am¿K-tcJ ˛ 2 · 2017. 8. 24. · am¿K-tcJ ˛ 2 s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc£W b⁄w 11 $ Ip´n-I-fpsS...

$: am¿K-tcJ ˛ 2 · 2017. 8. 24. · am¿K-tcJ ˛ 2 s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc£W b⁄w 11 $ Ip´n-I-fpsS k¿h-tXmap-J-amb hnIm-k-Øn\p th≠ ]T-\m-¥-co£w Hcp-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-ambn B[p-\nI$
s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc£Wb⁄w

am¿K-tcJ ˛ 2

tIcf k¿°m¿

s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk hIp∏v

-]nW-dmbn hnP-b≥apJy-a{¥n

tIcf k¿°m¿

\htIcfw I¿Ω]≤XnbpsS `mKambn k¿°m¿ {]Jym]n®

s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc£Wb⁄w h¿≤n® BthitØmsSbpw

Xm¬]cytØmsSbpamWv tIcfkaqlw Gs‰SpØncn°p∂Xv.

Hmtcm hnZymebw tI{μoIcn®pw hn]peamb {]h¿Ø\ßfmWv

s]mXphnZymeb kwc£Whpambn _‘s∏´v Ct∏mƒ

\S∂phcp∂Xv. A[ym]I c£mI¿Ør kanXnIƒ, ]q¿h

hnZym¿∞nIƒ, Xt±i`cW ÿm]\ {]Xn\n[nIƒ F∂pth≠ Hmtcm

hy‡nbpw XßfpsS PohnXsØ Icp∏nSn∏n® s]mXphnZymebßsf

AhbpsS \jvS{]Xm]ßƒ Xncn®p]nSn°m\p≈ hnhn[ßfmb

{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ CSs]´psIm≠ncn°pIbmWv.

s]mXphnZymebßsf {]mtZinI kaqlØns‚ hnZym`ymk]chpw

kmwkvImcnIhpamb Bhiyßƒ t\Sm≥ {]m]vXamb \nebn¬

k÷am°p∂Xn\p≈ ka{KhnIk\ πm\pIƒ Hmtcm

hnZymebßfnepw Xbmdm°nhcp∂p≠v. Cu πm\pIfpsS

apJyLSIw B hnZymebØn¬ FØnt®cp∂ Hmtcm Ip´n°pw

e`yamtI≠ Db¿∂ \nehmcØnep≈ ]T\t_m[\ A\p`hßfpw

hy‡n]camb {i≤bpw ]cnKW\bpamWv. CXv \n¿Æbn°p∂Xv

hnZymebßfnse A°mZanI {]h¿Ø\ßfmWv. ASnÿm\

kuIcyßfpw AXn\v A\p-tbm-Pya-m-tI-≠-Xp≠v. CØcØn¬

A¥mcmjv{S \nehmcØnep≈ ]T\t_m[\ kuIcyßfpw

{i≤bpw ]cnKW\bpw Hmtcm Ip´n°pw e`n°p∂ P\Iob

hnZym`ymk amXrIbpw AXv {]mh¿ØnIam°m\p≈ ASnÿm\

kuIcyßfpw hnZymeb hnIk\ πm\pIfn¬ D≠mIWw.

Hmtcm s]mXphnZymebhpw XßfpsS {]tZiØp≈ F√m

hn`mKØn¬s∏´ P\ßƒ°pw {]m]yhpw kzoImcyhpambn

amtd≠Xp≠v. AXn\mhiyamb am¿K\n¿t±iw \¬Im≥

Ignbp∂XmWv Cu am¿KtcJ. CXneqsS s]mXpkaqlw Gs‰SpØ

s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc£Wb⁄w AXns‚ e£yßƒ

Bkq{XnXhpw kab_‘nXhpambn t\Spsa∂v {]Xymin°mw.

kmaqlnI hnIk\ kqNnIIfn¬ temIcmPyßƒ°p amXrIbmb

{]h¿Ø\w \SØnb tIcfØns‚ as‰mcp khntij amXrIbmbn

"P\Iob hnZym`ymk amXrI' amtd≠Xp≠v.

ktμiwktμiwktμiwktμiwktμiw

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw25.05.2017

-s{]m^.-kn.-c-ho-{μ-\mYvhnZym-`ymkhIp∏v a{¥n

tIcf k¿°m¿

ktμiwktμiwktμiwktμiwktμiw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw25.05.2017

s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk kwc-£-W-b-⁄w kwÿm-\-Øns‚ s]mXphnIm-c-ambn

amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. _lp-kz-c-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-°p∂, aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xsb

a\-km- h-cn® s]mXpCS-ß-fpsS hnIm-k-Øn\p≈ Ah-k-c-ß-sf√mw

A¿∞-]q¿Æ-ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kaq-l-amWv \Ωp-tS-Xv.

CØcw Hcp \ne-]m-sS-Sp -°m≥ \ΩpsS kaq-lsØ klm-bn -®Xv

s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-am-Wv.

AXXv {]mb-L-´-Øn¬ B¿÷n-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw Db¿∂- X-eØnep≈

Adnhpw Ignhpw t\Sm\pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-aq-ey-t_m[w Df-hm-°m\pw Ipń-Isf

k÷cm-°n-s°m≠v A\-\y-amb tIc-fob hnZym-`ymk A\p-`-h-ßƒ

hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°pI F∂ e£yw km¿∞-I-am-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

\ΩpsS kvIqfp-Iƒ tI{μo-I-cn®p \S∂phcp∂p. hnZym-`ymk hIp∏v

CXn-\Iw {]kn-≤o-I-cn® am¿K-tcJ, CXn-\mbn ÿm]-\-ßƒ

{]tbmP\s∏SpØn. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ht´sd hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬

_lp-P-\-]-¶m-fn -Ø-tØmsS ka-{K-hn -Zym -eb hnI-k-\-tcJ

Xømdm°n°gn™p. ùXnI-ku-I-cy-hn-I-k-\-Øn-\mbn \ho-\-ß-fmb Bi-

b-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ùXnI kuI-cy-hn-I-k-\-tc-J-Iƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

F∂m¬, Ipń-I-fpsS A°m-Z-anI hnIm-k-Øn-\m-bp≈ Bkq-{XWw

Iptd°qSn NSp-e-ambpw A¿∞-]q¿W-ambpw \S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

CXn\v klm-b-I-amIpwhn[w "A°m-Z-an-I-an-I-hn-eqsS hnZym-eb anIhv ' F∂

ImgvN-∏mSv Db¿Øn-s°m-≠mWv Cu am¿§-tcJ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm-

ÿm-]-\-Øn-t‚bpw hkvXp-\njvT kml-N-cyßƒ°-\p-kr-X-ambn anIhv

e£yw h®p- sIm-≠p≈ A°m-Z-anI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu

am¿K-tcJ klm-b-I-amIpw. B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZybpsS km[y-X-Iƒ

AS°w sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]T-\m-\p-̀ -h-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏SpØn A[ym-]-Isc

k÷-am°epw ]T-\m-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Xs∂ KpW-]-c-amb am‰-ß-fpsS

km[yXIƒ Bcm-bm≥ A[ym-]-I-c-S-°-ap≈ hnZym-`ymk kwhn-[m-\ßsf

klm-bn-°epw Cu am¿K-tcJ e£y-an -Sp-∂p. P\m[n-]Xyhn-Zym-`ymk

amXrIbpsS A°m-Z -anI I¿Ω-]-cn -]mSn F√m hnZym -e-b-ß-fnepw

cq]s∏SpØm-\p≈ hgn-Im-́ n-bmbpw Cu tcJ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØmw.

kaq-l-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS \ΩpsS apgp-h≥ hnZym-e-b-ßsfbpw anI-hns‚

tI{μßfm°n am‰pI F∂-XmWv k¿°mcns‚ e£yw. AXn¬ G‰hpw

{][m-\-amWv A°m-Z-anI anI-hv. KpW-ta∑bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw Ipń-I-fpsS

Ah-Imiw F∂ e£yw km¿∞-Iam-°p-∂-Xn\v sshhn-[y-am¿∂ {]h¿Ø\-

]-≤-Xn -Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kvIqƒXe A°m-Z-anI πm≥

Xømdmt°≠Xp≠v, Cßs\ A°m-Z-anI anI-hn -\m-bp≈ Nn´bmb

{]h¿Ø\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøm≥ Cu am¿K-tcJ klm-b-I-amIpw F∂v

{]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.

©tIcf k¿°m¿

hnZym-̀ ymk hIp∏v

2017

s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ anI-hns‚ tI{μ-ßƒ

LS-\bpw e£y-ßfpw

P\m-[n-]XyhnZym-e-b-ßƒ

{]h¿Ø-\-amXrI

P\-Iob hnZym-̀ ymkamXrI

{]h¿Ø\kao-]\w

P\-Iob hnZym-̀ ymkamXrI

km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS km-[y-X-I-ƒ

hne-bn-cp-Øepw tamWn-‰-dnMpw

s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ anI-hns‚ tI{μ-ßƒ

LS-\bpw e£y-ßfpw

BapJw

\h-tI-cfw I¿a]-≤-Xnb-psS `mK-ambn k¿°m¿ {]Jym-]n® s]mXp

-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£W b⁄-Øn\v hen-b-tXm-Xn-ep≈ P\-]n¥pW

e`n-®p-h-cp-∂p. kvIqƒX-e-Øn-ep≈ ka-{Km-kq-{XW ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS

`mK-ambn \S-°p∂ hnI-k\ skan-\m-dp-Iƒ P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-Øm¬

{it≤-b-amWv. kvIq-fns‚ ka-{K-hnI-k\-Øn-\m-h-iyamb hn`-h-ßƒ

\¬Im≥ s]mXp -kaqlw ]q¿W-a -\t msS apt∂m´p hcp∂p.

AWn™ncp∂ amebpw hfbpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈h Cu tbmK-ß-fn¬

h®pXs∂ P\-ßƒ kw`m-h\ \¬Ip∂ Bth-i-I-c-amb A\p-̀ -h-ßƒ

D≠mIp∂p. ]q¿hhn-Zym¿Yn-I-fpsS Iq´mbvabpw Cu b⁄-Øns‚

]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]pXnb A¿Y-X-e-ß-fn-te°p hf-cp-I-bm-Wv.

ùXnIkuI-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v kaq-l-Øn\v D≠mbnh∂ ]pXnb [mc-W-

Ifpw k¶¬∏-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂- X-c -Øn-ep≈ ]≤-Xn -Iƒ

cq]-s∏´phcp-∂p-≠v. sIń-S-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pØ≥ kuμ-cy-k-¶¬∏-

ßƒ CXn¬ {]Xn-̂ -en-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk kwc-£W

b⁄-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-bmb A°m-Z-anIanIhv h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

IrXy-amb ]≤XnIƒ cq]-s∏´p htc-≠-Xp-≠v. anI® A°m-Z-anI

]≤-Xn-I-fp-≠m-bmte Xbm-dm-°nb ùXn-I-ku-Icy hnI-k\mkq-{XWw

ÿm]-\-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amtWm F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bq. hnZym-

ebwXs∂ Hcp ]mT-]p -kvX-I-am -IWw F∂ kao-]-\hpw

{]tbm-K-X-e-Øn-se-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.

s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc£W b⁄w am¿K-tcJ ˛ 2

10 kvIqƒ{]m-b-Øn-ep≈ apgp-h≥ Ipń-Iƒ°pw hnZym-̀ ym-kkuIcyw s]mXp-

hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-kwhn-[m\Øns‚ `mK-ambn kwÿm-\Øp e`y-am-Wv. tIc-

f-Ønse _lp-̀ q-cn-]£w IpSpw-_-ßfpw Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-\mbn

Ct∏mgpw s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßsf Xs∂-bmWv B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬

s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ KpWX kw_-

‘n®v kaq-l-Øn\v th≠{X Xr]vXn C√ F∂ hna¿i-\-hpap≠v. KpW-

ta∑ kw_-‘n®v hyXy-kvX-amb k¶¬∏\-ßƒ C∂p-≠v. CXn¬ GXp

\ne-]m-Sn-t\mSp tN¿∂p\n¬°Ww F∂Xnep≈ hy‡-X-°p-dhv kaq-

l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂p. Cu Ah-ÿsbbpw Ipń-bpsS `mhn-sb-°p-

dn®p≈ c£m-I¿Øm-hns‚ BImw-£-sbbpw DXv°-WvT-sbbpw apX-

se-Sp-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ßfpw kwÿm-\Øv {]_-e-am-Wv.

\ΩpsS \mSns‚ \∑-sb∂v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏´ aX-\nct]£ \ne-]mSpw

_lp-kzc-Xsb Dƒs°m-≈p-∂ -a-t\m -̀mhhpw kln-jvWp-Xbpw Iq´mbn

{]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ at\m-̀ m-hhpsams° hnI-kn-®p-h-∂Xv s]mXp-hn-Zym-

e-b-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-ƒ ÿm]n-

°s∏´Xpw hf¿∂Xpw P\-Iobamb Iq´m-bva-tbmSpw ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-

Spw IqSn-bm-Wv. Cu HsØmcpabpw ]¶m-fn-Øhpw h¿[n-∏n-t°≠

kmlNcyw C∂v \ne-\n¬°p-∂p≠v.

tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ H∂mw-X-e-apd {]iv\-ßƒ tIc-f-Øn¬

kaq-l-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS \mw CXn-\Iw ]cn-l-cn-®p-I-gn-™p. kvIqƒ

{]m]y-Xbpw ]T-\-Øp-S¿®bpw tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v Hcp {][m\ hnZym-

`ymk{]iv\-a-√. C∂v \mw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Ifn¬ {][m-\-am-bh

Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂p.

$ hnZym-̀ ym-k-cw-KsØ c≠mwXe-ap-d -{]-iv\-ß-fmb Xpey-X, KpW-

X- F∂n-h Dd-∏m-°¬

$ Chsb A`n-apJoI-cn-°m≥ Ignbpwhn[w kvIqƒ ]T-\m-¥-co-£-

sØbpw ]T-\-]-cn-k-c-sØbpw am‰n-sb-Sp-°¬

$ ]pXnb sh√p-hnfn Gs‰-Sp-°p∂Xn\v A[ym-]Ikaq-lsØ ]cn-

h¿Øn-∏n-°¬

$ c£n-Xm-°-fn¬ KpW-ta∑m hnZym-̀ ym-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏mSv

krjvSn-°¬

$ CXn-s\-√mw A\p-tbm-Py-ambn hnZym-`ymkkwhn-[m-\-Øns‚bpw

`c-W-\n¿h-lW ]¶m-fn-I-fp-sSbpw at\m-`mhw am‰nsb-Sp°¬,

]pØ≥ IS-am-t_m[w kzmwio-I-cn-°¬

s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc£W b⁄wam¿K-tcJ ˛ 2

11

$ Ipń-I-fpsS k¿h-tXmap-J-amb hnIm-k-Øn\p th≠ ]T-\m-¥-

co£w Hcp-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-ambn B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnIkm[y-X-

Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

$ \mń¬ e`y -amb sshZ-Kv[y -sØ Ipń -bpsS KpW-ta∑m

hnZym`ymkØn\v apX¬°q-́ m-°¬

$ kvIqƒhnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp∂ F√m kwhn-[m-\-ß-sfbpw

GtIm-]n-∏n-°¬.

ka-{K-amb ImgvN-∏mSpw {]h¿Ø\]≤-Xn-Ifpw CXn-\p th≠n hcpw.

Cu Zni-bn-te-°p≈ _lp-P\ Iq´m-bva-bmWv s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk kwc-

£Wb⁄w. `c-W-I¿Øm-°fpw `c-W-\n¿hm-l-Icpw s]mXp-k-aqlhpw

Hcp-an®p tN¿∂v KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Imiw

F∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn\\pKpW-ambn kvIqfp-Isf anI-hns‚ tI{μ-ß-fm°n

am‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Iq´mb At\z-j-W-amWp th≠-Xv. CXmWv s]mXp-hn-

Zym-̀ ymk kwc-£W b⁄-Øn-eqsS hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xv.

CXns‚ `mK-ambn Hmtcm ÿm]-\hpw KpW-ta∑m hnZym-̀ ymkw Hcp-°p-

∂-Xn-\m-bp≈ A°m-ZanI ]≤Xn Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu A°m-Z-anI

]≤Xn km¿YIam-°p-∂-Xn-\-\pIqe-amb ̀ uXnIkuI-cy-hn-I-k\mkq{X-

Whpw D≠m-I-Ww. AtXm-sSm∏w {][m-\-amWv kaq-lsØ Fßs\

A¿Y-]q¿W-ambn ]¶m-fn-I-fm°mw F∂-Xv. CXn\v klm-b-I-amb kmaq-

lnI]¶m-fnØ ]≤Xn Xbm-dm-°Ww. CsX√mw DZv{K-Yn-®XmIpw Hmtcm

ÿm]-\-Øn-s‚bpw ka{K hnZym-̀ ymk hnI-k\ ]≤Xn AYhm amÃ¿

πm≥ Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xv.

k¿°m¿ CXn-\Iw sNbvXXv

ka{K tIcfhnI-k-\-Øn-\mbn A©p h¿jw sIm≠v P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-

tØmsS ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ I¿a-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v

Bkq-{XW˛kmº-Øn-I-Imcy hIp∏v 2016 sk]vXw-_¿ 28 \v k.-D.(-]n)

\w.41/2016/B.-km.-h. {]Imcw DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-́ p-≠v. CXn¬ IqSp-

X¬ hy‡X hcp-Øn-s°m≠v Bkq-{XW˛kmº-ØnIImcyh-Ip∏v 2017

G{]n¬ 19 \v k.D (]n.) \w. 10 / 2017 B.-km.h {]Imcw hni-Z-amb DØ-

chpw ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. AX-\p-k-cn®p≈ s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-W-

b⁄-Øns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ NphsS sImSp-°p-∂p.


12 e£y-ßƒ

Cu ZuXy-Øns‚ {][m\ e£y-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

1. Hmtcm Xt±-i-kz-bw-̀ -cW ÿm]-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bnepw {]o -̨ss{]-

adn apX¬ lb¿ sk°-‚dn hsc-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkØn\p-th≠

kuIcyw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\mbn kwÿm-\Øv 1000 kvIqfp-Isf anI-

hns‚ tI{μ-ß-fmbn Db¿Øp-I.

2. sslkvIqƒ ˛ lb¿ sk°-‚dn Xe-Øn¬ F√m ¢mkvap-dn-Ifpw

sslsSIv B°n Imtem-Nn-X-amb t_m[-\-hn-Zy-Iƒ (Pedagogy)D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]pXnb am\w \¬Ip-

I.

3. kvIqƒ amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ, A[ym-]I˛c£-mI¿Ør kwL-

S-\-Iƒ, ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS kl-I-c-W-

tØmsS ASn-ÿm\kuI-cy-ßƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]T-\-̨ -t_m-[\

kuI-cy-ß-fpsS Imtem-Nn-X-amb hnI-k\w Dd-∏m°n s]mXp-hn-

Zym-e-b-ß-fpsS {]k‡n hos≠-Sp-°p-I.

4. Cw•ojv `mjm {]mho-Wy-apƒs∏sS hnZym¿YnIfpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-

abtijnbpw PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw (Life skills) hnI-kn-∏n-°pI.

{]h¿Ø\kao-]\w

1. {]o˛kvIqƒ apX¬ πkvSp Xew hsc-bp≈ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v Db¿∂

\ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\- t_m-[\ kuI-cy-ßƒ Dd-∏m-°p∂

sslsSIv ¢mkv apdn-Iƒ, et_m-d-́ -dn, sse{_-dn, Iem-̨ -Im-bnI

]T-\-ku-I-cy-ßƒ XpS-ßnb KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-

cy-ßƒ Hmtcm s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-Ønepw Dd-∏m-°p-I.

2. Hmtcm ¢mkn-sebpw hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ B¿Pn-t°≠ Adnhpw ss\]p-

Wnbpw IrXy-ambn \n¿hNn-°p-Ibpw \n›nX CS-th-f-I-fn¬ ]T-

\-\n-e-hmcw \n¿Wbn-°p-Ibpw thWw. Hmtcm L´-Ønepw Cu

tijn-Iƒ t\Sntbm F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øn, Ipd-hp-s≠-¶n¬ ]cn-l-

cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mh-iy-amb ]T-\˛-t_m-[\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kwL-Sn-

∏n-°-Ww.

3. Hcp A[y-b\h¿jw G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv 200 {]hr-ØnZn\-ßƒ

]q¿W-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn®v, Hmtcm hnZym¿Ynsbbpw Ign-hns‚ ]c-

am-h-[n-bnseØn°p-∂-Xn-\pXIp∂ Xc-Øn¬ hnZym¿Yn tI{μo-Ir-

X-amb CS-s]-S-emWv A°m-Z-anIcwKØv Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv. hnZym-


13

`ymkhIp-∏n\p Iognse hnhn[ GP≥kn-I-fpsS GtIm-]n-X-amb

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS C°mcyw Dd-∏m-°pw.

4. k¿°m¿, FbvUUv hnZym-e-b-ßƒ H∂mw Xcw apX¬ πkvSp

hsc anI-hns‚ tI{μ-ß-fm-°m-\mWv Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. P\-]-¶m-fn-

Ø-tØmsS FbvUUv hnZym-ebßƒ \ho-I-cn-°-Ww. CXn-\mbn

hnZym-̀ ymkhIp∏v Hcp amÃ¿ πm≥ Xbm-dm-°pw. Hcp hnZym-e-b-

Ønepw amÃ¿ πm\n-ep≈ kuI-cy-ß-fn¬ Ipdhp hcm≥ ]mSn√.

\ho-I-c-W-Øn\v kvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ sNe-hn-Sp-∂-Xn-\p Xpey-ambn

]c-am-h[n Hcp tImSn cq] ]cn[n h®v k¿°m¿ \¬Ipw. apgp-h≥

hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw k¿°m¿ \n¿tZ-in°pwhn[w A°m-Z-anIkuI-

cy-ßƒ Hcp-°p-I-bmWv e£yw.

s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk kwc-£-W-b-⁄-Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏n-\mbn Xmsg- ]-d-

bp∂ kwL-S-\m-cq]hpw DØ-c-hn¬ \¬In-bn-́ p-≠v.

s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk kwc-£Wb⁄w ˛ kwÿm-\-an-j≥

A[y-£≥ : apJy-a{¥n

klA[y-£≥ : hnZym-̀ ymk hIp-∏p-a{¥n

D]-m[y-£-∑m¿ : [\-Imcyw, Xt±i kzbw-̀ -cWw, kmaq-ly-\oXn

hIp-∏p-a{¥nam¿

{]tXyI £Wn-Xmhv : {]Xn-]£t\Xmhv

AwK-ßƒ : 1. No v̂ sk{I-́ dn

2. tUm.sI.-F≥.l-cn-em¬, saº¿, Bkq{X

t_m¿Uv

3. Bkq-{X-Ww, Xt±-i- kz-bw-̀ -c-Ww, kmaq-

ly-\oXn, ]´n-I-PmXn-̨ ]´n-I-h¿K hnI-k-

\w, ^nj-dokv, hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hIp-∏p-

I-fpsS AUo-j-W¬ No v̂ sk{I-́ -dn-am¿/

{]n≥kn-∏¬ sk{I-́ -dn-am¿/sk{I-́ -dn-am¿

(6)

4. {Kma-∏-©m-bØv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥,

tªm°v ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚p-amcpsS

Atkm-kn -tb-j≥. ap\n -kn -∏¬

sNb¿am≥am-cpsS tNw_¿, tatbgvkv

Iu¨kn¬, Pn√m ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚p-

am-cpsS tNw_¿ apX-emb kwL-S-\-Iƒ

\ma-\n¿tZiw sNøp∂ Hmtcm {]Xn-\n-[n-

Iƒ (5)


14 5. k¿°m-cns‚ hnI-k-\-Imcy D]-tZ-i-I≥

anj≥ sk{I-́ dn : s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymkhIp∏v sk{I-́ dn

Pn√m- an-j≥

kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ sse^v, B¿{Zw, s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-W-

b⁄w, lcnXw F∂o \mev anj-\p-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-w Pn√m Xe-Øn¬

\mev hnI-k\ anj-\p-Iƒ°pambn NphsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ LS-\-bn¬

Hcp anj≥ am{Xta D≠m-Ip-I-bp-≈q.

