„n-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- Iw-]yq-´dp-Ifpw- Ahbp-sS BtKm-f irw-

Jebmb C‚¿-s\‰pw- cq-]w- sIm-≠Xv.- 1960Ifn¬- Atacn-°≥-

ssk\yw- D]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂ Iw-]yq-´¿- km-t¶Xn-Ihn-Zy-bn¬- Xp-

Sßp-∂ C‚¿-s\‰v- Ign-™ Ac \q-‰m-≠n-\p-≈n¬- Io-gS°n-b

taJeIƒ- FÆa‰Xm-Wv.- s]gv-kW¬- Iw-]yq-́ dn-s\ tam-Uw- F∂

D]IcWw- hgn- C‚¿-s\‰v- irw-Jebp-am-bn- _‘n-∏n-®m¬- hn-⁄m-

\Øn-s‚ FXp- taJebn-ep-ap-≈ hn-hcßfpw- \Ωp-sS I -̈ap-∂n¬-

Iw-]yq-́ ¿- kv-{Io-\n¬- e`y-am-Ipw.- ]´Wßfpw- \Kcßfpw- cm-Py-

ßfpw- XΩn-ep-≈ t\cn-b _‘ßfpw- tZiw,- tZio-bX Xp-Sßn-b

AXn-¿-hcºp-Ifpw- \n-b{¥Wßfp-sam-s° C√m-Xm-Ip-∂ hn-im-

eam-b tem-Iam-Wv- C‚¿-s\‰v- kΩm-\n-°p-∂Xv.- cm-Pym-¥cam-bn-

P\ßƒ- XΩn-¬- CSs]Sm-\p-≈ {]Xn-_‘ßƒ- Chn-sS Akv-

Xan-°p-Ibm-Wv.- shdpw- IØp-Ifpw- hn-hcßfpw- e`y-am-°p-I

F∂Xn¬- \n-∂v- C‚¿-s\‰n-s‚ km-[y-X A¤p-XIcam-bn- hn-Ikn-

®p.- tPm-en- sNøp-∂Xn-\pw- I®hSØn-\pw- _m-¶n-ßn-\pw- F∂p-

th≠ \n-Xy-Po-hn-XØn-se GXp-{]Xn-̀ m-kØn-\pw- Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-

hm-ØXm-Wv- Iw]yq-́ ¿-̨ C‚¿-s\‰v- kw-hn-[m-\w- F∂ \n-e h∂p.-

1990Ifp-sS Bcw-̀ Øn¬- CXn-s‚ _m-ey-Zibn¬- Xs∂ C‚¿-s\‰n-

s‚ A¤p-Xtem-Iw- hn-lcn-°m≥- CSbp-≈ km-[y-XIfn-te°v-

]ecpw- hn-c¬- Nq-≠n-bn-cp-∂p.- AXv- icn-sh°pw-hn-[am-Wv- Ign-™

c≠p- ZiIØn-\n-Sbn¬- Cu- taJebn-ep-≠m-b hf¿-®.- Hm¿-°p-́ pw-

t -̂kv-_p-°pw- tªm-Kpw- bq-Syq-_pw- Szn-‰dp-aS°w- Bibhn-\n-abØn-

s‚ km-aq-ly-irw-JeIƒ- kPo-ham-bn.- Atacn-°sbbpw- bq-tdm-

]y≥- cm-Py-ßsfbpw- t]mse ssZ\w- Zn-\w- C‚¿-s\‰v- D]tbm-Kn-

°p-∂hcp-sS FÆw- A{X hep-Xs√¶n-epw- \Ωfpw- Cu- ]m-Xbn¬-

kPo-h km-∂n-[y-adn-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.- \ham-[y-aßƒ,-

� 61

ssk_¿- am-[y-aßƒ,- B[p-\n-tIm-Øc am-[y-aßƒ F∂n-ßs\bp-

≈ t]cp-Ifn¬- Adn-bs∏Sp-∂ C‚¿-s\‰v- A\p-_‘ am-[y-aßƒ-

Gsd D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´hcm-Wv.-

]Øp-h¿-jw- apºv- {_n-́ Wn¬- \SØn-b Hcp- k¿-shbn¬- I≠Xv-

hm¿-Øm-,- hn-t\m-Z am-[y-asa∂ \n-ebn¬- sSen-hn-j\pw- tdUn-tbm-

°pw- tijw- aq-∂mw-ÿm-\w- C‚¿-s\‰n-\m-sW∂m-Wv.- ]{Xhpw- am-

kn-IIfpw- bYm{Iaw- \m-epw- A©p-w- ÿm-\ßfn-te°v- ]n-

¥≈s∏´Xm-bn- {]kv-Xp-X k¿-sh Is≠Øn.- ]{Xhpw- sSehn-

j\pw- tdUn-tbm-bpw- \n¿-hln-°p-∂ Zu-Xy-ßƒ- Hcp-an-®v- \n-¿-hln-

°m≥- C‚¿-s\‰n-\p- Ign-bp-∂p- F∂Xm-Wv- CXn-s‚ khn-tijXbm-

bn- Is≠Øn-bXv.-

a‰v- _lp-P\ am-[y-aßfn-¬-\n-∂v- C‚¿-s\‰n-s‚ km-[y-XIƒ-

{]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øp-∂ \h am-[y-aßfp-sS h¿-[n-® kzo-Im-cy-Xbp-

am-bn- _‘s∏ v́- am-[y-ahna¿-iI≥- jm-Pn- tP°_v- Cßs\ \n-co-

£n-°p-∂p-: \h am-[y-aßfp-sS \h -Xz-sØ \n¿-hNn-°p-∂Xv-

s]m-Xp-hn¬- c≠p- LSIßfm-Wv.- H∂v,- B[p-\n-I am-[y-aßƒ- hn-

h£n-®n-cp-∂ A¿-∞Øn-ep-≈ _lp-P\ am-[y-akz`m-hsØ Ch

am-‰n-adn-°p-∂p.- F∂p-h®m¬-,- Hcp- tI{μØn¬- \n-∂v- Hcp-]m-Sv- Bfp-

Ifn-te°v- \S°p-∂ GI]£o-bam-b hn-\n-ab {]{In-bb√ \ham-

[y-aßfp-tSXv.- c≠v-,- B[p-\n-I am-[y-aßsf At]£n-®v- km-t¶Xn-

IXbn-epw- am-[y-a]cXbn-epw- Chbp-sS km-aq-ly-{]t£]Wco-Xn-

Iƒ- am-dn-hcp-∂p.- kXz-cX(immediacy),- hn-hn-[ am-[y-aßfp-sS kw-

eb\w- (media convergence), _lp-am-[y-a]cX (multimedia) ,-

CSs]S¬- tijn- (interactivity),- Un-Pn-‰eo-IcWw- (digitalization),A[n-]m-T]cX (hypertextuality),- {]Xo-Xn-]cX(virtuality) F∂n-

ßs\bp-≈ kz-`m-hßƒ- \ham-[y-aßfp-sS A\n-hm-cy-Xbm-Wv.-

Chbn-se√mw- km-t¶Xn-IX {]YaZr-„ym- tXm-∂m-sa¶n-epw-

Htckabw- Xs∂ km-aq-ln-IXbpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-IXbp-am-bn- Cg]n-

cn-™v- \n¬-°p-∂hbm-Wv- Chtbm-tcm-∂pw.- -

hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-ab cw-KsØ Ip-Xn-∏p-Iƒ-,- sshZy-im-kv-{Xw- ap-

