AKA fl EMM fl II AV Ii GGGP BB HAAMMOB 0 COOTHOIHEHHH E ...

A K A f l E M M f l II A V Ii GGGPH A Y n H b lS COBET no KOMnJIEKCHOll nPOBJIEME

«KHBEPHETHKA»

B C E C 0 1 0 3 H blit IIH CTH TYT HAYnHOPI II T E X H H q E C K O ll HHtPOPMAU,HIl

B . B . H A A M M O B

B e p o f l T H O c T H a a

m o n e J i b

H 3 b I K a

•

0 C O O T H O IH E H H H

E C T E C T B E H H B I X

H H C K y C C T B E H H b I X

H 3 B I K 0 B

H 3 fl A T E JI b C T B 0 « H A Y K A »

M O C K B A 1 9 7 9

y f l K 007 : 519.241.2 : 001.8

I l a j i HMOB B. B. BepoHTHoci’Haa Mo^ejib jiai.iaa. 0 cooTHome- hhh ecTecTBeHHHX h HCi;yccTBeiiHHX H3HK0B. 2-e nepepao.a flon. M .: HayKa, 1979.

B K H H re c eflH H B ix n o 3 i iu ,n ii p a c c M a T p r o a e T C H M H o r o o 6 p a 3 H e JI36IK0B: 0 6 HHHHH H 3M K , H3I.TK H a y K H , M aTeM aTH K H , a C cip a K T H O H JKHBOHHCH, H 3H K SHOJIOrHTCCKOrO K O fla , H 3H K H flp eB H H X K y jI b T y p h t . f l . cp o p M y a n p y iO T C H T p e C o n a in iH k 3n a itO B H M c n c ie M a M .

K H H r a p a c c w r a n a H a B c e x , k t o H H T e p e c y e i c a K iiO o p n e T ii- KOH, H 3H K 03H aH H eM , CeMIIOTHKOH, HH<J)OpMaTHKOH, (j)IIJIOCO(}.>IieH, n a y K O B o f le n i ic M , T e p M ir a o . io r i ie H , a T a it w o H a p a S o ra H K O B K y j i b - T y p u h T B o p a e c K o r o T p y f la n p a itT H H o cK ii b o B c e x o i p a c j i a x 3 H a - h h h . T a S j i . 1, H a . 14, O n O jin o r p . 245 H a3B .

3aMeaanHfi o n a C T O a ip oH KHHre n p ocbC a nanpau.iH Tb n o aj p e c y : M ocK Ba, y a . B a m ia ou a , 4 0 . H ayaH biii coBeT n o KOMnaeitc- hoh npoOaoM e «Kii6epHeTHKa» AH CCCP.

OTBeTCTBeHHHH peflaKTop

ROKTOp (j)H.’IOCO({)CKItX HayK

JI. B. BA3KEHOB

© Il3flaTeabCTBo «HayKa», 1979 r.

H B 3 — 96— 36— 1978 1502000000055(02)— 79

B s e f l e H H e

B n o c jie flH e e BpeM a n a m e npeflCTaBJieirae o a3H K e n eoS B ia a ifflo p a c - nm pH JiocB . C e iia a c H3yaeHHeM H3BiKa 3aHHM aroTca He tojibko TpaflH - H,HOHHO HaCTpOeHHBie JIHHrBHCTBI, HO H HpeflCTaBHTejIH f lp y r n x , K a 3 a jiocB 6u coB ceM M aao CBH3anHHx M eatfly co6oh, p a 3 flea oB 3Ha- hhh: MaTeMaTHKH h jio rn K H , npeflCTaBH Tejin KnSepHeTHKH h 6hojio- thh, HCKyccTBOBeflBi. H a X I V M eatflyn apoflH O M (|hjioco(|)Ckom koh- r p e c c e b B eH e (1968 r . ) B o n p o ca M H3BiKa 6hjio n o cB a m e H o 41 c o o 6 m e - H ne, hto cocT aB JineT 12,4% ot o 6 m e r o a n c j ia npoHHTaHHHX TaM flOKJiaMOB; KpaTKHH KpHTHaecKHH aHajiH3 3thx cooSm eH H H COflep- 5KHTCH B p a S oT e H . B . K onH H H a [1 ] .

B o jib h io h H HTepec k n poS a eM a M H3BiKa a e r it o o Sb h c h h t b : n c c j i e - flOBaHHe H3BIKa — 3TO OflHH H3 CHOCOSOB H3yHeHHfl MHHIJieHHfl. K a a t e i c a pa3yM H H M t o b o p h t b , h to b H3yneHHe n p o p e c c o B no3HaHHH M05KH0 BBeCTH MBTOflBI, aHajIOPHHHBie TeM, KOTOpBie HpnMeHHIOTCH B COBpeMeHHBIX eCTeCTBeHHOHayHHHX flHCflHHJIHHaX, eCJIH oSBeKTOM HccjieflOBaHHH c^ ejiaT B h 3b ik . T o r ^ a n p n paccM OTpeHHH p a fla n p o - 6aeM o K a a teT ca b o 3m o>k h h m oS cy a tfle H n e cooTBeTCTByroiflH x rn n o T e 3 n y ie M conocT aB JieH H a h x c peaaBH O HaSaioflaeMHiMH h b ji6h h h m h B C(|)epe H03HaHHH, npOH3BOflHMOrO B «TOHHBIX» TepMHHaX («MOfleJIH» npHHHTHH penreHHH, «H3BIKOBOrO» HOBefleHHH H T. H .). IIOHBJIfleTCH aKcnepHM eHT, pe3yjibT aT B i H eK OTopbix HaSaiofleHHH nap; h 3b ik o m OKa3BiBaeTCfl b o 3m o>k h bim BBipaHtaTB KOJinaecTBeHHO, rn noT e3B i c i a - h o b h tc h BepH$Hu;HpyeMBiMH. n p a B ^ a , 3a Bee sto n p n x o flH T ca p a c - HJiaaHBaTBCH: n p n xaKOM n o flx o f le T e p a e T ca ra y S n H a b n ocT a n oB K e B o n p o co B , K O T opaa 6fiiaa CBOHCTBeHHa K a a ccn ita M ecTecTB03HaH H a h $ H a o co $ H H . B n p o a e M , to >ne caM oe n p o H 3 0 in a o b $H3H Ke: i t a a c - CH aecK aa <|)H3HKa b 3iiaaiiTeaBHOH cien eH H 6b ia a H ay K on h h cto M e ip o - aorn aecK O H h c T o a a a fla n e ito ot oSm eM eT O floaorH necK H x B o n p o c o B ; coB ceM HHaae BBiraaflHT coB peM eH H aa <|)H3HKa c t o k h m h ee pa3fleaaM H , KaK KBaHTOBaa M exa n n K a , T e o p n a OTHOCHTeaBHOCTH. . . S flecB 3 a T p a - THBaioTca y a te npH H ipranaaB H B ie B on p ocB i, ho o h h onaTB-TaK H He OTaHaaiOTca to h r a y S n n o H , K O Topaa Sbiaa n p a c y m a pa3flyM BaM

3

m h o t h x M u cjiH T eJ ien n p o r a j i o r o . I I , h h t h h f la m e o n e H b c e p b e 3 H H e — o c H O B o n o jia ra ro iflH e — p a 6 oTbi n o c o B p e M e H H o n <|)H3HKe, mm n o fln a c M OjKeM jin r a b floraflM B aT b C H 0 6 h x M eT O flO J iornB ecK ofi n o f lo n n e K e . T a n m e o 6 c t o h t f le n o a c n y g jiH K a ijH H M H b ofw racTH M eT O flO JioranecK H X n p o fi jie M H 3M K a , ocoS eH H O b n x o a h iu h m h H a 3 a n a f l e .

E cJIH npH H H T b COBCeM H a iB IIH H , C HBHIHX H 03H flH H , Te3HC 0 TOM, HTO H 3H K H JHOflefi «a6cOJIK)THO afleK B aTH O » — TaK C K a 3 a T b , 3 e p - K a jiB H o — O T pam aiO T B n em H H H M a p , t o OTciOfla H en ocpeflC T B eH H O 6 y fle T c n e flO B a T b , h t o e c j in 6 h y f la j io c b h o c t p o h t b y H ueep caA bnym ep a M M a m u n y , t o O T K pM Jiacb 6 h p e a jib H a n b o 3 m o ® h o c t b o t b b t o b H a H 3B eH H H e OHTOJIOTHHeCKHe B O n p oC H — OTBeTOB, K O TO pM e H 0 3 B 0 - j i h j i h 6 m h o j ih o c t b i o h o h h t b , K aK y c T p o e H O K p y m a r o m n i M n p .

T a K a n «y H H B e p c a jiB H a H rp a M M a T H K a » , k o h b h h o , flO Jim H a SHJia 6m O X B aT H B aT b K aK CMHCHOByiO KJiaCCH$HKaflHK> 3H aH H M H X CJIOB («M O p - «| )on orH io»), T aK h n p a B H J ia K o p p e K T H o r o y n o p H flo n e H H H o jio b b <|p a3N («CH H TaKCH C»), H , K pO M e TOTO, OHa flOJIJKHa 6biJia 6 h 6 h t b HOCTpOeHa T a K , h t o 6 h m o jk h o 6 n .h o a 6 c T p a r H p o B a T b C H o t h h c t h h x oco6eH H O C T eH O T flen b H H x h 3 h k o b . T a K y io rp a M M a T H K y , e c j i a 6bi t o j i b k o n o c T p o e - H a e ee 6 b ijio b o 3 m o 5 k h o , m o jk h o 6 h j i o 6 n H a 3B a T b (piuiococficKou ep aM M a m u K ou [ 2 ] . M h y b h a h m b f la jib H e n m e M , h t o o c y m e c T B J ie H n e 3TOTO 3aM H C Jia, K C05KaJieHHK>, H eB 03M 0>K H 0.

C o B c e M o c o 6 o e 3H a n eH H e H 3y n eH H e H 3biK a n p H o 6 p e .r o b c b h 3 h c 3 a fla n e H aH aJiH 3 a H a y n H o r o M H n u ieH H H . H a y K a c f le n a jia c b o 6 t> 6 k to m HCCJieflOBaHHH, pa3BHJIHCb THKHO H anpaB JieH H H MHCJIH, K aK HayKO- e e d e m ie , Jiozuna u M em od oA ozu a H ayu nozo u ccjied oea n u si. 3 f le c b T o m e n p H m n o c b n p e m fle B c e r o o 6 pam ;aTbC H k H 3y n eH H io H 3una, a h m b h h o H 3 H K 3 H a y K H . H a 3TOM H yTH O T K pM Jiacb B03M 0>K H 0CTb H pOCJie/KH- s a T b n o r H K y n o c T p o e H H H n a y n H N x p a c c y m fle H H H , b m h b j ih t b C T p y K - T y p y H a y n H H X n o c T y n a T O B h n p a B H jia B H B O fla , c h o c o 6 m Bepn<|)HKa- f l H i B H C K a 3 H B aH H H b H a y K e .