A[y-£≥ : sNb¿t]-gvk¨, Pn√m Bkq-{XW kanXn

AwK-ßƒ : 1. Pn√-bn¬\n∂p≈ temIvk`m AwK-ßƒ

2. cmPy-k`m Fw.]n-am¿ (t\mU¬ Pn√-I-fn¬)

3. tab¿

4. Pn√-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Fw.F¬.-F-am¿

5. ap\n-kn-∏¬ sNb¿t]-gvkäm-cpsS

tNw_¿ \ma-\n¿tZiw sNøp∂ c≠v

sNb¿am≥am¿

6. tªm°v ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚p-am-cpsS

Atkm-kn-tb-js‚ Pn√m {]kn-U‚pw

sk{I-́ -dnbpw

7. {Kma-∏-©m-bØv Pn√m Atkm-kn-tb-js‚

{]kn-U‚pw sk{I-́ -dnbpw

8. Pn√m ]©m-b-Ønse Ãm‚nMv IΩn‰n

sNb¿t]-gvkäm¿

9. Pn√m Bkq-{XW kan-Xn-bnse k¿°m¿

t\man\n

10. Pn√m πm\nMv Hmô-k¿

11. {]n≥kn-∏¬ Irjn Hmô-k¿

12. tPmbn‚ v t{]m{Kmw tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿,

Fw.Pn.-F≥.-B¿.-C.-Pn.-Fkv.

13. Pn√-bnse ko\n-b¿ F≥Pn-\o-b¿, Pe-tk-

N\w

14. Pn√m tIm -̨Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿, ipNnXz anj≥

15. ]©m-bØv sU]yqń Ub-d-IvS¿

16. Pn√m saUn-°¬ Hmô-k¿ (Atem-∏-Xn)


15

17. Pn√m saUn-°¬ Hmô-k¿, `mc-Xob

NnIn’m hIp∏v

18. Pn√m saUn-°¬ Hmô-k¿, tlmantbm

19. sU]yqń Ub-d-IvS¿, hnZym-̀ ymkw

20. t{]mPIvSv Ub-d-IvS¿, Zmcn{Zy eLq-I-cW

hn`mKw

21. Pn√m anj≥ tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿, IpSpw-

_{io

22. doPn-W¬ tPmbn‚ v Ub-d-IvS¿, \K-c-Imcyw

23. Akn-Ã‚ v Uh-e-]vsa‚ v IΩo-j-W¿

(P\-d¬)

24. 4 anj-\p-I--fp-sSbpw Pn√m tIm -̨Hm¿Un-t\-

‰¿am¿

anj≥ sk{I-́ dn&

No v̂ tIm -̨Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿ : Pn√m Ie-IvS¿ & saw_¿ sk{I-́ -dn, Pn√m

Bkq-{XW kanXn

ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n, tIm¿]-td-j≥Xe -an-j≥

ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n, tIm¿]-td-j≥ Xe-ß-fn¬ \mev anj-\p-Iƒ°p th≠n

NphsS \¬Inb LS-\-bn¬ Hcp anj≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

A[y-£≥ : ap\n-kn-∏¬ sNb¿t]-gvk¨/tIm¿]-td-j≥

tab¿

AwK-ßƒ : 1. F√m Ãm‚ nwMv IΩn‰n sNb¿t]-

gvkämcpw

2. Bkq-{XW kanXn sshkv sNb¿t]-

gvk¨

3. kn.Un.-F-kp-I-fpsS sNb¿t]-gvkäm¿

4. hm¿jnI ]≤Xn Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\mbn

cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ _‘-s∏´ h¿°nMv {Kq∏p-

I-fpsS sNb¿t]-gvkäm-cpw sshkv

sNb¿t]-gvkäm-cpw I¨ho-\¿amcpw

(Irjn, Zmcn{Zy eLq-I-c-Ww, ]m¿∏n-Sw,

Btcm-Kyw, IpSn-sh≈w ̨ ipNn-Xzw, hnZym-

`ym-kw)

5. sF.kn.-Un.-Fkv. kq∏¿sshk¿/Akn-

Ã‚ v kn.Un.-]n.H/kn.Un.-]n.H.

anj≥ sk{I-́ dn : ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿]-td-j≥ sk{I-́ dn


16 tªm°v anj≥

A[y-£≥ : tªm°v ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚ v

AwK-ßƒ : 1. tªm°v ]cn-[n-bn¬\n∂p≈ Fw.F¬.-F-

am¿

2. tªm°v ]cn-[n-bn¬\n∂p≈ Pn√m ]©m-

bØv AwK-ßƒ

3. tªm°v ]cn-[n-bn¬\n∂p≈ {Kma∏©m-

bØv {]kn-U‚p-am¿

4. tªm°v ]©m-bØnse Ãm‚nwMv IΩn‰n

sNb¿t]-gvkäm¿

5. tªm°v ]©m-bØnse Bkq-{XW

kanXn sshkv sNb¿t]-gvk¨

anj≥ sk{I-́ dn : tªm°v ]©m-bØv sk{I-́ dn

{Kma-∏-©m-bØv anj≥

{Kma-∏©m-b-Øp-X-e-Øn¬ \mev anj-\p-Iƒ°pambn NphsS sImSpØ

LS-\-bn¬ Hcp anj≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

A[y-£≥ : {Kma-∏-©m-bØv {]kn-U‚ v

AwK-ßƒ : 1. {Kma∏-©m-bØv {]tZ-isØ Pn√/tªm°v

]©mbØv Unhn-j≥ AwK-ßƒ

2. F√m Ãm‚ nMv IΩn‰n sNb¿t]-

gvkämcpw

3. Bkq-{XW kanXn sshkv sNb¿t]-

gvk¨

4. kn.Un.-F-kp-I-fpsS sNb¿t]-gvkäm¿

5. hm¿jn-I]≤Xn Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\mbn cq]o-

I-cn-°p∂ h¿°nMv {Kq∏p-I-fpsS sNb¿t]-

gvkämcpw sshkv sNb¿t]-gvkäm-cpw

I¨ho-\¿amcpw (Irjn, Zmcn{Zy eLq-I-c-

Ww, ]m¿∏n-Sw, Btcm-Kyw, IpSn-sh≈w ˛

ipNn-Xzw, hnZym-̀ ym-kw)

6. sF.kn.-Un.-Fkv. kq∏¿ssh-k¿/Akn-

Ã‚ v kn.Un.-]n.H/kn.Un.-]n.H.

anj≥ sk{I-́ dn : {Kma-∏©m-bØv sk{I-́ dn


17

kwÿm-\-Xe I¿a-tk\

sNb¿t]-gvk¨ : sk{I-́ -dn, s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymkw

AwK-ßƒ : 1. Ub-d-IvS¿, s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymkw (I¨ho-

\¿)

2. Ub-d-IvS¿, lb¿ sk°-‚dn

3. Ub-d -IvS¿, shmt°-j-W¬ lb¿

sk°‚dn

4. Ub-d-IvS¿,Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

5. Ub-d-IvS¿, koam‰v

6. Ub-d-IvS¿, Fkv.-sF.-C.Sn.

7. FIvkn-Iyq-́ ohv Ub-d-IvS¿, sF.Sn@kvIqƒ

8. t{]mPIvSv Ub-d-IvS¿, Fkv.-F-kv.F.

9. t{]mPIvSv Ub-d-IvS¿, B¿.-Fw.-F-kv.F.

10. No v̂ FIvkn-Iyq-́ ohv Hmô-k¿, F.F-kv.-

F.]n

11. ]©m-bØv Ub-d-IvS¿

12. \K-c-Imcy Ub-d-IvS¿

13. No^v, kmaq -ly-tk-h\ hn`m -Kw,

kwÿm\ Bkq-{XW t_m¿Uv

14. I¨kƒ´‚p-am¿/dntkmgvkv t]gvkäm¿

tPmbn‚ v I¨ho-\¿: tÃ‰v anj≥ tIm -̨Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿, s]mXp-hn-Zym-

`ymk kwc-£Wb⁄w

Pn√mXe I¿a-tk\

sNb¿t]-gvk¨: Pn√m Ie-IvS¿

AwK-ßƒ: 1. sU]yqń Ub-d-IvS¿, hnZym-̀ ymkw (I¨ho-

\¿)

2. Pn√m πm\nMv Hmô-k¿

3. t{]mPIvSv Hmô-k¿, Fkv.-F-kv.F.

4. Pn√m Akn. Pn√m t{]mPIvSv Hmô-k¿, B¿.-

Fw.-F-kv.F.

5. {]n≥kn-∏¬, Ub‰v

6. Pn√m hnZym-̀ ymk Hmô-k¿am¿

7. doPn-b-W¬ sU]yqń Ub-d-IvS¿, lb¿

sk°‚dn


18 8. Akn-Ã‚ v Ub-d-IvS¿, shmt°-j-W¬lb¿

sk°-‚dn

9. Pn√m tIm -̨Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿, sF.Sn@kvIqƒ

10. F.F-kv.-F-.]nbpsS Pn√m-Xe t{]mPIvSv amt\-

P¿

11. FIvkn-Iyq-́ ohv F≥Pn-\o-b¿, Pn√m ]©m-

bØv (X.kz.-̀ .-h)

12. dntkmgvkv t]gvk¨am¿

tPmbn‚ v I¨ho-\¿ : Pn√m tIm -̨Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿, s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk kwc-

£W b⁄w

Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw

kwÿm\ anj-s‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ

1. anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-Ibpw kpK-a-amb

{]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v th≠ am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-I.

2. hnhn[ hIp-∏p-I-fp-sSbpw GP≥kn-I-fp-sSbpw DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sSbpw

GtIm-]\w Dd-∏m-°p-I.

3. kwÿm-\-Xe I¿atk\ Xbm-dm-°p∂ anj≥ tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-

[n®v AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-I.

4. kmaqlnI {]Xn-_-≤Xm ^≠v Dƒs∏sS A[nIhn`h kam-lm-c-

W-Øn-\p≈ km[yXIƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

5. ta¬t\m´ ˛ \nco-£W kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]h¿Øn-

°p-∂p≠v F∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-I.

6. AwKo-IrX I¿a-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v _‘s∏´ \n¿h-

lW GP≥kn-Iƒ°v am¿K-\n¿tZiw \¬Ip-I.

7. anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p anI® Bkq-{X-W -̨\n¿h-lW klmbw

e`n-°p-∂p-sh∂v Dd-∏m-°p-I.

kwÿm\ I¿a-tk-\ Npa-X-e-Iƒ

s]mXp-hmbh

1. anjs‚ e£y-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p kzoI-cn-t°≠ \S-]-Sn-

Iƒ \n¿tZ-in-°p-I, {]h¿Ø\ am¿K-tcJ Xbm-dm-°p-I, kmt¶-

XnIklmbw \¬IpI apX-em-bh


19

2. ZuXy-tcJ (Mission document) Xbm-dm-°pI.

3. kwÿm\ anjs‚ ta¬t\m-́ -Øn¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

t\XrXzw \¬IpI.

4. hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS¿®-bmbn \nco-

£n®v kpK-a-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-

°p-I.

5. anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v \ntbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xmb kmt¶-XnI hnZ-

Kv[¿, I¨kƒ´‚p-am¿, dntkmgvkv t]gvk¨am¿ F∂n-hsc

Is≠Øn \ntbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ip]m¿i \¬IpI (C{]-Imcw

\ntbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v Fw]-th¿Uv IΩn-‰n-bpsS AwKo-Imcw Bh-

iy-am-Wv).

6. Pn√m-Xe I¿a-tk-\bnse dntkmgvkv t]gvk¨am-cpsS Imcy-£-

a-amb {]h¿Ø\w Dd-∏m-°p-I, Ahsb im‡o-I-cn-°p-I.

7. IrXyamb CS-th-f-I-fn¬ kwÿm\ anj≥ tbmK-ßƒ tNcm≥

\S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-I.

8. k¿°m-cns‚ A\p-aXn Bh-iy-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ \n¿tZiw Xbm-

dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-I.

9. anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]q¿W-ambn tUmIyp-sa-t‚-j≥ \S-Øp-I.

Pn√m-X-e-Ønepw Xt±-i-kz-bw-̀ -cW ÿm]-\-X-e-Ønepw {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ tUmIyp-sa‚ v sNøp-∂p-s≠∂v Dd-∏m-°p-I.

10. Kth-jW ˛ hnI-k-\˛s{]m^-j-W¬ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS kmt¶-

XnIklmbw Xt±i ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v e`y-am-°m-\p≈ kwhn-

[m\w Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I.

11. kmt¶-XnIklmbw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hnZ-Kv[cpsS kwLsØ

kwÿm-\-X-e-Ønepw Pn√m-X-e-Ønepw Is≠Øn Npa-Xe \nd-

th-‰m≥ {]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

12. Xt±i kzbw`cWÿm]-\-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-

ambn ka-\z-bhpw GtIm-]-\hpw km[y-am-°p-I.

13. anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]ptcm-KXn kw_-‘n®pw \S-Øn∏pImcy-

ß-sf-°p-dn®pw {Ia-amb CS-th-f-I-fn¬ dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw Ah-tem-

I\ hnh-c-ßfpw kwÿm\ anj\pw Fw]-th¿Uv IΩn-‰n°pw anj≥

tamWn-‰-dnMv Soan\pw ka¿∏n-°p-I.


20 {]tXy-I -Np-a-X-e-Iƒ

1. s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk kwc-£Wb⁄Øns‚ e£y-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-

Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠ \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-°pI.

2. ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-t°≠ hnZym-e-b-ßsf am\-Z-fi-ß-fpsS ASnÿm-

Øn¬ Xnc-s™-Sp°pI. Ah-bpsS kmaq-lnI{]k‡n h¿[n-∏n®v

anI-hns‚ tI{μ-ß-fmbn, temtIm-Øc amXr-I-bn¬ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn\v hnZym-eb hnI-k\tcJ Xbm-dm-°pI. {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw \nco-£n°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

3. kvIqƒ hf-∏p-Iƒ hnZym¿Ynkulr-Z-am°n Bh-iy-Øn\v sIń-S-

ßfpw a‰p ]›m-Øe kuI-cy-ßfpw Dd-∏m-°p∂ amÃ¿ πm\p-

ItfmsS AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\pXIp∂ s]mXp-am¿K-tcJ Xbm-dm°n

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.

4. hyXykvX kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI kmwkvIm-cnI ]›m-Ø-e-

ßfn¬\n∂p hcp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\-th-K-XØn\pw _u≤nI\ne-

hm-c-Øn\pw DX-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ F√m Ipń-I-ƒ°pw CSw e`n-°p∂

Hcp bqWn-th-gvk¬ Unssk≥ Hm v̂ teWnMv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

]T-\-coXn cq]-I¬∏\ sNbvXv \S-∏m-°p-I.

5. H∂v apX¬ F´p ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ°pw 9 apX¬ 12

hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fnse Ipń-Iƒ°pw {]tXyIw ]mTy-e-£y-ßƒ

\n›-bn®v ]T-\-hn-j-b-ß-fnse Bi-b-Zr-VX, ]mtTy-Xc hnj-b-

ß-fnse sshhn-[yhpw B¿Phhpw, kmaq-lnI-cw-KsØ [mc-W,

]cn-ÿnXn⁄m\w, `mjm⁄m\w, Bibhn\n-abss\]pWn XpS-

ßn-b-h-sb√mw kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v Ipń-I-fpsS ka{K hnI-k\w Dd-

∏m-°p∂ {]{In-bm-[n-jvTn-X-amb P\m-[n-]Xy hnZym-`ymkamXrI

F∂ A[ym-]\coXn cq]-I¬∏\ sNbvXv \S-∏n-em-°p-I.

6. anI-hns‚ tI{μ-ß-fmbn s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßsf am‰p-∂-Xn\mh-

iy-amb sF.Sn. A[n-jvTnX kmt¶-XnIhnZy D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn

Hmtcm Ipń°pw I≠pw tI´pw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-́ pw ]Tn-°p-

∂-Xn-\p≈ ]T-\ -̨t_m-[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw ]T-t\m-]m-[n-Ifpw C‚¿s\‰v

IW-IvSn-hn-‰n, Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-km-t¶-XnIhnZym kt¶-X-ßƒ

F∂n-hbpw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-I.

7. Hcp hnZym -e -b-Øn-\-IØv {]h¿Øn-°p∂ F¬.-]n,

bp.]n, sslkvIqƒ, lb¿ sk°-‚dn hn`m-K-ß-fpsS GtIm-]n-X-

amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS hnZym-ebanI-hn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ


21

\n¿tZin-°pI. Hmtcm Xe-Ønepw X\-Xmb Bh-iy-ßƒ A\p-

k-cn-®m-bn-cn-°-Ww {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠Xv.

Db¿∂ Xe-Øn¬ am{Xw {]th-i\w \S-Øp∂ kvIqfp-Iƒ kao-

]-Øp≈ ôU¿ kvIqfp-I-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

8. kvIqƒXe {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Znim-KXn \nb-{¥-W-Øn\pw Bh-

iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ°p-ap≈ DtZym-Kÿkwhn-[m\w hn\y-kn-

°p-I.

9. FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v kvIqƒ hnI-k\ kan-Xn,

]n.Sn.-F, ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S\ F∂n-h-bpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd-

∏m-°p∂ Hcp I¿a]-≤Xn Xbm-dm°n \S-∏m-°p-I.

10. k¿°m¿ hnZym-e-b-ß-fpsS hn`hkam-l-c-W-Øn\pw hnZym-e-b-

Ønse ùXnI ˛ A°m-Z-anI hn -̀h-ß-fpsS ê-{]-Z-amb hn\n-

tbm-K-Øn\pw kvIqƒ hnI-k\ kan-Xn, kvIqƒ amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-

‰n-Iƒ, ]n.Sn.-F, ]q¿hhnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS kl-

I-cWw tXSp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-IsfSp-°p-I.

11. s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymkhIp-∏n\p Iogn-ep≈ hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw

GP≥kn-I-fnepw hnhn-[-X-e-ß-fn¬ tkh\w sNøp-∂-h¿°v s]mXp-

hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£Wb⁄-Øns‚ e£y-ßfpw am¿K-ßfpw

kw_-‘n® ]q¿W-amb Ah-t_m[ap≠m-°p-I.

12. hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS GtIm-]n-X-amb {]h¿Ø\w Dd-∏m-°p-

∂-Xn-\p≈ `c-W-]-c-amb kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠m-°p-I.

13. anjs‚ kwÿm-\-Xew apX¬ kvIqƒ Xew hsc-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fpsS \S-Øn-∏n\pw ta¬t\m-´Øn\p-ap≈ teWnMv amt\-

Pvsa‚ v C≥^¿ta-j≥ knÃw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-I.

tIcfk¿°m¿ 07.11.2016 \v Cd°nb k.-D.(-]n)-\w. 186/2016/s]m.-

hn.-h. {]Imcw \h-tI-cf ZuXy-Ønse "s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk kwc-

£Wb⁄w' ]≤Xn, anj≥ amXr-I-bn¬ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-

\p≈ cq]-tcJ kq£vamw-i-ßƒ tN¿Øv hn]p-eo-I-cn-°-s∏-

tS≠Xp≠v. Cu b⁄w hn]p-eo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ L -́ß-fn¬ XpS¿®-

bmbn IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ kq£vamw-i-ßƒ CXn-te°v Iqń-t®¿°-

s∏-Spw.

k¿°m¿ CXp-kw-_-‘n®v CXn-\Iw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-® DØ-c-hp-I-sf√mw

s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£-W-Øn-\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-X-cp-∂p.

e£yw hfsc hy-‡-am -Wv˛s]mXp -hn -Zym -e -b-ßƒ anI-hns‚


22 tI{μ-ß-fmbn amd-Ww. s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßsf s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øns‚

]n¥p-W-tbm-sSbpw A¿Y]q¿W-amb ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-sSbpw anI-hns‚

tI{μ-ß-fm°n am‰-Ww.

kvIqƒ {]m-b-Øn-ep≈ apgp-h≥ Ipń-Ifpw s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬

FØn-t®-cWw. AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-

b-ßfn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-ambn D≠m-I-Ww.

s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymkcwKØv apgp-h≥ kvIqfp-I-fn-ep-ap≈ CS-s]-S¬ km[y-

X-I-fmWv s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£Wb⁄-Øn-eqsS apt∂m-´p-hbv-

°p-∂-Xv. anI-sh-∂m¬ A°m-Z-anI anI-hm-Wv. s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-

se-Øn-t®cp∂ apgp-h≥ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°pw KpW-ta∑bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw

Xpey Ah-k-c-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v Dd-∏m-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv

s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk kwc-£Wb⁄-Øns‚ {]Yae£yw. CXv t\S-

W-sa-¶n¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ Ahÿbn¬ henb am‰w th-≠n-h-cpw. B[p-

\nI kmt¶-XnIhnZymkm[y-X-Isf hnZym¿Yn-bpsS ]T\kμ¿ -̀hpambn

ê-{]-Z-ambn DZv{K-Yn°Ww. ]T-\ -̨t_m-[\ cwK-ß-fnse ]pXnb km[y-

X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn A[ym-]-Isc k÷cm-t°-≠n-h-

cpw. AXXv L´-ß-fn¬ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw ]T\e£y-ßƒ

kzmwio-I-cn-®p-sh∂v hne-bn-cp-ØWw. km[yamb hn[-Øn¬ s]mXp-

k-aq-l-sØbpw \mń-ep≈ hnhn[ Iq´m-bva-I-sfbpw ]q¿hhnZym¿Yn-I-

sfbpw hnZym-e-b-hp-ambn IÆn-tN¿°-Ww. ka{K KpW-ta-∑-bv°m-bp≈

]≤-Xn-I-fpsS Bg-Øn-ep≈ At\z-j-W-Øn\pw ]T-\-Øn-\p-ambn, Xnc-

s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Nne hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ khn-tijamb CS-s]-S¬ k¿°m-

cn\p L´wL-´-ambn \S-tØ-≠n-h-cpw. CsX-√m-a-S-ßp∂ ka-{K-amb

]≤Xn-bmbmWv s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk kwc-£-W-b-⁄sØ k¿°m¿ kao-

]n-°p-∂-Xv. AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂ tIc-f-Ønse apgp-h≥ s]mXp hnZym-e-

b-ßsfbpw Cu kwc-£-W-b-⁄-Øns‚ Ahn-`mPyLS-I-ß-fmbn

]p\¿hn-\y-kn-°Ww.

CXp-h-sc-bp≈ A\p-̀ -h-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk

kwc-£Wb⁄-Øns‚ ̀ mK-ambn {lkz-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw Zo¿L-

Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw sNtø≠ Imcy-ßƒ Cßs\ t{ImUo-I-cn°mw:

1. Hmtcm Xt±ikzbw`cW ÿm]\ ]cn[nbnepap≈

s]mXphnZymebß-fn¬ temtIm-Øc \nehmcØnep≈

]T\kuIcyw Dd∏m°pI.


23

2. 1 apX¬ 12 hsc ¢mkpIfn¬ ]Tn°p∂ IpńIƒ ka{]mb°mcmb

temIsØhnsSbpap≈ hnZym¿YnIƒ B¿Pn°p∂ Adnhpw

Ignhpw kz¥w km[y-Xb-psS ]c-am-h[nbn¬ t\Spsa∂pd∏m°pI.

3. F√m IpńIƒ°pw ]T\Øn\pw hnImkØn\pw Xpey

Ahkcßƒ Hcp°n \¬IpI.

4. Hmtcm IpńbpsSbpw X\Xmb IgnhpIƒ Is≠Øn G‰hpw

Db¿∂ XeØnte°v ssI]nSn®pb¿Øp∂Xn\p≈

]T\˛t_m[\ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ Bkq{XWw sNøpI.

5. G‰hpw B[p\nIamb kmt¶-Xn -I-hn -Zybpw anI®

ASnÿm\kuIcyßfpap≈ hnZymebm¥co£w L´w-L-́ -ambn

CXn\mbn krjvSn°pI.

6. s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-se-Øp∂ apgp-h≥ Ipń-I-fps-Sbpw ImbnI

Btcm-Ky-£-aX Dd-∏m-°pw. icn-bmb sshIm-cn-I, am\-kn-I, imco-

cn-I Btcm-Ky-ap-s≠-¶nte anI-hm¿∂ ]T\w km[y-am-Iq. hy‡n-

K-Xhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb Btcm-Ky-io-e-ßfpw {][m-\-am-Wv.

\mńse s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKytI{μ-ß-fp-ambn kl-I-cn®v Ipń-I-fpsS

BtcmKy kpc-£-bv°p≈ sshhn-[y-ap≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ cq]-Iev]\

sNø-Ww.

7. kam-\-amb Nne A\p-̀ -h-am-Xr-I-Iƒ CXn-\IwXs∂ ChnsS hnI-

kn®ph∂n-́ p-≠v. Cu amXr-I-I-fn¬\n∂v kzoI-cn-t°-≠h kzoI-cn-

®m-IWw \mw apt∂m´p t]mtI-≠-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse apgp-h≥ hnZym-

e-b-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-]-≤Xn L´w-Lámbn

am{Xta \ap°v \S-∏m-°m-\m-hq.