X¬- BWhim-kv-{Xw- hscbp-≈ cw-Kßfn-se hgn-Øn-cn-hp-Iƒ,-

km-ln-Xy- ]{Xm-[n-]cp-sS acWw- {]Jym-]n-® tªm-Kv- km-ln-Xyw-,-

A®Sn- am-[y-aØn-s‚ A¥yw-Ip-dn-®v- \n-ehn¬- h∂p- Ign-™

Cet{Œm-Wn-Iv- ]p-kv-XIw,- ]{X{]km-[\w,- ap-gp-h≥- b{¥km-t¶n-

XIXIfpw- Dƒ-s°m-≠ Un-Pn-‰ssetkj≥,- ]T\ KthjW

62 �

Xeßfn-se AXy-]q¿-ham-b Adn-h\p-`hßƒ-,- aXau-en-Ihm-Zw-

ap-X¬- t]m-tWm-{K^n-hscbp-≈ tem-IsØ Io-gS°p-∂ ssk_¿-

At[m-afiew- F∂n-ßs\ \ham -[y -aßfp -sS hy -hlm-

ctaJeIƒ- \n-ch[n-bm-Wv.- tkm-jy-¬- s\‰v-h¿-°n-Mv- ssk‰p-Iƒ-

F∂dn-bs∏Sp-∂ kam-¥c am-[y-aafieam-Wv- as‰m-∂v.- -

]¶m-fn-Øhpw- CSs]Sepw- \n-c¥cam-b ]cn-jv-IcWhpw- - sIm-

≠v- Iq-Sp-X¬- i‡am-b Bib{]Nm-cWØn-s‚ taJeIƒ- Xp-

d°p-∂Xm-Wv- ]p-Xn-b km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßƒ.- ]{Xßfpw- tdUn-tbm-

bpw- Hcp- ]cn-[n-hsc sSen-hn-j\pw- sNep-Øn-bXn-t\°mƒ- hen-b

kzm-[o-\w- sNep-Øm≥- Ignbp-∂ taJebm-bn- km-aq-ly-am-[y-a

taJe CXn-\Iw- am-dn-°gn-™n-́ p-≠v.- BtKm-f hym-]Iam-bn- G‰hpw-

P\{]o-Xn-bm¿-Pn-® Bibhn-\n-ab taJebm-Wv- C∂v- km-aq-ly-am-

[y-aßƒ.- 2004¬- Bcw-̀ n-® t^kv- _p-°n¬- 2010 BbtXm-sS Aw-

Kkw-Jy- 40 tIm-Sn-bm-bn- h¿-[n-®p.- ASp-Ø Hcp- h¿-jw- sIm-≠v-

CXv- 90 tIm-Sn-bm-bn- Db¿-∂p.- 2012s‚ Bcw-̀ Øn¬- Xs∂ t^kv-

_p-°v- Aw-Kßfp-sS FÆw- \q-dp- tIm-Sn- Ihn-™p.- Szn-‰¿-t]m-ep-≈

a‰v- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfn-se√m-am-bn- 200 tIm-Sn-bn-tesdt∏¿- Aw-

Kßfm-bp-s≠∂m-Wv- IW°v.-

A`n-{]m-bßfpw- Bibßfpw- cq]o-Icn-°p-∂Xn¬- km-aq-ly-am-

[y-aßƒ- sNep-Øp-∂ kzm-[o-\Øn-\v- G‰hpw- \√ DZm-lcWam-

bn- ]e am-[y-a\n-cq-]Icpw- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂ kw-̀ ham-Wv- 2007se

Atacn-°≥- {]kn-U‚ v- sXcs™Sp-∏v.- tdUn-tbm- dq-kv-sh¬-‰n-s\bpw-

sSenhn-j≥- sI∂Un-sbbpw- klm-bn-®Xn-\p- Xp-ey-am-Wv- km-aq-

ly- am-[y-aßƒ- H_m-asb sXcs™Sp-∏p- hn-PbØn-\v- klm-bn-

®sX∂m-Wv- ]ecpw- \n-co-£n-®n-́ p-≈Xv.- H_m-abp-sS bp-hXz- -hpw-

Npdp-Np-dp-°pw- {]`m-jW Nm-Xp-cn-bp-sam-s° P\ßfn-seØn-®v-

sXcs™Sp-∏v- cw-KØv- dn-∏ªn-°≥- ÿm-\m¿-Yn- tPm-̈ - asIz-bv-\p-

ta¬- A[o-iXzw- ÿm-]n-°m≥- H_m-asb sNdp-Xm-b√ am-[y-aßƒ-

klm-bn-®Xv.- Atacn-°≥- thm-́ ¿-am-cn¬- 90iXam-\hpw- km-aq-ly-

am-[y-aßfp-am-bn- \n-c¥cw- kw-hZn-°p-∂hcm-sW∂Xv- CXn-\v- i‡n-

]Icp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.-

Atacn-°sb ASp-ØIm-eØv- h√m-sX ]n-Sn-®p-Ip-ep-°n-b hn-

°n-eo-Iv-kv- shfn-s∏Sp-Øep-Iƒ- HmIyq-ss] hmƒ-kv-{So-‰v - F∂

t]cn¬- \S∂ {]t£m-̀ w-,- Sp-Wo-jy,- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv,- en-_n-b,- {Ko-kv Xp-

Sßn-b cm-Py-ßfn-se `cWam-‰Øn-\n-Sbm-°n-b XcØn-ep-≈

� 63

{]t£m-`ßƒ- F∂n-hbn-epw- km-aq-lyam-[y-aßƒ- hln-® ]¶v-

sNdp-X√.- F¥n-t\sd,- AÆm- lkm-scbp-sS kacØn-\v- C¥y≥-

a\ p-Ifn¬- kzo-Im-cy-X kr-„n-°p-∂Xn-epw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfp-

sS ]¶v- \n¿-Wm-bIw.- 2011 sabn¬- \S∂ tIcf \n-bak`m-

sXcs™Sp-∏n-epw- \n-ch[n- ÿm-\m-¿∞n-Iƒ- {]Nm-cWØn-\v- km-

aq-ly-am-[y-aßfp-sS km-[y-X \∂m-bn- {]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øp-Ibp-≠m-

bn.- bp-hXeap-dbn¬-s∏´ ÿm-\m¿-∞n-Ifm-Wv- Cu- km-[y-X {]tbm-

P\s∏Sp-Øn-bhcn¬- Gsdbpw- F∂Xv- {it≤bam-Wv.- ÿm-\m¿-

Yn-Iƒ-°v- thm-́ v- A`y¿-∞n-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ dn-Mv- tSm-Wp-Iƒ- A°m-

eØv- sam-ss_¬- t^m-Wp-Ifn¬- kPo-ham-bn-cp-∂p.-

`cWIq-Sßsf am-‰n-adn-°m≥- X°hÆw- Bibcw-KØv- {]t£m-

`w- kr-„n-°m≥- Ign-™ km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßƒ (Ad_v- tem-IsØ

Hcp- bp-hP\ `q-Iºw - (youth quake) ]n-Sn-®p-Ip-ep-°p-∂p-sh∂v-

\yq-kv- ho-°v- hm-cn-I Fgp-Xn-bXv- Hm¿-°p-I.)- ssZ\w-Zn-\w- ssIIm-

cyw- sNøp-∂Xn¬- _lp-̀ q-cn-]£hpw- bp-hm-°fpw- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-

dbn¬-s∏´hcp-am-Wv.- Hcp- Zn-hksØ Im-Øn-cn-∏n-\v- tijw- am-{Xw-

e`n-°p-∂ ]{Xßƒ-t°m- \n-›n-X CSthfIƒ-°p-tijap-≈ sSen-

hn-j≥- hm¿-Øm- _p-≈‰n-\p-Iƒ-t°m- th≠n- Im-Øn-cn-°m-sX GXp-

kabhpw- Bib kzo-IcWØn-\pw- Bib{]Nm-cWØn-\pw- thZn-

sbm-cp-°p-∂p- F∂Xv- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßsf Iq-Sp-X¬- kzo-Im-cy-am-