J le r a o o 6 t > h c h h t b h r .n y 6 oKH H H H T epec k H 3 H K y y j i o t h k o b h M a T e- M aTHKOB. B pen eB O M n o B efleH H H jn o fle n m n p o K O H c n o jiB 3 yiOTCH j i o t h - n e c K H e n o c T p o e H H H , OTciOfla ecTecTBeH H O H a n p a m n B a e T C H m h c j ib O B03M 05KH 0CTH C 03flaH H H a 6 cT p a K T H H X JIHHrBHCTHHeCKHX H JIOTH- n e c K H x M O fle jien , 3 a fla B a e M b ix HCHHCJieHHHMH. 3 f le c b , n p a B f la , B 0 3 - iiH K aeT H O B an n p o 6 jieM a — B 3aH M O O T H om eH n e j i o t h k h h M aT eM aTH KH . E c j i h , c o r j ia c u o T e 3 n c y O p e r e — P a c c e n a , M aT eM aTH K a ec T b n a c T b j i o t h k h , t o , c o r a a c H o npeflCTaB JieH H H M M aTeM aTH KO B -H H TyniflH O H H - c t o b , H a o 6 o p o T , j io r n K a ec T b n a cT B M aTeM aTH KH ( n o f lp o 6 H ee 0 6 3 to m c m . b [ 1 9 7 ] ) . H a M HeT H eo6xoflH M O C T H oc T a H a B jiH B a T B c n H a a H a jiH 3e 3 T o r o n p o T H B o n o c T a B jie H H H , BaffiHO f l p y r o e — n o fln e p K H y T b r j i y 6 o - K yro BH yTpeHHIOK) CBH3B M eJKfly JIOTHKOH H MaTeMHTHKOH, H 03B 0J IH I0-m y r o 3 a fla B a T b jio r n H e c K n e c T p y K T y p H H 3b iK a M aT eM aT n n ecK H M HMOfleJIHMH.

I le p e fl MaieMaTHKaMH b o 3 h iik j ih h h h c t o n p H K jia fliiu e 3 a f la r a jiH H rB H C Tm ecK oro xa p a K T ep a — s t o n p em fle B cero n ocT p o eH n e a jir o - P h tm o b fljiH M am iiH H oro n e p e B o ^ a TeKCTa c OflHoro ecTecTBeH Horo H3HKa Ha f lp y r o fl 11 n o c T p o e n n e HCKyccTBeHHBix h 3 b ik o b np orpaM M H - pOBailHH flJIH B3aHMOfleHCTBHH HeJIOBeKa C BBIHHCJIHTeJIbHOH M am H - h o h . H a K o n e i^ , nrapoKO H flym nft ce n n a c n p o p e c c MaTeMaTH3an;HH HayKH , 3axBaTHBiHHH fla m e Te oS jiacT n 3HaHHH, K OToptie TpaflH - pnoiiH o pa3BHBanHCB Bue c i e p H M aieMaTHHecKHx n oc ip oeH H H , n o K a - aaji, h t o h caM a M aieiiaTH K a M om eT nrpaTB p o jib H 3H K a. B o b c h k o m c jiy a a e , HHTepec MaTeiiaTHKOB k H3yHeHHio H3BiKa He orpaHHHHBaeTCH K pyroM B o n p o coB , BxoflHEfliix b M a m eM am u necK ym J iu m eu cm u n y — flHCflHiiJiHHy h 6 e3 Toro oneHL m n p o K y io , K OTopyro, c jie fly a E a p -X n j i - jie jiy [3 ] , m o jk h o pa3flejiH Tb Ha cm a m u cm u n ecn y io j iu m e u c m u n y , 3aHHMaioni;yiocH nacTOTHBiM a n a jm 30 M 3HaK0BBix c iic ie M , h c m p y n - mypnyio jiumeucmuny, K O Topaa 3aHHMaeTCH n ocT poeH neM a S c ip a K T - iib ix M OflejieS H3HKa.

Rjin cnepH ajiH C T O B n o K n S ep H eT H K e H3y a e H H e H3BiKa — 3 to o flH a H3 OCHOBHHX 3 a fla H . 06T>eKTOM HCCJieflOBaHHH B K H SepH eT H K e H B- j ih io t c h c a M o o p r a H H 3 y io in ;H e cH ch ctb m b i — c B o e o 6 p a 3 H B ie o p ra H H 3 M H , o 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H e H3 n e K O T o p o r o M H om ecT B a B e m e n , o 6T>eflHHOHHBix cncT eM O H y n p aB JieH H H . Y n p a B J ie H H e o c y m e c T B J ia e T c a n y i e M n e p e f la n n h n e p e p a S o T K H c n r H a jiO B . C i p y K T y p a yn p aB JieH H H — 9 to c i p y K T y p a H 3H K a CHCTeM H. K u S e p H e T iiK a M o m eT H 3yaaT i> K aK m H BB ie CHCTeMH — S H O J ioriin ecK H e o p r a m i3 M B i h h x oSB eflH H eH H H , cK a m e M c o o S ip e c T B a jir o fle n h jih h x O T fle jiB H u e r p y n n B i , T a n h H em n B B ie o 6T>eKTBi — aB TO - MaTBI, HCKyCCTBeHHO C 03flaiIH B ie JIIOflBMH, HJIH eCTeCTBeHHO B 03H H K - n iH e CHCTeMH. H a K O H en ;, H3yHaiOTCH cM em a iiH B ie c h c tb m h , cK a m e M S n o c ^ e p a , r f le n p o n c x o f lH T iiii(|)opM an;H O H H oe B3aHMOfleHCTBHO M e m fly jk h b h m h h HemHBBiMH B en jaM H . G h o 3 h u ;h h K n SepH eT H K H h n a y K y M O /K iio p a c c M a ip H B a T B K aK c a M O o p r a H H 3 y io m ;y io cH CH CTew y, K O T o p a a B efleT c e 6a K aK jk h b o h o p ra H H 3 M : b n p o n ;e c c e e e pa3BH TH H b o 3 h h - K aioT c y m e c T B e H iio HOBBie, 3 a p a H e e He n p e flC K a 3 y eM B ie H flen , n p o x o f l a - m n e b f la jiB iie n r a e M n y T B c j io jk h o h 3BOJiron,HH. 9 t h H flen co3 fla ioT C H H pa3BHBaiOTCH B p e 3 y jIB T a T e HH<|)OpMau;HOHHOrO B3aHMOfleHCTBHH y a e H B ix , K O T o p o e n p o n c x o f l i i T H a o c o 6 o m H3BiKe — H 3H K e H a yK H , OTJIHHIIOM OT o S H fle im o r O H3BIKa JIIOfleH. I l0 3 T 0 M y H 3yH eH H e H 3H K a n a y K H npeflCTaB.THOT oco C b iii n i iT e p e c f l j i a B c e x T e x , k t o 3aiiH M aeTC H M e T O flo n o rn e H h n c T o p i ie i i n a y K H . A e c m i r o B o p n T B 06 HH<|)opMaTHKe — TOM IIOBOM Iia n p a B J ie ilH H 3H aHHH , K O T op oe HBITaeTCH OCMHCJIHTB H y jiy n n iH T B c n c i e M y iia y n H B ix K O M M ym iK ap H H , t o 3 fle cB pa3B H T H e T e o p e T H n e cK H x n p e flC T a B n e iiH H b o3m o> kh o t o j i b k o H a ocH O B e r j i y 6o - KOTO HOHHMaHHH TOTO, K aK (J iyilK flH O H H pyeT H3BIK HayHHBIX C B H 3en .

B h o j i o t h h , b n a ra eM npeflC T aB JieH H H , T a K m e 3aHHM aeTCH b 3H an H - TejibH O H CTeneH H n p o S jie M a M H H 3BiK a. B o n p o c B i S n o x r o iH H e c K o r o K O fla ,

5

h j i h , 6 o a e e m n p o K O , B o n p o c u M e 5 K M o a e K y j i n p H H x B 3 a H M 0 f t e f i c T B H i

B 5KHBOH KJieTKG, BOHpOCH TeHeTHKH, npogjieMa 3B0JIK>H;HH H COBCeM CTapue 3aflaBH KJiaccn^HKaipiH h CHCTeMaTH3an,HH, npeflCTaBJieiine o 6noc$epe KaK o S o j i b h i o m opraHH3Me h CBH3aHHan c o t h m npoSjiewa SojIBraoil 3KOJIOrHH — Bee 3TO MOJKeT 6BITB C(|)OpMyJIHpOBaHO B Tep- MHHax nayKH o H3Bine, ecjiH Ha S h o j i o t h i o nocMOTpeTB c nrapoKHX KHSepHeTHHeCKHX n03Hn,HH.

H aKO H en,, h HCKyccTBOBejjeHHe — c onpeaejieH H B ix no3nn;HH — MO>KHO paCCMaTpHBBTB KaK yHeHHe O H3BIKe KOMMyHHKan;HH B 3 m o u ; h o - HajIBHOH C(|)epe 5KH3HH. M 05KH0 TOBOpHTB 0 H 3H Ke aScTpaKTHOH JKHBO- HHCH, 0 H3BIKe My3BIKH, 0 H3BIKe pHTMa B H033HH H BeCTH COBCeM cepBe3HBie HccjieflOBaHHH b o t h x H anpaBJieHHHx.

