Alcooli derivati din monozaharuri · D(+)-glucoza In stare libera Fructe, flori miere Combinata...
Transcript of Alcooli derivati din monozaharuri · D(+)-glucoza In stare libera Fructe, flori miere Combinata...
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Alcooli derivati din monozaharuri
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Monozaharide din natura
Monozaharid Sursa
L-Arabinoza Tărâțe de grâu
Guma mesquite
D-riboza Toate celulele vii
Componentă a acidului
ribonucleic
D-xiloza coceni de porumb coji
de semințe de paie
D-ribuloza Intermediar în
fotosinteză
2-deoxi-D-riboza Constituent al ADN-ului
D-galactoza Lactoza, agar, guma
arabică, glicolipide
creier
D-glucoza Zaharoză, celuloză,
amidon, glicogen
D-manoza Semințe, semințe Ivory
Guma mesquitehttp://www.mobot.org/
Acacia senegal
(seva durificată)
F. E. Köhler (1887)
Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
Guma arabicăhttps://static1.squarespace.co
m/static/
Nuci Ivoryhttp://waynesword.palomar.edu/
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Monozaharide din natura
Monozaharid Sursa
D-frucoza Zaharoză, anghinare,
miere
L-fucoza Alge marine
L-ramnoza Iedera otrăvitoare (flori)
coaja de stejar
D-manoheptuloza Avocado
D-Altroheptuloza Diverse plante
Anghinarewww.picgifs.com
Alge marine
http://www.seaweedpete.com/
Iedera otrăvitoare (flori)http://wildeherb.com/
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D(+)-glucoza
In stare libera
Fructe, flori
miere
Combinata
polizaharide
oligozaharide
In sange
0,1%
> 0,1%
diabet
www.thesymptomsofdiabetes.org
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Glucidele serice
Sursele glucozei sanguine
Aport exogen (200-300 g/zi)
Glicogenoliza glicogenului hepatic
Glucogeneza
din alte monozaharuri
din surse neglucidice
(AA, glicerol)
https://www.health.ny.gov/ http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-http://www.ellies-whole-
grains.com/
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Surse de glucoză în timpul postului
http://usmle.biochemistryformedics.com/
Factori ce afectează glicemia
Sedentarismul
Obezitatea
Stresul
Alimentația
Medicamentația
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Reglarea hormonală a glicemiei
Mecanisme homeostatice
Ficat – permeabil pentru glucoza sangună
Țesuturi extrahepatice – impermeabile (- insulină)
Glande endocrine
Hormon Tipul Efect
Insulina Peptidic
(21+30 AA)
Hipoglicemiant
Hormonul de
creștere
Polipeptidic
(191 AA)
Hiperglicemiant
Corticotropina
(ACTH)
Peptidic (29 AA) Hiperglicemiant
Cortizon Hormon
steroidic
Hiperglicemiant
Adrenalină Hormon
Neurotrasmițător
Hiperglicemiant
Glucagon Peptidic (29 AA) Hiperglicemiant http://www.gssiweb.org/
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Fiziopatologia metabolismului glucidic
Hipoglicemia Glucoza < 60 mg/ 100 mL
Produsă de insulină/medicamente (tolbutamină)
“a jeun” deficit antiinsular
(mobilizarea defectuoasă
a glucozei)
Tumori ale celulelor
(pancreas)-insulinomul
http://medicineworld.org
Consumul de alcool
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Glicogenozele
Fiziopatologia metabolismului glucidic
Boli de stocare
a glicogenului (>9)
http://bvetmed1.blogspot.roBoală de stocare a glicogenului
de tip V
http://medicalshitilearnedtoday.tumblr.com
Hipoglicemia
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Simptome
http://qsota.com/
Manifestări clinice
hipoglicemie
ușoară
medie
cronică
gravă
Fiziopatologia metabolismului glucidic
Hipoglicemia
Galactozemii
hepatoame
teratoame
Procese neoplazice
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Fiziopatologia metabolismului glucidic
Hiperglicemia Glucoza > 120 mg/ 100 mL
Deficit absolut / relativ insulină
Stări emoționale
Stări stres chirurgical
Stări de șoc - medicamente
(catecolamine, corticoizi)
http://image.shutterstock.com/
Diabetul zaharatcreșterea cronică anormală
a glucozei sanguine (hiperglicemie)
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Diabetul zaharat
Cauzele
Ereditare
Factori de mediu
obezitatea
Infecții virale
oreion
rubeolă
citomegalovirus
Boli ale pancreasului
http://www.wikiihealth.com/
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Deficiența insulinei(consecințe funcționale)
glicozuria
poliuria
Lipoliza
Acizi grasi liberi
hiperglicemiaSorbitolCataractă (lentile)
Neuropatie (nervi)
Microangiopatie
(capilare)
Sete
Na+, K+
hipertrigliceridemia
Acidoza (pH < 7,2)
coma
http://www.eyeworksgroup.com/