8. H∂mw L -́Øn¬ k¿°m-cns‚ t\Xr-XzØn¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´

kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]co-£-Wm¿∞w ka-{K CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øpw. Cßs\

hnIkn∏n°p∂ A\p-̀ -h-am-Xr-IIƒ Bh-iy-amb sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-

I-tfmsS apgp-h≥ hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-te-°p hym-]n-∏n-°p-I.

9. CXns‚ `mK-ambn L´w-L-́ -ambn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂ A°m-Z-anIhn -̀

h-ßƒ At∏mƒXs∂ kwÿm-\sØ F√m hnZym-e-bß-ƒ°pw

{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

{]Xo-£n-°p∂ A°m-Z-anIt\´-ßƒ

$ 1 apX¬ 12 hscbp≈ Hmtcm ¢mknepw Ipń Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-

ap≈ [mc-W-Ifpw tijn-Ifpw t\Sn-bn-́ p≠v F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øpw.


24 H∏w, aX\nc-t]£ P\m-[n-]Xy kwkvImcw hnI-kn-°m-\m-h-iy-

amb aqey-t_m[w krjvSn-°-s∏Spw.

$ temI-sØ-hn-sS-bp-ap≈ \n›nX {]mb-°m-cmb hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ

B¿Pn-°p∂ Adnhpw Ignhpw tIc-f-Ønse Ipń-Ifpw t\Sn F∂p-

d-∏m-°pw. F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw ]T-\-Øn\pw hnIm-k-Øn\pw Xpey

Ah-k-c-ßƒ D≠m-Ipw. Ah-c-h-cpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øn Ah

G‰hpw Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-te°v FØn-°m\pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-

°m\pap≈ A-h-k-c-ßƒ krjvSn-°pw. kzbw]T-\hpw Iq´mb

]T-\hpw ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS ̀ mK-am-Ipw. a’-cm-[n-jvTnXtemI-Øn¬

AXn-Poh-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb Bfl-hn-izm-khpw Adnhpw

{]m]vXnbpw B¿Pn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w aX-\n-c-t]-£-X, P\m-[n-]-

Xy-t_m-[w, Xpey-X, kl-h¿Øn-Xzw, kl-I-c-Ww, A\p-Xm]w

XpSßn Hcp P\m-[n-]Xykaq-l-Øns‚ apt∂m´pt]m°n-\m-h-iy-

amb aqey-t_m-[-ßƒ Df-hm-Im≥ klm-b-I-amb ]T-\-{]-{In-bbpw

]T-\m-¥-co-£hpw Hcp-°pw. CtXm-sSm∏w ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Ah-

t_m-[w, kmaq-lnI Ah-t_m-[w, amen-\y-\n¿am¿P\ Ah-t_m-

[w, enwKm-h-t_m-[w, hna¿i-\m-h-t_m[w F∂nh Df-hm-Im≥ Bh-

iy-amb A\p-`-h-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøpw. ê-{]m]vXn hne-bn-cp-

Øp-Ibpw sNøpw.

$ anI® am\-kn-I˛sshIm-cn-I˛imco-cnI BtcmKyw Dd-∏m-°pw.

$ anI® ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ßƒ Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hnZym-e-b-ß-fpsS

ta¬t\m-´hpw \S-Øn∏pw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øpw. hnZym-e-b-ßƒ°pw

A[ym-]-I¿°pw kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ {]I-S-\-kq-N-I-ßƒ

(s]¿t^m-a≥kv C≥Un-t°-t‰-gvkv) hnI-kn-∏n-°pw.

$ A[ym-]I]cn -io -e -\-Øn\v ka-b-_-‘n-X-amb {lkz-

Ime˛Zo¿LIme ]mt°Pv Xbm-dm-°pw. F√m {]Yam-[ym-]-

I¿°pw kvIqƒ Bkq-{X-W-Ønepw ta¬t\m-́ -Ønepw Bh-iym-

\p-k-cWw ]cn-io-e\w e`n°pw.

$ B[p-\nI imkv{X˛kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZym km[y-X-I-sf√mw ]T-\-{]-

h¿Ø-\-Øn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°pw. ¢mkvapdn-Iƒ L´w-L-́ -ambn

B[p-\n-Iam-°n -tbm-Py-amb C -̨I-≠‚ v hnI-kn-∏n-®v Ah kvIqfn¬

hn\n-abw sNøpw.

$ -P-\m-[n-]Xy˛]cn-ÿnXnkulrZ hnZym-̀ ymkw km[y-am-Ip∂ Xc-

Øn¬ ̀ uXnI]cn-k-c-Ønepw ¢mkvdqw B¿°n-sS-IvN-dnepw Imtem-

Nn-X-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øpw.


25

$ F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. \S-Øp∂ amXr-I-bn¬ A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn \S-

Øp-Ibpw Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ hnZym-̀ ymkmkq-{X-W-Øn\v {]tbm-P-\-

s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. \n›nX Ime-b-f-hn¬ Cu ]T\w \S-Øm-

\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Fkv.-F-kv.-F, B¿.-Fw.-F-kv.F F∂n-h-bpsS

kl-I-c-W-tØmsS Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn°mbn-cn-°pw. _mly-amb

GP≥kn-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS Zo¿L CS-th-f-I-fn¬ hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬ \S-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn bqWn-th-gvkn‰nIƒ, Kth-jW ÿm]-

\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS km[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øpw.

$ 1 apX¬ 12 hsc ¢mkpIfn¬ ]Tn°p∂ IpńIfpsS Adnhpw Ignhpw

[mcWIfpw F{X-am{Xw {]mbm-\p-kr-X-ambn hnI-kn-°Ww F∂Xv

imkv{Xobambn Xn´s∏SpØn \n›nXhpw kab_‘nXhpamb

{]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS Ahsc Db¿∂ \nehmcØnseØn°pw.

$ \ΩpsS \mń¬ \nehnep≈ hnZym`ymkcoXnbpsS KpWhißƒ

\ne\n¿Øn hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ ap≥]¥nbn¬ \n¬°p∂

cmPyßfnse ]T\coXn, D≈S°w, ]T\X{¥ßƒ,

aqey\n¿WbcoXn, A[ym]I]cnioe\ coXnIƒ F∂n-h-bn¬

kzoIm-cy-am-bh Dƒs°m-≠v X\Xv hnZym-̀ ymk amXrI hnI-kn-∏n-

°pw.

$ amXr-`m-j-s°m∏w Cw•o-jv, lnμn `mjIfn¬ Db¿∂ tijn

ssIhcn°m\m-h-iy-amb coXn-imkv{Xw hnI-kn∏n-°pw.

$ Hmtcm Ipń°pw ]T\Øn\pw hnImkØn\pw Xpeymhkcßƒ

\¬Ipw. anI® ]T\m\p`hßƒ \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn

hnZymebta¬t\m´w, \SØn∏v, kab{Iaw F∂nhbn¬

Bhiyamb am‰w hcpØpw.

$ kab_‘nXamb DtZymKÿXe \nco-£W kwhn[m\w

Dd∏m°pw.

$ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb kv{Xo˛]pcpj _‘sØ°pdn®pw Xpey-X-sb-

°p-dn®pw enwK-kaXzsØ-°p-dn®pw ImgvN-∏mSv kvIqƒ L -́Øn¬

Xs∂ Ipń-Iƒ°p≠m°m-\mh-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-

Øpw.

$ hnZymeb {]h¿Ø\ßƒ°p ]n¥p-Wbpw {i≤-bp-ap-d-∏m-°m≥

P\Iob-kwhn[m\ßƒ cq]s∏SpØpw.

$ {]tXyI ]cnKW\ A¿ln°p∂ hnZym¿YnIƒ°v Dƒs∏sS

B[p\nI imkv{X˛kmt¶XnIhnZym km[y-X-Iƒ


26 ]T\{]h¿Ø\Øn\mbn hn\ntbmKn°pw. "bqWnthgvk¬

Unssk≥ Hm v̂ teWnMv' cq]s∏SpØpw. CXp]tbmKn°p∂Xn-

\mbn ¢mkvapdnIƒ B[p\nIam°pIbpw DNnXamb C˛I≠‚ v,

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂nh L´w-L-́ -ambn hnIkn∏n®v \S∏m°pIbpw

sNøpw.

$ XpS¿®-bmbXpw ka-{K-hpamb aqey-\n¿Wb {]{Inb hne-bn-cp-

Ø-ens‚ Ahn-̀ mPy ̀ mK-am-°pw. kwL-]-T-\apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ sshhn-

[y-am¿∂ am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS B¿Pn-°p∂ Adn-hp-I-sfbpw Ign-hp-I-

sfbpw hy‡n-K-X-ambn hne-bn-cp-ØpI F∂ X{¥-ambncn°pw

kzoI-cn-°p-I.

L´w-L-´-ambn kwÿm-\sØ apgp-h≥ hnZym-e-b-ß-sfbpw anI-hns‚

tI{μ-ß-fm-°pI F∂-XmWv Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS e£yw. ta¬∏-d™ F√m

L -́ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hnZym-eb{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]ptcm-K-an-°-Ww. A°m-Z-

anI]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ F√m kvIqfp-I-fnepw \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw kaql]¶m-

fn-Ø-tØmsS hnP-b-Øn-se-Øn-°p-Ibpw thWw. kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬

ss]e‰v {]h¿Ø\w F∂ \nebv°v Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ kvIqfp-I-fnse

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t\cn-́ p≈ hn`hklmbw FØn-°m\pw tamWn-‰¿

sNøm\pw Dt±-in-°p-∂p. AtXmsSm∏w Xs∂ s]mXp-hmbn e`y-am-Ip∂

hn -̀h-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-am-Xr-I-Ifpw a‰p hnZym-e-b-ßƒ°pw CtX-k-abw

Xs∂ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.


27

P\m-[n-]XyhnZym-e-b-ßƒ

{]h¿Ø-\-amXrI

k-aq-l-Øn-s‚-bpw cm-{„-Øn-s‚-bpw kz-]v-\-ßƒ-°pw- {]-Xo-£-Iƒ-°pa-

\p-k-cn-®v s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-sf am-‰n-sb-Sp-°p-I-sb-∂ hn-]p-e-am-b e-

£y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-kw-c-£-W-b-⁄w \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xv.

s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-sf-bpw hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-bpw kv-t\-ln-°p-

I-bpw sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-{K-ln-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ G-sXm-cmƒ-°pw -̨P-\-

{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, {]m-tZ-in-I `c-W-Iq-Sßƒ, ]q¿-h-hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ, k-∂-≤-

kw-L-S-\-Iƒ, s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿, A-[ym-]-I¿, c-£n-Xm-°ƒ XpS-ßn-

b-h¿°v -̨ k¿-Km-fl-I-am-bn C-S-s]-Sm-\p-≈ A-h-k-c-am-Wv Cu ]-≤-Xn H-

cp-°p-∂-Xv. "A-°m-Z-an-I-an-IhneqsS hn-Zym-e-b-an-I-hv' F-∂ ap-{Zm-hmIyw

ap≥-\n¿-Øn-bp-≈ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv ]-≤-Xn e-£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv.

F-√m Ip-´n-Iƒ-°pw k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hn-Im-k-Øn\v Xp-ey A-h-k-c-

ßƒ e`y-am-I-Ww. kz-¥w I-gn-hp-Iƒ I-s≠-Øm-\pw D-b¿-∂ X-e-Øn-

te-°v F-Øn-°m\pw ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ a-dn-I-S-°m\pw Ip-́ n-Iƒ°p Ign-b-Ww.

H∏w, ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I A-h-t_m-[w, km-aq-ln-Im-h-t_m-[w, hn-a¿-i-\m-h-

t_m-[w, enw-K-k-a-Xz-[m-c-W Xp-S-ßn-bhbpw B¿Pn-°-Ww. CXn\v hn-

Zym-e-b-ßƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ ]T-\-t_m-[\ coXn-Iƒ t_m[-]q¿hw ]p\-

cm-hn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]T-\w c-k-I-c-hpw sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Db¿Øp-∂-

Xp-am°n am-‰m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ ]T-\-{]-{In-b, sF.kn.Sn. km-[y-X-Iƒ

{]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]T-\m-¥-co-£w, k-aq-l-hp-am-bn kw-h-Zn-®p

]Tn-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b Ah-k-c-ßƒ, hn-hn-[-ß-fm-b hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬

co-Xn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h Dƒ-t®¿-Øp-sIm-≠p-≈ Hcp ]T-\ -̨t_m-[-\-am-XrI

kv-Iq-fp-Iƒ-°v kz-bw kr-„n-°m-\m-h-Ww. CXn\v kw-ÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬

cq-]-s∏-Sp -Øp-∂ co -Xn -im-kv - {X-hpw klm-b-I-kw-hn -[m-\-ßfpw


28 hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ-°v IcpØp ]I-cpw. a‰p hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂

\q-X-\ A-°m-Z-an-I]≤-Xn-I-fpsS Bi-b-ßfpw kzo-I-cn-°m≥ I-gn-b-Ww.

C-ß-s\ Hmtcm hnZym-e-bhpw kz-bw kr-„n-®pw a-‰p-≈-h-cn¬-\n-∂p kzo-

I-cn-®pw \-ho-I-cn-°s∏S-Ww. anI-hp‰ A°m-Z-anI]≤-Xn-Iƒ CXn-\m-h-

iy-am-Wv. CØ-c-Øn¬ K-th-j-W-kz-̀ m-h-ap-≈ A-°m-Z-an-I-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ cq-

]o-I-cn-°m-\pw \-S-∏m-°m-\pw hnZym-e-b-ßƒ {]m]vX-am-IWw.

anI® hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS {]tbmKhpw sa®s∏´

ASnÿm\-kuIcyßfpsS ]q¿Wamb hn\ntbmKhpw kwÿm-\sØ

kvIqfp-I-fn¬ km[y-am-Ipw. sshhn[yam¿∂ kmaqlnI˛kmºØnI˛

kmwkvImcnI ]›mØeap≈ IpSpw_ßfn¬\n∂v ]Tn°ms\Ønb

IpńIƒ°v Htc ¢mkn¬ Hcpan®ncp∂v ]T\ {]{InbIfn¬

`mK`m°mIp∂Xn\p≈ AhkcamWv \¬tI≠Xv. \ne-hnse

]mT]pkvXIßfpw ]Tt\m]m[nIfpw F√m IpńIfpsSbpw

]T\thKØn\pw _u≤nIXeØn\pw A\ptbmPyam°n

am‰nsbSp°m≥ ¢mkvapdnIfnse "_lpapJ {]{InbIƒ'°v am{Xta

km[n°pIbp≈q. hyXykvX tijn°mcmb IpńIƒ°v CSw \¬Ip∂

]T\{]{InbIfmWv \S∏mt°≠Xv. ]T\Øn\pw hnIk\Øn\pw Xpey

Ahkchpw Db¿∂ Xeßfnte°v X\Xmb IgnhpIƒ D]tbmKn®v

]d∂pbcm\p≈ kml-Ncyßfpw Ipń-Iƒ°p e`y-am-I-Ww. CXn-\mbn

{]{Inbm[njvTnXamb A[ym]\hpw ]T\hpw Hmtcm ¢mknepw

Dd∏m°p∂Xn-\p≈ ]≤-Xn-bmWv P\-Iob hnZym-`ymk amXrI.

IpńIfpsS ssh⁄m\nI˛ sshImcnI˛kmaqlnI hnIk\Øn\v Xpey

{]m[m\yw \¬Ins°m≠pthWw Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS ]T\˛t_m[\

{]{InbIƒ Nn´s∏SpØm≥.

Bi-b-Zr-VX ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

Hmtcm ¢mknepw B¿Pn-t°≠ Adnhpw [mc-Wbpw Ignhpw aqey-

t_m[hpw ssIh-cn®p thWw s]mXp hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ tNcp∂ Ipń-

Iƒ ]{¥≠mw ¢mkp hsc-bp≈ ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm°m≥. Ch¿ kaq-l-

Øn¬ hyXykvX taJ-e-Ifn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-cmbn amdWsa∂pw

kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw e£y-an-Sp-∂p. CXv km[y-am-°p-IbmWv ]mTy-]-

≤Xn, ]mT-]p -kvX-I-ßƒ, ]T-\˛-t_m-[-\-co -Xn, aqey-\n¿Wbw

F∂n-h-bn-eqsS sNtø-≠-Xv. F√m-X-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ _lp-kz-c-X-Isf

Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ign-tb-≠-Xp≠v. AtX-t]mse {][m-\-amWv

enwK-k-a-XzsØ°pdn®v icn-bmb ImgvN-∏mSv hnI-kn-°pI F∂-Xv.


29

F√m IpńIƒ°pw ]T\Øn\pw hnIk\Øn\pw Xpeymhkcw e`n°m≥

hnZym`ymk AhImi\nbaØn¬ \njvI¿jn®ncn°p∂

A[yb\Zn\ßfpw ]T\kabhpw Dd∏mt°≠Xp≠v. AXp-t]mse {][m-

\-amWv Hmtcm ¢mknepw ]Tn-t°≠ hnj-b-ß-fmbn kne-_-kn¬ Dƒs∏-

SpØn \¬In-bn-́ p≈ Bi-b-ßfpw [mc-W-Ifpw ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw ¢mkn¬

hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-SpI F∂-Xpw. \memw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Hcp Ipń°v

200 {]hrØn Zn\-ß-fnse 1000 aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn kne-

_-kn¬ \¬In-bn-́ p≈ amXr-̀ m-j, Cw•o-jv, KWn-Xw, ]cn-k-c-]-T\w F∂o

hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]mT-]p-kvXI D≈-S-°hpw Bi-b-ßfpw [mc-W-Ifpw

ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw ]T-\-t_m-[\ {]{In-b-I-fn-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ°v hn\n-abw

sNø-s∏-S-Ww. hnj-bm-[n-jvTn-X-ambn t\Snb Adn-hp-Iƒ PohnX kμ¿ -̀

ß-fn¬ A¿∞-]q¿Æ-ambn {]tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-cßƒ D≠m-h-

Ww. Ipń-I-fpsS ka{K hnIm-kØnpw khn-tij Ign-hp-Iƒ Is≠Øn

]cn-t]m-jn-°m-\pw hgn Hcp-°-Ww. Cu coXnbn¬ 200 {]hrØn Zn\-ß-

sf 1000 ]T-\-a-Wn-°q-dp-Ifmbn hn`-Pn®p \¬In ka-{Km-kq-{XWw

XbmdmIpw.

ka-{Km-kq-{X-W-Øn¬ Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw \¬Inb BsI ]T\ aWn-

°q-dp-Iƒ ]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ, t\Sp∂ Bi-b-ßƒ/[mc-W-Iƒ, \n¿t±-in-

°p∂ ]T-\-{]-{In-bbpw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-hpw, ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ/

sF.kn.Sn. hn -̀h-ßƒ, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, ]T-\-t\-́ -ßƒ

F∂nh hy‡-am-°p∂ kq£va-Xe ]mTmkq-{XWw Xbm-dm-°-Ww. CXv

kne-_kv {]Imcw \n›nX {]hrØn aWn-°q-dp-I-fn-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ°p

e`n-t°≠ Bi-b-ßfpw [mc-W-Ifpw IrXy-X-tbmsS Bkq-{XWw

sNøm≥ A[ym-]-Isc klm-bn-°p-∂p. am{X-a√ 200 {]hrØn Znh-k-ß-

fn¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-t°≠ ¢mkp-Iƒ Bkq-{XW sNøp-∂-sX-ß-s\ F∂p

Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn\v kvIqƒ k_vPIvSv Iu¨kn-en\pw A[ym-]-I¿°pw

hy‡X \¬Ip-∂p.

kq£va-Xe Bkq-{X-W-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-Ønb ]T-\-sam-Uyq-fns‚ IcSv ]mTm-

kq-{XWw Xbm-dm°n \¬I-emWv ASpØ L´w. A[ym-]n-Ibv°v / A[ym-

]-I\v Hmtcm Znh-ksØbpw Xs‚ hnj-b-Øns‚ ]mTm-kq-{XWw Xbm-

dm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nq≠p-]-e-I-bmWv CXv. Fs¥-√m-amWv ]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ,

GXv Bibw/[mcW ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\mWv ]T-

\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ ap≥K-W\ \¬tI-≠-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ°v I≠pw tI´pw

{]h¿Øn®pt\m°nbpw Bib hy‡X t\Sm≥ GsXms° ]T-t\m-]-


30 I-c-W-ßƒ GXp coXn-bn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp -Ømw. as‰-s¥√mw

hn -̀h-ßƒ {]mtZ-in-I-ambn Is≠-Øn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww XpS-ßnbh

kw_-‘n®v A[ym-]n-Ibv°v {]mY-anI [mcW \¬Ip-∂-XmWv IcSv ]mTm-

kq-{X-Ww. C{Xbpw Imcy-ßƒ kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Xbm-dm°n t]m¿´¬

hgn e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn thWw Hmtcm ¢mknsebpw A[ym-

]-I¿ Ah-cpsS ¢mkvXe {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p≈ ]mTm-kq-{XWw Xbm-

dm-°¬.

Ch Ah-c-h-cpsS ¢mkns‚ khn-ti-jXIƒ IqSn Dƒs°m≠v ka{K

]mTm-kq-{X-W-ap≠m°m≥ klm-b-I-am-hpw.

Hmtcm ¢mknepw ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn`mh\w sNbvX e£y-ßƒ ]c-am-h-[n

t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mw C\n-bp-tasd apt∂m´p t]mIm-\p≠v F∂mWv

CXp kw_-‘n® ]T-\-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. Ip´nsb anI-hns‚ Xe-

ß-fn-te°v Db¿Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb {]{In-bm-[n-jvTn-X-amb ]T-\ -̨t_m-

[-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn \S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn\v Hmtcm

]mTy-h-kvXphpw/]T-\mibhpw I≠pw tI´pw {]h¿Øn®pw ]Tn-°m\pw

kzmwio-I-cn-°m\pw ¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.

]mTy-]-≤Xn e£y-ßƒhnj-b-ß-fpsS

kne-_kv

hnj-b-Xe bqWn‰vka{Kmkq-{XWw

kq£vaXe]mTm-kq-{XWw

(Ic-Sv)

]T-\-t\-́ ßƒ

Bi-b-ßƒ/aqey-

ßƒ/tijn-

Iƒ/at\m-`m-h-ßƒ

{]{Inb]T-\

-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ

]T\sXfn-hp-

Iƒ

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

kabw


31

Hmtcm kq£va-X-em-kq-{XWhpw hn`m-h\w sNbvX ]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ

¢mknse F√m Ipń-Ifpw t\Spsa∂pd∏m-°p∂, ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-

sS {]tbm-Kw hy‡-am-°p∂XmWv IcSv ]mTm-kq-{X-W-w. \n¿ZnjvS ]T-

\-t\-́ -ßƒ ssIh-cn-°m≥ Hcp Bibw/]T\ hkvXp Fßs\ Ah-X-

cn-∏n-°-Ww, Fs¥¥p klm-b-hn-`-h-ßƒ GtXXp kμ¿`-Øn¬ D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw, ]T-\e£yßƒ t\Sntbm F∂v hy‡am-°m≥ D]-

tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ aqey-\n¿Wb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ GsXms°, kam-\-co-X-

nbn¬ {]mtZ-in-I-ambn Is≠-Øm-hp∂ {]h¿Ø\-ßfpw hn`-h-ßfpw

GsXms° XpS-ßnb s]mXp-kq-N\ am{X-amWv Cu I-cSv ]mTm-kq-{XWw

\¬Ip-I. CXv kvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ hnj-b-k-anXn tbmK-Øn¬ N¿®sNbvXv

sa®-s∏-SpØWw. Xs‚ ¢mknse Ipń-I-fpsS sshhn-[y-sØbpw khn-

ti-j-X-I-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn®v, ]mTm-kq-{XWw Xbm-dm-°n-bmWv Hmtcm

So®dpw ]T-\ -̨t_m-[\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-ØpI. Cßs\ Hmtcm A[ym-

]n-Ibpw/A[ym-]-I\pw Xbm-dm-°nb ]mTm-kq-{XWw t]m¿´-en¬

A]vtemUv sNøWw. CXn-eqsS `mj-bnepw imkv{XØnepw KWn-X-

Ønepw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-Ønepw AXXp ¢mkn¬ Ipń-Iƒ t\tS≠p∂

[m-c-W-Iƒ t\Sm\pw BibZrVX ssIh-cn-°m\pw kml-N-cy-sam-cpßpw.

CØ-c-Øn¬ ]mTm-kq-{XWw Xbm-dm-°nb A[ym-]-I¿°v ¢mkv-ap-dn-bn¬

X\n°v e`yam-hp∂ ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ CXv \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ign-bp∂

coXn-bn¬ ]›m-ØekuI-cyhpw kwhn-[m\-ßfpw Hcp°Ww. Ipń-Isf

kwL-ßfmbn Xncn®v I≠pw tI´pw {]h¿Øn®pw ]Tn-°m≥ klm-bn-

°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-ßfp≈- ¢mkvapdn-Iƒ k÷-am-°Ww. Bh-iy-amb

D]-I-c-W-ßfpw ]pkvX-I-ßfpap≈ kpk-÷-amb et_m-d-´-dn-Ifpw

sse{_-dn-Ifpw kvIqfn¬ Hcp-t°≠Xp≠v.