G t o j i b ranpoKO M y B3rJiHfly Ha h 3 b i k m b i b 3HaHHTejiBiioH cT en em i o 6n 3aHH onHTB-TaKH KnSepHeTHKe. E e rjiySoK H H $HJioco<f>cKHH c m b i c j i

3aKJiiOHaeTCH b t o m , h t o OHa BnepBBie b eBponencK O H ( h M npoB on) H ayK e coeflHHHJia BoeflHiio n ^eio H3yHeHnH c h c t o m k h k ijejiocTHBix OpraiIH3MOB (BMeCTO TpaflHn;HOHHOrO H3yHeHHH OTflejIBHBIX HBJI6HHH, npoT eK aiom H X b cn cT eM ax) c npH M eH enneM n ay H iio ro a n n a p a T a j i o -

THKH, MaTeMaTHKH H «TOHHOrO» eCTeCTB03IiaHHH. B B im e MBI y>Ke r o -B opH JiH , h t o cH CTeM a co3 fla eT C H H3 B e m e f i , K o r ^ a o h h o S b o ^ h h h i o t c h

HeKOTopofi CTpyKTypoH ynpaBJieHHH, h Tor/ja h o h b j i h o t c h h o b b i h

o6T>eKT HCCJieflOBaHHH — H3LIK. Ho HpH TaKOM HIHpOKOM HOflXOfle k H3BiKy nocTeneinio CTajio TepsTBCH npeflciaBJieHne o t o m , h o m me, coScTBeHHO, HBJiaeTCH caM h 3 b i k . Bo b c h k o m cjiynae, cennac yme KaffiyTCH BecBMa h h h b h b i m h Te onpefleneHHH i i o h h t h h H3HKa, KOTopBieUBITaJIHCB f l a B a T B JIHHTBHCTBI « T p a f lH I i ;H O H H o r O » H H I ip a B J ie H H H , X O T H

b HeKOTopux cjiynanx H3 ocoSeHHOCTen nocTHHOBKH samara Bee nee cjie^yeT HeoSxoflHMOCTB cyHfemiH h o i i h t h h o H3BiKe. TaK, ckhjkom, HOJiyHIIJIOCB B COBCeM HOBOM JIHHTBHCTHHecKOM HanpaBJieHHH, CBH- 33HHOM C HMeHeM XOMCKOTO, — HpeflCTaBJieHHe 0 H3HKe 3fleCB o h h t b cy>KaeTCH, nocKOJiBKy 3 t o HanpaBJieHne 3HHHMaeTCH nayne- iineM yHHBepcajiBHofi rpaMMaraKH ecTecTBeHHoro H3BtKa KaK neKOTo- poil «Bp05KJjeHH0H» CTpyKTypBI y HejIOBeKa.

I ^ e j I B 3 T O H K H H T H ~ B B IH C IIH T B , H TO 5K e H p e f lC T a B J I H e T C o 6 o f i H 3 B IK . I lB iT a H C B c ^ o p M y j i n p o B a T B T p e S o B a H H H , o n p e f l e j i H i o m H e T e 3 H a K o -

B B ie C H C T eM B I, K O T O p B ie H a M X O H e T C H p a C C M a T p H B B T B K a K H 3 B IK , MBI

a H a j I H 3 H p y G M (J iy H K IJ H H H 3 B I K 3 , O H H C B IB a e M H e p a p X H H e C K H e C T p y K T y p B I

H 3 M K a i t e r o p a 3 M e p H O C T B , p a c c M a T p n B a e M p a 3 J iH H iiB i e n o / j x o f l B i

K K J ia c C H $ H K a i i ;H H H 3 B IK O B . R jia C C H < | )H K a ii ;H H — 3T O O flH H n 3 c n o c o -

6 o b j i o r H H e c K o r o a H a j i H 3 a c j i o j k h b i x c h c t o m . P a c n o j i o / K e i i H e H B j i e -

h h h n o K a K o n - T O o n p e f l e J i e H H O H c x e M e , B B i S p a i m o H H c c j i e f l O B a T e j i e M

f l j iH p e r a e H H H c t o h i h ;h x n e p e a h u m n o 3 H H B H T e .T B H B ix 3 a f l a n , — 3 t o

B 3 r j i f l f l H a C H C T e M y b H e K O T o p o M c n e n ;H a J iB H O M p a n y p c e , h o 3 b o j i h i o -

h i ;h h O T H eT JiH B O y B H ^ e T B t o , h t o p a n e e o c T a B a n o c B 3 a T y i n e B a H H H M .

f i

T a K 6 y # e M n o c T y n a T B h m h . B n a c T H o c T H , c i p o n c e M a H T H n e c K y io n i K a j i y h 3 h k o b , m h n u m a eM cn n o cM o m p em b n a e c e M H O zoo6pa3ue S13HK06HX cu cm eM 3M 30M U m e x , Kino n p u d a e m o c o 6 o e 3H cm em ie e e p o - HinHOcmHou c m p y n m y p e n3UKa. H t o o b i b h h o j i h h t b O T y 3 a r a Ti y , m b i p a c c M a i p i i B a e M m n p o K y r o r a M M y h 3b i k o b : a S c ip a K T H B ie h 3h k h M a i e - M aT H K H , oS B IfleH H B IH H 3B1K JIIOfleH H H 3H K H H a y K H , H 3BIK f lp e B H e f i HH flH H CKOH H 3BIK M eJ K M O J ieK yjIflp H B IX B 3 aH M O fleH C T B H H H ,H aK O H en ;, H 3h k a S c T p a K T i i o n j k h b o h h c h . I I o -B H flH M O M y , ^ aT C K H H JIHHTBHCT E jIB M C JieB 0 BIJI n e p B B IM , KTO npeflJIO >K H JI n p O B e C T H C p a B H H - T e j iB H o e H 3y H e H n e Tex h 3h k o b h x c i p y K T y p , K O T o p n e H e h b j ih io t c h H 3 B iK aM H b T p a flH p H O H H O M cM H C J ie 3T o r o c n o B a ; o h n o j i a r a j i , HTO T a - KHM o 6 p a 3 0 M MOJKHO S y f le T BBIfleJIH TB 3J ie M e H T a p H y iO H 3H K O B y iO C T p y K T y p y , 6 e 3 B c e x T e x o c j io iK H e H H H , K O T o p B ie x a p a K T e p H B i f l j i HBHCOKOpa3BHTHX H3BIKOB.

O cT aB an cB Ha h o 3 h ii;h h x KnSepHeTHKH, m b i pa ccM a ip H B a eM h 3 h k K a K n e K O T O p H H o p r a H H 3M , n o j i a r a n , h t o , b o 3 h h k h y b n o f l B JiH H H H eM onpeflejieH H H ix (MoiKeT 6 h t b , e m e fla n eK o He h o h h t h x H a M i, TeM 6 o j i e e b f l e i a j i H x ) h p h h h h , o h n p o f lO J iH ia e T caM O C T O H T ejiB H O p a 3B H - B aT B C H , n p O X O flH CBOHj CHeiJH(|)HHeCKHH n y T B 3BOm OIi;H H H O K a 3BIBaH n o f lH a c p e r a a i o m e e B jiH H H n e H a H e p a p x H n e c K H B B ira e C T o n m n e c h c - T eM B i, C K a m e M H a M H m n e H H e H e n o B e K a . B 3r j iH f l H a h 3b ik K a K H a H e - K O T O p yiO C aM O C T O H T ejIB H yiO C H C T eM y M 05K H 0 H aH T H y M H O rH X JIH H TBH - c t o b e m e b f lO K n S e p H e T H H e c K H H n e p n o a ; 0 6 o t o m , H a n p H M e p , t o b o - P h jih e m e H e M e p K n e jiH iirB H C T B i T y M S o j iB f lT H n i j i e n x e p , a 3H aH H T eJib h o n o 3 f lH e e i n B e n p a p c K H e JiH H rBH C TB i G o c c r o p h E a - m i n .

E cjIH H3BIK paCCMaTpHBaTB KaK JKHByiO CHCTeMy, OTKpBITylO He- nocpeflCTBeiiHOMy HaSjnofleHHio, t o m h ^ o j ij k h h Sy^eM cornacHTBCH c 10. A. IIIpemmpoM [4], yTBepiKflaiomHM, h t o « . . .MaTeMaTHHccKan JlHHTBHCTHKa HMeeT HeKOTOpHe raaHCH OKa3aTBCfl TOH CaMOH oSjiaCTBIO, 0TKy/m B03BMyT nanajio HOBHe cxeMBi MaieMaTHHecKoro onncaHHH5KHBBIX C H C T eM ».

I I p e f l j ia r a e M y io B m iM aH H io H H TaTeJien K H H ry H e H y H m o p a c c M a T p n - BaTB K aK M O H o r p a ^ H io . 9 t o B c e r o j ih ih b o n e p K H , b k o t o p b i x n a M y , ia j i o c B c ^ o p M y jin p o B a T B j ih ih b O T ^ejiB H H e cy jK ^ eH H A 0 K n S e p H e - THHeCKOH JIHIH’BHCTIIKe. I Ip H H3JIOH\eiIHH CBOHX B3rjIH flO B MH IHHpOKO o n iip a eM C H n a M iioroH H C J ien H u e h p a 3 H o cT o p o H H H e n y S jiH K a p H H n o B o n p o c a M H 3 H K a, h o b t o >Ke B peM H H e ^ e n a e M h o h b i t k h ^ b t b K aKOH-JIHOO O03OP M H O ro o 6 p a 3 H H X H ayH H H X K O H pen pH H 0 H 3 H K e. H TeM 6 o j i e e m h n e HBiTaeMCH n o f lB e p r H y T B h x K pH TH H ecK O M y a H a jiH 3 y .O T fle jI B H H e H O H paB H B IH H eC H H a M B H C K a 3H B a H H H M H H pO C TO HCHOJIB- 3y e M flJIH H JIJIIO C TpapH H H a iH H X C y iK fle H H H , flJ Ifl H X yC H JieH H H HJIH flJIH yC T aH O B JieH H H H C TO pH H eCK O H H p eeM C T B eH H O C T H . H a M n p e f lC T a B - J ise T C H , h t o f l a m e K p a i iH H e , B e c B M a a K C T p a B a r a H T H H e B H C K a 3H B aH H H H M eioT H e c o M H e r a iB iH H H T e p e c . 9 t o K a K 6 bi B 3r j iH f l H a c j i o a m y i o c h -

7

CTeMy b HeKOTopoM coB ceM o c o 6 o m , o a eH b cn epn ajibH O M p a n y p c e . TaKOH B a r jia p no3BOJineT yjioBH TB Te cB o e o 6 p a 3 H u e ocofieHHOCTa paH H oa CHc/reMH, K O T optie ocTaioTCH He3aM eHeinn.iM n, K o rp a p e a a e T c a n o n u T K a paccM O TpeTB e e c 6 o jie e m a p o K a x , M e T o p o jio r a a e cK a x n03HD|HH. H HaM KaffieTCH, HTO 3 fle cb HaflO He CTOJIBKO KpHTHKOBaTb Te h ji h EHHe KpaiiH H e cy jK p e H a a , c k o j i b k o h o h h t b , n o a e M y o h h b o 3 - h h k j i h . B e e m e B H orp a M a T ep a an a3jiaraeT C H b B a p e p a a a o r a c TeMH, k t o M H o ro p y M a ji h a a c a j i o H 3tiK e. A nocK O JibK y p e a b a p eT 0 H3HKe, 3peCb B3JKH0 He TOHBKO TO, H1710 CKa3aHO, HO H KdK 3TO CKaSaHO. O TC iopa oS a J ia e b K H are p aT aT .