°p-∂p-≠v.- ]{Xßfp-sSbpw- sSehnjs‚bpw- ap-∂n¬- shdpw- hm-

b\°m-ct\m- Im-gv-®°m-ct\m- am-{Xam-hp-∂bmƒ-°v- t\cn-́ v- CSs]Sm-

\pw- kz-bw- {]Im-in-X\m-hm-\pw- Ign-bp-∂p-sh∂ A[n-I km-[y-X

km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfp-sS khn-tijXbm-Wv.- Cu- km-[y-X Xs∂bm-

Wv- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dsb CXn-te°v- Iq-Sp-Xem-bn- BI¿-jn-°p-∂Xv.-

A£chpw- Nn-{Xhpw- kw-km-chpw- kw-Ko-Xhpw- Hs° tN¿-∂v- kr-

„n-°p-∂ AXy-]q¿-ham-b A\p-̀ h km-Iey-hpw- CXn-s‚ BI¿-

jWo-bX h¿-[n∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.- Iw-]yq-́ ¿- hn-Zy-m-̀ ym-kw- ]m-Ty-]≤Xn-

bp-sS `m-Kw- Xs∂bm-bn- am-dn-bXpw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßƒ- D]tbm-

Kn-°p-∂Xn¬- ]p-Xnb Xeap-dsb Gsd ap-∂n-seØn-°m≥- CSbm-

°n.- Cu- am-[y-aßsf GsX√mw- co-Xn-bn-em-Wv- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn-

s\∏‰n- hn-]p-ehpw- im-kv-{Xo-bhp-am-b ]T\ßƒ- Im-cy-am-sbm-∂pw-

\S∂n-´n -√. - F¶n-epw- Chbp-sS D]tbm-KsØ∏‰n- ]ehn-[

Bi¶Ifpw- kaq-lw- ]¶p-shbv-°p-∂p-≠v.-

64 �

{]Xn-tem-aIcam-b Bibßƒ- {]Ncn-∏n-°p∂Xn-\pw- `cWIq-

SØn-s‚ \n-e\n¬-∏v- tNmZyw- sNøp-∂Xn-\pw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßsf

D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xm-bm-Wv- ASp-ØIm-eØp-≠m-b hen-b Bt£]w.-

tkm-Wn-bm-Km-‘n-bp-am-bn- _‘s∏´p-≠m-b Nn-e ]cm-a¿-ißfp-

sS t]cn¬- cm-Py-Øv- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßsf \nb{¥n-°m≥- \n-baw-

sIm-≠p-hcWsa∂ XcØn¬- N¿-®Iƒ- Db¿-∂Xm-Wv.- F∂m¬-

am-[y-aw- F∂ \n-ebn¬- km-aq-lyam-[y-aßsf \n-b{¥n-°p-∂Xv-

A`n-{]m-b kzm-X{¥y-Øn-\v- FXn-cm-hp-sa∂pw- Hcp-XcØn¬-

]{Xsk≥-kdn-ßn-\p- Xp-ey-am-b Ahÿbm-Wv- D≠m-°p-Isb∂pw-

hn-a¿-i\w- Db¿-∂Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v- \n-b{¥W \o-°w- X¬-°m-ew-

Dt]£n-® a´m-Wv.- Bibhn-\n-abØn-s‚ Akm-[m-cW km-[y-

XIƒ- km-aq-ly-]cn-h¿-Ø\w- km-[y-am-°p-∂ XcØn¬- {]tbm-

P\w- sNøp-∂p-s≠∂v- ]dbp-tºmƒ- Xs∂ Chbp-sS Bim-ky-

a√m-Ø D]tbm-Kw- Nn-e km-aq-ly- {]iv-\ßƒ kr-„n-°p-∂p-s≠∂

Im-cy-hpw- ad°m≥- ]m-Sn-√.- sX‰m-b ktμißfp-sSbpw- P\hn-cp-≤

Bibßfp-sSbpw- {]Nm-cWw-,- t_m-[]q¿-hap≈ A]hm-Z{]Nm-

cWw-,- A«o-e {]Nm-cWw-, P\ßƒ-°n-Sbn¬- hw-i˛h¿-K sshcw-

kr-„n-°p-∂p-sh∂ {]Nm-cWw- Xp-Sßn-bhs°Xn-sc I¿-i\ Pm-

{KX ]p-e¿-tØ≠Xm-Wv.- t^kv- _p-°n-epw- a‰pw- A]v-tem-Uv- sNøp-

∂ Nn-{Xßƒ- ({]tXyIn-®v- s] -̈Ip-́ n-Ifp-tSXv)- tam¿-̂ v- sNbv-Xv-

hn-Ir-Xam-°n-bpw- A«o-e Np-h tN¿-Øpw- {]Ncn-∏n-°p-∂Xp- kw-

_‘n-®v- Bt£]w- am-{Xa√,- tIkp-Ifpw- \n-ch[n- D≠m-bn-́ p-≠v.-

Ip-‰m-t\z-jW {]{In-bbn¬- s]m-eo-kv- ssk_¿- sk¬- kPo-ham-

°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv- CXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- am-\y-am-bn- Po-hn-°p-∂ s] -̈Ip-

´n-Ifp-sS Nn-{Xßƒ- CØcØn¬- tam-iam-b kq-N\Itfm-sS km-

aq-ly-am-[y-aßfn¬- {]Xy-£s∏´Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v- A]am-\w- kln-

°m-sX BfllXy-sNbv-X kw-̀ hßfpw- \n-ch[n.- Xam-ibm-bpw-

Iu-Xp-IØn-\p- th≠n-bpw- hym-P C˛sabn¬- ktμißƒ- cm-{„]Xn-

°v- hsc Ab®v- ssk_¿- tIkn-s‚ s]m-√m-∏n¬- Ip-Sp-ßn-bhcp-

sS IYIfpw- \mw- tI´p.- Cu- tIkp-Ifn-sem-s° an-°hm-dpw- {]Xn-

ÿm-\Øp-hcp-∂Xv- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´hcm-sW∂ Im-cy-hpw-

{i≤n-t°≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- ]p-Xp-Xeap-d°m¿- am-{Xa√,- Chcn-

tesdbpw- t`Zs∏´ km-aq-ly- kmºØn-I Np-‰p-]m-Sp-Ifn¬- \n-∂p-

≈hcm-sW∂Xpw- {it≤bam-Wv.-

Iw-]yq-́ dpw- C‚¿-s\‰pw- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn¬- Ip-́ n-Iƒ- t\Sp-∂

� 65

Akm-am-\y-{]m-ho-Wy-sØ°p-dn-®v- Du-‰w-sIm-≈p-∂hcm-Wv- am-Xm-]n-

Xm-°fn-tesdbpw-.- Nn-ecm-Is´ Cu- ]p-Xn-b am-[y-aßƒ-°p-t\sc

ap-Jw- Xn-cn-™p- \n¬-°p-∂p.- CXp-c≠pw- ]t£ AXn-cp- IS∂

kao-]\ßfm-Wv.- CXn-\p- c≠n-\p-an-Sbn-se a[y-am¿-Kam-Wv- A`n-

Im-ayw.- ]T\Øn-\pw- hn-hc˛Bib cq-]o-IcWØn-\pw- Iw-]yq-́ dpw-

C‚¿-s\‰pw- \¬-Ip-∂ tkh\ßƒ- Im-Wm-Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-S.- AXn-\v-

Ip-´n-Isf {]m-]v-Xam-°pw-hn-[w- D]tbm-Kw- km-[y-am-°m-\p-≈ Pm-

{KXbm-Wv- c£n-Xm-°fp-sS `m-KØp-\n-∂p-≠m-tI≠Xv.- CXn\p- ]n-

∂n-se \n-b{¥Wßƒ-°∏p-dØp-≈ A]IS km-[y-XIsf∏‰n-bpw-

am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ-°v- t_m-[y-ap -≠m-hWw.- C‚¿-s\‰n-se hn-

hctiJcWw- Hcp- _r-lØm-b tlmw- sse{_dn-°v- Xp-ey-am-Wv.-

]T\ kw-_‘n-bm-b hn-hc tiJcWØn-\v- C{XtØm-fw- klm-

bIam-b as‰m-cp- am¿-Khpw- C∂n-√ Xm-\pw.- Cu- Kp-WhiØn-s‚

km-[y-XIƒ- ]cam-h[n- {]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øm≥- Ip-́ n-Isf klm-bn-