Hmtcm So®dpw \S-Øp∂ Cu hyXy-kvX-amb ]mTm-kq-{X-Whpw ]T-\ -̨

t_m-[-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kvIqfp-Iƒ XΩnepw kwÿm-\-X-e-Ønepw

]¶p-hbv-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]pXnb Adn-hp-Ifpw hn -̀h-ßfpw A[ym-]-I¿°pw

kvIqfp-Iƒ°pw e`y-am-tI-≠-Xp-ap≠v. CXn\p klm-b-I-amb Hcp teWnMv

amt\-Pvsa‚ v C≥^¿ta-j≥ knÃw (LMIS) sF.Sn@kvIqƒ Xøm-dm°pw.

ka-{K-hn-Im-khpw khn-tij anI-hp-Ifpw

hnZym-̀ ymk Ah-Imi\nb-a-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ km[ymbZn\-ßfpw

]T-\-a-Wn-°q-dp-Ifpw Dd-∏m-°p∂tXmsS s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fnse

Ipń-Iƒ°v ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ \n¿tZ-in® AdnhpIfpw ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw


32 ssIh-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb kabw e`n-°pw. F∂m¬ t\Snb Adn-hp-I-fp-

sSbpw [mc-W-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kmaqlnI -Po-hnXkμ¿`-

ß-fn¬ CS-s]´p {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xpw {]iv\-]-cn-lm-cØn\p≈ Ignhp

t\Sp∂Xpw IqSn hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e£y-am-Wv. lb¿ sk°‚dn

]n∂n-Sp-∂-tXmsS sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn¬ {]th-in-°m\pw Bfl-hn-izm-k-

tØmsS PohnXw \bn-°m\pw th≠ ]cn-io-e\w Dd∏p hcp-tØ-≠-Xp-

≠v. CXn\v klm-b-I-amb hn[-Øn¬ hnZym-e-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

kkq£vaw Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

¢mkvapdn-°-IØp am{X-a√ ]T\w \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]T-\ -̨t_m-[-\-{]-h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn-eq-sS Ipń-Iƒ t\Sp∂ Adnhpw Ignhpw hyXykvX PohnXkμ¿ -̀

ß-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn®pt\m°m\pw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Ønse kmaq-lnI-{]-iv\-

ßƒ°v, {]iv\-ßfpsS Bgw Xncn-®-dn™v ]cn-lmcw \n¿tZin-°m\pw

kvIqƒ ]T-\-Øn¬ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww. hnj-b-_-‘n-X-amb Adn-hp-

Isf ka-{K-ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ß-fmbn Xmsg ]d-

bp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ P\-Iob hnZym-̀ ymk amXr-I-bpsS LS-I-am-IWw

Cu c≠p LS-I-ßfpw tN¿∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv

¢mkvXe ka-{Km-kq-{XWw 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ 200 {]hrØn

Zn\-ß-fn¬ 800 aWn-°qdpw 6 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ 1000 aWn-°qdpw

9 apX¬ 12 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ 1200 aWn-°qdpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv

Hmtcm hnZym-e-bhpw Ipń-Iƒ°v Cu ]T-\-t_m-[-\m-\p-̀ -h-ßƒ \¬IpI.

$ H∂p-ap-X¬ \mep-h-sc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ `mj, KWn-Xw, ]cn-k-c-]-T\w

F∂n-h-bnse Adnhpw Ignhpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn kmaq-lnIk-

μ¿`-ß-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ipń-Isf klm-bn-°p∂ \nXy-Po-

hnXkμ¿ -̀ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn {]h¿Ø\ ]pkvX-Iw Xbm-dm°n

\¬IWw. CXv XpS¿ aqey-\n¿W-tbm-]m[n IqSn-bm°n am‰mw.

$ 5 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ `mj, KWn-Xw, imkv{Xw, kmaq-ly-

im-kv{Xw F∂o hnj-b-ß-fpsS Bi-b-ßfpw [mc-W-Ifpw D]-

tbm-K-s∏-SpØn {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-ti-jnbpw k¿Km-fl-IXbpw ssIh-

cn-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \¬Imw. Ch Hmtcm ¢mkn\pw

{]tXyIw D≠m-IWw. CXn-\mbn Nne amXr-I-Iƒ kwÿm-\-X-

e-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in-°mw. t{]mPIvSv am¿K-tc-Jbpw aqey-\n¿Wb-

kq-N-I-ßfpw klmb-ambn \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ Cw•ojv, lnμn ̀ mjm-tijnhnI-k-\-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In 5 apX¬

8 hsc ¢mkp-Im¿°v {]tXyI ]≤Xn \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.


33

$ 9,10 ¢mkpIfn¬ Hmtcm Ipń°pw Hcp h¿jw \o≠p\n¬°p∂

kzX{¥ t{]mPIvSv {]h¿Ø\w D≠mIWw. CXv kwL-ambn

\n¿hln°p∂XmWv DNnXw. F∂m¬ h¿jmhkm\w IndividualProject Report ka¿∏Whpw Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpsS ]¶p-hbv∏pw \S-

°-Ww. CXv aqey\n¿Wbw sNbvXv ]T\]ptcmKXntcJbn¬

Dƒs∏SpØpw.

$ "11˛12 ¢mkpIfn¬ F√m hnjbßƒ°pw ]T\hkvXpXIfpw

[mcWIfpw {]tbmP\s∏SpØnbp≈ KthjW t{]mPIvSpIƒ

Hmtcm Ipńbpw sNøWw. CsXß-s\-bm-IWw F∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿K-

tcJ kwÿm\XeØn¬ Xbmdm°n \¬Ipw. s{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ

sNøp-∂-Xn\v Ipń°v am¿K-\n¿tZiIcmbn s{]mPIvSv hgn-Imń

D≠m-I-Ww. imkv{X t{]mPIvSpIƒ C∂thj≥ t{]mPIvSpIfmbn

\S∏m°mw. PohnXØnse Bhiyßƒ \n¿hln°m≥

{]tbmP\s∏SpØmhp∂ D]IcWßƒ, coXnIƒ,

]cnlmc\n¿tZißƒ, ]T\dnt∏m¿´pIƒ F∂nhbmbncn°Ww

Xbmdmt°≠Xv. CXns‚ {]tbmK£aX, imkv{XobmSnØd,

KthjWØ\na, emfnXyw XpS -ßn -bh ]cnKWn®mhpw

aqey\n¿Wbw. Ipń-bpsS Xm¬∏cyØn\-\p-k-cn®v Ãm¿ v́ A∏v

anj≥ km[y-X-Ifpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ Hmtcm hnZymebØnepw IemImbnI{]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS Ipń-

I-fpsS k¿K-]-c-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ {]tXyIamb

kwhn[m\w D≠mIWw. F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw an\naw Imbn-I-£-

aX Dd-∏m-°¬ e£y-an-S-Ww. Fbvtdm-_nIvkv t]mep≈ efnX

]cn-io-e\]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Btbm-[\ Ie-

Iƒ, tbmK XpS-ßn-b-hbpw kvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ ]cn-io-en-∏n-°mw.

icn-bmb sshIm-cn-I˛am\-kn-I-˛imco-cnI Btcm-Ky-ap-s≠-¶nte

]T\w km[y-am-Iq. Iuam-c-°msc e£yw-h-®p≈ {]tXyI am\-

kn-Im-tcmKy]≤-Xn-I-ƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Ipń-bpsS BtcmKyioe-

ßfpw hfsc {][m-\-amWv. Hmtcm {]tZ-i-sØbpw {]mY-anI

BtcmKytI{μ-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏ v́ CXn-\m-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

\S-°-Ww.

Iem-cw-KØv F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw Hcn-\Øn-se-¶nepw A`n-cpNn

t]mjn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m\p≈ klm-b-I-kw-hn-[m\w kvIqfp-I-fn¬

D≠m-h-Ww. 1 apX¬ 4 hsc ¢mkpIfn¬ hnZym¿YnIƒ°v

]T\{]h¿Ø\ßtfmsSm∏w Xs∂ ]m´pw kwL-N-e-\hpw


34 Nn{X-c-N-\bpw A`n\bhpw Dƒs∏SpØnbp≈ coXnimkv{Xw Ign-

bm-hp-∂{X kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 5 apX¬ 12 hscbp≈ ¢mkp-

Ifnse IpńIƒ°v Cu hnjbßfn¬ AhchcpsS

A`ncpNn°\pkrXambn Ie/ImbnI C\Øn¬ IqSp -X¬

]cnioe\w t\Sm≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp°mw. CXn\v kvIqfnse ]q¿h-

hn-Zym¿Yn kwL-S\, kvIqƒ kt∏m¿ńwKv {Kq∏v, Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-

cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS klmbw tXSmw. Ipń-I-fpsS

ka-{K-hn-I-mk-Øn\v {]mtZ-in-I-amb F√m-Xcw sshZ-Kv[y-ß-sfbpw

kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂XmWv. kvs]j-enÃv A[ym-]-I-cpsS tkh\w

F√m kvIqfnepw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-I-Ww.

$ s]mXphnZymebßfnse A°mZanI anIhv h¿[n∏n°p∂

{]h¿Ø\ßtfmsSm∏w Xs∂ IpńIfn¬ Bflhnizmkhpw

{]iv\]cnlcWtijnbpw t\Xr-KpWhpw h¿[n∏n°Ww. CXn\v

ss{]adn ¢mkpIƒ apX¬ hnZym¿YnIsf kvIqfnse

s]mXp{]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Bkq{XWØnepw kwLmS\Ønepw

t_m[]q¿hw Dƒs∏SpØWw. hnZymebØnse Akwªn,

Iem˛ImbnI˛imkv{XtafIƒ, hm¿jnIßƒ, Zn\mNcWßƒ,

IΩyqWn‰n Iymºbn\pIƒ F∂nhbpsS kwLmS\®pa-Xe

IpńIƒ°v \¬IWw. A[ym]IcpsSbpw ]pdØp \n∂p≈

hnZKv[cpsSbpw t\XrXzØn¬ {]h¿Ø\mkq{XWØnepw

\SØn∏nepw Ipń-Iƒ°v A\p`hßƒ e`n°p∂ coXnbnemhWw

Cu {]h¿Ø\ßfpsS kwLmS\w. {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ ]¶mfnØw

\¬Ip∂Xns\m∏w IpńIfpsS t\XrXzØn¬ AhcpsS

k¿KmflIXbpw t\XrXztijnbpw hn\ntbmKn°m≥ Ahkchpw

\¬IWw. Cßs\ Ahkcw \¬Iptºmƒ F√m IpńIsfbpw

hnhn[ NpaXeIfn¬ \ntbmKn°m≥ t_m[]q¿hw {ian°Ww.

kvIqƒ ]m¿e-sa‚ns\/¢mkv k`sb C°m-cy-ßƒ°mbn G‰hpw

\∂mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ kvIqƒ ]m¿e-sa‚ns\ F√m A¿Y-Ønepw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°-Ww.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-kw-c-£-W-Øn\v ¢mkvk`-Iƒ F∂

Bibhpw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ipń-I-fpsS apJy-a-{¥n-

bpw a{¥n-amcpw \bn-°p∂ ¢mkvk -̀Iƒ c≠m-gvN-bn-sem-cn-°¬

tNc-Ww. Ipń-I-fpsS {]iv\-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-Ww, N¿®-Iƒ, ]cn-

lmc\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ F∂nh Cub-h-k-c-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h-cpw.


35

Ch tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb an\pSvkv ]cn-tim-[n®v {]Y-am-[ym-]nI

]cn-lmc{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-ØWw.

]T-\-]-cn-t]m-jW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

]T\w ê-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv ]T-\-]-cn-t]m-jW

]≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. \ne-hn-ep≈ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-

∂-Xn\pw ÿmbn-bmb ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Cu

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ klm-b-I-am-h-Ww. sshhn-[y-ap≈ ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ßƒ

Hcp-°m≥ A[ym-]-Isc k÷-cm-°nbpw ]T-\m-¥-co-£-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-

Ønbpw ]T\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hpw. P\-Iob hnZym-̀ ymk amXr-I-bpsS

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F√m hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw GIo-Ir-X-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p-

∂Xv hsc Hmtcm hnZym-e-b-ßƒ°pw Ah-cpsS Ipń-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-

X-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ka-{Km-kq-{X-W-Øns‚ `mK-

ambn Dƒs∏-SpØn \S-∏n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

1. amXr-̀ mj

{]mb-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Ipń-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-t°≠ `mjm-tijnIƒ bYm-

k-abw hnI-kn-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ AXv ]T-\sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-

°pw. Hmtcm ¢mknepw \n›nX `mjm-ti-jn-Iƒ t\S-W-sa∂v \njvI¿jn-

°p-∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-c-Øn\pw k¿Km-flI hyh-

lm-c-Øn-\p-ap≈ am[yaw F∂ \ne-bnepw ]T-\-am-[yaw F∂ \ne-bnepw

amXr-̀ m-j-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ tijn-Iƒ {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p∂p.

aq∂v, \mev, ¢mkp-I-fn¬ amXr-̀ m-j-bnse tijn-Iƒ th≠{X Af-hn¬

t\SmØ Ipń-Isf e£yw h®v "ae-bmfØnf°w' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp

]≤Xn k¿h-in£m A`n-bm≥ 2016˛17 A[y-b\h¿jw \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-

cp-∂p. kam-\-amb {]iv\w t\cn-Sp∂ a‰p ¢mkp-I-fnse Ipń-I-sfbpw

klm-bn-°p∂Xn\v A∏¿ ss{]adn ¢mkp-I-fn-te°v Bh-iy-amb am‰-

ß-tfmsS ]≤Xn hym]n-∏nt°-≠-Xp-≠v.

amXr-̀ m-j-bn¬ t\tS≠ tijn-I-fpsS \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ HØp-Xo¿∏p-Iƒ

D≠m-Im-Ø-hn[w F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw anI® `mjm-\p-`hw \¬Ip∂

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ A[ym-]-I¿°p -I-gn-b-Ww.

CXn-\mbn Kth-j-Wm-fl-I-amb ]T-\ -t_m-[-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

XpS¿]cnio-e-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

D≈-S-°-Øn\v D]-cn-bmbn `mjm-{]m-ho-Wyhpw Nn¥bpw `mh-\bpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-h-t_m-[hpw t]mjn-∏n-°p∂Xpw kzbw ]T-\-Øn\p


36 t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb ]T-\m-\p-̀ -h-ß-fm-Wv Hcp-t°-≠-Xv. A[ym-]-I-cpsS

tijn hnI-kn-∏n®pw ImgvN-∏m-Snepw kao-]-\-Ønepw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

hcp-Ønbpw am{Xta Cu e£yw ssIh-cn-°m-\m-hq.

2. Cw•ojv

]T-\-Øn\pw Bi-b-hn-\n-b-a-Øn\pw klm-b-I-amb hn[-Øn¬ Cw•ojv

`mjm-ss\-]pWn hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-

Xp-≠v. temh¿ ss{]adn L´w apX¬ Cw•ojv `mjm ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ ]Sn-

]-Sn-bmbn Db¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm-\p≈ {Iao-I-c-W-ß-fmWv D≠m-tI-≠-

Xv. 2016˛17 h¿jw Fkv.-F-kv.FbpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ ss{]adn kvIqƒ

A[ym-]-I-cpsS Cw•ojv A[ym-]-\-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°m-\mbn Bcw-`n®

]≤-Xn-bmWv "ltem Cw•o-jv'. Bfl-hn-izm-k-tØmsS `mj ssIImcyw

sNøm≥ A[ym-]-I¿°p Ign-™mte Ipń-I-fn¬ `mjm-ti-jn-Iƒ

hf¿Øm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. BwK-e-]T\--Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ anI-hm¿Pn®Xmbn

s]mXp-k-aq-lsØ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ign-b-Ww. AXn\p klm-b-I-

amb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kvIqƒX-e-Øn¬ Bkq-{XWw sNøm-\m-Ipw. temh¿

ss{]a-dn-bn¬ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S¬ A∏¿ ss{]adnbnte°pw hym]n-∏n-

t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn-\mbn {]tXyI ]≤Xn Xbm-dm-°pw.

H∂p-ap-X¬ ]{¥-≠p-hsc ¢mkp-I-fnse Cw•ojv `mjm-]-T\w ê-{]-Z-

am-°p-∂-Xn\v am¿K-\n¿tZiw \¬Ip∂ anI® {]h¿Ø\amXr-I-Iƒ

A[ym-]-Isc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw hnZym-e-bm-¥-co-£-Øn\v CW-ßp∂

hn[-Øn¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Nn -́s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ahsc {]m]vX-cm-°p-Ibpw

thWw. UnPn-‰¬ ]T-\-hn-̀ -h-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn-°m\pw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw

Ah hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw A[ym-]-I¿°p Ign-b-Ww. ]T-\-t\-́ -ßƒ kpÿn-

c-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw ¢mkn\p tN¿∂-hn[w Db¿∂ -`m-jm-ti-jn-Iƒ hnI-

kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ klm-b-I-am-h-Ww.

3. {]Xn-̀ m-t]mjW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

hyXykvX \ne-hm-c-°m¿°m-bp≈ khn-tij ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ kvIqƒ

A°m-Z-anI]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn cq]-s∏-S-Ww. ¢mkvapdn-bn¬ IqSp-X¬

anI-hp ]pe¿Øp-∂-hsc Iptd-°qSn Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-se-Øn-°m-\p≈ {]Xn-

`m-t]m-jW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv AXn-sem-∂v. CØcw hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v

]mTy-]-≤-Xn°v A\p-_-‘-ambn Iptd-°qSn Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-ep≈

A\p-̀ -h-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøm≥ Ign-b-Ww. hnZ-Kv[-cmb AXnYnb[ym-]-

I-cpsS tkh\w {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, hnhn[ imkv{X Kth-jW


37

ÿm]-\-ßƒ kmwkvIm-cnI ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpambn _‘-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bp≈ ]T-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, Kth-jW{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, ]T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ,

Iymºp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-am-°mw.

4. ]T-\-]n-∂m-°-°m¿°p≈ ]≤Xn

¢mkvapdn-bn¬ hyXy-kvX ]T-\-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep-≈-h¿°p≈ hnhn[ ]T-

\-X-{¥-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. A°q-́ -Øn¬ ]T-\-]n-∂m°w

\n¬°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ th≠nhcpw. CØ-c-

°m-cpsS kmaq-lnI˛Km¿lnI kml-Ncyßƒ hne-bn-cpØn ]n¥pW

\¬Im≥ Ign-b-Ww. P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-ƒ, hnZym-eb hnI-k\ kan-Xn, Xt±-

i-kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ, [\-Imcyÿm]-\-ßƒ, hy‡n-Iƒ XpS-

ßn-b-h-bpsS ]n¥p-W-tbmsS Cu hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS PohnXkml-Ncyw

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ CS-s]-S¬ thWw. a\-»mkv{XhnZ-Kv[-cpsS tkh\w

IqSn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn ]T\k∂-≤X hf¿Øm\pw Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-

IWw. {]tXyI ]T-\-hn-̀ -h-ßƒ Hcp-°n-bp≈ A°m-Z-anI]n¥p-Wbpw

t{]m’m-l-\hpw ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn amd-Ww.

5. `n∂-ti-jn-°m¿°p≈ ]cn-K-W\

kvIqƒ A°m-Z-anI]≤-Xn-bn¬ ̀ n∂-ti-jn-°msc ]cn-K-Wn-®p≈ {]tXyI

]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Dƒt®¿°-Ww. {]tXyI ]cn-io-e-\-ap-dn-Iƒ, ]T-t\m-]-I-

c-W-ßƒ F∂nhbvs°m∏w \ho\ kmt¶-XnIhnZy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈

]cn-io-e-\hpw Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww. sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn\pw Ah-

k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.

6. ssPh-ssh-hn[y DZym\w

{]Ir-Xn-tbm-sSm-∏w, {]Ir-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn Ip´n hf-c-Ww. ]T-\-{]-{In-

b-bn-ep-ap-≠m-IWw Cusbmcp ssPh-_‘w. s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc-

£Wb⁄-Øns‚ `mK-ambn hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn[y DZym-

\ -ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp -I -bm -Wv. hnZym -ebw Hcp ]mT-]p -kvXIw

F∂ ktμiw IqSn P\m-[n-]Xy hnZym-`ymk{]{InbbpsS `mK-ambn

kzoI-cn®p Ign-™p. kvIqƒ hf∏nse ssPh DZym\w Cu A¿Y-Øn¬

anI-s®mcp ]mT-]p-kvXIw Xs∂-bm-h-Ww. `mj, KWn-Xw, imkv{Xw,

k¿Km-flI{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bvs°√mw Cu "]mT-]p-kvXIw'

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.


38 Poh-\-ss\-]p-Wnbpw sXmgn¬ ss\]p-Wnbpw

tZiob ss\]pWy tbmKyXm N -́°qSv (National Skills Qualifications Frame-work) {]Imcw Xbm-dm°-p∂ tbmKyXm ]≤Xn-Iƒ (Qualification Packs),Poh\ss\]pWn sXmgn¬ ss\]pWn F∂n-ßs\ c≠p {][m\ hn`m-

K-ß-fn-ep≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

Poh\ ss\]pWo ]cn-io-e-\sØ ]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS hfsc

kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Xs∂ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bp-ambn hnf°nt®¿°m≥ Ignbpw.

Cßs\ ]mTy {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw ss\]pWn]cn-io-e-\-sØbpw ]c-

kv]c]qcI-ambn \S-∏n-em-°m-\m-hpw. CXn-\p≈ {]tXyI ]≤Xn B¿.-

Fw.-F-kv.-F, Akm]v F∂n-h-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Xbm-dm°n \¬Ipw.

11˛sebpw 12˛sebpw Poh\ss\]pWn ]cn-io-e\w AhnsS \¬Im≥

Dt±-in-°p∂ sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn\vA\p-tbm-Py-amb Xc-Øn¬ hnI-

kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e\w A\p-_‘ ]cn-io-e-\-

amtbm ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-tbmSp tN¿tØm \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. B¿.-Fw.Fkv.-

F. hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C, sSIv\n-°¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ, Akm-]v, {]mtZ-inI kmt¶-

XnI ]T-\-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, {]mtZ-inI sXmgn¬ ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-

bpsS klm-b-Øm¬ sXmgn¬ ss\]pWn hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]≤Xn

Xbmdm°n \¬Ipw.

-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS G-tIm-]-\w

P\m-[n-]Xy hnZym-̀ ymk]-≤-Xn-bp-sS `m-K-am-bn B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂ {]-h¿-

Ø-\-ßƒ ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn \-S-∏m-t°-≠-Xv hn-Zym-e-bØns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-

Xz-amWv. h-f-sc {i-≤-tbm-sS-bp-≈ B-kq-{X-W-hpw \-S-Øn-∏pw D-s≠-¶n¬

am-{X-ta {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ -̂e-{]-Z-am-bn \-S-∏m-°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q. i-cn-

bm-b ap-s∂m-cp-°w C-Xn-\v B-h-iy-amWv.

$ 1˛10 A-s√-¶n¬ 1˛12¢m-kp-I-fp-≈ hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ Hm-tcm hn-j-

b-Øn-\pw hn-j-b-k-an-Xn-Iƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°-Ww. Hmtcm hnj-b-k-an-

Xn°pw I¨ho-\¿ D≠m-h-Ww. CXns‚ samØw GtIm-]\w Fkv.-

B¿.Pn. I¨ho-\¿ \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. temh¿, A∏¿ ss{]a-dn,

sslkvIqƒ, lb¿ sk°-‚dn hn`m-K-ßƒ°v Fkv.-B¿.Pn

D]-I¨ho-\¿amcpw BImw. AtXm-sSm∏w ]mTym-\p-_‘ {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ GtIm-]n-∏n-°m\pw Hcp D]-I¨ho-\¿ thWw. Fkv.-B¿.Pn.

A[y£-\mbn {]n≥kn∏¬/slUvam-Ã¿ {]h¿Øn-°-Ww.

Ah-[n-°m-eØv hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ B-kq-{X-W-tbm-Kw \S°-Ww.