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Diabetul zaharat
Clasificare clinică
Insulinodependent - tip I
debut rapid
tineri (juvenil)
Complicații
cronice
renale
Sanatos Diabetichttps://ghr.nlm.nih.gov
Neinsulinodependent - tip II
80-85% cazuri
debut progresiv
http://www.bestmadenatural
products.com/
Complicații
cardiovasculare
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Diabetul zaharat
Clasificare clinică
Secundar Gestațional
Distrugerea pancreasului
Fibroaza chistică
Amiloidoză
Hemocromatoză
Sindrom polichistic ovarian
Folosirea de steroizi
noradrenalină
https://thingshealth.com/gestational-diabetes/
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Determinarea glucozei din sânge
Prelevarea probei
din venă
http://www.jisponline.com/http://www.eastlancsdue.nhs.uk/
http://www.biotek.com/assets/tech_resources/
Determinarea enzimatică
https://youtu.be/DyGIvs9zrVA
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Glucidele din urină
Glucidele
glucoză (200 mg/zi)
fructoză, manoză (5-20 mg/zi)
arabinoză, xiloză (30-100 mg/zi)
ramnoză, galactoză, riboză (urme)
Glicozuria (170-180 mg%) hiperglicemie
Glucozuria
permanentă
Tranzitorie alimentară
Sarcină
hipertiroidism
https://courses.washington.edu/
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Glucidele din urină
Glicozuria determinare
Urina (1:10) defecată (deproteinizată – r. Courtonne)
Reactiv Fehling/Nylander
http://chemdemos.uoregon.edu/ http://www.revolvy.com/
Reactiv Benedict
http://biology-
igcse.weebly.com/Fructozuria
- Intoleranță
- Icter
http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/
Lactozuria/Galactozuria- sarcină
- alăptare
Acidul Glucuronic- detoxifiere
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Glucidele din limfă
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/
Cglucoza (plasmă) Cglucoza (limfă)
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D(+)-manozaNu se gaseste in stare libera
Polizaharide - mananii
Phytelephas macrocapra
(fructe palmieri - Brazilia si Peru)
https://en.wikipedia.org
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D(+)-galactoza
Rar in stare libera
Di-, tetra- si polizaharide
L(-)-galactoza
PolizaharideMucilagii (in)
Galactogen (melc)
Alge marine
https://clinicalgate.com/
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Derivati alcoolici
Int. metabolic
(ciuperci)Fotosinteza
0,06-0,25 mM
in sangele uman
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Derivati alcoolici
1,5-anhidro-D-glucitol (1,5-AG)
Albumina glicozilatăEficacitatea tratamentului antidiabetic
Koga, M., Advances in clinical
chemistry, 64, 269-301, 2014
indicator pentru diabet de tip 2
corelat cu boli renale (stadii
medii)
www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk
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Deoxi derivati
Componenta ADN
glicoproteine
lapte
sange
http://www.astrochem.org
C. Ma et al., Journal of Proteomics, 114, 2015, 61-70
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În lipidele-membrane fotosintetice
Alti derivati
Current topics in photosynthesis,
Ed J. Amesz, A.J. Hoff, H.J. van Gorkum, 1986
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Oligozaharide si polizaharide
Dizaharidele
Lactoza
Zaharoza
Trehaloza
Maltoza
Celobioza
abundente
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Legatura glicozidica
Glc Frc
Zaharoza - dizaharid
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- dizaharida
nereducatoare
- -(C1) - (C2)
glicozidica
Zaharoza
Testul Fehling – zaharuri reducatoare
HCO
C OHH
CH2OH
aldehida
+ 2 Cu2+ + 5 HO-
Reactiv Fehling
CO
C OHH
CH2OH
acid carboxilic
+ Cu2O + 3 H2O
precipitat
-O
Dizaharide nereducatoare
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Testul Fehling – zaharuri reducatoare
HCO
C OHH
CH2OH
aldehida
+ 2 Cu2+ + 5 HO-
Reactiv Fehling
CO
C OHH
CH2OH
acid carboxilic
+ Cu2O + 3 H2O
precipitat
-O
Zaharoza
Dizaharide nereducatoare
Probe analizate1-Amidon
2-zaharoza
3-lactoza
4-fructoza
5-glucoza
6-control
1 2 3 4 5 6http://depts.gpc.edu/~dunchelb/1152L
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Consumul de zahar
Sursa :USDA 2009 (estimare)
108 tone zaharoza / anual
zaharoza Industria farmaceutica-preparate
Dextran-inlocuitor plasma
Consum mediu un român 30 kg / an
un european 16 kg / an
http://www.mediafax.ro/ (16 oct 2014)
https://www.saveur.com/
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Inversia zaharozei
Zaharoza [a]20D = +66.50
(+)D-Glucoza (+52.50)
(-)D-Fructoza (-930).