°p-Ibm-Wv- A`n-Imayw.-

km-aq-ly- am-[y-aßƒ- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbp-sS Po-hn-XØn¬- sNepØp-

∂- kzm-[o-\Øn-\v- Kp-Whpw- tZm-jhp-ap-s≠∂Xv- kXy-am-Wv.- CXn-

¬- GXn-\v- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-Ip-∂p- F∂Xn-s\ B{ibn-®m-bn-cn-°pw-

CXp-]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn-se \∑Xn-∑Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-°s∏Sp-I.-

hn-Zym-̀ ym-khpw- km-aq-ly-Ne\ßfpw- kz-¥w- Po-hn-Xhp-am-bn- hn-

f°n-t®¿-°p-∂ B¿-°pw- AhKWn-°m-\m-hm-Øhn-[w- {]m-[m-\yw-

ssIhcn-®n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv- C∂v- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßƒ.- kz-¥w- kz-Im-

cy-Xbn¬- Ccp-∂p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kp-lr-Øp-°fp-am-bpw- ]p-dw-tem-

Ihp-am-bpw- Bibßƒ- ]¶p-shbv-°m-\pw- ku-lr-Zw- ]p-e¿-Øm-

\pw- Ign-bp-∂ taJebm-Wn-Xv.- Adn-hn-s‚bpw- A\p-̀ hßfp-sSbpw-

]p-Ø≥- tem-Ißƒ- kz-¥am-°m≥- hy-‡n-Isf CXv- klm-bn-°p-

∂p.- hy-‡n-Po-hn-XØn-se GIm-¥Xbpw- t_m-dSn-bpw- Hgn-hm-°m-

\pw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfn-se CSs]S¬- klm-bIam-Wv-.- _n-kn-\kv-

kw-cw-̀ ßfp-sS hn-Ik\ km-[y-XIƒ- At\z-jn-°m-\pw- Adn-bm-

\pw- G‰hpw- ^e{]Zam-b am¿-Kam-bpw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßƒ- ]cn-

KWn-°s∏Sp-∂p-≠v.-

F∂m¬- CXn-s‚ tZm-jhißfpw- Im-Wm-Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-S.- C‚¿-

s\‰v- _m-¶n-ßpw- a‰pw- {]Np-c{]Nm-cw- t\Sn-b Cu- Im-eØv- km-aq-

ly-am-[y-aßfn¬- \n-c¥cw- CSs]Sp-∂h¿- I_fn-°s∏Sm-\p-≈

66 �

km[y-XIfpw- Gsd.- Hcm-fp-sS hy-‡n-]chpw- sXm-gn-¬-]chp-am-b

hn-hcßfpw-(Nn-et∏m-sgm-s° clky-kz`m-hap-≈hbS°w)- tNm¿-

∂p-t]m-Im-\p-≈ km-[y-Xbp-≠v.- C˛sabn¬- hn-em-khpw- ]m-kv-thUp-

sam-s° tNm¿-Øn-sbSp-Øv- A]ISIcamw-hn-[w- Zp-cp-]tbm-Kw- sNøp-

∂Xpw- I≠p-hcp-∂p≠v.- A«o-e sh_v-ssk‰p-Ifn-epw- a‰pw- IS∂v-

_m-¶v- A°u-≠n-s‚tbm- s{IUn-‰v- Im-¿-Un-s‚tbm- hn-hcw- \¬In-

h©n-Xcm-Ip-∂hcp-sS FÆhpw- h¿-[n-®p-hcp-∂p-≠v.-

Iu-am-c{]m-bØn-ep-≈h¿- CØcw- km-aq-ly- am-[y-aßƒ- D]tbm-

Kn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv- Iq-Sp-X¬- Pm-{KX ]p-e¿-tØ≠Xv.- C‚¿-s\‰v- ssk‰p-

Ifn-se A\¥am-b A¤p-Xßsf∏‰n-bpw- A]IS km-[y-

XIsf∏‰n-bpw- th≠{X {Km-ly-ap-≈hc√ Iu-am-c°m¿.- im-co-cn-

Ihpw- am-\kn-Ihpw- Nn-¥m-]chp-am-bn- Zm¿-Vyw- ssIh∂n-́ n-√m-Ø

CØc°m-sc GXp-XcØn-epw- kzm-[o-\n-°m-\pw- Zp-cp-]tbm-Kw- sNøm-

\pw- Ign-bp-∂ NXn-°p-gn-Iƒ- C‚¿-s\‰n-s‚ tem-IØv- Gsdbm-Wv.-

AXp-sIm-≠v- Cu- {]m-bØn-ep-≈h¿- CØcw- ssk‰p-Iƒ- kμ¿-

in-°p-∂Xv- I¿-i\am-bn- \n-b{¥n-°p-Itbm- Np-cp-ßn-b]£w- Pm-

{KXtbm-sS \n-co-£n-°p-Itbm- sNøm-\p-≈ DØchm-Zn-Xzw- ap-Xn¿-

∂h¿-°p-w- c£n-Xm-°ƒ-°p-ap-≠v.- CØcw- am-[y-aßtfm-Sv- AUn-Iv-

j≥- D≠m-hp-∂Xpw- Bim-ky-a√.- AUn-Iv-j\p- hn-t[bcm-hp-∂h¿-

aWn-°q-dp-Itfm-fw- Iw-]yq-́ dp-Iƒ-°p- ap-∂n¬- sNehgn-°p-∂Xv- am-

\kn-Iam-bpw- im-co-cn-Iam-bpw- Ahsc Xf¿-Øpw.- CØc°m¿-°pw-

s]m-ÆØSn- D≠m-hm-\p-≈ km-[y-X Iq-Sp-Xem-sW∂v- tUm-Œ¿-am¿-

]dbp-∂p.- a[y-h¿-KØn-se ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn-¬-s∏´h¿-°v- s]m-ÆØSn-

tcm-Ksa∂ \n-ebn¬-Øs∂ hym-]n-°p-∂Xpw- C∂v- km-[m-cWam-

Wv-.- im-kv-{Xo-b ]T\Øn-s‚ ]n≥-_ean-s√¶n-epw- aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ-

Iw-]yq-́ ¿- kv-{Io-\n-\p- ap-∂n¬- sNehn-Sp-∂ Ip-́ n-bp-sS Im-gv-N i‡n-

aßp-∂Xm-bpw- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°s∏Sp-∂p.- A«o-e ssk‰p-Ifn-te°v-

BI¿-jn-°s∏Sp-∂Xpw- AXp-hgn- Iu-am-c°m¿- Zp-cp]tbm-Kw-

sNøs∏Sp-∂Xpw- h¿-[n-®p-hcp-∂ km-lNcyw- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v.-

elcn-acp-∂p hn¬-∏\°v- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfp-sS km-[y-X

{]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xm-bn- Nn-e ]T\ßƒ- Is≠Øn-bXv- Ku-

ch]q¿-hw- IW°n-seSp-t°≠Xp-≠v.- elcn-acp-∂p- hn¬-∏\bpw-

D]tbm-Khpw- \n-co-£n-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ sFIy-cm-{„k`bp-sS C‚¿-

\m-jW¬- \m¿-tIm-́ n-Iv- I -̈t{Smƒ- t_m-¿-Un-(sFF≥-kn-_n)-s‚

dn-t∏m¿-́ n-em-Wv- Cu- ap-∂dn-bn∏p-≈Xv.- A\[n-Ir-Xam-bn- {]h¿-Øn-

� 67

°p-∂ Nn-e -̂ m¿-akn-Iƒ- Xßfp-sS elcn- acp-∂n-s‚ ]ckyw- Nn-

e km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßƒ- hgn- {]Ncn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠∂m-Wv- dn-t∏m¿ v́-