MHe a p e m p e B c e r o x o a e T c a c e p p e a H O a o S n a r o p a p a T B B . H . A r o j i a , A . T . B o a K O B a , B . H . n y G o B C K o r o , 3 - M . n y M a H 0 C a i C . M . P a a - C K o r o , B . B . <E>epopoBa a 0 . B . IH aM ejiB <|)eH B ra 3 a H H T e p e c H o e o 6 c y - jK p e H a e p y K o n a c a o t o h K H a r a b a p o p e c c e e e n o p r o T O B K a . H x 3 a M e - a a H a a a K p a T a a e c K a e B H C K a3biB aH a H a o 3 B O J ia jia b o m h o t o m y j iy a m a T B TeKCT.

B n o p r o T O B K e B T o p o r o a 3 p a H B H K H a r a c y ip e c T B e H H y io n oM on jjb 0Ka3aa B . G. T iox iaH , KOTopoMy mh TaKH?e BecbMa SjiaropapHti. X o a e T c a OTMeTHTB a n oM O ip t, OKa3aH H yio H a ra ea c o T p y p H a p e a JI. H. K a p a y j i o B o i i .

IlepBoe H3paHae 3Toft KHara buxoph jio nop pepaKpaeft B . B. B a - pioKOBa c ero oScTOHTeaBHHM npepacjioBaeM.

TJiaBa nepBaa

TI t O eC Tb H 3BIK

1 . IIoflOOpKa BbICKa3BIBaiIIIH O H3BIKC

B ecTecTBeHHtix h tohh m x n ayK ax ctihtacTrn xoponiHM tohom na- TOHaTB paSoTy c o 63o p a , KJiaccH^Hpnpyiom ero h CHCTeMaTH3npyio- m,ero paiiee BHCKa3aHHbie KOHpenpnn. B HaineM cjiynae aioro CfleJiaTB HejIb3H. Bl>ICKa3I>IBaHHH 0 H3HKe CTOJIB MHOrOo6pa3HH, a HOfl- nac h npoTHBopeanBbi, h to ne npeflCTaBJineTCH bo3mo>kiibim h x y n o - pHflOHHTb b KaKyio-To neTKyio cxeM y, JiornnecKH pa3BHBaioiii;yiocfl b HCTopHHecKon nepcneKTHBe. 3p;ecb Bee ocjiojKiraeTCH em;e h TeM, HTO H3bIK03HaHHe — 3TO CaMaH flpeBHHH BeTBb HayKH. Ee HCTOKH MH MOJKeM IICKaTb lie TOJIBKO B flpeBIiefi TpepHH, HO H B flpeBHefi Hhp;hh, h b ApaScKOM Mnpe nporajioro, e h to ocoSeHiio BajKHo — 3th apeBHHe BHCKa3HBaiiHH o H3biKe h cenâc em;e npep;cTaBJiHK)T cBoe- o6pa3HHH HHTepeC. OHH He CTajIH npOCTO flOCTOHHHeM HCTOpHH HayKH.

He nbiTaHCb npeoflOJieTb 3Toii nen oM epH ofi TpyflHOCTH, m u o r p a - HHHHMCH TeM, TIO npOCTO HpiIlieêM pHfl BHCKa3HBaiIHH 0 >I3BIKe, npeflCTaBJiHiom iixcH HHTepeciibiMH c h o 3 h ii ;h h t o h «BepoH TnocTH on M oflejin H 3H K a», KOTopan S yêT p a 3 B e p H y ia b 3 t o h KHHre 1. Bee o i ih ynopH floneH Bi n o p;aTaM o n y S j i h k o b h k h h paftoT .

ToHHue h ecTecTBeHHHe HayKH, pa3BHBaacB b o BpeMenn, p a c iy T , KaK aepeBBH: oîra n x b b t b h 3acuxaioT h onap;aioT, flpyrne p a 3p a- CTaiOTCH, h no Mepe Toro KaK p;epeBO p acieT , ero HniKHne nacTH B pa- CTaiOT B 3eMJIK) — yXOflHT B 0 6 jiaCTB HCTOpHH. fl3HK03HaHHe pa3BH- BaeTcn lie TaK — 3 t o M03anKa npK nx pBeTOB Ha oSinnpHOM Jiyry, n 3 t o t Jiyr OKa3HBaeicH BOJimeSHHM: nocne noHBjiennH h o b h x pBeTOB CTapue He BHHyT, He TepnioT CBoeii h p k o c t h h cBemecTH. H Bee B0 3 - pacTaiom an apKOCTB cyiKfleHHH h p h b o j j h t k noHBJieHHio BHCKa3HBa- HHH, KOTOptie BOCnpHHHMaiOTCH KaK TpOTeCKH, KaK KaKTycu B MHpe pacTeHHH. KoHTpacT b cy5K,o,eHHHx yBejiHHHBaeTCH, h o upoGjiena ocTaeTCH HeperaeHHoii. H Haina KOJineKipiH BHCKa3UBaHHi (HensSejKHo

1 npiiBOflennafl minte KoaaeKpHH BHCKa3HBaHm 0 H3MKe b 3naaiiTeaLnoil CBoeii aacTH nofloOpana A . B. flpxo.

cyS'beKTHBHan!) — jramb cjiafian nonuTKa 0Tpa3HTB 3Ty npKyio Kap- THHy. TaaBHan ee pejiB 3aKjiioHaeTCH Kan pa3 b tom, hto6bi noKa3aTb, KaK pa3BHTHe pafioT no ceMaHTHKe H3HKa hphboaht He k OKOHHaTenB- HOMy peraeHHio ochobhoh ceMaHTHnecKoii npoSneMBi, a k ee yrjiySjie- hhk>. IIonbiTKa op;HocTopoHHero peraeHHH npoSneMBi HeMeflJiemio Be- p;eT k nocTpoeHHio cyiKfleHHH, MOHieT 6brrb, h HHTepecHBix cBoefi napap;oKcajibHocTBK) (cp. npnBOflHMBie HHJKe BBicKa3BiBaHHH JI. Bht- reHraTeiiHa), ho He pa3pemaK>in;Hx, a tojibko o6octphk>ih;hx npogjieMy. H HMeHHO B 3TOM OTHOmeHHH HHTepeCHH H HOyHHTeJIBHH KpaflHHe cyjKji;eHHH. M h 3p;ecB co3HaiejiBHO OTKa3HBaeMcn ot BCTpenaio- merocH b HaraeS MeTOflOJiornHecKOH jiHTepaType KOMMeiiTaTopcTBa octpbix cyffifleHHH, jihhib noMoran HHTaTejiro HaHTH npaBimBHBifl nyTB b npep;jiaraeMOH KOJuieKpHH.

TjiaBHaH npogjieMa ceMaHTHKH $opMyjinpyeTCH TaK: KaK CBH3an 3HaK c Ten, hto oho o6o3HaHaeT, KaK 3HaKOBBie cncTeMBi ncnojiB3yioTCH b HHTejuieKTyajiBHOH aeHTejiBHOCTH, KaK, noneMy h b khkoh CTeneHH op;HH JiiOflH HOHHMaiOT to, hto roBopHT flpyrne, noneMy b npopecce pa3BHTHH KyjIBTypBI HOHBJIHIOTCH HOBBie H BCe 6ojiee CJIOIKHHe 3Ha- KOBBie CHCTeMH, HeM pa3JIHHaiOTCH B CeMaHTHHeCKOM OTHOmeHHH 3Iia- KOBBie CHCTeMH, C03flaHHBie B pa3HBie KyjIBTypHHe 3HOXH, HeM OHH OTJIHHaiOTCH OT eflHHCTBeHHO H3BeCTHOH HaM He COflHaJIBHO C03flaH- HOH 3H3K0B0H CHCTeMH — SHOJIOrHHeCKOTO KOfla.

IIJIATOH 1 [5]CoKpaT: . . . flaBaTB HMeHa Hy>KHO TaK, KaK b cootbbtctbhh c npn-

poflOH cneflyeT flaBaTB h nojiynaTB HMena, h c homohi;bio toto, hto fljiH 3Toro npHpofloro npeflHa3HaHeHO, a He TaK, KaK HaM 3a6jiaro- paccyflHTCH, — ecjiH, kohbhho, mh xothm, hto6bi sto corjiacoBajiocB c HaraiiM npejKHHM paccy>Kp;eHHeM?. . . TaKHM o6pa30M, ne KamflOMy neJioBeKy, TepMoreii, flaHO ycTaHaBJiHBaTB HMeHa, ho jihhtb TaKOMy, KOTO MH Iia3BajIH TBOpiflOM HMeHH. Oh 5Ke, BHflHMO, H eCTB 3aKOHO- flaTejiB, a y® stot-to H3 MacTepoB peme Bcero oSBHBJiHeTCH cpeflii jnoflefi. . . TaKHM o6pa30M, SecpeHHeHiHHH moh, 3aKOHOflaTejiB, o ko- TOpOM MBI rOBOpHJIH, TOJKe flOJHKeH VMeTB BOHJIomaTB B 3ByKaX HMH, npHHeM to caMoe, KOTopoe b KaiKflOM cnynae Ha3naHeno ot npnpoflH. H ecjiH He KaiKflHH 3aKOHOp;aTe,TB BonjiomaeT hmh b oahhx h Tex me cjiorax, 3to He aojijkho bhshbbtb y Hac HefloyMenne 2.

1 IlJiaTOH (428/7— 348/7 rr. flo h . a.) — bojiiikiih flpennerpoHOCKiiii Mbicjnrrejib, npoflciaBHTe.iL aHTHHHoro npca.TiiBMa; ot IIjiaTOHa b 3naHnTO.irF.nofi Mepe it,tot npo6neMaTHKa naynnon aocTpaKiinit, Tecno CBfoiaiman c nomiMaHiiGM «npn- poflu» H3HKa, — npoo.TCMaTiTKa, aKTHBHO o6cy?KflaeMaa b coBpeMeHnoii no- HKe n MCTOfloaorHii Haymi (cm., nanpHMep, ciaTL'o C. A. Hhobckoh [6]).