39

Cu tbm-K-Øn¬ hnZym-eb{]h¿Ø\w kw_-‘n® s]mXp-Xo-cp-

am-\-ßƒ FSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ kvIqƒ A°m-Z-anImkq-{XWw Xbm-dm-°n-°-gn-™m¬ AXn-\-\p-

krX-ambn ASpØ A°m-Z-anI h¿jw Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-

ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°-Ww. F√m {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw

]ń-I-bm°n Ah-bpsS hni-Z-amb k-a-b-{I-aw-̨ -ssSw-tS-_nƒ-̨ D-≠m-

°-Ww. A-Xn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A-Sp-Ø am-kw e`n-°p-∂ ]T-\-

k-a-bw I-W-°m-°n {]-Xn-am-k-{]-h¿-Ø-\-{I-a-hpw Hmtcm hnj-b-

Øn-s‚bpw ]mTm-kq-{X-W-hpw X-bm-dm-°-Ww. C-ß-s\ Xbm-dm-°p-

∂-h {]n≥-kn-∏¬/sl-Uvam-Ã¿°v k-a¿-∏n-°-Ww.

$ kvIqfns‚ hnIk\Øn\mhiyamb LSIßsfbpw

D]IcWßsfbpw sIńSßsfbpw Ipdn®v Xocpam\saSp°p∂-

Xn\p apºpXs∂ kvIqfns‚ C∂sØ s]mXp Ahÿ hne-bn-cp-

Ø-Ww. kvIqƒ Im®vsa‚ v Gcn-b-bnse kvIqƒ {]mb-Øn-ep≈

apgp-h≥ Ipń-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp ImgvN-∏m-SmWv Bh-iyw.

CXv bmYm¿Yy-t_m-[-tØmsS ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v. Cßs\ sNøp-

tºmƒ kvIqƒ hnI-k-\-sØbpw A°m-Z-anIanI-hn-s\bpw Ipdn-

®p≈ c£n-Xm-°-f-S°-ap≈ kaq-l-Øns‚ \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw IqSn

IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww. A[ym]IcpsSbpw c£nXm°fpsSbpw

P\{]Xn\n[nIfpsSbpw Iq´mb N¿®bpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hcpw

sIm√ßfn¬ kvIqfn\v D≠m°m≥ Ign-bp∂ t\´ßsf°pdn®v

hy‡amb ImgvN∏mSv cq]-s∏-Sp-ØWw. CtXmsSm∏w `mj, KWn-

Xw, imkv{Xw, kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw F∂n-h-bn¬ Bi-b-Zr-VX,

Bibhn\nab ss\]pWn, {]iv\]cnlmctijn h¿[\

XpSßnbh ssIh-cn-°m-≥ DNnX-amb kqNnIIƒ Dƒs∏SpØn

ka-{K-amb A°m-Z-anI ImgvN-∏mSpw amÃ¿ πm\n¬ Dƒt®¿°-

Ww.

$ {]-h¿-Ø-\-{I-a -hpw ]mTm -kq - {X-W-hpw Xbm-dm°p-tºmƒ

F-kv.kn.C.B¿.Sn.- X-bm-dm-°n hn-Zym-e-b-t]m¿-´-en¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-

cn-® I-c-Sv ]mTm-kq-{X-W-hpw -{]-h¿-Ø-\-{I-a-hpw ]-cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.

A-h hn-j-b-k-an-Xn-I-fn¬ hn-i-Z-am-bn N¿-®sN-bv-X ti-j-am-IWw

Hm-tcm hn-Zym-e-b-Øn-s‚-bpw Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw km-[y-X-Iƒ,

{]-iv-\-ßƒ F-∂n-h Xn-cn-®-dn-™v ]mTm-kq-{X-Ww H-cp-t°-≠-Xv.

C-Ø-c-Øn¬ ]mTm-kq-{X-Ww X-bm-dm-°p-tºmƒ Ip-ń-I-fp-sS

]T-\-co -Xn -bn -se ssh-hn -[yw, -A-\-\y-hy -‡n-Xzw, -X-\-Xp -


40 Nn-¥m-{]-{In-b, hy-Xy-kv-X Kr-lm-¥-co-£w, -Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ, -

ss\-k¿-Kn-I I-gn-hp-Iƒ, -Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, [m-c-W-Iƒ, -Hm-tcm h-f¿-

®m-L-́ -Øn-s‚-bpw {]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ-, kmaq-lnI sshIm-cnI Xe-ßƒ

-{]-tXy-In-®v Iu-am-c-Im-eØns‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂nh-sb√mw

]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xp≠v.

$ sF.Sn@kvIqƒ e`y-am-°p∂ kvIqƒ t]m¿ -́en¬ \¬In-bn-́ p≈

IcSv ]mTm-kq-{XWØn¬ Bh-iy-amb am‰w hcpØn t]m¿ -́en¬

A]vtU‰v sNømw. CXn-\m-h-iy-am-b- A[nIhn`h-ßƒ {]mtZ-in-

I-ambpw t]m¿ -́ens‚ dntkmgvkv]qfn¬ \¬In-bn-́ p-≈Xn¬ \n∂pw

A[ym-]n-Ibv°v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ C-ß-s\ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ ]mTm-kq-{X-Ww D-]-tbm-Kn-®v e`y-amb

kmt¶-XnIhnZym kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-sS-b-S°w k-lm-b-tØm-sS ^-

e-{]-Z-am-bn hn-\n-a-bw sNøWw.

$ t{]m-P-Œp-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v {]m-tZ-in-I hn-Z-Kv-[-cpsS klmbw

{]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ I-gn-bWw.

$ A-[ym-]n-I-bp-sS \n-c-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬, Ip-ń-I-fp-sS kz-bw-hn-e-

bn-cp-Ø¬, ]-c-kv-]-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-¬, km-aq-lnI-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ Xp-

S-ßn-b-h-bv-°p≈ A-h-k-c-ß-fpw B-kq-{X-W \¬I-Ww.

$ Hm-tcm Ip-́ n-bp-sS-bpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬tcJ t]m¿-́ -en¬ tN¿-°Ww

c-£n-Xm-°ƒ-°v G-Xp {]-tZ-i-Øp-\n-∂pw A-h Im-Wm-\pw hn-e-bn-

cp-Øm-\pw {]-Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap-≈ A-h-k-cw \¬-

I-Ww. C-Xn-\p km-[n-°m-Ø-h¿-°v hn-Zym-e-b-Øn¬ t\-cn-´p-h-∂v

Im-cy-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°m-\p-≈ A-h-k-c-hpw \¬-I-Ww.

$ ¢mkv ]n.Sn.F tbmK-ßƒ ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn hnfn®p tN¿Øv

]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww. Ipń-I-fpsS Ipd-hp-Iƒ ]¿-h-Xo-

I-cn®v ImWn-°p∂ thZn-I-fmbn CXv amd-cp-Xv. anIhp-Iƒ Db¿Øn-

°m-Wn-°m\pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°m-\p≈ am¿K-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-

°-s∏-S-Ww. CØcw tbmK-ß-fn¬ Ipń-I-fpSsS ]T--\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-

bpsS sXfn-hp-I-fmb t]m¿ v́t^m-fntbm {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ D≠m-I-

Ww. Ch ap≥\n¿ØnbmIWw anI-hp-Iƒ hy‡-am-t°-≠-Xv.

$ hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-se {]-[m-\ ¢-∫v {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ, Zn-\m-NcW-ßƒ

F-∂n-h-bp-sS B-kq-{X-Ww \-S-Øp-I-bpw Ipń-I-fn¬\n∂v Np-a-X-e-

°m-sc I-s≠-Øp-I-bpw th-Ww. F√m Ip-ń-Iƒ-°pw t\-Xr-Xzw

e-̀ n-°p-∂ hn-[-am-Wv Np-a-X-e-Iƒ \¬-tI-≠-Xv. ¢m-kv ap-dn-bn-se


41

{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS Xp-S¿-®-sb-∂ \n-e-bn¬ thWw B-tLm-j-ßfpw

Zn\m-N-c-W-ßfpw Bkq-{XWw sNøm≥.

$ ]T-\w ¢m-kn-\p ]p-d-tØ-°pw hym-]n-∏n-°-Ww. hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-se

ssP-h-ssh-hn-[y-]m¿-°p-Iƒ, Ir-jn-bn-S-ßƒ, k-aq-l-Øn-se s]m-

Xp-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ. ap-X-em-b-h k-μ¿-in-°p-I-bpw A-h-bp-am-bn _-

‘-s∏-Sp-Øn hn-hn-[ ]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ G-s‰-Sp-°p-I-bpw th-Ww

( t{]m-P-Œv, A-ssk≥-sa‚p-Iƒ, kw-hm-Z-ßƒ, sk-an-\m-dp-Iƒ). K-

th-j-W-kz-̀ m-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v Bh-iy-amb {]m-

[m-\yw \¬-I-Ww.

$ Hm-tcm am -k-Øn-s‚-bpw A-h-km-\w hn -Zym -e-b-X-e-Øn¬

F-kv.B¿.Pn. tbm-Kw tN¿-∂v {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I-bpw

A-Sp-Ø am-k-tØ-°p-≈ {]-h¿-Ø\-ßƒ B-kq-{X-Ww sN-øp-I-

bpw th-Ww.

$ hnZym-e-bsØ Hscm‰ bqWn-‰mbn I≠v AhnsS {]h¿Øn-°p∂

hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS (LP, UP, HS, HSS, VHSS) Iq´mb Btem-

N-\-I-fp-sSbpw hn`h ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-sSbpw am{Xta "P\Iob hnZym-

`ymkamXrI' krjvSn-°m≥ Ignbq. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb ]›m-Ø-e-

sam-cp-°m≥ kvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Fkv.-Fw.kn/

]n.Sn.F. apX¬ ¢mkv ]n.Sn.F. hsc-bp≈ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-sSbpw

GtIm]nXamb {]h¿Ø\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. CXns\ Iq´n-bn-W-

°p∂ Hcp kvIqƒ t]m¿´¬, kvIqƒ sh_vssk‰v D≠m-h-Ww.

CXv hnZym-eb{]h¿Ø-\Øns‚ P\-Iob hnZym-̀ ymkamXr-Isb

c£m-I¿Ør kaq-l-Ønepw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønepw Zriy-am-Ip-∂-

Xn\v klm-bn°pw.

$ hnZym-eb{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v A\p-_-‘-ambnØs∂ ka-{K-amb

c£m-I¿Ør hnZym-̀ ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Bkq-{X-Ww sNø-Ww.

hn-Zym-e-b-X-e -k-an-Xn-I-fpw A-°m-Z-an-I Np-a-X-e-I-fpw

{]n≥-kn-∏¬/sl-Uv am-Ã¿

hn-Zym-e-b-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v A-°m-Z-an -I-t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-tI-≠-Xv

{]n≥-kn-∏¬/sl-Uvam-Ã¿ B-Wv. hn-Zym-e-b-sØ-bpw s]m-Xp-k-aq-l-sØ-

bpw H∂n∏n-°p-∂ I-Æn-bm-bpw hn-Zym-e-b-kw-hn-[m-\-sØ -̀c-W-]-c-am-b

ta¬-Ø-´p-I-fp-am-bn _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ hc-bm-bpw C-h¿ {]h¿Øn°Ww.

C-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b I-gn -hp-I-fpw [m-c-W-I-fpw {]-Yam-[ym-]-I¿-°v


42 e-̀ n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. A-h-[n-°m-e-Øp-X-s∂ A-Sp-Ø h¿-j-tØ-°p-≈ _r-

l-Zv B-kq-{X-W-hpw H-cp am-k-tØ-°p-≈ k-a-{Km-kq-{X-W-hpw X-bm-dm-

°n-bn-́ p-s≠-∂v D-d-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. hn-j-b-k-an-Xn-I-fp-sS cq-]o-I-c-Ww, hn-

hn-[ Np-a-X-e-I-fp-sS hn-̀ -P-\w F-∂n-h \-S-∂n-́ p-s≠-∂v D-d-∏m-°-Ww.A-

°m-Z-an-I-am-b hn-hn-[ k-an-Xn-Iƒ -̂e-{]-Z-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂v

D-d-∏ph-cp-Ø-Ww. B-h-iy-am-b hn-`-h-ßƒ hn-hn-[ hn-`m-K-ß-fn-se A-

[ym-]-I¿ X-Ωn¬ ssI-am-dn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂v D-d-∏m°-Ww. k-aq-

l-hp-am-bpw k-ao-] hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fp-am-bpw ku-lr-Z-]q¿-W-am-b _-‘w ÿm-

]n-°p-∂p-s≠-∂v D-d-∏m-°-Ww. A-[ym-]-I¿ X-bm-dm-°p-∂ ]mTm-kq-{X-W-

ßƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-®v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°Ww. hn-hn-[ X-e-ß-fn¬\n-∂p e-̀ n-°p-

∂ {]-Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw A-h A-[ym-]-I-cp-am-bn ]¶p-

hbv-°p-Ibpw th-Ww. k-hn-ti-j-am-b ]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ tc-J-s∏-Sp-

Øp-I-bpw A-h hn-hn-[ X-e-ß-fnse ta¬t\m-´®pa-X-e-bp≈ DtZym-K-

ÿ-cp-ambn ]¶p-hbv-°p-Ibpw thWw.

¢m-kvX-e -c-£m-I¿-Ør-k-an-Xn

H-cp ¢m-kn-se Ip-´n-I-fp-sS c-£n-Xm-°-fp-sS Iq-´m-bv-a-bm-W-t√m ¢m-kv

]n.Sn.F. A-X-Xp ¢m-kn-se ]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ -̂e-{]-Z-am-bn hn-\n-a-

bw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v A-[ym-]-I¿-°v ]n-¥p-W \¬-Im≥ ¢m-kvX-e c-£m-I¿-

Ør-k-an-Xnsb k-Po-h-am-°-Ww.

]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ Ip-́ n-I-fp-sS {]-Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ, Ah-cpsS

I-gn-hp-Iƒ, {]-iv-\-ßƒ ap-X-em-b-h kw-_-‘n-® hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ

A-[ym-]-Icpambn ]¶p-hbv-°p-I, ]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v

hn-̀ -h-k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-I F∂nh ¢mkv ]n.Sn.FIfp-sS Npa-X-e-IfmWv.

]T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ, \n¿-am-W-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ, ti-J-c-W-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ

ap-X-em-b-hbn¬ A-[ym-]n-I-sb k-lm-bn-°p-∂Xpw Cu kan-Xn-bpsS

I¿Ø-hy-am-Wv. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ am-k-Øn-sem-cn-°se¶nepw ¢m-kv ]n.Sn.F.

tNcWw.

hnZym-e-b-hn-I-k\ kanXn

hn-Zym-e-b-Øn-se ]q¿-h-hn-Zym¿-Yn-kw-L-S-\, am-Xr-k-an-Xn Xp-S-ßn- hn-hn-

[ k-an-Xn-I-ƒ {]h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Nm-e-I-i-‡n-bm-bn h¿-Øn-t°-

≠-Xv Cu k-an-Xn-bm-Wv. hn-Zym-e-b-Øn-\p th-≠ A-°m-Z-an-I]n-¥p-W

\¬I¬, hn-hn-[ k-an-Xn-Iƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-≈ kw-bp-‡-tbm-K-ßƒ

kw-L-Sn -∏n -°¬, A-°m-Z-an -I-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ kw-bp-‡-tbm-K-ß-fn¬


43

\n-c-¥-c-N¿-®-bv-°pw A-h-tem-I-\-Øn-\pw hn-t[-b-am-°¬ F∂nh Cu

kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Ifm-Wv. s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ymk kwc-£Wb⁄-Øns‚

`mK-ambn A°m-Z-anI {]h¿Ø\Øn-\m-h-iy-amb kmº-ØnI kam-l-

c-W-Øn\v hnZym-eb hnI-k\ kanXn t\XrXzw \¬I-Ww.

]q¿-h-hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ

A-°m-Z-an-I-cw-K-Øp \n-c-h-[n k-lm-b-ßƒ \¬-Im≥ ]q¿-h-hn-Zym¿-Yn-

kw-L-S-\bv-°p I-gn-bpw. hnZym-eb hnI-k\ kan-Xn-bn¬ ]q¿-h-hn-Zym¿-

Yn-I-sf Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn im-‡o-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C-h-cn¬ A-°m-Z-an-I-

tbm-Ky-Xbp-f-f-h-cp-sS tk-h-\w ¢m-kvap-dn-bn¬ {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øpw. hn-

Zym-e-b-Øn-se hn-hn-[ B-tLm-j-ß-fn-epw N-S-ßp-I-fn-epw C-h-cp-sS km-

∂n-[y-hpw k-l-I-c-W-hpw D-d-∏p-h-cp-ØWw. hn-hn-[ ta-J-e-I-fn¬ {]-K-¤-

cm-b- I¿-j-I¿, sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, \n¿-am-W-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-

sc-sb√mw Cu ta-J-e-bp-am-bn _‘n-∏n°mw.

hnZym-eb A°m-Z-anI hnI-k\tcJbpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw

Hmtcm hnZym-e-bhpw s]mXp-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k -kw-c-£Wb⁄-Øns‚ `mK-

ambn ka-{K-amb hnZym-eb hnI-k-\-tc-Jbv°v cq]w sImSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

A[ym-]-I¿, c£n-Xm-°ƒ, P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, hnZym-̀ ymk{]h¿Ø-I¿,

s]mXp-k-aqlw XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS thWw CXv Xbm-

dm-°m≥. `uXn-Ihpw A°m-Z-an-I-hp-amb anI-hp-b¿Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb

]≤-Xn-Iƒ {lkz-Ime˛Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-S-Ww. CXns‚

\S-]Sn{Ia-ßƒ kw_-‘n® \n¿t±iw am¿K-tcJ 1 ¬ \¬In-bn-́ p-≠v.

CX\p-k-cn-®p≈ hnI-k\ skan-\m-dp-Ifpw amÃ¿ πm≥ Xbm-dm-°-ep-

sa√mw hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ _lp-P\ ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS \S∂p hcp-∂p≠v.

F∂m¬ ]≤Xn ka-{K-amb Hcp A°m-Z-anI hnI-k\ tcJbpw

A°m-Z-anI ]≤-Xn-Ifpw cq]-s∏´p h∂n-́ n-√. {][m-\-ambpw A[ym-]-I-

cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ thWw CØ-c-samcp tcJ Xbm-dm-°m≥. {]mtZ-

inI hnZ-Kv[¿, P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, c£n-Xm-°ƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿s°ms°

CXn¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≠m-I-Ww. CØ-c-samcp tcJ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

\S-]Sn {Ia-ßƒ C{]-Imcw t{ImUo-I-cn-°mw.

$ slUvam-Ã¿, ko\n-b¿ Akn-Ã‚ v, {]n≥kn-∏¬, Fkv.-B¿.Pn.

I¨ho-\¿. ]n.Sn.F/Fw.]n.-Sn.F/Fkv.-Fw.kn. A[y-£-∑m¿ F∂n-

h¿ Hcpan®ncp∂v A°m-Z-anI ]≤Xn cq]o-I-cWw kw_-‘n®

Bkq-{XWw \S-Ø-Ww. CXn -\mbn kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬


44 Xbm-dm°n \¬In-bn-´p≈ am¿K-tcJ (2) {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv.

$ Cusbmcp Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Fkv.-B¿.Pn.

I¨ho-\¿ klm[ym-]-I-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS A°m-Z-anI hnI-

k\ ImgvN-∏mSp IcSptcJ Xbm-dm-°-Ww.

$ kvIqfnse A[ym-]I ˛ A\-[ym-]I tbmK-Øn¬ IcSp A°m-Z-

anIhnI-k\ ImgvN-∏mSp tcJ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Fkv.-

B¿.Pn. I¨ho-\¿ CXn\v t\XrXzw \¬I-Ww.

$ ASpØ-L´w F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]≤Xncq]o-I-cW in¬∏-ime kwL-

Sn-∏n-°-Ww. in¬∏-im-e-bn¬ hnI-k\ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ hni-Z-amb

N¿®-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-am-°-Ww. Fkv.-B¿.-Pn, Fkv.-Fw.-kn, ]n.Sn.-

F, Fw.]n.-Sn.-F, Fkv.-Un.-kn, H.F-kv.-F, kmaqlnI k∂≤ kwL-

S\Iƒ, hnZym-̀ ymkhnZ-Kv[¿ F∂n-h-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf in¬∏]-

im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°Ww. in¬∏-im-e-bn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂ A`n-

{]m-b-ßfpw \n¿tZi-ßfpw IqSn ]cn-K-Wn®v IcSv ]≤XntcJ sa®-

s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ¢mkv, hnj-b-ßƒ, hnZym-ebw F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-

sIm-≠p≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Ic-Sp-tc-J-bn¬ Dƒs∏-́ n-́ p-s≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-

cp-Ø-Ww. in¬∏]-ime {]n≥kn-∏¬, slUvam-Ã¿, Fkv.-B¿.Pn.

I¨ho-\¿ F∂n-h-cpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ \S-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ C{]Imcw cq]-s∏´p h∂- hnZym-eb A°m-Z-anI tcJbv°v Ãm v̂

Iu¨kn¬ Fkv.-B¿.Pn tN¿∂v A¥n-a-cq]w \¬I-Ww. XpS¿∂v

k_vPIvSv Iu¨kn-ep-Iƒ tN¿∂v ]≤-Xn-Ifpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw

Bhn-jvI-cn-°-Ww. ]n∂oSv Ch-bpsS GtIm-]-\hpw t{ImUo-I-c-

Whpw \S-°-Ww. s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø\ Ie-≠dpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ A°m-Z-anI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Hmtcm-∂n\pw Bh-iy-amb ]n¥p-W-kw-

hn-[m-\-ßƒ th≠n hcpw. CXn-\mbn t\csØ in¬]-im-e-bn¬

]s¶-SpØ s]mXp-k-aql{]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kan-Xn-Ifpw

cq]o-I-cn-°mw.

$ ssPh-ssh-hn[y DZym\w, ka{K Imbn-I-hn-I-k-\w, D®-`-£W

]cn-]m-Sn, Iem-t]m-jW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, k¿Km-flI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ,

hnhn[ ¢∫p-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, ]T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw

A°m-Z-anI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn IÆn tN¿°-Ww. AXn-\m-h-iy-

amb ]≤-Xn-Ifpw hnZym-eb A°m-Z-anI hnI-k-\-tc-J-bpsS `mK-

am-I-Ww.


45

kwÿm-\-Xe ]n¥pW

P\-Iob hnZym-̀ ymkamXr-I-bpsS hnP-b-I-c-amb \S-Øn-∏v D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-

∂-Xn-\m-bn hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ-°v ssI-Øm-ßm-hp-∂ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv kw-

ÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠Xv.

$ \n-e-hn-ep-≈ kn-e-_-kv, ]T-\e£yßƒ, ]mT-]p-kv-X-I -D-≈-S-

°w, A-h-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb ¢mkvXe ka-{Km-

kq-{X-Ww, hnj-b-Xe kq£va-X-em-kq-{XWw F-∂n-h-bp-sS C-˛-

tIm-∏n-Iƒ kw-ÿm-\-Xe-Øn¬ X-bm-dm-°n \¬Ipw.

$ \n-c-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿-W-b-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øn \n-c-h-[n am-Xr-I-Iƒ

hn-hn-[ hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ C-t∏mƒ-Ø-s∂ hn-I-kn-∏n-®ph-cp-∂p-≠v.

A-Ø-cw am-Xr-I-Iƒ s]m-Xp-t]m¿-´-en¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn \¬Ipw.

A-h {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-b \n-c-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿-W-b-co-Xn-Iƒ hn-I-kn--∏n-

°p-∂Xn\v klm-b-I-am-IWw. aqey-\n¿Wbw kw_-‘n® s]mXp-

am¿K-tcJ hnI-kn-∏n®v A-[ym-]-I¿-°v e-̀ y-am-°-Ww.

$ ]T-\-t\-́ w hn-e-bn-cp-Øn an-I-hp h¿-[n-∏n-°m≥ Pq¨ -am-k-Øn¬

ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c˛-\n¿-W-b-]T-\-hpw (Baseline study) am¿-®n¬

h¿jm¥ -\n-e-hm-c-]T-\-hpw (Endline study) F-kv.kn.C.B¿.Sn-bp-

sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \-SØpw. tZ-io-b, A-¥¿-tZ-io-b-\n-e-hm-c-hp-am-

bn _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øns°m-≠p-≈ ]T-t\m]m-[n-I-fm-Wv C-Xn-\m-bn D-

]-tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øp-I.

$ \n -c -¥-c -aq -ey -\n¿ -W-b-Øn-s‚ shfn -®-Øn¬ Ip -´n -I -fp -sS

]T\\n-e-hm-c-\n¿-W-bw \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b co-Xn-im-kv-{X-hpw

D-]m-[n-I-fpw F-kv.kn.C.B¿.Sn˛Fkv.-F-kv.-F, B¿.-Fw.-F-kv.F.

F∂n-h-bpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsS hn-I-kn-∏n -s®-Sp -°-Ww.

C-Xn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ¢m-kv A-[ym-]n-I Ip-́ n-I-fp-sS \n-e-hm-cw

t]m¿-́ -en-se Ãp-U‚ v s{]m-ss -̂en¬ tN¿-°-Ww.

$ hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ-°m-h-iy-am-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-am¿-K-tc-J-bpw I-e-≠-dpw

ap≥Iq´n X-bm-dm-°pw. {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ hn-e-bn-cp-Øn B-h-iy-am-b

\n¿-tZ-i-ßƒ \¬-Im≥ kan-Xn-Iƒ k÷-amIpw.

$ H-º-Xp ap-X¬ ]-{¥-≠p h-sc-bp-≈ ¢mkp-I-fnse sXm-gn¬-]T-\-hp-

am-bn _-‘-s∏-́ hn-hn-[ tIm-gv-kp-Iƒ \n›-bn-°¬, A-h-bv-°m-h-

iy-am-b kwhn-[m-\-sam-cp-°¬, ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ, km-£y-]-{X-ßƒ

F-∂n-h X-bm-dm-°¬.


46 $ tI-c-f-k¿-°m¿ Aw-Ko-I-cn-® ]mTy-]-≤-Xn A-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv {]nk-v-

Iq -fp -Iƒ {]-h¿-Øn-t°-≠-Xv. {]nkvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn F-

kv.kn.C.B¿.Sn. X-bm-dm-°n-bn-́ p-≠v. Ah e`y-am°n ]T-\ -̨t_m-

[\w Imcy-£-a-am-°¬.

$ A-°m-Z-an-I-]-≤-Xn \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\v hn-Zym-e-b-ß-sf k-lm-bn-°m≥

{]-K-¤-cm-b A-[ym-]-I-cp-sS ( U-b-‰v ^m-°¬-‰n, l-b¿- sk-°‚-dn,

sk-°‚-dn, ss{]-a-dn, .......) tk-h-\hpw. k¿ho-kn¬\n∂p -hn-c-an-®-

h-cp-sS tk-h-\-hpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øpw.

$ A-°m-Z-an-I-]-≤-Xn-°v A-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ `u-Xn-I-ku-I-cy-ßƒ, km-

aq-lnI-_-‘-ßƒ ap-X-em-b-h D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-́

am¿-K-tc-J Xbm-dm-°n hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ-°v e-̀ y-am-°pw. ]p-Xn-b hn-

Zym-`ym-k-Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-\-\p-k-cn-®v sI-´n-S-ß-fpw a-‰p ku-I-cy-ß-fpw

cq-]-I-ev-]-\ sN-øp∂Xn\pw ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ hn-e-bn-cp-Øn Aw-Ko-Im-cw

\¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈ hn-Z-Kv-[-k-an-Xn-Iƒ kw-ÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ cq-]o-

IrX-am-Ipw.

$ sF.Sn@kvIqƒ ˛ hnZym-eb hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS \S-Øn-∏n-\m-

h-iyamb UnPn-‰¬ kmt¶-XnIklmbw kvIqfp-Iƒ°p \¬Ipw.

Hmtcm hnZym-e-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, {]h¿Ø-\-I-e-≠¿,

\n¿hl-W-coXn XpSßnbh s]mXp-tc-J-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb

UnPn-‰¬ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pw.

$ Ub-‰v, Fkv.-F-kv.-F, B¿.-Fw.-F-kv.-F, lb¿ sk°‚-dn, shmt°-

j-W¬ lb¿ sk°-‚-dn F∂o kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ ]≤Xn Ic-Sp-

tcJ Xbm-dm-°¬, in¬∏-im-e-Iƒ, skan-\m-dp-Iƒ, ]≤-Xn-tcJ

A¥n-a-am-°¬ XpS-ßnb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v A°m-Z-anI klmbw

\¬Ipw. kvIqƒXe \S-Øn-∏p-I-fpsS CS-°me hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ,

Znim-KXn \n¿Wb klm-bw, ]T-\-ßƒ F∂nhbpw \n¿h-ln°pw.

$ Fkv.-Fw.knbpw ]n.Sn.F bpw kvIqƒXe ]≤Xn{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

t\XrXzw \¬Ipw. hn`hkam-l-c-W-hpw {]h¿Ø\ hne-bn-cp-

Øepw {]kvXpX kan-Xn-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw. ¢mkvXe

hn`hkam-l-cWØn¬ klm-b-ßƒ \¬Ipw.

$ hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Iƒ (Btcm-Kyw, ipNn-Xz-an-j≥, hm´¿ AtXm-dn-‰n,

s]mXp-a-cm-aØv) sshZ-Kv[yhpw hn -̀h-ßfpw \¬In ]≤Xncq]o-I-

c-W-Ønepw \n¿h-l-W-Ønepw tkh\w \¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.

$ Xt±-i-kz-bw-̀ -cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ klÿm]-\-ß-sf∂ \ne-bn¬

hnZym-e-b-ßƒ°v F√m-hn[ t\Xr-Xzhpw Xt±-i- ]-≤Xnhn -̀h-ßfpw

F≥Pn-\o-b-dnMv sshZ-Kv[yhpw e`y-am-°pw.


47

P\Iob hnZym-̀ ymkamXrI

km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS km-[y-X-I-ƒ

s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ km-aq-ln-Iam-‰-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-bn-S-ß-fm-Wv.

k-aq-l-Øn¬ \-S-Øp-∂ A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-b G-sXm-cp C-S-s]-S-epw

s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v B-cw-̀ n-t°-≠-Xp-ap-≠v. hn-h-chn-\n-a-b km-

t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy ap-t∂m-́ phbv°p-∂ ku-I-cy-ßƒ Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ F-√m ta-

J-e-I-fn-epw {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ k-aq-l-am-Wv tI-c-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. A-

Xn-\-\p-kr-X-am-b an-I-hv \-Ωp-sS hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fpw B¿-Pn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

Cu km-l-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv kw-ÿm-\sØ hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \n-e-hn¬

km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y A-h-ÿ

hn-i-I-e-\w sN-bv-Xv Iq-Sp-X¬ an-I-hv B¿-Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp k-a-{K

]-≤-Xn A-\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

Hmtcm Im-eØpw e-̀ y-am-bn-́ p-≈ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ hn-Zym-̀ ym-kta-J-e-

bn¬ {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ {i-aw F--°m-e-Øpw tI-c-f-Øn¬

D-≠m-bn-́ p-≠v. hn-Zym-̀ ym-kta-J-e-bn¬ sF.kn.Sn k-t¶-X-ßƒ ]T-\˛

t_m-[-\ B-h-iy-ßƒ-°v {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ ]-e-X-c-

Øn-ep-≈ {i-a-ß-fpw C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fpw I-gn-™ c-≠p Z-im-–-am-bn \-S-

∂p-hcp∂p.

C-Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn A[ym-]-I]-cn-io-e-\-ßƒ, Un-Pn-‰¬ D-≈-S-°-\n¿-

am-Ww, Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°p-≈ ]-cn-io-e-\]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, I-ºyq-́ ¿ lm¿-Uv--sh-

b¿ hn-X-c-W-hpw ]-cn-]m-e-\-hpw F-∂n-ß-s\ \n-c-h-[n C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fpw

]-co-£-W-ß-fpw tI-c-f-Øn¬ \-S-∂n-́ p-≠v. C-Ø-cw {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS

B-I-Øp-I k-am-l-cn-®v \-Ωp-sS hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ hn-\n-a-bw sN-ø-s∏-tS-

≠Xp≠v. ap-gp-h≥ ]mT-̀ m-K-ß-fpw Un-Pn-‰¬ k-t¶-X-ß-fpw km-a-{Kn-I-fpw


48 D-]-tbmKn®v hn-\n-a-bw sN-øm≥ {]m-]v-X-hpw ]-cym-]v-X-hp-am-b A-°m-Z-an-

Ikm-l-N-cyw \n¿-an-s®-Sp-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv \mw hn-̀ m-h-\w sN-øp-∂-Xv.

]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-b t_m-[-\co-Xn-Iƒ-°p ]-I-cw F-√m Ip-́ n-I-fn-te-°pw

F-Øm-hp-∂-Xpw F-√m-X-cw ]T-\kz-̀ m-h-ß-fp-≈-h-sc-bpw Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-

Sp-Øm≥ ]cym-]vXhp-am-b H-cp hn-\n-a-b-co-Xn \mw A-t\z-jn-t°-≠-Xp-

≠v. Un-Pn-‰¬ hn -̀h-ßfpw A-h hn-\n-a-bw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ km-t¶-Xn-I

k-÷o-I-c-W-ß-fpw C-°m-c-W-Øm¬ Xn-I-®pw {]-k-‡-am-hp-∂p-≠v.

Un-Pn-‰¬ ]T-\hn-`-h-ßƒ

Zr-iy-ß-fm-bpw {ihy-ß-fm-bpw hn-\n-a-bw sN-øm≥ km-[y-X-I-fp-≈ ]mT-

`m-K-ßƒ, Un-Pn-‰¬ Nn-{X-ßƒ, ho-Un-tbm ¢n-∏p-Iƒ, B-\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ,

C‚-dm-Iv-‰o-hv A-]v--se-‰p-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b Un-Pn-‰¬ k-t¶-X-ßƒ ¢m-kn¬

A[ym-]nI t\-cn-´p-]-tbm-Kn-®pw A-Xn-\p km-[n-°m-Ø-h kz-bw ]T-\-

Øn-\pw t{]m-P-Iv-‰v t_-kv-Uv te-Wn-Mv/d-̂ -d≥-kv-̨ -dn-k¿-®v co-Xn-bn-epw ¢m-

kn¬ hn-\n-a-bw sN-ø-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ km-[y-X-Iƒ A-t\z-jn-°Ww.

C-Ø-c-Øn¬ ¢m-kvapdn-Iƒ ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-ø-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Xm-sg ]-d-

bp-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ Iq-Sn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-S-Ww.

$ F-√m hn-j-b-ßƒ-°pw B-h-iy-am-b-{X-bpw Un-Pn-‰¬ hn -̀h-ßƒ.

$ F-√m A-[ym-]-I¿-°pw Bh-iy-am-b t_m[-\kt¶-X-ßfpw D]-I-

c-W-ß-fpw.

$ A[ym-]-I¿°v Bhi-y-amb ]cn-io-e-\w \¬I¬.

B-h-iy-am-b ]T-\-hn-̀ -h-ßƒ kz-bw X-bm-dm-°n-tbm a-‰p co-Xn-I-fn¬ ]-

¶p-h-t®m Hm-tcm A-[ym-]n-I-bv-°pw D]-tbmKs-∏-Sp-Øm-\m-I-Ww. -C-Ø-c-

Øn¬ hn -̀h-ß-fpsS e-̀ y-X-bn¬ kz-bw-]-cym-]v-X-X t\-Spw-hn-[w Hm-tcm

k-v-Iq-fn-s\-bpw am-‰n-sb-Sp-°m≥ km-[n-°-Ww. B-Zy L-́ -ß-fn¬ tI-{μo-

Ir-X-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ X-bm-dm-°n-bpw hn-hn-[ t{km-X- p-I-fn¬\n-∂v e-̀ y-

am-b-h-bn¬ DNn-X-amb am-‰-ßƒ h-cp-Øn-bpw k-am-l-cn-°m≥ km-[n-°-

Ww. Un-Pn-‰¬ hn -̀h-ßƒ ]T-\{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v D-X-Ip-∂ hn-[-Øn¬

Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\v B-h-iy-am-b km-t¶-Xn-I k-÷o-I-c-W-ßƒ F-√m hn-

Zym-e-b-ß-fn-epw D-≠m-I-Ww. Cu D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-t®m A-√m-

sX-tbm, X-ßƒ-°m-h-iy-am-b hn-`-h-ß-fn¬ Nn-e-sX-¶n-epw kz-¥-am-bn

\n¿-an-°m≥ Xp-S¿-L-́ -ß-fn¬ A-[ym-]n-I-bv-°v km-[n-°p-I-bpw th-Ww.

C-Xn-te-°p-≈ Nn-e {]-h¿-Ø-\]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Np-h-sS tN¿-°p-∂p.


49

{]-h¿-Ø-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ A-°m-Z-an-Iw

]T-\˛t_m-[-\ {]-{In-b-I-fn¬ B-[p-\n-I-k-t¶-X-ßƒ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn

Hm-tcm Ip-́ n-bp-sS-bpw ]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v ]p-Xn-b X-ew (Un-Pn-‰¬ D-

≈-S-°w) \-¬Ip-I F-∂-Xm-Wv e£yw. ]Tn-Xm-hn-s‚ k¿-Km-fl-I-X-bpw

Nn-¥m-co-Xn-bpw ]-cn-K-Wn-®p th-Ww sF.kn.Sn. hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-Øn-\p-≈ D-

≈-S-°-hpw A-Xv F-√m hn-j-b-ß-fn-epw {]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠ co-Xn-im-kv-{X-

hpw sa\s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. k-a-{K-am-b H-cp te-Wn-Mv am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v C≥-

^¿-ta-j≥ kn-Ãw C-Xn-\m-bn B-kq-{X-Ww sN-bv-Xv \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-

Xp-≠v.

tI-{μo-Ir-X D-≈-S-°\n¿-am-Ww

Hm-tcm hn-j-b-Øn-\pw \n¿-tZ-in-®n-cn-°p-∂ ]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v IqSp-

X¬ hy‡X \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v sF.kn.Sn.bp-sS k-t¶-X-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-

°m-hp-∂ D-Nn-X-am-b k-μ¿-̀ -ßƒ I-s≠-Øp-I-bpw A-Xn-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-

am-b Un-Pn-‰¬ hn-̀ -h-ßƒ X-bm-dm-°p-I-bp-am-Wv tI-{μo-Ir-X-am-b D-≈-S-

° \n¿-am-W-Øn-eq-sS e-£yw hbv°-≠-Xv. Hm-tcm hn-j-b-Øn-se-bpw

hn-Z-Kv-[-cp-sS-bpw km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Z-Kv-[-cm-b A-[ym-]-I-cp-sS-bpw tk-h-\w

{]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn tbm-Py-am-b ]T-\-hn-`-h-ßƒ X-bm-dm-°-Ww. X-

bm-dm-°n-b-h Hm-̂ v--sse≥ B-bpw Hm -̈sse≥ B-bpw {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-

Sp-Øm-\p-≈ ku-I-cyw A-[ym-]-I¿-°pw hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-°pw e-̀ n-°-Ww.

C‚-dm-Iv-So-hv ]mT-]p-kv--X-I-ßƒ, {]-k-t‚-j-\p-Iƒ, ho-Un-tbm-Iƒ, Hm-Un-

tbm -̂b-ep-Iƒ, B-\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ, kn-ap-te-j-\p-Iƒ, A-]v-se-‰p-Iƒ, C‚-

dm-Iv-So-hv sK-bn-ap-Iƒ, sh-_v--t]-Pp-Iƒ, te-Wn-Mv am-t\-Pv--sa‚ v tkm-̂ v-‰v--sh-

b-dp-Iƒ, sam-ss_¬ B-∏p-Iƒ F-∂n-ß-s\ hn-hn-[ co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ ]T-

\hn-`-h-ß-fpw k-t¶-X-ß-fpw Un-Pn-‰¬ hn`-h-ßfm-bn {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-

Ømw. Hm-tcm hn-j-b-Øn-\pw G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b hn -̀h-ßƒ (]p-\-

cp-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ A-\p-hm-Z-ap-≈-h) C‚¿-s\-‰n¬\n-t∂m hn-hn-[ tI-{μ-

ß-fn¬\n-t∂m ti-J-cn-®v am-‰w h-cp-Øn-bpw DNn-X-amb ]T-\-hn-̀ -hßƒ

{]-tXy-Iw X-bm-dm-°mw.

• sF.kn.Sn. Sq-fp-I-fpw hn-̀ -h-ß-fpw A-[ym-]n-I-bv°v ]-I-cw hbv°m-

\p-≈-X-√. a-dn-®v, -]T-\ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS i-‡n- h¿-[≤n-∏n-°m-

\p-≈-Xm-Wv. kzm-̀ m-hn-I ]T-\-{]-{In-b-sb D-±o-]n-∏n-°p-∂ Sq-fp-I-fpw

hn-̀ -h-ß-fp-am-Wv Un-Pn-‰¬ D-≈-S-°-ß-fm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv.


50 • Hm-tcm ]T-\m-i-b-hpw/]mTy-h-kv-Xp-hpw I-≠pw tI-́ pw {]-h¿-Ø-\-

ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw hn-Zym¿Yn t\-tS-≠ A-dn-hp-I-sf-bpw ti-jn-I-sf-bpw

t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-h-Ww sF.kn.Sn. hn-̀ -h-ßƒ. ]T-\-{]-{In-b B-

kzm-Zy--am-°m-\pw A-\p-̀ -h-ß-ƒ {]-_-e-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw B-i-b-ß-sf

B-g-Øn-e-dn-bm-\pw D-X-Ip-∂ Sq-fp-Iƒ Un-Pn-‰¬ ]T-\-hn-̀ -h-ß-fm-

bn {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

• ¢m-kv-dq-an¬ t\-cn-´v A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ km-[n-°m-Ø B-i-b-ß-fp-

sS kn-ap-te-j-\p-Itfm B-\n-ta-j-\p-I-tfm C‚-dm-Iv-So-hv Sq-fp-I-tfm

{]-tXy-Iw X-bm-dm-°n ]T-\-hn-`-h-ß-fmbn D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-

Wv.

• imkv{X-̨ -km-aq-ly-imkv{X ]T-\-Øn¬ sh¿®¬ em_v kuIcyw

{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØWw.

• ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bp-am-bn tbm-Pn-®p t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn D-b¿-∂ ¢m-kp-

I-fn¬ (9 -̨12) Un-Pn-‰¬ hn-̀ -h-ß-sf A-[ym-]-I-s‚ D-]-tbm-K-Øn-\v

(Teacher Version), hn-Zym¿-Yn-bp-sS D-]-tbm-K-Øn-\v (Student Ver-sion) F-∂o X-c-Øn¬ X-bm-dm-°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv ¢m-kv dq-an¬ t\-cnt´m

Cw-t]m¿-́ v-̨ -F-I-v-kv-t]m¿-́ v co-Xn D-]-tbm-Kn-t®m D-≈ ]mT-hn-\n-a-bw

D-d-∏m-°m≥ km-[n-°p-I-bpw th-Ww. kz-bw-]T-\-Øn-\pw ]T-\-

ØpS¿®bv°pw D-]-tbm-Kn-°mhp∂ hn-̀ -h-ß-fm-Wv Ãp-U‚ v th¿-

j-\n¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. Hm-tcm L-́ -Øn-epw hn-Zym¿-Yn B¿-Pn-

°p-∂ ]T-\-t\-́ -ß-sf kz-bw hn-e-bn-cp-Øm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ In-teractive Evaluation Sp-fp-I-fpw Ãp-U‚ v th¿-j-\n¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xv A-̀ n-Im-ay-am-bn-cn-°pw.

• aq-ey-\n¿-W-bamXrI-Iƒ bqWn-‰-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A[ym-]-I¿°v e`y-

am-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

{]m-tZ-in-I D-≈-S-°\n¿-am-Ww

Hm-tcm k-v-Iq-fn-\pw B-h-iy-am-b hn-̀ -h-ßƒ k-v-Iq-fn¬-Ø-s∂ X-bm-dm-

°p-∂-Xn-\m-Wv e-£yw hbv-t°-≠-Xv. C-Xn-\v A-[ym-]-I-sc {]m-]v-X-cm-

°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn k-a-{K-am-b ]-cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ B-kq-{X-Ww sN-bv-

Xp \-S-∏n-em°Ww. Nn-e km-[y-X-Iƒ Np-h-sS \¬-Ip-∂p.

$ Un-Pn-‰¬ hn-\n-a-b-ku-I-cy-ßƒ e-`y-am-bn-cn-°p-∂ H-cp ¢m-kv-

apdnbn¬ B D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®v ]mT-hn-\n-a-bw km-[y-am-°m-

hp-∂ Un-Pn-‰¬ hn -̀h-ßfpw \n¿-an-°-s∏-S-Ww. C-Ø-cw hn -̀h-ßƒ


51

A-[ym-]n-I-bv-°v ¢m-kn¬ t\-cn-́ v D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂XmIWw, A-

[ym-]-I¿- X-s∂ kz¥w \ne-bn¬ Xbm-dm-°p∂ hn -̀h-ßƒ°pw

{]k-‡n-tb-sdbmWv.

$ hn-Zym-̀ ym-k Pn-√/D-]-Pn-√m ¢Ã¿ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ A-[ym-]-I

Iq-Sn-t®-c-ep-I-fn¬ C-h-bp-sS ]-¶p-h-bv--]pw ¢m-kv dqw D-]-tbm-K-km-

[y-X-bpw N¿®sNø-Ww. kw-ÿm-\ X-e-Øn¬ C-h t{Im-Uo-I-cn-®v

H-cp Un-Pn-‰¬ dn-tkm-gv-kv ]qƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-ØWw. C-Xn-\m-bn F-kv.-

C.-B¿.-Sn -bp-sS ta¬-t\m-́ -Øn¬ U-b-‰v ^m-°¬-‰n, hn-h-c-hn-\-an-b

km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybn¬ {]mho-Wy-ap≈ A-[ym-]-I¿, hn-j-bm-Sn-ÿm-

\-Øn-ep-≈ hn-Z-Kv-[¿ F-∂n-h-cp-sS tk-h-\w D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

km-t¶-Xn-Ik-lm-b-Øn-\v sF.-Sn@k-v-Iq-fn-s\ {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ {]m-tZ-in-I-am-tbm A-[ym-]-I-cp-sS ]-c-kv-]-c-ap-≈ ]-¶p-h-bv°-ep-I-

fn-tem e-̀ y-am-Im-Ø-Xpw F-∂m¬ A-h-iy-w th≠X-pamb sF.kn.Sn.

A-[n-jvTn-X hn-`-h-ßƒ \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xn-\v {]-tXy-I in-ev--]-im-e-I-

fpw Bkq-{XWw sNømhp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ A-[ym-]-I¿, A-[ym-]-I-hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ F-∂n-h¿-°m-bn Un-Pn-‰¬ D-

≈-S-°\n¿-am-W a-’-c-ßƒ \-S-Øn hn-hn-[ D-≈-S-°am-Xr-I-Iƒ I-

s≠-Ømw.

$ {]mtZ-in-I-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂ hn`-h-ßƒ kwÿm\ A°m-Z-

anI Soans‚ ]cn-tim-[-\bv°p hnt[-b-ambn t]m¿´-en¬ e`y-am-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Un-Pn-‰¬ ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw C-X-c hn-̀ -h-ß-fpw

]mT]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-sS Un-Pn-‰¬ ]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ Un-Pn-‰¬ D¬∏-∂ \n¿-am-W-

Øn-\pw A-h-bp-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈ ]T-\-Øn-\pw A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ]mT-]p-kv-

X-I-ßƒ (]n-.Un.-F-̂ v/C-̨ -]-_v ]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ Uu -̈tem-Uv sN-bv-Xv D-]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn), lm≥-Uv _p-°p-Iƒ, hn`h]n-¥p-W-Iƒ, hn-Zym-

`ym-k B-h-iy-Øn-\p-≈ tkm-̂ v-‰v--sh-b-dp-I-fpw D-]-tbm-K co-Xn-I-fpw (am-

\z-ep-Iƒ) Xp-S-ßn-b-h Ãm-‰n-°v Uu -̈tem-Uv sa-‰o-cn-b-ep-I-fm-bn e-̀ y-am-

°mw. C-h ]T-\am-[y-aw, ¢m-kv, hn-j-bw Xn-cn-®v kw-̀ -cn-°-Ww.

C-˛-sS-Iv-Ãv-_p-°v

ap-I-fn¬ ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv Uu¨-tem-Uv sN-bv-Xv D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂

]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ß-sf°p-dn-®m-Wv. ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ bp-Wn-t°m-Uv sS-Iv--Ãn¬


52 F-®v.Sn.-Fw.-F¬ t^m¿-am-‰n¬ X-bm-dm-°n-bm¬, Cu ]mT-]p-kv-X-Iw X-

s∂ H-cp ]T-\˛t_m-[-\ h-kv-Xp-hm-bn ]-cn-W-an-°pw. t]m¿-́ -en¬ \n-e-

hn-ep-≈ hn -̀h-ßƒ ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-Øn-te-°v en-¶v sN-øm-\pw ]mT-]p-kv-X-

I-Øn¬ H-cp {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp L-´-Øn-s‚ Nn-{Xw

sIm-Sp-Øn-́ p-s≠-¶n¬ AXn-\p ]-I-cam-bn B {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ hn-Un-

tbm X-s∂ hbv-°m-\pw Ign-bpw. A-[n-I d-̂ -d≥-kp-Iƒ, ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-

Øn-se hm-°p-I-fn-te-°v Ip-´n-Iƒ K-th-j-Wm-fl-I-am-bn X-bm-dm-°p-∂

\n-L-≠p-hn-te-°p-≈ (Ip-́ n-°q-́ w ]-≤-Xn) en-¶p-Iƒ, Iq-Sp-X¬ ]T-\\n¿-

tZ-i-ßƒ, d-̂ -d≥-kp-Iƒ, aq-ey-\n¿-W-b D-]m-[n-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn H-t -́sd km-

[y-X-Iƒ Dƒ-t®¿-°m≥ km-[n-°pw. C-Xn-\p-]p-d-ta, G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-am-bn,

Im-gv-N ]-cn-an-X-cm-b Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°pw A-[ym-]I¿-°pw D-]-I-cn-°p-∂ b-{¥hm-

b-\, sk-e-Iv-‰v do-Uv (`m-jmhn-j-b-ßƒ-°v), sS-Iv--Ãv am-Kv-\n-̂ -b¿ Xp-S-

ßn-b k-t¶-X-ß-fpw {]m-h¿-Øn-I-am-°m≥ km-[n-°pw.

dn-tkm-gv-kv t]m¿-́ en-s‚ A-[n-I km-[y-X-Iƒ

• kw-ÿm-\-Øp-≈ F-√m hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-epw ]T-\{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-

sS G-Io-I-c-Ww D-≠m-Ip-∂p.