]dbp-∂Xv.- bp-Syq-_v,- s^bv-kv- _p-°v Xp-Sßn-b Nn-e am-[y-aßƒ-

BZy-w- \n-ßsf Nm-‰n-ßn-\v- £Wn-°p-Ibm-bn-cn-°pw- sNøp-I.- km-

[m-cW kw-̀ m-jWØn-s‚ a´n¬- Bcw-̀ n-°p-∂ Nm-‰n-ßv- Ip-sd ]p-

tcm-Kan-°p-tºmgm-Wv- elcn- D]tbm-KØn-s‚ ta∑Ifn-te°v- \sΩ

Iq-́ n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv.- CXn-s\Xn-sc I¿-i\am-b \S]Sn-sbSp-

°m≥- sFF≥-kn-_n- Kh -̈sa‚p-Itfm-Sv- Bhiy-s∏Sp-Ibp-≠m-bn.-

CØcw- hymPIº\n-Iƒ- X]m¬-am¿-Kw- Ab°p-∂ 12000tØm-fw-

elcn- ]Zm¿-Yßƒ- 2010¬- am-{Xw- ]n-Sn-s®Sp-ØXm-bn- sF≥-F≥-

kn-_n- dn-t∏m¿-́ n-¬- ]dbp-∂p.- CØcw- hym-P elcn-acp-∂p-Ifp-sS

hn¬-∏\bn¬- ap≥-]¥n-bn-ep-≈ cm-Pyw- C¥ybm-sW∂pw- hn-b∂

tI{μam-bn- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ sFF≥-kn-_n- ]dbp-∂p.- ]n-Sn-s®Sp-

Ø hymPelcn- acp-∂p-Ifn¬- 58 iXam-\hpw- C¥y-bn¬- \n-∂p-

≈hbm-bn-cp-∂p.- Np-cp-°Øn¬- C‚¿-s\‰n-\pw- AXp-am-bn- _‘s∏´p-

{]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßƒ-°pw- c≠v- hißfp-≠v.- H∂v-

Kp-W]cam-b hiw-,- as‰m-∂v- tZm-jßtfm- A]ISßtfm- kr-„n-

°m≥- Ign-bp-∂ hiw-.- IØn- F¥n-\p-th≠n- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-

F∂Xn-s\ B{ibn-®v- AXn-s‚ \∑Xn-∑Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂Xp-

t]m-se C‚¿-s\‰pw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfpw- F¥n-\p-th≠n- D]tbm-

Kn-°s∏Sp-∂p- F∂Xn-s\ B{ibn-®m-Wv- AXn-s‚ t\´˛tIm-́ ßƒ-

hn-ebn-cp-Øs∏Sp-∂Xv.- A]ISßƒ- kr-„n-t®°m-\n-Sbp-s≠∂p-

Icp-Xn- CXn-\p- ap-∂n¬- hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ- sIm-´n-bS°m≥- ]p-tcm-KXn-

{]m-]n-® Hcp- kaq-lØn-\p- Ign-bn-√.- A]ISßƒ- sNdp-°m-\p-≈

Pm-{KX Im-́ n-s°m-≠v- {]tbm-P\Icamw-hn-[w- Ahsb D]tbm-Kn-

°m≥- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dsb t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibm-Wv- th≠Xv.-

AXn-\v- BZy-am-bn- sNtø≠Xv- Iu-am-c°m¿- ]p-Xn-b km-aq-ly-

am-[y-aßfp-am-bn- \SØp-∂ CSs]Sen-s\∏‰n- c£n-Xm-°fpw- A[ym-

]Icpw- t_m-[hm-∑m-cm-hp-Ibm-Wv- th≠Xv.- Ahcp-sS am-[y-a D]tbm-

K co-Xn- (ao-Un-b lm-_n-‰v)- a\ n-em-°Ww.- Hcp- Im-cWhim-epw-

H‰s∏´ ap-dn-bn-tem- {]tXy-I ap-dn-bntem- Iw-]yq-́ ¿- D]tbm-Kn-°m≥-

Ahkcw- \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°Ww.- am-Xm-]n-Xm°ƒ-°pw- ap-Xn¿-∂h¿-°pw-

Iq-Sn- GXp-kabØpw- D]tbm-Kn-°m≥- Ign-bp-∂ ÿeØv- Iw-]yq-

´¿- kw-hn-[m-\w- Hcp-°m≥- {i≤n-°Ww.- Iw-]yq-́ dn-te°v- IS°m-\p-

≈ ]m-kv-thUv- Hcp- Im-cWhim-epw- Iu-am-c°m¿- clky-am-°n-

68 �

hbv-°m≥- A\p-hZn-®p-Iq-Sm.- C‚¿-s\‰n-s‚ km-[y-XIsfbpw- km-aq-

ly-am-[y-a taJesbbpw- ]‰n- Ip-́ n-Ifp-am-bn- Xp-d∂ N¿-®Iƒ-°v-

thZn-sbm-cp-°m≥- ap-Xn¿-∂h¿-°v- Ign-bWw.- hn-Zym-̀ ym-kaq-ey-ßƒ-

°v- hn-e I¬-∏n-°m≥- Ip-́ n-Isf {]m-]v-Xcm-°pw-hn-[w- thWw- CØcw-

N¿-®Iƒ- \SØm≥.- km-aq-ly- am-[y-aßfn¬- Im-Wm-\n-Sbm-Ip-∂

Im-cy-ßƒ- hn-iIe\w- sNøm-\pw- thWsa¶n¬- hn-a¿-in-°m-\pw-

Ip-ń-Iƒ-°v- Ahkcw- \¬-IWw.- Im-Wp-∂ Im-gv-NIfn-se bYm-

XYam-b Im-cy-ßfpw- {àI¬-∏\Ifpw- th¿-Xn-cn-®p- a\ n-em-°m≥-

Ip-ń-Isf t{]cn-∏n-°Ww.- skIv-kv, hbe≥-kv,- ]ckyw- F∂n-

hbp-am-bn- _‘s∏´ Im-cy-ßfn¬- hn-tijn-®pw.- A\¥am-bn-

CØcw- am-[yaßfp-am-bn- CSs]Sp-∂ io-ew- Hcp- Im-cWhim-epw-

t{]m-’mln-∏n-°cp-Xv.- Zn-hkw- ]cam-h[n- Ht∂m- ct≠m- aWn-°q-

dn¬- Xm-sgbm-°n- CXv- \n-Ps∏Sp-Øm≥- Ign-bWw.- GsXm-s°

ssk‰p-Ifpw- GsXm-s° km-aq-ly-am-[y-aßfpw- kμ¿-in-°p-∂p-

F∂Xn-\v- c£n-Xm-°ƒ- Xs∂ tdmƒ-tam-Uep-Ifm-hp-∂Xv- A`n-Im-

ayam-Wv.- Nn-e ssk‰p-Ifpw- Ahbn-se D≈S°ßfpw- F¥p-sIm-

≠v- I≠p-Iq-Sm- F∂v- Ip-́ n-Isf bp-‡n-klam-bn- t_m-[y-s∏Sp-Øm-

\p-≈ {iaßƒ- c£n-Xm-°fn¬- \n-∂p-≠m-hWw.- am-[y-a Aht_m-

[w- kr-„n-°m≥- kv-Iqƒ- XeØn¬- t_m-[h¬-°cW ¢m-kp-Iƒ-

kw-LSn-∏n-°p-∂Xv- Bim-ky-am-bn-cn-°pw.- DØchm-Zs∏´ am-[y-a

D]tbm-Kw- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-°p-∂Xn-\v- Bhiy-am-b \n-ba\n¿-am-