2 B. B. HBaHOB [7] oopaTii.i BHHMaHHe Ha HHTepecnyio napaajiejiB rpenecKoit TpaflHflHH C flpeBHOHHflHHCKOH MHfjlO.TOrilOii, I’flO yHOMHHaOTCH O TOM, HTO Ha3-

10

TOEEC 1 [8], 1658K a H tflH H H3 C B o ero c o S c T B e H H o ro flo c T O B e p H e iira e ro o n t n a 3 H a e T ,

K aK p acn jiB iB H aT L i h n p e x o flH m ;H m h c j ih jno,n;eH h K aK c j iy n a n H o h x H O BTOpeH H e. . . «JIH 3aH HTHH 4)HJIOCO$Hefi H eo S xO flH M H H eK O T O p tie ByBCTBeHHBie o S t e K T H BOCHOMHHaHHH, n p n nOMOm;H KOTOpBIX 3a£>H - TBie MHCJIH M O ryT CHOBa OIKHBJIHTBCH B HaMHTH H K aK 6 t l 3aKpenJIH TB CH b h x o n p e f le j ie m io H n o cjie /jO B aT ejib H O C T H . T a K o r o p o ^ a oSB eK T B i BOCHOMHHaHHH MBI S y fle M Iia 3 H B a T b M eTK aM H . . . eCJIH M eTK H , H 3 o 6 p e - TeHiiBie hm [nejiO B eK O M ] b p e n n x pa3B H T H H C B o e ro m h h ijie H H H , He m o - ry T 6 b itb c o o 6 m ;a e M H n p y n i M , t o B ee e r o 3H a H iie H cn e3H eT B M e c ie C H U M . . . B o T HOHeM y flJIH HOCTpOeHHH H pa3B H T IIH (|)HJIOCO(|)CKHX 3HaHHH Iieo S x O flH M H 3Ita K H , H pH H O M O m il KOTOpBIX MBICJIH OflHOTO MOiviH 6bi S b itb c o o S m e iiB i h p a 3 B H C H e iiH n p y r n M . 3 n a K a M H Hie ii j ih n p H 3H a K a M H n o oT H o m eH H io n p y r k f l p y r y H aM cn y > K a T o S B iK iio B e m io B e ip n , c j ie a y io m n e f lp y r 3 a f lp y r o M , n o c K o J iB K y mbi 3aM eTH JiH , h t o B H X HOCJieflOBaTeJIBHOCTH C ym ,eC TB yeT H 3B eCTIiaH 3aKOIIOM epH OCTB. . . C p e flH 3H aKO B H eK O T opB ie e c T e c T B e iiH H . . . f lp y r n e m e n p o H 3 B O J iB H H .. . : cio;j;a o t h o c h t c h . . . c jio B a b o n p en e jie H H O M c o n e T a H iiH , o 6 o 3 H a n a io - m tie iia n iH m h c j ih h flB H m eH H H H a m e r o n y x a . . . E c j i h H e n o B e n e c K H e 3B y K H TaK CBH3aHBI, HTO OHH 0 6 p a 3 y i 0 T 3H aK H M HCJieH, TO OHH H 3 3 H - eaioT C H p e n B io , a h x o T fle jiB H H e n a cT H — H M eiiaM H .

. . . H m h ecTB c j io b o , npoH 3BOJiBH O B B iS p a ira o e b K a n ec T B e m c t k h c p e jiB io B 036y>K fleH H H b iia ra e M y M e M H C jie n , c xo ji;h b i x c npe>KHHM H m b ic j ih m h , h c n y m a m e e oflH O B peM eiiH O , e c j in o h o BCTaBJieHO b n p e /p - jio iK eiiH e h B B ic K a 3 a n o n p y r n M , iip n 3H a K O M t o t o , K a K n e m h c j i h 6 b ijih b y M e r o B o p H m e r o h k b k h x H e 6 h j i o . . . H c h h t b io B 03H H K H 0B eH H e HMeH p e3y jiB T a T O M n p o H 3B O J ia . . . h 6 o t o t , k t o H a S jiio fla e T , K aK e m e - fllieBHO B 03H H K ai0T H OBH e H M eH a H HCHe3aiOT C T a p H e , K aK pa3JIHHHBie n a p iiH y n o T p e S jiH io T p a 3 H n e H M eH a h h t o M e m ^ y HM eHaM H h B eip aM H HOT IIHKaKOTO CXOflCTBa H HHKaKOTO C paB H eH H H , — H e MOJKeT C epB e3H O A yM aT B , h t o iiM en a B e m e n BBiTeKaiOT H3 h x n p n p o f l H . . . K TOMy w e B o o S m e iie H e o S x o fli iM o , h t o 6 bi K a iK ^ o e h m h 6 bijio H M eHeM B e ip n .

I I oji;o 6 h o TOM y K aK jh o^ h o 6 H 3 a H H B ceM c b o h m h c t h h h b im n o 3 i i a - im e M n p a B H J iB iio M y n o iiH M a H iiio cJiOBecHBix B H p a m e iiH H , TaK h o c ii o - BaH ite B c e x n x 3a 6 jiy > K ;ie iiH H K p o e r c n b nenpaB H JiB H O M iio n H M a iin ii noC JieflH H X. . . H3BIK, HTO HHyTHHHI CJiaSH e y M H penJIHIOTCH 3 a CJIOBa H 3anyTBIBHK)TCH B IIH X , 6oJ iee CH.HBIIBie /K e JierKO CKB03B m i x n p o - pBIBaiOTGH.

B am ra B em aw 6i>ijih f la n u b [leay.n.TaTO a i m T B o p e n im rocn oflin iO M p e n ii — Bceo6ui,H M pe.MecjicHHHKoM. 3 i y n a p a ju ie j i t mojkho n p ofloJ iiK aT t ^ a jiB in e , bkjiio- hhb b p accM O T p cm ie ii H y fl,a ii3 M . B Bgtxom 3 a B e ie C K a3an o, hto Ap;aM p;aji H a 3 - B aH H e B c e w huibhm c y m e c T B a i i .

1 T. To66c (1588— 1679) — anrjiHHCKHH $ hjioco$ , orhh na ochoboiiojioikhhkob MexaimcTiiHecKoro jiarepnajniSMa.

11

JIOKK 1 [9], 1690J I iO f lH c h o c o S h b i f l e ^ a T t 3 B y K H 3 H a K a M H H ^ e S : y j n o f l e S o c t b c n o -

C 0 6 H O C T B n 0 J I B 3 0 B a T b C f l 3 T H M H 3 B y K a M H K a K 3 H 3 K a M H B H y T p e H H H X

n p e f l C T a B J i e i i H n h 3 a M e m ;a T B h m h n f l e n c b o o h a y m i T a K , h t o S b i j i i o a h

M o r a n f l e j i a T B h 3 b 6 c t h h m h # p y r H M c b o h H f l e n h c o o S i p a T B f l p y r n p y r y

C B O H M H C J IH . . . ^ J I H C 0 B 6 p m 6 H C T B a H 3 H K a 3 B y K a M H O flO C T a T O K H O

6 h T B 3 H a K B M H 6 CJIH 3 T H 3 H B K H H 6 O 0 H H M a iO T H eC K O J IB K O O T -

f l e j i B H H x s e m e n ; y n o T p e S j i e n n e c j i o b S h j i o 6 h s a T p y f l i i e n o h x m h o -

j k o c t b o m , e c j i n 6 h K a j K f l a a O T f l e j i B H a n B e m ;B H y j K f l a a a c B a j i h C B o e r o

o 6 0 3 H a H 6 H H H B O T flO JIB H O M H M 6 H H . ^ J I H y C T p a H e H H H 3 T 0 T 0 I i e y f l o S C T B a

H 3 H K c f l e j i a j i f l a j i B H e S m n H y c n e x b y n o T p e Q j i e H H H o 6 h i ; h x T e p M H H O B ,

Q j i a r o f l a p a K O i o p o M y o # h o c j i o b o C T a n o o 6 o 3 H a a a T B m h o j k o c t b o o t -

f le jI B H B I X C y ip e C T B O B a i l H H .

TAPTJIH 2 [10], 1749I I o c K o j i B K y c j i O B a M o r y T 6 h t b c p a B H e H B i c S y K B a M H , y n o T p e g j i a e -

m b im i i b a a r e S p e , c a M h 3 h k m o j k h o H a 3 B a T B o ^ h u m H 3 b h h o b a a r e S p H ,

h H a o S o p o T , a j i r e Q p a e c x B h o h t o H H o e , K a K h 3 h k , k o t o p h h o c o Q h m O 0 p a 3 O M H p H C H O C o Q jie H K 0 6 l> H C H eH H I0 B e jIH H H H B c e x p O f lO B . . . 11 B O T ,

e c j i n B e e o T H O c m p e e c a k H 3 H K y H M e e T h t o - j i h 6 o a H a a o r H H H o e b a a - r e 6 p e , t o m o j k h o H a f l e a T B c a o S b h c h h t b t p y a h o c t h , B 0 3 H H K a io m ;H e

B T O O p H H H 3 H K a , H p H H 0 C p 6 f lC T B 6 C O O T B e T C T B y iO m H X K O H K p e T H H X

H 0 JI0 JK6 H H H a j i r e Q p H , B K O T O p O H B C 6 H C H O H H p H 3 I i a H 0 B C e M H , K TO

c f l e j i a j i e e n p e # M 6 T O M C B o e r o H 3 y a e H H a .

r y M B O J I b ^ T 3, H H T H p y e T C H no [11], 1843. . . f l 3 H K H M 6 6 T H e K H H H p 6 f l 6 JI 3 a K O H H 6 H H O C T H O p r a H H 3 a p H H ,

H 0 CJI6 f lO C T H JK O H H H K O T O p O T O y jK O H 6 H O f lB O p r a iO T C fl H H K E K H M H 3 M e -

H e iiH H M h h e r o o p r a H n a e c K o e C T p o e H n e , h h e r o C T p y K T y p a . . . E m e

H 6 0 H J IO o S H a p y j K O H O H H O flH O rO H 3 H K a , H a x o f l a i p e r o c H H H JK 6 n p e -

f le j iB H O H r p a H H p H c a o J K H B m e r o c a r p a M M a r a a e c K o r o c T p o e H H H .