• ]T-\ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]n-∂m-°w \n¬-°p-∂ hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬

\n¿-_-‘-am-bpw sN-tø-≠ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS ]-́ n-I e-̀ y-am-°m\pw

A-h \-S-∏n-em-°n-bn-́ p-≠v F-∂v D-d-∏m-°m-\pw km-[n-°p-∂p.

• a-‰p hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \-S-∂n-́ p-≈ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ ]-¶-phbv°-s∏-

Sp-∂p. C-Xv am-Xr-I-bm-°m-\p-≈ {]-h-W-X cq]-s∏-SpØm≥ km-[n-

°p-∂p.

]T-\-hn-`h t]m¿-´¬

A-[ym-]n-I- X-bm-dm-°n-b hn-̀ -h-ßƒ ]-¶p-h-bv°p∂ ]-¶m-fn-Ø-̨ -D-]-tbm-

K k-t¶-X-ßƒ \n¿-an-s®-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-ap-≠v. tI-c-f-Øn-se sam-Øw k-v-Iq-

fp--I-fp-sSbpw D-]-tbm-K-Øn-\m-bn H-cp k-a-{K Un-Pn-‰¬ hn`h sse-{_-dn-

bpw hn-h-chn-\n-a-b k-t¶-X-hpw ˛ F¬.Fw.sF.F-kv. (Learning Manage-ment and Information System) \n¿-an-s®-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. F-√m ss{]-a-dn,

ssl-k-v-Iqƒ, l-b¿-sk-°-‚-dn k-v-Iq-fp-I-sf-bpw hn-Zym-̀ ym-k Hm-̂ o-kp-I-

sf-bpw X-Ωn¬ _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ hn-\n-a-b kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn CXv {ItaW

amdpw.

C-Ø-c-sam-cp hn`h t]m¿-́ -en-s‚ `m-K-am-bn Dƒ-t®¿-t°-≠ k-ma-{Kn-Iƒ

Xm-sg tN¿°p∂p.


53

dntkmgvkv sdt∏m-kn-‰dn

A-[ym-]-I¿ ]mT-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\m-bn X-bm-dm-°p-∂ hn -̀hß-ƒ tI-c-f-Øn-

em-I-am-\w ]-¶phbv°-s∏-S-Ww. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ X-bm-dm-°p-∂h ti-J-cn-

°m-\p-≈ H-cp C-̨ -dn-tkm-gv-kv sdt∏m-kn-‰dn (hn`h t]m¿-́ ¬) Hm -̈sse-

\m-bn X-bm-dm-°-Ww. t]m¿-́ -en¬ ¢m-kv, hn-j-bw, A-[ym-bw, ]mT-̀ mKw

F∂nßs\ hn -̀hß-fp-sS km-t¶-Xn-I kz-̀ m-h-a-\p-k-cn-®v {I-ao-I-cn-°-Ww.

C-h-bn¬-\n-∂v Hm-tcm ]mT-̀ m-K-Øn\pw A-\p-krX-am-b hn-h-c-ßƒ Xn-c-

s™-Sp-Øv X-s‚ ]mTm-kq-{X-W-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-SpØm≥ km-[n-°-Ww. hn-

-̀h-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®v hn-\n-a-bw sN-øm≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂ A-[ym-]n-I-bv-°v B-

h-iy-am-bh Cu C-˛-dn-tkm-gv-kv t]m¿-´-en¬ e-`y-am-IWw. Cu hn`-h-

ßƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ km-t¶-Xn-I ss\-]p-Wn B-h-iy-an-√m-sX X-s∂ kz-¥w

B-h-iy-ßƒ-°v F-Sp-Øv D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-\pw km-[n-°-Ww.

I-≠‚ v sd-t∏m-kn-‰-dn-bpw sh-_v--t]m¿-́ -epw s\-‰v--h¿-°v h-gn hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-

°pw A-[ym-]-I¿-°pw {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ ku-I-cyw th-Ww. kv--Iq-

fn-se h-b¿-se-kv s\-‰v--h¿-°v ]m-kv--th-Uv D-]-tbm-Kn-®v kp-c-£n-X-am-°-

Ww. Hm -̈sse≥ sd-t∏m-kn-‰-dn-bp-sS Hm-̂ v--sse≥ th¿-j≥ {]-tXy-I k¿-

h-dn¬ k-÷o-I-cn-®v D-≈-S-°-sØ A-\m-bm-k-am-bpw kp-c-£n-X-am-bpw D-

]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ ku-I-cyw kv-Iq-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

Un-Pn-‰¬ ]mTm-kq-{X-Wk-lm-bn

A-[ym-]-I¿-°v A-h-cp-sS ¢m-kp-I-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠ hn -̀h-ßƒ sse-

{_-dn-bn¬ \n-∂v Xn-c-s™-Sp-°m-\pw ]mTm-kq-{X-W-Øn-s‚ kzm-̀ m-hn-I{Ia-

Øn¬ tN¿°m-\pw km-[n-°p-∂ co-Xn-bp-≈ H-cp kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv

hn`ht]m¿-́ -en¬ D-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xv . ]mTm-kq-{X-Ww Hm -̈sse-\m-bn

Xbm-dm-°m≥ km-[n-°-Ww. CXn\v Bh-iya-mb sSwtπ-‰p-Iƒ k÷-am-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ X-bm-dm-°p-∂ kq£va-Xe ]mTm-kq-{X-W-

Øn¬ B-h-iy-am-bh t]m¿-́ -en¬ ti-J-cn-°-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-∂ hn -̀h-ß-fn¬-

\n-∂v F-Sp-Øp tN¿-°m-t\m B-h-iy-am-b-h t]m¿-́ -en¬ \n-e-hn-en-√ F-

¶n¬ A-[ym-]n-I-bv-°v kz-¥-am-bn \n¿-an-®v A-]v--tem-Uv sN-øm-t\m

km[n°Ww. Hm-tcm A-[ym-]n-I-bpw Xbm-dm-°p-∂ ]mTm-kq-{X-W-Øn-

s‚ `m-K-am-bn D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠ hn -̀h-ßƒ t]m¿-́ -en¬ A-]v--tem-

Uv sN-øp-tºmƒ B ]mT -̀mK-Øns‚ ]T-\t\-́ -ßƒ, e-£y-ßƒ, hn`h-

-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈ ]mT-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\p-ti-jw ¢m-kn¬ \-S-t°-≠ N¿®,

A-Xn-s‚ t{ImUoI-cWw F-∂n-h kw-_-‘n-® kqN-\-Iƒ F-∂n-h Iq-Sn


54 A-\p-_-‘-am-bn tN¿-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Hm -̈sse≥ ]mTm-kq-{X-Ww \-S-Øp-

tºmƒ C-Xv {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km-[n-°pw.

kvIqƒ Xe-Øn-ep≈ hnZym-`ymk ˛ hnZym-`ym-tk-Xc {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

GtIm-]n-∏n-°pI, tI{μo-IrXambn A°m-Z-anI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-

ambn \S-∏m-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw ]n¥pWm kwhn-

[m-\-ßƒ Hcp-°p-Ibpw sNøpI, amXr-Im-]-c-amb X\Xv {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

]¶p-h-bv°p-I, A[ym-]-I¿°v A°m-Z-anI ]n¥pW FØn-°p-I, ka{K

˛ kq£va-Xe Bkq-{XW tcJ-Iƒ, amXrIm aqey-\n¿W-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ,

tNmZy-ti-J-c-ßƒ F∂nh tI{μo-Ir-X-ambn Xbm-dm°n kvIqƒX-e-

Ønte°v FØn-°p-I XpS-ßn-bh Hcp A°m-Z-anIv amt\-Pvsa‚ v ˛

C≥^¿ta-j≥ knÃ-Øn-eqsS (LMIS) \S-∏m-°-Ww.

tem-Kp-I-fpw A-k-kv-sa‚pw

H-cp A-[ym-]n-I t]m¿-´-en¬ sN-øp-∂ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS tcJbm-Wv

tem-Kv. Cu tem-Kp-Iƒ kw-ÿm-\ X-e-Øn¬ ti-J-cn-°m-\pw hn-i-I-e-\w

sN-øm-\pw km-[n-°-Ww. Iq-Sm-sX, H-cp ]mThn\n-abw I-gn-™p-≈ A-

[ym-]n-I-bp-sS A-k-kv-sa‚pw C-Xp-t]m-e A-]vtemUv sNøm≥ km-[n-°-

Ww. C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ A-k-kv-sa‚p-Iƒ kw-ÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ t{ImUo-I-

cn®v Hm-tcm bq-Wn-‰n-s‚-bpw hn-\n-a-b-Øn-s‚ t\cn´p≈ hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬

e-`y-am-°mw.

bq-Wn-‰v A-kkv-sa‚pw ]o-cn-tbm-Un-°¬ A-kkv-sa‚pw

Ir-Xy-am-b ]mTm-kq-{X-W-hpw ]mT hn-\n-a-b-hpw \-S-Øn-b A-[ym-]n-I-bv-

°v -̂e-{]m-]v-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-kkv-sa‚ v tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ kw-hn-

[m-\-hpw t]m¿-́ -en¬ D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. C-ß-s\ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b hn-h-c-

ßƒ H-cp \nco-£I kw-L-Øn-\v ]-cn-tim-[n-°m-\pw hn-e-bn-cp-Øm-\pw

{]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Hm-tcm ]T-\-t\-´-hpw kw-ÿm-\-Øm-I-am-\-ap-≈

hn-Zym¿Ynkaq-l-Øn¬ F-{X-tØm-fw F-Ø-s∏-´p F-∂-Xn-s‚ t\-cm-b

hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-em-bn kw-ÿm-\X-e-Øn¬ Cu tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fp-sS k-

am-l-c-Ww {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Spw. Cu kam-l-cWw Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn, Ub‰v

XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂XmWv.

k-v-Iqƒ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw \nco-£-Whpw

k-v-Iq-fn¬ \-S-°p-∂ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-√mw \nco-£-s∏-tS-≠-Xp≠v. H-cp

k-a-{K hn-Zym-̀ ym-k t]m¿-́ ¬ C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS hn-h-c


55

kw-h-l-\ am-[y-a-am-bpw am-‰n-sb-Sp-°mw. Hm -̈sse-\m-bn e-̀ y-am-°n-bn-́ p-

≈ H-cp I-e-≠-dn¬ G-sXm-cp Zn-h-k-tØ-°pw, k-v-Iq-fp-Iƒ sam-Ø-am-bn

sN-tø-≠-Xv F-∂v \n¿-tZin-°-s∏-́ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw \n¿-tZ-i-ß-fpw Im-

Wm-\pw Xn-cn-®v {]m-tZ-in-I-am-b A-[n-I ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Cu I-e-≠¿ Zn-h-

k-tØ-°v tN¿-°m-\pw km-[n-°-Ww. Cu A-[n-I ]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifn¬ NneXv

kw-ÿm-\ X-e-Øn¬ kw-{K-ln-®v s]m-Xp-]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-°n am-‰n-sb-Sp-°m≥

km-[n-°pw. F-√m {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpsS-bpw tUm-Iyp-sa-t‚-j≥ ]-¶p-hbv°p-

∂-Xn-\p-≈ am-[y-a-am-bpw t]m¿-́ -en-s\ -̂e-h-Øm-bn am-‰n-sb-Sp-°Ww.

kzbw]T\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ°v

H-cp ¢m-kn-se F-√m Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°pw H-tc [m-c-Wm-ti-jn-b-√-t√m D-≈-Xv.

C-Xv Xn-cn-®-dn-™p-sIm-≠v hn-hn-[ X-e-Øn-ep-≈ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ-°v hy-XykvX

{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ B-kq-{X-Ww sN-øm≥ km-[n-°-Ww. ap-∂m-°w \n¬-°p-

∂ Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°m-bn t{]m-P-Iv--Sv t_-kv-Uv te-Wn-Mv, t{]m-{Km-av-Uv te-Wn-Mv

Xp-S-ßn kz-bw-]T-\ kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ \-S-∏n-em-°m-\pw ]T-\w tam-Wn-‰¿

sN-øm-\p-ap-≈ kw-hn-[m-\-hpw cq]-s∏-S-Ww.

C-Ø-cw km-t¶-Xn-I-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-≈ ¢m-kp-Iƒ

{]m-_-ey-Øn¬ h-cp-Øp-tºmƒ t_m-[-\-co-Xn-bn-epw hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬

kwhn[m-\-Øn-epw A-Xn-\-\p-kr-X-am-b am-‰-ßƒ D-≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v.

ka{Kam-bpw im-kv--{Xo-b-am-bpw k-÷o-I-cn-®n-´p-≈ H-cp te-Wn-Mv

amt\Pvsa‚ v kw-hn-[m-\w (LMS) D-]-tbm-Kn-®v C-Xn-\m-bn km-t¶-Xn-I-

hnZy-bp-sS {]-tbm-P-\w D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ta¬-∏-d-™

F¬.Fw-.F-kn-s‚ Cu kwhn-[m\w Ip-´n-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈ D-]-kw-hn-[m-\-

ambn hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°-Ww.


56 • Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°p-≈ kz-bw-]T-\-k-lm-bn-bm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-s\m-cp-°p-

∂ Un-Pn-‰¬ hn-̀ -h-ßƒ A-X-Xv ]mT-̀ m-K-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-́ v t\-cn-

´p-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ LMS kw-hn-[m-\-hp-am-bn _-‘n-∏n-

®n--cn-°-Ww.

• C-Ø-c-Øn¬ {I-a-s∏-Sp-Øn-b LMS kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ tem-Kn≥ sN-

bv-Xm¬ A-h-cm-{K-ln-°p-∂ ]mT-̀ m-K-Øn-se Un-Pn-‰¬ ]T-\-hn-̀ -h-

ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]-‰p-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ e-̀ y-am-h-Ww. kz-bw hn-e-

bn-cp-Øm-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\-hpw C-Xn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww

• A-[ym-]n-I tem-Kn≥ sN-øp-tºmƒ A-h-cm-{K-ln-°p-∂ ]T-\-hn-̀ -h-

ß-fp-sS Ãp-U‚ v th¿-j-\pw So-®¿-th-j-\pw e-̀ y-am-h-Ww

• sd-t∏m-kn-‰-dn-bm-bn Xn-c-™v I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-]-I-cw sam-Uyq-fp-

Iƒ Fw-_-Uv sN-bv-X {]-tXy-I tIm-gv-kp-I-fm-bm-Wv ]T-\-hn-`-h-

ßƒ LMS ¬ e-̀ y-am-th-≠-Xv. {]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn X-bm-dm-°n-b ]T-\-

hn-`-h-ß-sf So-®¿-th¿-j-\n-te-°v Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Hm-tcm hn-Zym¿-

Yn-sb-bpw hn-e-bn-cp-Øm-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\-hpw C-Xn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°-

Ww.

Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈ C-Ø-cw {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \SØp∂Xn-\v H-cp sU-Un-

t°-‰-Uv I-≠‚ v am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v kn-Ãw (LMS -Eg. Moodle) B-h-iy-am-bn

h-cpw. C-Xn-s‚ km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-h-c-ßƒ Xp-S¿-∂v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-́ p-≠v. C-Ø-

cw H-cp Cw-πn-sa-t‚-j≥ k-a-{K-am-b MOOC πm-‰v-t^m-am-bn am-‰n-sb-Sp-

°m≥ km-[n-°pw.

¢m-kv--ap-dn-I-fn-se `u-Xn-I-ku-I-cy-ßƒ ˛ (sF.kn.Sn. A-[n-

jvTn-X ¢m-kvv ap-dn)

k-v-Iq-fn-se F-√m ¢m-kv-ap-dn-I-fpw sF.kn.Sn. A-[n-jvTn-X ]T-\-Øn-\v D-]-

tbm-Kn-°-Ø-°-hn-[w k-÷o-I-cn-°-Ww. A-S-®p-d-∏p-≈ ap-dn hr-Øn-bp-≈-

Xpw ssS¬- ]-Xn-®-Xpw B-bn-cn-°-Ww. ¢m-kn¬ k-÷o-I-cn-t°-≠ an-\n-

aw ku-I-cy-ßƒ Np-h-sS sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

au-≠v sN-bv-Xv kp-c-£n-Xm-bn ÿm-]n-® F¬.kn.Un s{]m-P-Iv-S¿ /

kvam¿ v́ sS-en-hn-j≥/C‚-dm-Iv-‰o-hv ssh-‰v-t_m¿-Uv

U-kv-tŒm-∏v I-ºyq-́ ¿/em-]v-tSm-∏v

i-_v-Z-kw-hn-[m-\w

h-tb¿-Uv s\-‰v--h¿-°v, C‚¿-s\-‰v kuIcyw


57

¢m-kv -ap-dn-bp-sS kp-c-£n-X-Xzw D-d-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn, sF.kn.Sn. D-]-I-c-

W-ßƒ kq-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Ae-amc, tem-°¿ kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ, D-]-I-

c-W-ßƒ {]-h¿-Øn-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b hn-[-Øn¬ kp-c-£n-X-Xzw D-d-∏p-h-

cp-Øn-b ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-c-Ww F-∂n-h-bpw s]m-Xp ]-›m-Ø-sam-cp-°-en-s‚

`m-K-am-bn kv--Iq-fp-IƒX-s∂ sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv. C-Xn-\m-bn kv--Iqƒ ]n.Sn.F,

F-kv.Fw.kn, am-t\-Pv--sa‚ v, ]q¿-hhn-Zym¿-Yn k-aq-lw, kv--Iq-fn-t\m-Sv Xm¬∏-

cy-ap-≈ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, hy-‡n-Iƒ, X-t±-i kz-bw-̀ -c-W ÿm-]-\-ßƒ F-

∂n-h-bp-sS k-lm-bw {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

I-ºyq-́ ¿ em-_p-Iƒ

Ip-́ n-I-fp-sS kz-bw ]T-\-Øn-\p-≈ C-S-ß-fm-bn C-h am-d-Ww. t{]m-P-Iv-‰v

t_-kv-Uv te-Wn-Mv, t{]m-{Km-av-Uv te-Wn-Mv Xp-S-ßn-b km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zym-

[n-jvTn-X-am-b ]T-\k-t¶-X-ßƒ Cu em-_p-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v \-S-∏m-°m≥

km-[n-°-Ww. C-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b km-t¶-Xn-I k-÷o-I-c-W-ßƒ D-≠m-I-

Ww. k-v-Iq-fp-I-fn-se I-ºyq-́ ¿ ]T-\-Øn-\v B-h-iy-am-b em-_p-Iƒ Ip-́ n-

I-fp-sSbpw Un-hn-j-\p-I-fp-sS-bpw F-Æ-Øn-\v A-\p-k--r-X-am-bn-cn-t°≠X-

p≠v. aq∂p t]¿°v H∂v F-∂ A-\p-]m-X-Øn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-

∂ X-c-Øn¬ A-{X-bpw F-Æw I-ºyq-́ -dp-Iƒ Hm-tcm em-_n-epw k-÷o-I-

cn°p∂-XmWv DNnXw. 15 Un-hn-j-\p-Iƒ-°v H-∂v F-∂ {I-a-Øn¬ em-_p-

Iƒ D-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠-Xp≠v.

k¿-h¿ I-ºyq-́ -dp-I-fpw ¢-b‚ v In-tbm-k-v-IpI-fpw

Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°v A-[ym-]-I¿ \n¿-tZin-°p-∂ ]T-\{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw d-̂ -d≥-

kv, K-th-j-W {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v G-Xp k-a-b-Øpw e-̀ y-am-

b I-ºyq-́ -dp-Iƒ k-v-Iq-fp-I-fn¬ D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. h-cm-¥-bn-epw sse-{_-

dn-bn-epw a-‰p-ap-≈ kp-c-£n-X ÿ-e-ß-fn-epw (tam-Wn-‰-dn-Mv km-[y-X-bp-

≈ ÿ-e-ßƒ) C-Ø-cw In-tbm-k-v-IpIƒ ÿm-]n-°mw. k-v-Iq-fn¬ ÿm-

]n-®n-́ p-≈ k¿-h¿ I-ºyq-́ -dn¬-\n-∂v Cu I-ºyq-́ -dp-I-fn-te-°v ÿn-cw s\-

‰v--h¿-°v km-[y-am-°-Ww. Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°v \n¿-tZ-in-°p-∂ ]T-\{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-

fpw k-_v-an-‰v sN-tø-≠ A-ssk≥-sa‚p-I-fpw C-ß-s\ h-nX-c-Ww sN-ømw.

A-[ym-]-Iim-‡o-I-c-Ww

Un-Pn-‰¬ ]T-\hn-̀ -h-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw B-[p-\n-I t_m-[-\-k-

t¶-X-ßƒ {]m-h¿-Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw k-hn-ti-j-am-b ssIbS-°-hpw

ss\-]p-Wn-bpw [m-c -W-bpw D-≠m-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. hn`h\n¿-am-Ww,


58 I-Ã-ssa-tk-j≥ Xp-S-ßn-b Im-cy-ß-fn-ep-≈ Xp-S¿-]-cn-io-e-\-hpw \-S-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v.

k-v-Iqƒ sF.Sn. tIm¿-Un-t\-‰¿-am-cp-sS im-‡o-I-c-Ww

k-v-Iq-fp-I-fn¬ \-S-°p-∂ F-√m-hn-[ km-t¶-Xn-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpstS-bpw

ta¬-t\m-́ w h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\v ÿn-cw Npa-X-e-bp≈ A-[ym-]-I≥ D-≠m-bn-

cn-°-Ww. ssl-sS-Iv ¢m-kv-dq-ap-I-fp-sS-bpw I-ºyq-́ ¿ em-_p-Iƒ, In-tbm-kv-

IpIƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sSbpw \-S-Øn-∏n-epw ]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn-epw G-tIm-]-

\-Øn-epw k-v-Iqƒ sF.Sn. tIm¿-Un-t\-‰¿-am¿-°pw Ãp-U‚ v sF.Sn. tIm¿-

Un-t\-‰¿-am¿-°pw {]-[m-\-am-b ]-¶p-h-ln-°m-\p-≠v. k-v-Iq-fn-se I-ºyq-́ ¿,

a-‰v C-e-Iv--t{Sm-Wn-Iv D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ F-∂n-h ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-tºmƒ A-

[ym-]-I¿-°v B-h-iy-am-b ]n-¥p-W sF.Sn. tIm¿-Un-t\-‰¿-am¿ \¬-tI-≠-

Xm-Wv. hn-hn-[ ta-J-e-I-fn¬ ¢m-kv-dq-an¬ I-ºyq-́ -dpw A-\p-_‘- D-]-I-c-

W-ß-fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ A-̀ n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n h-cp-∂ A-Sn-b-¥-c

km-t¶-Xn-I-{]-iv-\-ßƒ-°v ]-cn-lm-cw \¬-Im≥ Ãp-U‚ v sF.Sn. tIm¿-

Un-t\-‰¿-am-sc k-÷-cm-°n {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

Ip-́ n-I-sf Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-≈ km-t¶-Xn-I]-cn-]m-e-\-hpw ]n-

¥p-W-bpw

F-√m ¢m-kvapdn-I-fpw km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bn k-÷-am-hp-I-bpw \n-c-¥-cw D-]-

tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-tºmƒ, C-h-bp-sS ]-cn-]m-e-\-hpw Hm-tcm ¢m-

kn-epw Hm-tcm A-[ym-]n-I-bv-°pw B-h-iy-am-b co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ {I-ao-I-c-W-

ß-fpw ]-cn-K-W-\m hn-j-b-am-bn am-dp-∂p. Ip-́ n-I-sf X-s∂ C-Ø-cw Im-cy-

ßƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øm-\m-hp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ im‡o-I-cn-°Ww. k-v-Iq-fp-I-

fn¬ \n-∂v Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂ Ip-́ n-Iƒ-°v a-e-bm-fw I-ºyq-́ n-ßp-am-bn _-

‘-s∏-́ hn-j-b-ßƒ, lm¿-Uv--sh-b¿ k-÷o-I-c-W-hpw A-Sn-ÿm-\ X-e-

Øn-ep-≈ {]-iv-\]-cn-lm-c ss\-]p-Wn-bpw, B-\n-ta-j≥, ho-Un-tbm \n¿-

am-W-̨ -F-Un-‰n-Mv km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈ ]T-t\m-t±-iy {lkz

N-e-®n-{X-ß-fp-sS \n¿-am-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b Im-cy-ß-fn¬ ]-cn-io-e-\w sIm-Sp-

°-Ww. \n-e-hn¬ sF.-Sn@k-v-Iqƒ t{]m-P-Iv-‰v "lm-bv k-v-Iqƒ Ip-́ n-°q-́ w'

F-∂ t]-cn¬ Cu {]-h¿-Ø-\w kv-Iqƒ X-e-Øn¬ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂p-≠v. C-

Xv Iq-Sp-X¬ ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn D-∂-XX-e-Øn-ep-≈ tam-Wn-‰-dn-ßv ]n-¥p-W-

tbm-sS- \-S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.


