Algae. Taste and Odor Dirty or Musty –Geosmin and MIB (2-methylisoborneol) –blue-green algae,...
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Transcript of Algae. Taste and Odor Dirty or Musty –Geosmin and MIB (2-methylisoborneol) –blue-green algae,...
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Algae
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Taste and Odor
• Dirty or Musty– Geosmin and MIB (2-methylisoborneol)– blue-green algae, actinomycetes
• Fishy, Cod liver Oil– Chrysophyta, Pyrrhophyta
• Septic Odor– Pryyhophyta
• Cucumber Odor– Chrysophyta
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Algal Toxins• Anatoxin (e.g. Anabaena)
– Staggering, paralysis, gasping, convulsions, death– 200 μg/kg LD50
• Microcystin (e.g. Anabaena, Microcystis, Oscillatoria)– Jaundice, shock, abdominal pain/distention. Weakness, nausea,
vomiting, severe thirst, rapid/weak pulse, death– 300-600 μg/kg LD50
• Saxitoxin/Neosaxitoxin (e.g. Anaphnizomenon)– Weakness, staggering, loss of muscle coordination, difficulty in
swallowing, labored respiration, muscle paralysis, death, tingling around mouth or fingertips, slurred speech
– 9 μg/kg LD50
• Hepatotoxin (e.g. Gleotrichia)– Jaundice, abdominal pain/distention, weakness,
nausea/vomiting
• Cytotoxin (e.g. Gleotrichia)– Skin irritation, gastrointestinal upset
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Algae Divisions• Chlorophyta (green algae)
– Least harmful, generally considered benefical
– Growth in reservoirs; mild taste and odor; some filamentous mat formers
• Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)– Prokayotes– Most significant concerns for
water quality– Taste and odor problems; filter
cloggers; oxygen depletion; toxicity
Images from http://www.keweenawalgae.mtu.edu
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Algae Divisions
• Ochrophyta (Chromophyta)– Chrysophyaceae (Yellow-
Green/Golden-Brown Algae)• Taste and odor problems;
reservoir growth; filter cloggers
• Frustules used for filtration– Bacillariophyaceae
• Diatoms
• Dinophyta (Pyrrhophyta, Dinozoa) – Dinoflagellates– Taste and odor problems– Red tide problems
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Algae Divisions
• Euglenophyta (protozoan-like algae)– Indicators of pollution– Filter cloggers
• Crytptophyta (crytomonads)– Taste and odor problems
• Rhodophyta (red algae)– Growth on reservoir walls
and irrigation ditches
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Hydrologic Cycle/Water SourcesENV H 440/545
Suggested Reading:Hammer and Hammer, Water and Wastewater Technology.
Chapter 1Chapter 4: 4-12 through 4-14
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Water Sources
• Surface water– River or stream– Lake– Reservoir
• Ground water– Water table well– Artesian well
• Flowing• Non-flowing
– Springs
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Basic Hydrologic Cycle
Moisture over land
Evaporation from ocean
Precipitationon ocean
Evaporation fromland and inland
waters
Precipitation on land
Surfacerunoff
Surfaceflow
Evaporation &transpiration
Infiltration
Ground water flow Ground waterflow
Surface outflow
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Watershed
Boundary–established by topography
Channel
Outlet or point of interest–defines watershed
Topographic linesof elevation
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Cedar River Watershed
Source: Seattle Public Utilities
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http://www.shorelandmanagement.org//index.html
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Stratification in Lakes/Reservoirs
Epilimnion – warm, typically euphotic, stratifiesdue to density (warmer, lighter) and well mixed
wind and waves. Location of algal growth
Thermocline – zone of transition in temperature
Hypoliminion – cold, usually light limitedand O2 limited, accumulates matter that
settles from above
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Turnover in Lakes
• Temperature & stratification events lead to compartmentalization of nutrients & O2 in deep lakes
• In temperate climates, turnover occurs in fall and spring
Ex. In fall top layer cools, and when water reaches sametemperature or lower of thermocline & hypolimnion, watersinks. Large up-welling of N & P from below can occur. If surface water temperature drops below 4°C a spring overturn occurs when epilimnion temperatures increase to that of the lower layers, allowing complete mixing to occur.