. . . f l 3 H K H e M 0 JK6 T B 0 3 H H K H y T B H H a H O K a K C p a 3 y H B f l p y r , H J IH , T O H -

H e e r o B o p a , a 3 H K y b K a jK f l H H m o m g h t e r o Q h t h b f lo a J K H O S b i t b c b o h -

C T B eH H O B e e , h t o f l e a a e T e r o o ^ h h u m p e a H M .

. . . H 3 h k H 6 B 0 3 M 0 J K H 0 n p e f l C T a B H T B c e 6 e K a K H e a T o 3 a p a H e e f l a i l -

H o e [ a e a o B e K y ] , h 6 o b T a K O M c a y a a e c o B e p m e H H o H e n o c T H J K H M O , K a -

k h m o 6 p a 3 0 M a e a o B e K M o r n o n a T B a i y f l a H H o c T B h 3 a c T a B H T B e e c a y -

j k h t b c e 6 e .

1 J I o k k (1632— 1704) — aH raH H CKH H n p o cB O T ir re .iT ., < $ iijioco< $ , o c H O B o n o a o jK - h h k M a T e p i ia . i i i c T i ia e c K o r o c e n c y a .m a M a .

2 TapTaii (1705— 1757) — anraiiiicKiiii (JiHHOco -JiaTcpiiaaiiCT, Bpa'i h iicii- x o n o r .

3 B . T y M S o a b A T (1767— 1835) — K p y n n o i in r n i i H6Men;KHH . i im r B i ic T , o c h o b o - noao> K H H K o 6 m ;e r o H 3 H K 0 3 H a H iia .

12

E c j i h 3T y y H H K a jiB H y io c h o c o Q h o c t b n ejioB O K a nonB rraT B C H c p a B - IIHTB C ’ le M -H H S y ^ B JI,pyrHM , TO npHflOTCH BCIIOMHHTB 06 HHCTHIIKTe i k h b o t h h x h H a 3B a x B h 3 b ik H H T eju ieK T yajiB H H M xm cTHHKTOM p a 3 y M a .

. . .n pefln pilH H M aJIH C B IIOHHTKH 3aM 6H H TB CJIOBa pa3JIHHHBIX H 3 H - k o b oQ ipenpHH HTijTM n 3 iiaK aM H n o n p r a e p y M a T eiia T iiK H , r ^ e H M eioxcH B sa n M iio oflH O SiiaB iiB ie cooTBeTOTBXixx M e /K ^ y (J n r y p a M H , n n c jia M H h a J ir e S p a n n e c K H M ii y p a B iiexin xiM H . O /p i a K o h m i i m o j k h o ix cn ep n a T B j ih h ib jreyTiaairre.TBTiyxo t o c t b Bcero MiioiooGpaaiiH m b ic j ih , T aK K aK n o c a M o ii C B oefi n p n p o f le o t h 3 iia K H n p H ro fliiT j t o j ib k o h jih T e x h o h h - THH, KOTOpBie o 6p a 3y iO T C H JIHHIB OflHHMH aScTpaK TH BIM H n o c x p o e - HHHMH JIH0O C 03flai0TC H TOJIBKO p a 3 y M O M .

. . .1 1 3 B3aHM006yCJI0BJieHH0H SaBHCHMOCTIX MBICJIH II CJIOBa HB- CTByeT, HTO H3BIKH HBJIHIOTCH lie TOJIBKO cpeflCTBOM BBipaJKOHHH yjK6 H03HaiIH0H GHCTBHTejIBHOCTH, HO, Gojiee TOTO, H CpeflCTBOM H03Ha- hhh panee HeHSBecxiioH. Hx pa3JiHHHe He t o j ib k o pa3JiHHHe 3ByKOB II 3IiaKOB, HO II pa3JIIIHIie CBMHX MIip0B033peHHH.

. . .H3HK K a n npo^yKT napofla 11 nponuioro HBJiaexca h jih h o j io - BeKa neM-xo nyik ^ h m , no3TOMy nejioBeK, c o h h o h cxopoHBi, CBH3an, h o , c npyroii cTopoiiBi, oGoraipeH, yKpen.xen 11 BfloxnoBJieH HacjienneM, OCTaBJieHHBIM B H 3 B IK 6 yHie HIHMII HOKOJieHHHMH. HbJIHHCB HO OTHO- HieHHio k no3HaBaeMOMy cyC'BeKxiiBHMJi, H3HK h o OTHomeHHio k h o j io -

BeKy o6x>eKTHBeH (113 k h . «Uber das vergleichende Sprachstudium in Beziehung auf die verschiedenen Epochen der Sprachentwick- lung»).

TPHMM \ pHTHpyeTca no [11], 1851KaKHe 6h KapTHHH h h oTKpniBajiHCB nepe# HaniHM B3opoM npn

H3yneHHH HCXOpHH H3HKa, HOBCIOfly BHflHH JKHBOe flBH>K6HH6, TB6p- flOCTB H yflHBHTOJIBHafl ThGKOCTB, HOCTOHHIIOe CTp6MJieHH6 BBHCB h na#eHHH, BenHan H3M6h h h b o c t b , KOTopaa HnKor^a eipe He h o 3 b o - jiHjia flocxHHB OKOHnaTejiBHoro 3aBepineHiiH; Bee CBHfleTOJiBCTByeT HaM o t o m , h t o h 3 b ik HBJinexcH npoH3BefleHH6M jnonen H HeceT Ha cede oxnenaTOK floSpofleTeJiefi h neflocxaTKOB names naTypn. OflHoodpa- 3He H3BiKa iieMBicjiHMo, TaK KaK h jih Bcero b h o b b BBipacTaiomero h B03iiHKaion];ero Hymen npocxop, Koxoporo He Tpedyexcn t o j i b k o npH c h o k o h h o m cymecxBOBaniiH. OyHKmioirapyH b xeneime n e o 6 o 3 p H M o Hojiroro BpeMeHH, CJIOBa OKpenjin h OTHuiH(|»oBajiHCB, h o b t o me BpeMH HCTepjIHCB II naCTHHHO HCHe3JIII B CHJiy CJiynaHHBIX oSCTOHTeJIBCTB. Kan j i h c t b h c flepeBa, na/jaiOT o h h c o c b o h x BexBefi Ha 3eMJiio h b h - xecHHiOTCH Br.ipacTaioiniiMH pn/ioM c h iim ii i io b m m h ; xe, KOTopue o t - c t o h j i h CBoe cympcxBOBaHHe, xaK nacxo Mennjin c b o h o G jih k h 3iia-

1 H . F p iiM M ( 1 7 8 5 — 1 8 6 3 ) — i ie M e iiK iif i j i i i i i i b i i c t , i ic c jie n O B a B iim H r e p s ia H C K n e H 3U K H C TO'IKH BpeHHH H X HCTOpHHeCKOl’ O paS B H T IIfl.

13

qeHHe, uto h x eflBa mojkho y3HaTb. H o b QoJiBnmiiCTBe cjiyuaeB no- TepB h yTpaT oQhuho houth o#HOBpeMeHHo h caMH co6oh hohbjihiotch o6pa30BaHHH, 3aM6HHI0IIi;He H KOMHeHCHpyiOIpHe yTpaHOHIIoe. . . («U ber den U rsprung der Sprache»).

IH TE H H TA JIK \ n;HTHpyeTCH no [11], 1855

. . .P en t — 3to HyxoBHan p;eHTejiBHocTB, h , cjiefloBaTejitHo,H3HK03HaHH6 OTHOCHTCH K UHCJiy HCHXOJIOrHU6CKHX HayK.

. . .H 3HK no CBoeH cy ra ecTB npo^yKT cooSmecTBa, napo;ia . KoiyiaMH Ha3HBaeM H3HK HHCTHHKTHBHHM CaM0C03HaHHeM, HHCTHHKTHBHHM MHp0B033p6HH6M H JIOTHKOH, 3T0 03HaUaeT, UTO H3BIK HBJIHeTCH c a M o c o a n a n u e M , M u p o e o a a p e n u e M u j i o z u k o u d y x a n a p o d a (H3 kh . «G ram m atik , L og ik und P sy ch o log ic . Ihre P rin zip ien und ihr V er- ha ltn iss zu einander»).

I lO T E E H H 2 [12], 1862

. . .MHCJIb, C KOTOpOH KOr^a-TO 0HJIO CBH3aHO CJIOBO, CHOBa B H 3H - BaOTCH B C03HaHHH 3ByK3MH 3TOrO CJIOBa. . . 0 T a MHCJIb BOCHpOH3BO- flHTCH eCJIH H6 COBC6M B npeJKHOM BHfle, TO TaK, OflliaKO, UTO BTOpoe, TpoTbe BOcnpoH3B6fleHHe M oryT 6h t b ffjm H ac flajKe B a u m ee n e p B o ro .

. . .OTHoineHne iioh hthh k cnoBy cb oa h tch k cjie/jyiom eM y: cjiobo 6CTB CpeflCTBO O 0pa3O B aH H H HOHHTHH.

. . .El3h k ecTB cpe^CTBo ne BHpaiKaTB yase ro ioB yio mbicjib, a co3- flaBaTB ee. . . oh ho OTpaaseHne cJiojKHBmerocu MHpoco3epn;aHHH, a cjiararom au ero neuTejibHOCTb.

H IJIE H X E P 3, i^HTHpy6tch no [11], 1869

. . .JKH3HB H3HKa H6 OTJIHUaOTCH CyipeCTBeHHO OT 5KH3HH BC6X H pyrnx jkhbhx opraHH3MOB: pacTOHHH h jkhbothbix. KaK h bth nocne#- HH6, OH HM66T HOpHOfl pOCTa OT HpoCTeHIHHX CTpyKTyp K Qojiee CJIOIK- hhm $opMaM h nepnofl cTapenHH, b KOTopHH H3HKH Bee Qojiee h QoJiee OTflajIHIOTCH OT flOCTHrHyTOH HaHBHCHieH CTyHOHH pa3BHTHH H HX$opMH TepHHT ym ep6 (h3 k h . «D ie D eutsche Sprache»).

1 T. UlTeHHTaJib (1823— 1899) — HeMeipum jiiiHrBHCT, ocHOBaiejii. nciixo-iorn- aecK oro HanpaBjieHHH b H3HK03HaHHH.

2 AjieKcaH^pAc()aHacbeBH1iIIoTe6HH (1835— 1891) — Kpynneiimiiii pycciaiii jinnr- bhct, 3aHHMaBmHHCH Tipo3Bi,i’iaiino miipoKii.M KpyroM BonpocoB.