[a]20D (- 20.40)
Zahar invertitO
H
HO
HO
HH
HO
OHH
H
OH
Glucoza
CH2OH
H
OH
CH2OH
OH H
H OH
O
Fructoza
O
H
HO
HO
HH
OHH
OH
CH2OH
HCH2OH
OH H
H OH
O
O
+ H2O / H+
Zaharoza
Conditii acide
sau
invertaza
Zaharoza Transport in plante
Trehaloza Transport in insecte
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- fungi, insecte
(hemolimfa)
- Trehaloza-fosfatidil colina
Trehaloza
Stabilizare
membrane
Anhidrobioza (www.grandinetti.org)
-Dizaharid nereducator
- 20% din masă uscată a
organismelor anhidrobiotice
Legaturi de H
Agent antiînghețare
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- lapte (4-6%)
Lactoza
- galactoza + glucoza
- -1,4- glicozidica
Dizaharide reducatoare
galactoza glucoza
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Lactoza - 2 izomeri
Dizaharide reducatoare
- lactoza
- lactoza
solubilitate mai buna
mai dulce
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Scindarea
lactozei
Dizaharide reducatoare
Lactaza
(intestinul subtire)glucoza + galactoza
glucoza
ficat
Sange
lactaza
degradeaza
lactoza
Lactoza neabsorbita
in intestinul gros
Simtome intoleranta
-Galactozidaza
(bacterii)
glucoza + galactoza
https://biochemphilic.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/
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Intoleranta la lactoza
Dizaharide reducatoare
1/3 din adulti pot scinda lactoza
www.newscientist.com
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Maltoza
- 2 molec. glucoza
- -1,4-glicozidice
Amidon 60% Maltoza
Dizaharide reducatoare
maltaza
intestinul subtire
Celule epiteliale
2 glucoza
25%Glucoza
Maltodextrine
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Celuloza
Celobioza
- 2 molec. glucoza
- Legaturi beta-1,4-glicozidice
Celobioza
- Izomera cu maltoza
Dizaharide reducatoare
www.worthington-biochem.com
-glicozidaza (samburi migdale)
Celobiaza (melci, microorganisme)
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Melezitoza (Sigma-Aldrich)
Afide
nereducator
Rafinoza (Sigma-Aldrich)
Gal-Glu-Fru
Trizaharidele – surse/importanta
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Trizaharidele – surse/importanta
Miere/bere
Panoza
Izopanoza
Trizaharide
sintetice
Lactozaharoza
- Mai putin dulce decat zaharoza
- Agent de aglomerare (industrie)
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Tetrazaharidele
Stahioza plante
soia
mazare
linte
- 2 -galactoza + -glucoza + -fructoza
www.iconshut.com
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Antigenii din sange
Antigen O
Antigen A
Antigen B
Glicolipide
suprafata eritrocitelor
Oligozaharidele conjugate
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Glicoproteinele
Oligozaharidele conjugate
https://www.neb.com/
www.nbs.csudh.edu
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Ciclodextrinele
oligozaharide ciclice
6 – 8 unitati
Degradarea enzimatica a amidonului
Interior hidrofob/exterior hidrofil
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Indulcitorii artificiali
descoperita in 1879
utilizat cu
aspartamul
sinergism
Preparate
Farmaceutice
si alimentare
Compus Gradul de
indulcire
Glucoza 1
Acesulfam 200
Alitam 2000
Aspartam 180
Zaharina 350
Sucraloza 600Anii ’70 - doze mari
- cancer
soareci
https://www.saveur.com/
sugar-history-of-the-world
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- utilizat din 1981
- are continut caloric redus
- Instabil termic/hidroliza lenta
Indulcitori artificiali
-omologat din 2002
(Europa)
-de 8000 de ori mai dulce
decat zaharoza
- stabilitate mai mare
Aspartamul
Neotamul
Nutrasweet si Equal
Utilizari: prăjituri, deserturi îngheţate sau gumă de mestecat
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- Amida dipeptida L-Aspartil-D-alanină
- 2000x mai dulce decât zaharoza
- Recomandat pentru pacienții
care suferă de fenilcetonurie
Indulcitori artificiali
Alitamul
- Utilizări: panificație, prăjituri
10x mai dulce decât aspartamul
- Concentrații de 100x mai mari decât doza recomandată zilnic
Creșterea masei țesutului hepatic/greutății
- Este interzis in SUA