59

km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-tºm-gp-≈ ]-cn-K-W-\-Iƒ

kz-X-{¥ tkm-̂ v-‰v--sh-b¿ πm-‰v-t^m-an-ep-≈ A-Sn-ÿm-\ sF.kn.Sn. ]T-\-

hpw A-Xn-s\ D-]-Po-hn-®p-≈ sF.kn.Sn. A-[n-jvTn-X-]T-\-hpw B-Wv s]m-

Xp-k-ao-]-\-am-bn \mw ]n-¥p-S-tc-≠-Xv. D∂X kmt¶-XnI kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-

s‚ k-a-k--v-X X-e-ß-fn-epw \-Ωp-sS ho-£-Ww A-Xp-X-s∂ B-bn-cn-°-

Ww. I-ºyq-́ -dpw A-\p-_-‘ D-]-I-c-W-ß-fpw ]T-\-{]-{In-b-sb i-‡n-s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂ H-cp Sqƒ F-∂-co-Xn-bn¬ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kz-X-{¥-

tkm-̂ v-‰v--sh-b-dp-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ ]n≥-_-ew hn-e-a-Xn-°m-\m-hm-Ø-Xm-Wv. ]T-

\-{]-{In-b-bpw ¢m-kv-dqw hn-\n-a-b-hpw Un-Pn-‰¬ D-≈-S-°-\n¿-am-W-{]-{In-b-

bp-sS `m-K-am-bn am-dm≥ D-X-Ip-∂ [m-cm-fw kz-X-{¥-tkm-̂ v-‰v--sh-b¿ Sq-fp-

Iƒ A-[ym-]-I¿ ]-cn-io-en-®n-́ p-ap-≠v. B-b-Xn-\m¬ kz-X-{¥ tkm-̂ v-‰v--sh-

b¿ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-b ]T-\-hn-̀ -h-ß-fpw D-]-I-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpw am-{X-

ta \mw kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw sN-tø-≠-Xp-≈q.

Fw-̨ -te-Wn-Mv

sam-ss_¬ t^m¨ A-\p-_-‘ ku-I-cy-ßƒ C-∂v k-a-kv-X-ta-J-e-I-fn-

epw {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. Anywhere, any time ˛ A-Xm-Wv kv--am¿-́ v

sam-ss_¬ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS h-c-thm-sS km-[y-am-b-Xv. sam-ss_¬ B-

∏p-I-fp-sS D-]-tbm-K-Øn¬ \n-e-hn¬ C-¥y \m-emw ÿm-\-Øm-Wv. \n-Xy-

Po-hn-X-Øn¬ A-\n-hm-cy-L-S-I-am-bn am-dn-b kv-am¿-́ v--t^m-Wp-Iƒ, D-≈-S-

°-Øn-s‚ ]-¶p-hbv°-epw aq-ey-\n¿-W-b-Øn-epw A-[ym-]-I im-‡o-I-c-

W-Øn-epw D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ km-[n-°pw. A-[ym-]-I-cp-am-bp-≈ B-i-b-hn-

\n-a-bw, hn-j-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ kwL-N¿-®, X-’-a-b kw-i-b-\n-hm-c-

Ww F-∂n-h-bv-s°-√mw hn-hn-[ B-∏p-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°mw. d-̂ ≥-kp-Iƒ-

°pw \-h-km-aq-lnI am-[y-a-ßƒ h-gn-bp-≈ N¿-®-Iƒ-°pw kv-am¿-́ v Un-

ssh-kp-Iƒ {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

Un-Pn-‰¬ C≥-¢q-j≥

hn-h-c-hn-\n-a-b -km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS ku-I-cy-ßƒ {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-

t\m A-\p-̀ -hn-°m-t\m km-[n-°m-Ø, hn-hn-[ im-co-cn-I-̨ -am-\-kn-I-sh-√p-

hn-fnIƒ t\-cn-Sp-∂-h¿-°pw s]m-Xp-k-aq-l-Øn¬-\n-∂v A-I∂p Po-hn-°p-

∂-h¿-°pw km-t¶-Xn -I-hn -Zy -bp -sS Kp-W-^-e-ßƒ {]m-]y-am -°n,

AXp]tbmKn-®v X-ß-fp-sS Po-hn-Xm-h-ÿ sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km-[n-°p-tºmƒ

am-{X-ta tem-I-sa-ºm-Sp-ap-≈ Un-Pn-‰¬ ap-t∂-‰w km¿-Y-a-I-am-hp-I-bp-≈q.


60 A-¥m-cm-{„-X-e-Øn¬ C-Xn-\m-bp-≈ \n-c-h-[n {i-a-ßƒ \-S-∂p-h-cp-∂p≠v.

{Km -a˛\Kc hyXym -ktam enw -K hn -th-N-\-tam imco -cnI˛am\-

knI˛kmaqlnI ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿtbm ]cn-K-Wn-°msX F-√m-X-cw

hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ-°pw Kp-W-ta-∑-bp-≈ hn-Zym-`ym-kw \¬-Im-\m-bn \mw

Bcw`n® F-Pp-km-‰v ]-≤-Xn-am-Xr-I Xp-S-tc-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {]-tXy-I-]-cn-

K-W-\ A¿-ln-°p-∂ hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-°pw Im-gv--N-°p-d-hp-≈ A-[ym-]-I¿-°pw

{]-tXy-I-am-b sF.kn.Sn. ]n-¥p-W e-`n-°m-\p-≈ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-

t°-≠-Xp-≠v. `n-∂ti-jn hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-°v-̨ Orca t]m-ep-≈ tkm-̂ v-‰v-sh-

b-dp-Iƒ {I-ao-I-cn-°mw (B-h-iy-sa-¶n¬ {]-tXy-I sS¿-an-\¬ k-÷o-I-cn-

°m-hp-∂-XmWv).

]-›m-Ø-eku-I-cy-ßƒ

C-Ø-c-sam-cp km-t¶-Xn-I k-÷o-I-c-W-sØ°p-dn-®p Nn-¥n-°p-tºm¬

AXn\v A-\p-Kp-W-am-bn s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k cw-K-Øv hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-t°≠

]-›m-Ø-e ku-I-cy-ß-sf°p-dn-®pw \n-e-hn¬ A-h F-{X-tØm-fw t\-Sn-

bn-́ p-≠v F-∂pw ]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

tI-c-f-Øn-se s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k ta-J-e-bn¬ km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy-bp-sS km[y-

X-Iƒ {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v 2002 ap-X¬ sF-.Sn@k-v-Iqƒ t{]m-P-Iv-‰v

{]-h¿-Øn-®ph-cp-∂p-≠v. Cu t{]m-P-Iv-‰n-s‚ `m-K-am-bn \-S-∂ Xp-S¿-®-bm-b

A-[ym-]-Iim-‡o-I-c-W ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS sk-°‚-dn X-e-Øn-ep-≈ ap-

gp-h-\pw ss{]-a-dn X-e-Øn¬ \-s√m-cp ]-¶pw A-[ym-]-I-sc A-Sn-ÿm-\

sF.Sn. ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ D-≈-h-cm-°m≥ km-[n-®n-́ p-≠v. {]m-Yan-I X-ew ap-

X¬ l-b¿-sk-°‚-dn h-sc-bp-≈ F-√m s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-epw t{_m-

Uv-_m‚ v C‚¿-s\-‰v kuI-cyhpw \n-e-hn-ep-≠v. k-v-Iq-fp-I-fn-se ]T-\-̨ -t_m-

[-\ B-h-iy-ßƒ-°m-bn {]-tXy-Iw X-bm-dm-°n-b kz-X-{¥ tkm-̂ v-‰v--sh-b-

dp-Iƒ am-{Xw D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-b H-cp Hm]-td-‰nMv kn-Ã-hpw \ne-hn-ep-

≠v. k-v-Iq-fp-I-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-®p h-cp-∂ Cu Hm-∏-td-‰n-Mv kn-Ãw k-v-Iq-fp-I-

fn¬-\n-∂p-≈ B-h-iy-ßƒ-°v A-\p-k-cn-®v \n-c-¥-cw ]p-Xp-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-

°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. -kmt¶-XnIhnZym-jvTn-X-amb Hcp ]T-\-˛-t_m-[-\ k-t¶-

Xw A-\p-h¿-Øn-°p-tºmƒ k-Po-h-am-b Cu ]-›m-Ø-ew Xn-I-®pw A-\p-

Iq-e-am-b kml-Ncyw H-cp-°p-∂p-≠v. ta¬-∏-d-™ \n¿-tZi-ß-fn¬ A-[n-

I ]-¶pw {]m-h¿-Øn-I-am-°n-b k-a-{K dn-tkm-gv-kv t]m¿-́ ¬ sF.-Sn@k-v-

Iqƒ t{]m-P-Iv-‰v X-bm-dm-°n-bn-́ p-≠v. Bh-iy-am-b am-‰-ß-tfm-sS Cu t]m¿-

´¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.


61

hne-bn-cp-Øepw tamWn-‰-dnMpw

anI-hns‚ tI{μ-ß-fm°n hnI-kn-∏n-°pI F∂ e£yw km£m-¬°-cn-

°p-∂-Xn\v hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse A°m-Z-anI tamWn‰-dnMv IrXy-X-tbm-sSbpw

ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambpw \S-∏m-°-Ww. DtZym-K-ÿ-X-e-Øn-ep≈ tamWn-‰-dnßn-

s\m∏w P\-Iob kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS hnZym-eb{]h¿Ø-

\- Ah-tem-I-\hpw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]T-\ -̨t_m-[\ {]{In-b-Iƒ hne-

bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v IrXy-amb am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \¬I-Ww. t]mcm-bva-Iƒ

]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-kw-hn-[m\w Hcp-°pIbpw thWw.

A°m-Z-anI \ne-hmcw sa®-s∏-SpØn KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw e`n-

°p-∂p-sh∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn \mepX-e-Ønep≈ tamWn-‰-

dnMv kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww.

1. kvIqƒXew

2. Xt±-i-ÿm-]-\-Xew

3. Pn√m-Xew

4. kwÿm-\-Xew

1. kvIqƒXew

(i) NpX-e-Iƒ

kvIqƒXe tamWn-‰-dnMv kan-Xn-bpsS {][m\ Npa-X-e-Iƒ NphsS sImSp-

°p-∂p-.

$ ÿm]-\-Ønse ]≤-Xn-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn

]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p∂p F∂v Dd-∏m-°p-I.


62 $ Hmtcm A°m-Z-anI {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb ]n¥p-Wm-kw-

hn-[m\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw Ahsb bYm-k-abw hne-bn-cp-Øp-

Ibpw sNøpI.

$ A°m-Z-anI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v am¿K-\n¿tZiw \¬Ip-I.

$ kwLm-S\\n¿h-lW L´-ß-fn¬ \nc-¥cw CS-s]-´p-sIm-≠p≈

tamWn-‰-dnMv coXn Ah-ew-_n-°p-I.

$ A°m-Z-anI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØpI.

$ kpXm-cyX, kmº-ØnI hn\n-tbmKw F∂nh hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

$ anI-hp-Iƒ (Ipń-Iƒ/A[ym-]-I¿/ÿm]-\w) hne-bn-cpØn anI®

amXr-I-Iƒ°v t{]m’m-l\w \¬Ip-I.

$ aqey-\n¿Wb kma-{Kn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-I. CXns‚

hn\n-abw Dd∏m°pI.

{]h¿Ø-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ : Xmsg- ]-d-bp∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬ ê-{]-Z-ambn

CS-s]-́ p-sIm≠v kanXn {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

(ii) ]≤Xn {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

$ hnI-k\-tcJ, {]h¿Ø-\-I-e-≠¿ F∂nh Xbm-dm-°epw \S-

∏m°epw.

$ ùXnIkml-N-cy-ß-fpsS hnI-k\w ˛ amt\-Pvsa‚ v (Unssk≥,

\n¿am-W-co-Xn, {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, kmº-ØnIw)

$ kmaq-lnI]-¶m-fnØw ˛ ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv, am[ya]n¥pW

F∂nh Dd-∏m-°¬.

(iii) kvIqƒXe A°m-Z-anI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

$ kvIqƒ hm¿jnI]≤Xn ˛ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ {]Xn-amk Bkq-{XWw ˛ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ ¢mkv Xe Bkq-{XWw ˛ {]Y-am-[ym-]-Is‚ \nco-£-W-ßƒ, hne-

bn-cp-Ø¬

$ aqey-\n¿Wbw ˛ Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXntcJ-Iƒ hni-I-e\w

sNøp-I.

$ Dƒt®¿°¬ hnZym-̀ ymk km[y-X-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

$ A[ym-]-I-cpsS sXmgn¬]-c-amb sshZKv[yw t]mjn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ klm-b-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-ØpI.


63

(iv) kvIqƒXe tamWn-‰-dnMv kanXn

$ Fkv.-Un.kn sNb¿am≥ (A[y-£≥)

$ {]n≥kn-∏¬ (I¨ho-\¿)

$ slUvam-Ã¿

$ ko\n-b¿ Akn-Ã‚ v

$ ]n.Sn.-F, Fw.]n.-Sn.-F, Fkv.-Fw.-kn, Fkv.-Fw.-Un.kn. sNb¿am-

∑m¿

$ Fkv.-B¿.Pn. I¨ho-\¿

$ {]mtZ-inI hnZ-Kv[¿ (2 t]¿)

$ Fkv.-sF.-Sn.kn.

kanXn amk-Øn¬ Hcp XhW tbmKw tN¿∂v {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hne-bn-

cp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm hnjbw kw_-‘n®pw \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-

Ibpw ap≥ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ GXp hn[Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°n-sb∂v N¿® sNøp-

Ibpw thWw.

$ Hmtcm amkhpw ÿm]\w ssIh-cn® A°m-Z-anI anI-hp-I-fpsS

dnt∏m¿ńMv {]n≥kn-∏¬ tbmK-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww N¿®-Ifpw ]pXnb Xocp-am-

\-ßfpw D≠m-tI-≠-Xv.

$ tamWn-‰-dnMv kanXnbpsS A°m-Z-anI \n¿tZ-ißƒ F√m A[ym-

]-I¿°pw e`y-am-°-Ww.

$ Fkv.-B¿.Pnbn¬ C°m-cy-ßƒ N¿®sNøp-Ibpw XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-Ibpw thWw.

$ dnt∏m¿ v́ Hm¨sse≥ hgn Pn√m kan-Xn-Iƒ°pw kwÿm-\-Xe

kan-Xn-Iƒ°pw ssIam-td-≠-Xm-Wv.

]≤-Xn- hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ Xmsg

]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°-Ww.

$ \ne-hn-ep≈ Hmôkv kwhn-[m\w kpi-‡-am-°-Ww. A°m-Z-

anI ]n¥p-Wm-kw-hn-[m\w Dd-∏m-°m-\pw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ dnt∏m¿´p-

Iƒ Xbm-dm°n \¬Im\pw IrXy-Xbpw Imcy-£-a-Xbpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øm\pw Xmsg -]-d-bp∂ kuI-cy-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

C -̨Hm-̂ okv, skIyq-cn‰n kwhn-[m-\w, ipNnXzkwhn-[m-\w, sSIv\o-

jy-∑m-cpsS tkh-\w, {^≠v Hmô-kv.

KpW-ta∑ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ \S-t°≠

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ


64 $ am¿®v/G{]n¬ amk-Øn¬ kvIqƒ hm¿jnI s]mXp-tbmKw kwL-

Sn-∏n-°-Ww. kvIqfp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m kanXn AwK-ßfpw

hm¿jnI s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°Ww.

$ tbmK-Øn¬ Hcp h¿jsØ A°m-Z-anIcwKsØ t\ -́ßƒ IrXy-

ambn hni-Ie\w sNbvXv ZØ-ßfpsS klm-b-tØmsS hy‡hpw

kpXm-cy-hp-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.

$ kvIqfn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb kuI-cy-ßƒ/D]-I-c-W-ßƒ F∂nh-

bpsS ê--{]-Z-amb hn\n-tbmKw hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.

$ hnhn[ tImWp-I-fn¬\n∂v {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf IrXy-X-tbmsS

kq£va-X-e-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.

$ dnt∏m¿ v́, Nn{X-ßƒ, ]T-\-sØ-fn-hp-Iƒ F∂nh sh_vssk-‰n¬/

am[y-a-ßfn¬/kaq-l-am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-Ww.

$ aqey-\n¿Wb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS IrXy-amb tUmIyp-sa-t‚-j≥ \S-

°-Ww.

(v) tamWn-‰-dnMv dnt∏m¿ńs‚ D≈-S°w

$ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ/]T-\-coXn kw_-‘n® \nco-£Ww

$ ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn¬ {i≤-bn¬s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ.

$ {i≤-bn¬s∏´ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ˛ CS-s]-S¬ Bh-iy-amb taJ-e-Iƒ.

$ XpS¿{]-h¿Ø\w kw_-‘n® \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ.

$ kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Bkq-{XWw sNbvX {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F{X-

am{Xw ê-{]-Z-am-bn-́ p-s≠∂ \nco-£-Ww.

$ e`y-amb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, kuI-cy-ßƒ, ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ F∂nh

¢mkvX-e-Ønepw kvIqƒX-e-Ønepw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xns‚ hni-Zmw-

i-ßƒ.

$ ¢mkvX-e-Ønepw hnj-b-X-e-Ønepw sF.kn.Sn hn\n-tbm-KØnepw

Ipń-Iƒ t\Snb ]T-\-an-I-hp-Iƒ.

$ hnhn[ kan-Xn-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ.

tamWn-‰-dnßn\p am{X-ambn efn-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°mhp-∂Xpw hnh-

c-ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-°m-\p--XIp∂-Xp-amb Hcp tkm v̂‰vshb¿ cq]-s∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww.


65

2. Pn√mXew, Xt±-i-kz-bw-̀ -cW ÿm]-\-Xew

tamWn-‰-dnMv kan-Xn-bpsS {][m\ ZuXyw kvIqƒ hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-I-

fpsS \n¿Δh-lW ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øepw Hmtcm ÿm]-\hpw GXp

coXn-bn¬ e£yw ssIh-cn-°p∂p F∂v \nco-£n®v Bh-iy-amb

]n¥pWmkwhn-[m\w Hcp-°epam-Wv.

kan-Xn-bpsS \nco-£W, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ taJ-e-Iƒ C{]-Imcw \n¿h-

Nn°mw.

$ kvIqƒXe kan-Xn-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ.

$ kvIqƒ hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-tc-J-I-fpsS {]mtbm-Kn-IX ˛ \n¿h-lW

]ptcm-KXn.

$ A°m-Z-anI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS kz`m-hw, KpW-ta∑.

$ hnhchn\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ anIhv.

$ hnZym-e-b-Øn\v ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ign™ A°m-Z-anI anI-hp-Iƒ.

$ hnZym-ebw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb A°m-Z-anI amXr-I-Iƒ.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS hy‡n-]-c-hpw k¿K]-c-hp-amb anI-hp-Iƒ.

$ A[ym-]-I-cpsS A°m-Z-anI Bkq-{X-Whpw ¢mkn¬/kvIqfn¬ cq]-

s∏-Sp-Ønb amXr-I-Ifpw.

$ Xt±-i-kz -bw -` -cW ÿm]\Xe hnZym -`ymk kanXn

{]h¿Ø\]ptcm-K-Xn.

$ ùXn-I-ku-I-cy-ßƒ A°m-Z-anIv anI-hn\v Fßs\ D]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂p F∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ (sse{_-dn, em_v, ¢∫p-Iƒ,

sF.Sn. em_v, ssPh- D-Zym-\w, sIń-S-ßƒ,... apX-em-b-h).

$ F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ A°m-Z-anI hnI-

k\ amXr-I-Iƒ {]tXyIw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw dnt∏m¿ń¬ ]cm-

a¿in-°p-Ibpw thWw.

Xt±-i-kz-bw-̀ -cW ÿm]-\-Xe tamWn-‰-dnMv kanXn

1. Un.C.H

2. D]-Pn√m hnZym-̀ ymk Hmô-k¿ (I¨ho-\¿)

3. lb¿ sk°-‚dn {]n≥kn-∏¬

4. sslkvIqƒ {]Y-am-[ym-]I {]Xn-\n-[n

5. _n.]n.H.


66 6. sF.Sn@kvIqƒ {]Xn-\n[n

7. hnZym-̀ ymk hnZKv-[¿ (3 t]¿)

_‘-s∏´ Xt±-i -kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]\ A[y-£-∑m¿ kan-Xn-bpsS

sNb¿am-\mbpw hnZym-̀ ymk ÿncw kanXn sNb¿am≥ sshkv sNb¿am-

\mbpw {]h¿Øn-°-Ww.

(i) Pn√m-Xe tamWn-‰-dnMv kanXn

1. Un.Un.C. (sNb¿am≥)

2. Ub‰v {]n≥kn-∏¬ (I¨ho-\¿)

3. B¿.-Un.Un.

4. Un.C.H. am¿.

5. Un.]n.H.

6. F.]n.H. (B¿.-Fw.F-kv.-F)

7. F.Un, hn.F-®v.F--kv.-C

8. sF.Sn@kvIqƒ Pn√m tIm¿Un-t\-‰¿

9. hnZym-̀ ymk hnZ-Kv[¿ (5 t]¿)

3. kwÿm-\-Xew

kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£Wb⁄-Øns‚

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ kanXn cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ kwÿm-\Øv anI-hns‚ tI{μ-ß-fmbn {]Jym-]n-°-s∏´ hnZym-e-

b-ß-fn¬ \S∂ A°m-Z-anI anI-hp-Iƒ {]tXyIw N¿® sNø-Ww.

$ Pn√m-X-e-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬\n∂pw e`n-°p∂

Hm¨sse≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw

kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Hcp kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠mIWw.

$ Pn√Ifn¬ kanXn kμ¿i\w \SØn {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-

Ø-Ww.

$ kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ A°m-Z-anI{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ,

kma-{Kn-I-fpsS e`yX, hnX-cWw F∂nh {]tXyIw hne-bn-cp-Ø-

Ww.

$ Pn√-bn¬\n∂p≈ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw anI® amXr-

I-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]¶phbv°p-Ibpw thWw.


67

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ hnhn[ am¿K-

ßƒ Ah-ew-_n-°-Ww.

$ A[ym-]-I-cpsS Bkq-{X-Ww, Kth-jW amXr-I-Iƒ, Ip´n-Iƒ°v

\¬Ip∂ ]T-\-]n-¥pW F∂nh {]tXyIw hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.

$ sF.kn.Sn. D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS e`y-X, hn\n-tbm-Kw, hnZym-e-b-Øn¬

cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb sF.kn.Sn. amXr-I-Iƒ F∂nh {]tXyIw hne-bn-

cp-Øp-Ibpw ]cm-a¿in-°p-Ibpw thWw.

$ Pn√m-X-e-Ønepw kvIqƒX-e-Ønepw kwL-Sn-∏n® A[ym-]I]cn-

io-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ A[ym-]I]cn-io-e\ amXr-

I-Iƒ, ]T\kma-{Kn-Iƒ F∂nh kw_-‘n® \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ka¿∏n-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv.


68

am¿K-tcJ ˛ 2 · 2017. 8. 24. · am¿K-tcJ ˛ 2 s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc£W b⁄w 11 $ Ip´n-I-fpsS...

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Transcript of am¿K-tcJ ˛ 2 · 2017. 8. 24. · am¿K-tcJ ˛ 2 s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc£W b⁄w 11 $ Ip´n-I-fpsS...