3 A . UlJieaxep (1821— 1868) — HeMeijKHH j i i i t h 'b i i c t , npiiHepjKHBaBUiiiiica, Kan 6hjio npHHHTo roBopHTi., HaTypajincTHHGcKHX, a Tenept mh cuaaajiH 6h — npeflKHOepHeTiHiecKnx BcmapeHHii h paccMaTpiiBaBmHH h3hk KaK ecTccTBeHnufi opraaaaM.

14

B 0 fly 3 H flE KYPTEH 9 1 [13], 1871

H e BflaBaacb b QoJiee no^poSHUH p a30op h KpHTHKy Toro nojiOHte- HHH, HTO H3HK 6CTB 0praHH3M, H 3aM6Hy TOJIbKO, HTO OpraHH3M, nofloSHo a HeopraHH’iecKHM BemecTBaM, o c t b n e w o ocH3aeMoe, HanoMHHaiomee c o 6 o h h 3 B 6 c t h o 6 npocTpaHCTBO, a c ap yro fi c t o p o h h — nHTaromeecH, pa3MHO>Kaioin;eecH h t . OpraHH3M Bcerâ b o c k HajiHqo, o h cym ecT B yei SecnpepHBHO co BpeMeHH CBoero p o j k a o h h h 30 Ha- najia ero pa3Jio5KeHHH, Ha3HBaeMoro CMepTbio. H 3hk KaK ijejioe c y m e - CTByeT TOJibKo in potentia. CjioBa He Tejia h h o h o io h h Tejia: o h h HOHBJIHIOTCH KaK KOMHJieKCbl 3HaMeHaTeJIBHHX 3ByKOB, KaK 3HaM6Ha- TejibHBie cosB ynim t o j i b k o Tor/ia, K orjia neaoneK roBopHT, a KaK npeflCTaBJieHHH 3HaMeHaTejibnoro co3BynHH o h h cymecTByiOT b M03re, b yMe nejioBOKa t o j i b k o Torâ, Koiyja o h h m h nyMaeT.

K 9 P O J I J I 2 [1 4 ] , 1 8 72

— M ohh 30ByT Ajinca.— ôbojibho r a y n o e hmh. H to o 6 o 3 H a n a e T bto hmh?— A pa3B6 HMH flOJIJKHO HTO-HH6y#b 0603HanaTb? — C COMH6-

h h 6m cnpocHJia Ajinca.— KoHenHo! — CKa3aji HlajiTaH-BojiTafi 3 c kopotkhm CMem-

kom . — M oe hmh o6o3HanaeT moh KanecTBa. H # obojibho He^ypHHe KanecTBa, Mory CKa3aTB. G thkhm hmohom, KaK y te6n, #eBOHKa, mojkho 6h tb 6e3 bchkhx KanecTB. . .

— . . . B h xoh h t, hto b rofly octb tphctb raecTbflecHT neTLipe SHH, Korâ t h MOJKenib nojiynH Tt noâpoK ko ahio nepo>K#ciiHH. . . H TOJIBKO OflHII fleilb flJIH HOJiyneHHH HOflapKOB KO flHIO poJKflOHHH. IIoHHMaeinb? 9 to He^ypHOH $yHT H3iOMy.

— KaKoro H3ioMy? — CKa3ajia Ajinca. — f l ne noHHMaio.IIIajiTafi-BojiTaH npe3pHTejibH0 ycM exHyjicn. — K o H e n n o , t h n e n o n H M a e n ib . . . n o n a h ho o6t.hchio T e 6 e .

H x o i e o i C K a3aT B : sto C H orcm H 6aT eJiB H H H flOBop; n p oT H B toQh.— H o H310M ne MOJKei c6htb c hot hhkoto, — npoTecTOBajia Ajinca.— K orâ h ynoTpeSnHio KaKoe-HnSyflb cjiobo, — cKa3aji IHajiTafi-

BojiTan flOBOJiBHO npe3pHTejibHO, — oho o6o3iianaeT to , hto h xony, htoSh oho o6o3HanaJio. H e Qojibine h ne Menbine. . .

1 HBaH AaeKcannpoBiFi E on yon ne K ypTeno (1845— 1929) — KpynH bii pyccKHH j i h h t b h c t , ocnouare.ib K a3ancK oii i b k o j i h h 3HK03ITaiiifi.

2 JI. KapoJiJi — nceBAomiM lJ. /(onatcoH a (1832— 1898) — aHrjiHHCKiii MaTe- MaTHK, aBTop n o n y .iH p n u x k h h t 'dlpiiKaioneH iia A aiici.i b cTpaHe Tiynec» 11 « A j i i i c a b 3a3epK a.n .e»,

3 IlepeBOffiHK «A jih c h b 3a3epK ajn ,e» B . A . A 30B Ha3HBaeT b to t nepcoHaiK Bam>- Kofi-BcTaHbKOH, ho HaM KaJKBTCH 6oa eo ynaaHHM nepeiion, npenaoJKeHHHH C. H. MapmaKOM.

15

— B o n p o c b t o m , — c K a 3 a j i a A j m c a , — M o a t e T e j i h b h 3 a c T a B H T b

c J i o s a B H p a a s a T b T a K n e p a 3 J iH H H H e b 6 ih ;h ?

— Bonpoc b t o m , — CKa3aji IHajiTafi-BojiTafi, — k t o x o 3 h h h :

h h j i h m o o c j i o b o ? B o t h b c o . H r o c n o f l H H c b o o t o cJioBa!

nAYJIB 1 [15], 1886

. . . 113 CpaBHeHHH H3HKOBHX OpraHH3MOB [KajKflOTO HHflHBHfla] n o jiy n a e T cn HenTo c p e fln e e , h o m h onpeflejuieTCH HopM a b fiabiKe, H3HKOBHH y 3 y C . 9 t O CpeflHee yCTaHaBJIHBaOTCH, eCTeCTBOHHO, TeM TonH ee, h o m 6o :ib in e nnflHimflOB o x B a n e n o naSjriofleiiiieM h h o m n ojin ee n p 0B6fl6H0 HaSniofleHHe K aatfloro H3 h h x .

. . . y 3 y c , H a O H H C a H H e K O T O p O rO HOH TH H C K JIIO H H TejIbH O S b lB aiO T

H a n p a B J ie H b i y c h j i h h r p a M M a r a c T O B , o n p e f l e j i n e T h 3 l i k i in flH B H fla

J irn n b f lo H 3 B e c T H 0 H C T e n e H H ; M H o r o e h o t o j i b k o h o o n p e f l e j m e T C H y 3 y - COM , HO H n p H M O 6 M y H pO TH BO H OJIO JK H O.

. . . T p a M M a T H K a h j io r H K a p a c x o f lH T C H M e a t f ly c o Q o f i n p e a t f l e

B c e r o H O T O M y , h t o C T aH O B JieH H e h y n o T p e S j i e H H e H 3 H K a n p o n c x o f l H T

h o H a o c H O B e c i p o r o j i o r n H e c K o r o M a n u i e H i H , a b p e 3 y j i b T a T e e c T e -

C T B 6 H H O ro H H e y H O p H flO H e H H O T O flB H a t6 H H H H p e flC T a B J I6 H H H , K O T O p O e

B 3 aB H C H M O C TH OT O flap O H H O C T H H O 0 p a 3 O B aH H H C JieflyO T HJIH H e C Jie-

f l y e T JIOTH H eCKH M 3 a K O H a M .

IIOTEBHH, pHrapyeTCH no [11], 1888

H 3 H K . . . 6C TB $ o p M a M H C JIH , HO T a K a H , K O T O p a n H H B H 6 M , K pO M O

H 3 b I K a , H e B C T p e n a e T C H . I I o S T O M y $ O p M a jI L H O C T b H 3 H K 0 3 H a H H H B e -

m e C T B e H H a C p a B H H T e jIb H O C $ O p M a jIb H O C T b IO JIOTHKH (H 3 K H . « I l 3

3 aH H C O K HO p y C C K O H r p a M M a T H K 6 » ) .

(DOPTyHATOB 2 [16], 1894-1895

H 3 H K COCTOHT H 3 CJIOB, a CJIOBaM H HBJIHIOTCH 3 B y K H p 6 H H , K a K

3 H a K H flJ in H a m e r o M H H u ie H H H h a j i h B H p a a t e H H H H a n iH x M u c j i e n h

n y B C T B O B a H H H . O T f l e j i b i m e c j i o B a H 3 H K a b H a m e f i p e n n B C T y n a iO T

b p a 3 J in H H bie c o n e T a H H H M e a t f ly C0 6 0 1 0 , a c f l p y r o f i c t o p o h h — b f l p y -

r n e n a c r a c j i o b ; n o 3 T O M y (J a K T a M H H 3 b iK a h b j i h i o t c h H e t o j i b k o o t -

f le j i b H H e c j i o B a c a M H n o ce6e, h o T a K a t e c j i o B a b h x c o n e T a H H H M e a t f ly

CO0 OH H B H X fle jIH M O C T H I ia T e HJIH f lp y T H O n a C T H .

1 T. II ay jib (1846— 1921) — neMenKiiii H3UK0B6fl, liiiflHi.iii n p e flC T a B iiT e jiL M JiaflO - rpaM M aT H K O B , b p a 6 o i a x K O T o p o r o n p i m n n n u b t o h i b k o j i h n p e f lC T a B a e n u b H a H fio n e e i io j i i i o m B H f l e .

2 cpHJiimn <t>eflopoBini (DopTynaTOB (1848— 1914) — KpyiiHtm pyccKHH a m ir -BHCT, OCHOBaTe.'IB MOCKOBCKOfi IIIKOJIbl H3BIK03nanlW.

16

BOAVBH flE K yP TE H 9 [17], 1907

M h npHsiiaeM cnpaBeflJiHBocTb yTBepiKfleHiwi BnjibrejibM a TyM - OOJrb.TTa, TITO «H3HK HBJIH6TCH TBOpHeCKHM OpraHOM ftJIH MHCJiefi», HO TOJIbKO C OTOBOpKaMH MOJK6M HpHHHTb flpyTHO yTB6p®fl6HHH TOTO Hie MbicjiHxejiH, TaKHe, Kan: «neT m h c jio h 603 H3HKa; HejioBenecKoe MbiinJieHHe CTaHOBHTCH b o 3 m o > k h lim TOJibKo Q jiarosapn H3HKy» h jihH3HK COCTOHT H3 «H0CT0HHII0 H0BT0pHK)IH6HCH flOHTejILHOCTH fly x a ,HMeioipeii pejibio c^ejiaTb t o j i o c BLipasHTeJieM m b icjih » — ne^b Mtiinjie- nae B03M0IKH0 6e3 H3bIKa, a y rJiyXOHOMHX BHpa3HT6JieM MHCJIH iiHKOiyja lie m o jk c t SbiTb t o j i o c . 3aTO 6e3 b c h k h x oroBopoK m o jk h o corjiacHTLCH c MHeHHeM TyMQojibflTa, h t o K aw /pra h 3 b ik o c t b c b o c - o6pa3Hoe MnpoB033peHHe. . .