WsØ∏‰n- Btem-Nn-°p-∂Xpw- \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.- sSen-hn-j\n-epw-

a‰pw- aZy-Øn-s‚bpw- kn-Kc‰n-s‚bpw- ]ckyw- \n-tcm-[n-°p-∂Xn-\v-

\S]Sn-bp-≠m-hWw.- aZy-Øn-s‚ ]ckyw- Ct∏mƒ- t\cn-́ v- Im-Wn-

°m-dn-s√¶n-epw- tkm-Ubp-sS ]ckyw- Im-Wn-®v- aZy-Øn-s‚ {]Xo-

Xn- P\n-∏n-°p-∂ A¤p-X hn-Zy-bm-Wv- am-[y-aßfn¬- ImWp-∂Xv.-

kn-Kc‰n-s‚ ]cky-Øn-epw- kam-\am-b Xń-∏v- {]ISam-Wv.- kn-Kc‰v-

hen-®m-ep-≠m-hp-∂ Dt∑jsØbpw- Du¿-PsØbpw- ]‰n- hm-Nm-eam-

bn- hen-b A£cßfn¬- ]dbp-∂ ]ckyw- G‰hpw- Xm-sg s]s´∂v-

Zr-„n-bn¬-s∏Sm-Ø{X sNdn-b A£cßfn-em-Wv- kn-Kc‰v- hen-

Btcm-Ky-Øn-\v- lm-\n-Icw- - F∂ \n-ba]cam-b ap-∂dn-bn-∏v- \¬-

Ip-∂Xv.- Ip-́ n-Ifp-sSbpw- Iu-am-c°m-cp-sSbpw- imco-cn-I˛am-\kn-I

hf¿-®sb ]p-Xn-b am-[y-aßƒ- Fßs\ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p- F∂Xn-

s\∏‰n- Iq-Sp-X¬- KthjW]T\ßƒ- D≠m-hWw.-

10. am-[y-a¡m-gv-NIfnÂ- ab§p-¶hÀ-

tIcfØn-se ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´ F√m-hcpw- P\n-®p-ho-WXpw-

hfcp-∂Xpw- 1980Ifn-epw- AXn-\p-tijhp-am-Wv.- AXm-bXv- Zr-iy-am-

[y-aßfp-sS alm-hn-kv-t^m-S\Øn-\p-tijw-.- sSen-hn-j≥- km-t¶Xn-

Ihn-Zy-bn-epw- Iw-]yq-́ ¿- A[n-jv-Tn-X \ham-[y-a taJebn-epw- hn-kv-

abIcam-b hf¿-®bp-≠m-b Im-eL´Øn¬.- aebm-fn-bp-sS ̀ m-jbpw-

kw-kv-Im-chpw- Po-hn-XNcy-Ifpw- {]Xo-£Ifpw- kz-]v-\ßfp-sam-s°

A¤p-XIacam-bn- am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ A¥cm-fLám-Wn-Xv.- sSen-

hn-j\pw- Iw-]yq-´dp-aS°ap-≈ am-[y-a k∂m-lßƒ- Po-hn-XsØ

Nn-́ s∏Sp-Øp-∂ kμ¿-̀ w- Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv.- 165 h¿-jsØ Ncn-{Xap-≈

am-[y-a ]m-cºcy-Øn-¬- Hcn-SØpw- Im-Wm-Ø ań¬- am-[y-aßƒ-

ssZ\w-Zn-\ Po-hn-XsØ kzm-[o-\n-°p-Ibpw- \n¿-Wbn-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-

∂ Im-ew.- Cu- am-[y-a°m-gv-NIfm-hs´ AXy-¥w- hn-kv-abm-hlhpw-

]et∏m-gpw- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ßfn¬- \n-∂v- AIsebp-am-Wv.- CØcw- Im-

gv-NIfn¬- A`n-can-®v- Po-hn-X{]Xo-£Iƒ- s\bv-Xp-Iq-´p-∂hcm-Wv-

C∂sØ Xeap-d.-

GXp- Nm-\ep-Ifn-epw- an-∂n-adbp-∂ Im-gv-NIƒ- h¿-Wm-àm-b

B´hpw- ]m-´pw- \n-d™Xm-Wv.- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ßfn¬-\n-∂v- hfsc

AIsebm-Wv- Cu- Im-gv -NIfp-sS ]cn-kcw.- CØcw- ]›m-

ØeØn¬- \n-∂p-sIm-≠m-Wv- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´h¿- Po-hn-XsØ

t\m-°n-°m-Wp-∂Xpw- `m-hn-sb∏‰n-bp-≈ {]Xo-£Iƒ Xm-tem-en-

°p-∂Xpw.- CXp- ]et∏m-gpw- Ahcp-sS Pohn-XsØ Ir-{Xn-aam-b

Ahÿbn-seØn-°p-∂p-s≠∂Xm-Wv- hkv-Xp-X.- tIcfØn-t‚bpw-

aebm-fn-bp-tSbpw- Ncn-{Xw- tNm-cbpw- IÆo-cpw- ]p-c≠ hgn-Ifp-tSXm-

Wv.- CXp-]t£ ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´h¿- Im-cy-am-bn- Adn-bp-∂p-

s≠∂v- tXm-∂p-∂n-√.- C∂sebp-sS Ncn-{Xadn-™pw- Dƒ-s°m-≠pw-

70 �

am-{Xta C∂n-s\ t\cn-Sm-\pw- \m-sfbp-sS kz-]v-\ßfn-te°v- [o-

cam-bn- k©cn-°m-\pw- Ign-bq.-

tIcfw- {`m-¥m-ebsa∂ hn-fn-t∏cp-sIm-≠v- Bt£]n-°s∏´ Hcp-

sIÍm-eap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- 19mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Ahkm-\Im-eØv- hSt°

ae_m-dn-seØn-b kzm-an- hn-thIm-\μ≥- Pm-Xo-bam-b D®\o-NXz-

ßfpw- A\m-Nm-cßfpw- AXym-Nm-cßfp-sam-s° I≠v- a\w-aSp-Øm-

Wv- tIcfsØ Aßs\ hn-fn-®sX∂v- Ncn-{XIm-c∑m¿- ]dbp-∂p.-

CXp-am-{Xa√,- a\p-jy¿- F∂ \n-ebn-ep-≈ kzm-X{¥y-hp-w- P\m-[n-

]Xym-hIm-ißfp-sam-s° A\y-am-bn-cp-∂p- B Im-eØv-.- F√m-h¿-

°pw- Hcp-t]m-se ]Tn-°m≥- Ahkcap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- s]m-Xp-hgn-

bn-eq-sS F√m-h¿-°pw- \S°m-\pw- t£{Xm-cm-[\ \SØm-\pw- A∂v-

Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- Nn-e kap-Zm-bßfn¬-s∏´ ]p-cp-j∑m¿-°v- ta¬-

ao-i sh°m-\pw- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- am-dp-adbv-°m-\pw- AhIm-iw- \n-tj[n-

°s∏ń-cp-∂p.- cm-Pm-hn-\pw- cm-Pm-hn-s‚ {]Xn-]p-cp-j\m-b Zn-hm-\pw-

kv-Xp-Xn- ]m-Sn-s°m-≠p am-{Xta Po-hn-Xw- ap-t∂m´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥-

Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.-

Cu- Zp-chÿtbm-Sv- ]e Xeßfn¬- Ieln-®pw- t]m-cm-Sn-bp-am-

Wv- tIcfw- ap-t∂dn-bXv.- kzm-X{¥y-hpw- P\m-[n-]Xym-hIm-ißfpw-

ÿm-]n-s®Sp-°p-∂Xn-\pw- am-\hn-I aq-ey-ßƒ- Db¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂Xn-