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Condition of Assessed Rivers & Streams in 2000 Water Quality Inventory
Source: USEPA. National Water Quality Inventory 2000 Report, EPA 841-R-02-1, August 2002.http://www.epa.gov/305b/2000report
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Leading Sources Contributing to River & Stream Impairment
Source: USEPA. National Water Quality Inventory 2000 Report, EPA 841-R-02-1, August 2002.http://www.epa.gov/305b/2000report
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Leading Pollutants/Stressors in Rivers & Streams
Source: USEPA. National Water Quality Inventory 2000 Report, EPA 841-R-02-1, August 2002.http://www.epa.gov/305b/2000report
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Stresses on Lakes and Reservoirs
• Eutrophication
• Hydrologic and Physical Changes
• Sedimentation
• Exotic Invasive Species
• Acidification
• Contamination by Toxics
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Leading Pollutants/Stressors in Lakes
Source: USEPA. National Water Quality Inventory 2000 Report, EPA 841-R-02-1, August 2002.http://www.epa.gov/305b/2000report
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Water Quality in Lakes
• Algal growth typically controls the cycle (aquatic plants can also be major contributors)– N & P usually the limiting nutrients– Fixed carbon usually limiting for bacteria
• Additions of N or P can unbalance the cycle– N as organic nitrogen, NO3, NH3
– P as PO4
– Some cyanobacteria fix N2, so P then limiting
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Lake & Reservoir EutrophicationO2 light
N+P→ light rxn, algal growth (fixed carbon & algal products)
O2
bacterial, aerobic heterotrophs - growth
Anaerobic – bacterial biomass + products (H2S, CH4, etc.)SO4
2-, CO2
O2 production > respiration: euphotic zoneO2 production < respiration: profundal zone
Dark rxn, produce algal biomass
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Anabaena BloomAnabaena BloomAnabaena BloomAnabaena Bloom
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Acidification of Lakes• Caused by acid deposition (SO2 and NOx)• Decay of organic matter slowed• Affects solubility of metals and nutrient cycles
• Carbonate system provides buffering capacity so that addition of acid will not lower pH of lake
– CO32- & HCO3
- react with added H+ (acid)– pH > 6.3, then HCO3
- is effective buffer– pH 5 – 6, pH sensitive to H+ addition– pH < 5, addition of H+ makes lake chronically acid
2333222 COHHCOHCOHOH(aq)CO
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Control of Eutrophication– Control of Algal Blooms
• Nutrient Source Reduction– Diversion– Product Modification– Tertiary Waste Water Treatment– Interception of NPS Nutrients– BMPs
• Dilution• In-Lake Methods of Nutrient Removal
– Alum Treatment– Sediment Skimming– Sediment Oxidation– Deep Water Discharge
• Management of Symptoms– Biomanipulation– Artificial Ciruculation– Algicides
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Control of Eutrophication– Control of Aquatic Macrophytes
• Biological agents• Waterlevel Drawdown• Harvesting• Herbicides
– Low Dissolved Oxygen• Hyolimnetic Aeration• Artificial Circulation• Winter Aeration
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Control of Sedimentation
• BMPs
• Dredging
Control of Exotic Species• Biomanipulation
• Rotenone/Herbicides
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Control of Acidification
• Decrease sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions
• Liming (calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide)
Control of Toxics
• Input reduction (point and non-point)• Dredging• Bioremediation
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Ground Water
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Hyporheic Zone
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Unsaturated zone
Saturated zone
Soil Water
Vadose zone
Capillary fringe
Ground water
Confining layer
Water table
Vertical Section
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Confined Aquifer
UnconfinedAquifer
RechargeArtesian Well
FlowingArtesian Well
Water Table Well
Confining Layers
WaterTable
Perched WaterTable
Flow
PiezometricSurface
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Confined Aquifer
UnconfinedAquifer
Recharge AreaFor
Confined Aquifer
Confining Layers
Recharge Area ForPerched Water
Table
Recharge Area ForUnconfined Aquifer
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UNDEVELOPED SPRING
WATER BEARING FORMATION
IMPERVIOUS FORMATION
SPRING
DEVELOPED SPRI NG
WATER BEARI NG FORMATION
RELATI VELYI MPERVI OUS MATERI AL
10ft.
GRAVEL
6" MI NIMUM
#4 MESH SCREEN
OVERFLOWLI NE
PERMANENT FLOWMETER
SUPPLY PIPECOLLECTION TILE
DIAGRAM 6-4
SUGGESTED DETAILS FOR SPRINGDEVELOPMENT IN ALLUVIALFORMATIONS
JUNCTION BOX
SHUT OFF VALVE
CLAY CUTOFF WALL
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Source: USEPA. National Water Quality Inventory 2000 Report, EPA 841-R-02-1, August 2002.http://www.epa.gov/305b/2000report
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Source: USEPA. National Water Quality Inventory 2000 Report, EPA 841-R-02-1, August 2002.http://www.epa.gov/305b/2000report
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Water Storage
• Purpose–augment supply during high water demand season, e.g., precipitation or streamflow are less than water demand
• Major Types– Man-made impoundments – Aquifer recharge (and storage)
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Tolt Reservoir and DamCity of Seattle Public Utilities
Source: Seattle Public Utilities
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Confined Aquifer
UnconfinedAquifer
Recharge
ProductionWell
(Summer)
Recharge Well(Excess SurfaceWater–Winter)
WaterTable
Flow
Aquifer Storage and Recovery
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Source Water Protection
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Typical Steps Involved In Development ofSource Water Protection Program
Source: USEPA. Consider the Source – A Pocket Guide to Protecting Your Drinking Water, EPA 816-K-02-002, 2002.
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Source: USEPA. Consider the Source – A Pocket Guide to Protecting Your Drinking Water, EPA 816-K-02-002, 2002.
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Source: USEPA. Consider the Source – A Pocket Guide to Protecting Your Drinking Water, EPA 816-K-02-002, 2002.
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Source: USEPA. Consider the Source – A Pocket Guide to Protecting Your Drinking Water, EPA 816-K-02-002, 2002.
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Example of Best Management Practices forSource Water Protection
Source: USEPA. Consider the Source – A Pocket Guide to Protecting Your Drinking Water, EPA 816-K-02-002, 2002.
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Other Possible Categories, Activities or Threats
• Lawn and garden fertilizer• Pet and wildlife waste• Pesticide application
(large & small scale)• Turfgrass/Agricultural
fertilizer application• Livestock, horse and
poultry waste• Above ground storage
tanks
• Sanitary and Combined Sewer Overflows
• Injection wells• Storm water runoff• Vehicle washing• Small quantity chemical
use• Underground storage
tanks (USTs)• Highway and/or airport
deicing operations