\pw- klm-bIam-b A¥co-£w- kw-Pm-Xam-bXv- CØcw- t]m-cm-

´ßfneq-sSbm-Wv-.- \n-ch[n- t]cp-sS tNm-cbpw- {]m-W\pw- Cu- t]m-

cm-́ ßfn¬- _en-b¿-∏n-°s∏´p.- AXn-s‚ Cu-Sp-hbv-∏n-em-Wv- kzm-

X{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw- kmaq-ly\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw- P\m-[n-]Xy- AhIm-

ißfp-sSbpw- hn-im-etem-ItØ°v- tIcfw- ]Zaq-∂n-bXv.- \thm-

∞m-\ Im-eØS°w- \S∂ CØcw- t]m-cm-´ßƒ-°v- Du¿-Phpw-

Dt∑jhpw- \¬-In-s°m-≠m-Wv- A®Sn- am-[y-aßƒ- hn-Ikn-®Xpw-

ap-t∂dn-bXpw.- A∂sØ ]{Xm-[n-]∑m-cpw- ]{X DSaIfpw-(]{Xap-

Xem-fn-sb∂v- A°m-eØv- Bcpw- Adn-bs∏ń-cp-∂n-√)- cm-Py-Øn-

s‚ kzm-X{¥y-hpw- P\m-[n-]Xy- AhIm-ißfpw- kw-c£n-°p-I F∂

Zu-Xyw- kz-bw- Gs‰Sp-Øhcm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]{X{]h¿-ØI¿-°v- kaq-

lsØ ]p-Xp-°n-∏Wn-bm≥- (Journalists can reshape the society) Ign-

bp-sa∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-Ibpw- AXv- ê{]m-]v-Xn-bn¬- FØn-°p-∂Xn-

\p-th≠n- Po-hn-Xw- \o-°n-sh°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xhcm-bn-cp-∂p- Ah¿.-

tIm-∏n-Ifp-sS {]Nm-c°W°m-bn-cp-∂n-√,- adn-®v- Ah¿- ap-t∂m-´p-

� 71

h® Bibßfpw- Db¿-Ønb tNm-Zy-ßfp-am-bn-cp-∂p- Hcp- Xeap-

dbp-sSbm-sI Po-hn-XØn-\v- Zn-im-t_m-[w- \¬-In-bXv.- Np-cp°Øn¬-

km-aq-ln-I Po-hn-X ap-t∂‰hpw- ]{X{]h¿-Ø\hpw- ]ckv-]c]q-

cIßfm-bn- ap-t∂dn-b Im-eam-bn-cp-∂p- AXv.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

km-aq-tlym-∑p-Jhpw- Po-hn-XK‘n-bp-am-b A∂sØ ]{X{]h¿-

Ø\w- C∂pw- Ncn-{XØn¬- sXfn-bp-∂Xv kz¿-Wh¿-Wßtfm-sSbm-

Wv.-

C∂v- AXn-\v- ASn-ap-Sn- am-‰w- h∂n-cn-°p-∂p.- em-`Nn-¥bpw- hn-

]Wn-h¬-°cWhpw- C∂sØ am-[y-a{]h¿-Ø\Øn-s‚ AeIpw-

]n-Sn-bpw- am-‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- ]{X DSaIfp-sS ÿm-\w- ]Xp-s°∏Xp-

s° ]{X ap-Xem-fn-bpw- Ahn-sS \n-∂v- hf¿-∂v- cm-Pym-¥c tIm¿-

]td‰v- i‡n-Ifpw- ssIøS°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- am-[y-a{]h¿-Ø\w- sIm-

≠v- em-̀ w- sIm-øp-I am-{Xa√,- AXv- \n-b{¥n-°p-∂ tIm-¿-∏td‰v- i‡n-

Iƒ- B{Kln-°p-∂ XcØn¬- P\ßfp-sS CNv-OIsfbpw- Xm¬-

]cy-ßsfbpw- am-‰n- adn-°m-\pw- {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.-

P\ßfp-sS Xs∂ kΩXn- D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- hm-b\°m-cs\bpw-

t{]£Is\bpw- tIm¿-]td‰v- Xm¬-]cy-ßƒ-°v- hn-t[bcm-°p-∂p.-

Chn-sSbmWv- kΩXn-\n¿-an-Xn (Manufacturing Consent) F∂ tNmw-

kv-In-b≥- {]tbm-KØn-s‚ km-w-KXyw.-

]{Xßtfm- amkn-IItfm- sSen-hn-jt\m- Iw-]yq-´tdm- GXpam-

Is´ C∂v- Atacn-° tI{μo-Icn-®v- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ cm-Pym-¥c tIm¿-

]td‰v- i‡n-Ifp-sS DSaÿXbn-ep-≈Xm-Wv.- am-[y-aIp-ØIIfp-sS

hf¿-® (Monopolies) _lp-taJem- Ip -ØIIfp -sS

(Conglomeration)hf¿-®,- _lp-cm-{„ Ip-ØIIfp-sS hf¿-®

(Transnationalization), hm-Wn-Py-h¬-°cWw- (Commercialization),-F∂n-h ]p-Xn-b hm-Wn-Py-h‡m-°fp-sS ASbm-fhm-Iy-ßfm-bn- am-

dn.- am-[y-a Ip-ØIIfp-sS hf¿-®bp-sSbpw- B[n-]Xy-Øn-s‚bpw-

co-Xn-im-kv-{Xw- s_≥- _m-Kv-Un-°n-b≥- am-[y-a Ip-ØI (MediaMonopoly) F∂ {]kn-≤ {KŸØn¬- hn-iZo-Icn-°p-∂p-≠v.- Atacn-

° Hm -̈sse≥-̨ ssSw- hm¿-W¿,- \yq-kv- tIm¿-]tdj≥,- Un-kv-\n-,-

tkm-Wn,- hn-bm-tImw,- _¿-S¬-kv-am≥,- F_n-kn,- en-_¿-́ n- ao-Un-b

F∂n-ßs\ hn-cen-seÆm-hp-∂ BtKm-f am-[y-a `o-a∑m-cm-Wv- C∂v-

am-[y-acw-Kw- \n-b{¥n-°p-∂Xv.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Chcp-sS A¿-

∞im-kv-{Xw- am-[y-aßfp-sS ap-Jap-{Zbm-bn- am-dp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.-

72 �

em-Lhh¬-°cWw- (Trivialisation) hm-Wn-Py-h¬-°cWw- (Com-mercialization) Nc°p-h¬-°cWw (Commodification)- Xp-Sßn-b

tIm¿]td‰v- kw-⁄Iƒ- C∂sØ am-[y-aßfp-sS co-Xn-im-kv-{XØn-

\v- tNcp-∂Xm-bn- am-dn.- Po-hn-XsØ°p-dn-®v- AbYm¿-Yhpw- km-¶¬-

∏n-Ihpw- B¿-̀ mS]q¿-Whp-am-b Nn-{Xßƒ- kΩm-\n-°p-∂ XcØn¬-

hm¿-ØIfpw- am-[y-aßfp-sS D≈S°ßfpw- am-dp-∂Xv- CXp-sIm-≠m-

Wv.- kw-̀ hßƒ- hm¿-Øm-IY\ßƒ- (News Stories) BsW∂ {]m-

Yan-I k¶¬-∏\Øn¬- \n-∂v- Ah tIhew- IYIfpw- b£n-°YIfp-

sam-s°bm-bn- am-dp-∂Xn-s‚ ]›m-Øehpw- CXm-Wv.- ss]¶n-fn-h¬-

°cW- (Sensationalization) Øn-s‚ BSbm-̀ cWßƒ- hm¿-ØIfn-

epw- hcIfn-epw- Nn-{Xßfn-ep-sam-s° \n-d™p- \n¬-°p-∂Xn-s‚

ASn-ÿm-\hpw- as‰m-∂√.- ]p-Xn-b Xeap-dsbbpw- am-[y-aßsfbpw-

_‘s∏Sp-Øn-bp-≈ Nn-¥Ifn¬- Cu-hI Im-cy-ßfpw- ]cn-KWn-

t°≠Xp-≠v.- ]T\Øn¬- Is≠Øn-b A\p-am-\ßsf Cßs\

kw-{Kln-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.-

1.- sSen-hn-j\pw- C‚¿-s\‰p-aS°ap-≈ \ham-[y-aßfp-am-bn-

ssZ\w-Zn-\w- kw-hZn-°m-sX ap-t∂m-́ p-t]m-Im≥- Ign-bm-Ø \n-

ebn-em-Wv- C∂sØ ]p-Xn-b Xeap-d.-

2.- Cu- am-[y-aßƒ- Im-gv-Nsh°p-∂ Bibßfpw- ktμißfpw-

Ahcp-sS \n-Xy-Pohn-XsØ {]Xy-£am-bpw- ]tcm-£am-bpw-

kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p.-

3.- Kp-W]cam-bn- kzm-[o-\n-°m≥- Ign-bp-∂Xp-t]m-se Xs∂ tZm-

jIcam-bn- _m-[n-°p-∂ Im-cy-ßfpw- \ham-[y-aßfn-ep-≠v.-

4.- Kp-W]cam-b kzm-[o-\sØ°mƒ- tZm-jap-fhm-°p-∂ kzm-[o-

\Øn-\m-Wv- ap≥-Xq-°w.-

5.- ]p-Ø≥- am-[y-aßfp-am-bp-≈ ssZ\w-Zn-\ CSs]Sep-Iƒ- ]p-Xn-

b Xeap-dbv-°v- bm-Ym¿-Yy-Øn-\pw- A∏p-dap-≈ Hcp- tem-Iam-

Wv- kΩm-\n-°p-∂Xv.-

6.- CXp-aq-ew- ]p-Xp-Xeap-dbn¬-s∏´ ̀ q-cn]£w- t]cpw- kz-¥w- Ncn-

{Xhpw- ]m-cºcy-hpw- Adn-bm-sX t]m-Ip-∂p.-

7.- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ßƒ Ir-Xy-am-bn- a\ n-em-°m≥- Ign-bm-sX t]m-

Ip-∂- Ch¿- HØn-cn- hym-tam-lßƒ-°v- ASn-s∏Sp-Ibpw- `m-

� 73

h\m-]q¿Wam-b tem-IØv- A`n-can-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.-

8.- Po-hn-XsØ°p-dn-®pw- kaq-lsØ°p-dn-®p-ap-≈ ̀ m-hn- Xeap-dbp-

sS Im-gv-N∏m-Sp-Iƒ-°v- Ku-chan-√m-sX hcp-∂p.-

\n-À-tZi§Ä-

1.- ]p-Xn-b am-[y-aßfp-sS \∑Xn-∑Iƒ- icn-bmw-hn-[w- ]p-Xp-Xeap-

dbn-ep-≈hsc t_m-[y-s∏Sp-Øm≥- Ku-ch]q¿-Wam-b \S]Sn-

bp-≠m-hWw.-

2.- ]p-Ø≥- am-[y-aßfp-sS km-t¶Xn-IXsb∏‰n t_m-[h¬-

°cWw- \SØp-tºmƒ- Ahbp-sS D≈S°Øn-s‚ \ym-bm-\ym-

bßsf∏‰n-bpw- Adn-hp- ]Icm≥- {iaap-≠m-hWw.-

3.- GXp-Im-cy-Øn-\p-sa∂t]m-se Ct∏m-gsØ am-[y-aßƒ-°pw-

Kp-Whpw- tZm-jhp-ap-s≠∂pw- Ahbn-se Kp-W]cam-b Im-cy-

ßƒ-°m-Wv- ap≥-Xq-°w- \¬-tI≠sX∂p-ap-≈ [m-cW Dfhm-

°m≥- {ian-°Ww.-

4.- sSen-hn-j\pw- Iw-]yq-́ dpw- C‚¿-s\‰p-sam-s°bp-am-bn- Bhiy-

Øn-tesd t\cw- sNehgn-°m≥- Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°v- Ahkcw- \¬-

Im-Xn-cn-°Ww.-

5.- Ip-́ n-Iƒ- Ch D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- c£n-Xm-°fpw- A[ym-]Icpw-

I¿-i\am-bn- \n-co-£n-°p-∂Xv- \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.-

6.- A{i≤tbm-sSbpw- BthitØm-sSbp-ap-≈ C‚¿-s\‰v- D]tbm-

Kw- A]IS°p-cp-°p-Iƒ- D≠m-°p-sa∂v- Ip-́ n-Isf t_m-[y-

s∏Sp-Øm≥- Ign-bWw.- C°m-cy-Øn¬- c£n-Xm-°ƒ-°pw- A[ym-

]I¿-°pw- hen-b ]¶p-≠v.-

74 �

{KÙkq-Nn-I

1.- ANyp-Xv- i¶¿ tUm. C≥-̂ ¿-taj≥- sSIv-t\m-fPn-,-

tIcf `m-jm- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-́ v-,- 1997

2.- A\n¬-Ip-am¿- F hn- Beky-Øn-s‚ Bƒ-°q-́ ßƒ,

Fkv-]n-kn-Fkv-,- 2001.-

3.- A\n¬-Ip-am¿- hShm-Xq¿- ]{XNcn - {XØn-se Hm¿ -

a®n{Xßƒ-,-tIcf `m-jm- C≥-kv-

‰n-‰yq-́ v- 2006.-

4.- cho-{μ≥- sI,-

CIv-_m¬- _n- tUm. C‚¿-s\‰pw- C≥-^¿-taj≥- hn-

πhhpw- Un-kn- _p-Iv-kv-,- 1999

5.- tdm-_n≥- sP{^n C¥ybn-se ]{Xhnπhw-,- tIcf

`m-jm- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-́ v,- 2004

6.- kPn- ap-f¥p-cp-Øn- ]{Xw-,- Ncn-{Xw-,- ]h\≥-.-, tIcf

km-ln-Xy A°m-Zan,- 2008

7.- sk_m-kv-‰y≥- t]mƒ tUm. am-[y-a hn-Nm-cw-,- em-hWy-

]ªn-t°j≥-kv-,- 2008

8.- jm-Pn- tP°_v hn-]co-Xßƒ (aebm-fn-bp-sS am-

[y-a Pohn -Xw-) - ]cn -[n - ]ªn-

t°j≥-kv,- 2012

9.- jn-_p- ap-lΩZv Ncn-{XØn-s‚ ap-{ZWßƒ-,-

tIcf `m-jm- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-́ v-,- 2007

10.- tXm-akv- sFkIv- Sn- Fw-

tUm.- N{μtiJc≥- F≥- ]n- hym-PkΩXn-bp-sS \n¿-an-Xn,-

Nn-¥ ]ªn-tjgv-kv-,- 2009

11.- thWp-tKm-]m¬- Sn cm-Pt{Zm-ln-bm-b cm-Py-kv-t\ln-

tIcf {]kv- A°m-Zan,- 1996

12.- hn-f\n-ew- sP hn am-[y-aßfpw- B\p-Im-en-I km-aq-

ly {]iv-\ßfpw,- tIcf `m-jm-

C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-́ v-,- 2005

� 75

13. Amal Datta : Effects of Television and the Viewers,Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2007

14. Bagdikian B H : The Media Monopoly, 5th Ed,Boston Beacon Press 1997

15. Edward S Hermenn,Robert W McChesney : Global Media: The Coporate

Missionaries of Capitalism,Paperback, Continnum 2004

16. Kenneth StewartJohn Tebbel : Makers of Modern Journalism,

Dept. of Journalism,New York University, 1995

17. Nalin Mehta : India on Television,Harper Collins, 2008.

18. Mac Luhan Marshall : Understanding Media, New York

Mc Gravil, 196419. Nalini Rajan : 21st Century Journalism in India,

Sage Publications, New Delhi, 200720. Peter. O. Orlic : Electronic Media Criticism,

Focal Press, 199421. Pramod K Sinha : Elements of Electronic Media:

Tools and Technique, Kanishka

Publishers, 2007

76 �

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