CTporo roBopn, TepMHH « h 3 h k » b 3H;i'ieinTH nero-To o ;inopo;(noro h nepa3fle:ibiioro m o jk h o npHMeHHTb t o j i b k o k HSLiny HnflHBHpya.rtb- HOMy. OfliiopofliiLiii njieMennoii H3HK npe#CTaBJiH6T (JnKipiro.

« E P H T A H C K A H 9 H q H K J I O n E f lH f l » [1 8 ] , 1910-1911

H3UK — BCH COBOIiyHHOCTb CJIOB H CJIOBOCOHeTaHHH, O0HHHOn c n o J ib 3 y e M a H H a p o ^ o M , H a p n e H h jih p a c o f i c p e jib io B b ip a3H T b h jih n e p e # a T b m b ic jih ; 6oJ iee rnnpoKo — c n o c o d H O C T b B H p a jiia T b m h c j ih BOpSaJIbH O.

fte C O G G IO P 1 [1 9 ] , 19 15

1. H3BIK eCTb HeHTO BHOJIIie Onpe#eJI6HHOe B pa3H0CHCT6MH0S coBOKymiocTH (J>aKTOB peneBOH jjpHTejibiiocTH. E r o m o jk h o jioKajiH3o- BaTb b onpeflejieHHOM 0Tpe3Ke. . . KpyroBoro HBHjKeHHH, a HMeHHO TaM, rue cjiyxoBofi o5pa3 accopH npyeTcn c h o h h t h o m . O h ecTb co - pnajibHHH ajieMeHT pen eB oi peaTeJibnocTH Boo6m;e, BHeniHHH no o t h o - raeHHio k HH^HBHfly, k o t o p h h caM no cede lie MOHiex i ih C03flaBaTb H3BIK, HH ero H3MeHHTb. B l3H K CyipeCTByeT TOJIbKO B CHJiy CBoero pop;a so ro B op a , 3aKJiioHeHHoro HJieHaMH KojuieKTHBa. . .

2. H3 H K , oQ o co Q jieH H H H o t penn, co cT a B J in eT npe^MeT, n o c T y n - Hbiii o 6 o c o 6 jie H H O M y Jiie H 3 y H e n r a o . . .

3. . . . H 3H K . . . — 3TO CIICTeMa 3H aK O B , B KOTOpOH e^HHCTBeilHO cy m ec T B e H H H M H BjineTCH c o e flH iie H iie CMHCJia h a K y C T ira e c K o ro o 6 p a 3 a , npHHOM o 6 a 3 t h an eM eH T a 3H a K a b p a B H o n M e p e h c h x h h i i h .

G b h 3 b , coeflHHHiomaa o3iiaHaioni;ee c 03HaHaeMbiM, npon3BOJibHa, h j i h , Hnane roBopn, nocKojibKy nop; 3H 3K o m m h pa3yM66M pejioe ,

1 <D. ne Cocciop (1857— 1913) — KpynHefimnfi inr,eii:;apcKirii aaiiKOBen, p op o - iraTiaj(i>iHrj; cTpyKTypaaii3Ma n a.’JMKoananiin.

2 B. B. HamiMOB 17

8T

• [J g ] 0IH H H a•wo Bif900B(j aoW m rjea b h h b h b firing odK ojj * b w e h b h x h £ O ii o i o h o o k h j o i t b ih b ik J - B a OJOHOHHITJHB HHHBaodHW(Joi| a 'I r o d w A lM K O IIIh tfflC I fB d lH O •'IK01H3H1 HHH -u aa ioa in g o ‘ ^ o o o k h $ h h j i j o i t h h h o h h i t j h b — ( 0 i 6 T — S i 8 l ) ifoooB j n a d x d a g t

• ed eirn e ji h h o h

-BE HXBHE HHIKIfOtf HX9HBITH BOaHtallKHaH' OHqiTHBBdn OXIi ‘ HHH9tf HI-d a a x £ a w e t ‘ h h h jo it em airog 9H ‘ anHatBHE oxa qxiqdHOBd qxew A nani -irotf ‘ oaoiro HHtaoiHirQedxoniJ oH q u n aB d n ‘ H aaoicat o x t ‘ HHHatfHtdaa -Xi? g • • -BEHITBHB H BHHatfOHTQBH EH qteiiaE H OHHIOW 9HH9HBHE OJ9 B ‘ BBOIfO 9H H 9H 99d xon ^ X9tfH BITBHBHg *9HH9IiBH£ 90HBX OXt ‘ WOX Oo q h it - b Wj o h h it b h AW ‘ O H q irn a B d n o a o ir o x a H ir g a d x o n i? o x h ‘ ax o x t ‘ x e ^ tf -aico 9H Btfcaoxo o x ‘ aH H etB H E x e a w n o a o ir o o x t ‘ w n d o a o x h w H iro g

• (ivou n eii

- b h e ) « w o it o h w o » — ‘ a H H eiraB x otfad n B o a x H a H o n oH ffiirotf w a t o ‘ o x b

‘ «WOITOaWHO» HITH WOHBHE OHBBEBH BXHQ X9HIOW 90W Hx£tH0 OX ‘ XHtfOX-O H odn o x e b W j o j j -w o j^ d tf o x -w e t o «aHHairaBxotfadn» x e a x o a a x B a e n a

HQ OITJOW — OHtfOJl? OXH HITH X 0 9 ® ‘ BHHHXdBH ‘ OBOIfO 90HHaoaHEHOdn— e o w H x ^ t a o o x t a H o x h ‘ w o x a - e -x ‘ (a o H ir B a o e B d g o h h h h o h q h b h ) h h Ih b h Ii o o o b X H H H B aodnoH H (|) H H H B aoE q ifon oH a o h ‘ h h Ih b h h h A w w o h

BQOOOHO OQHIT-OJOHBH H H H 9IfQ 9d xo n A a 9H XHOXOOO BH HEB B X O O H ta^g• [s a o u a x n o o o ] H H H airQ adxoni? doQ B H o n

‘ e o H H e ira tfa d n o h [ e n b i u n ] aoH H aaxoH H tfa o x -o x h 9H o x e — o a o ir g• oaoiro o x e

OJataoiKL’ Q o d x o u A ‘ BtfnaHtfHH hirtf u w riN iiH H ireB d a u aonirB E B H o h h o b b x o h o b o o x a ta Q o o x o d o x o H a n Airno a o x h ‘ o j o x b e -e h a o x n e a g o x h h-HHITEBd A t e d H OWHffiOHHdn OHO BtfJOH ‘ OHX9H9H BBOITO 9HII9HBHg

■L"B9iiH HHHOOIiHXadoOX HHWH.VHHXOOtfail HHOaiiHXHBdn o x e— BXOOHHOX H ‘ WHHX9H9H B0X9HITHH HHanaXO H 0d0X0H 9H Otf 9HII9i;niHWe o g •H H enaxo w o o o d n o a n o x o iB ir a B b q o 'a x H o a o A o w h W o x q o 9 h e n d -OXOH ‘ HHXBHOH 9HHH<Ba — BXOOHHOX H [SS9U9nJ?BA] a x o o H O B e jg - ■ ’

■HHBX^U HHH0H9H HHO OXH i?WOXOH ‘ HWHHOQ^ITJ BOXAlKBH BHXHHOH 9H J0H W 1 •

* 9HHH9aX09>K0HW HBH BOXOIBWHHHdHOOH 9H HH9d HHH HHH-e ir n m w k o h h 9Wh q o a e ia d o x o a ‘ h o x o o u x o b h x h h h b e h b o a m i A d i h b ‘ h x o o h x o b h h o h Wo h 9H ow H H coifH dn o h h h q o o a o ir g •w oaxofa'oxo w h ih - qifOQ H OI'IXOOHIiHXHatfH AtfHtew HHIiHL'EBd X9H H Ii9d HOHHetfHQO g

m i ‘ [os] i K aoovd

•HWHIT0HH9H9H 0J9 BHHXOtfeirOOH IBHHEH AHHXOHHIHHir OIOB 9Qao X9BH-h h W o h n i i i iH n d n x o x g • • "H dvoaenodu uwhe n n s o m ie v : e ! t n o d n b x b e b h oW95KOW HW ‘ 0I0W 9B H B H E 0 H OjelHIOIBHeHEO HHtlBHlHOOOB EH 99!HIOIBH9XHa

BMTTEHIHTEfiH 1 [22], 19213.25. H m 66t c h o # h h h to jib k o o # h h h ojih b ih aH ajiH3 npenJiojKOHHH. 3.251. IIpeflJiojKeHHe BHpajKaeT t o , h to o h o BHpaiKaeT, onpenejien-

h h m , h c h o yKa3yeMHM c h o c o So m : npeflJiojKeHne HJieHopa3nejiBHonpOH3HOCHTCH.

3.26. H m h He pa3JiaraeTCH n ajiee h h k 3K h m onpeêjieH H eM ; o h o — nepBHHHHH 3HHK.

3.262. To, h to He MojKei BBipaiKaTBCH b 3H aKe, BBiHBJiaexcH n p n ero npH M en em iH . To, h to CKpHBaiox 3iiaKH, noKa3BiBaeT h x n p n - MeH6HH6 .

3.263. 3HaneHHH nepBHHHBix 3naKOB m ojkh o pa3x.HCHiixb. Pa3i>HC- HeHHH cyTB npefljioffieH H H , K O Topne c o fle p m ax nepBHHHBie 3H 3k h . O h h , CJieflOBaTOJibHo, MoryT 6h t b h oh htbx to jib k o Torâ, Korâ H3BecxHBi 3HaneHHH 3THX 3H 3K 0B.

3.3. T o jib k o n p en n oJ K eH H e H M eex cm bicji; to jib k o b k o h t 6k c t 6npeflJIOJK6HHH HMH ogjiaflaeT 3HaU6HH6M.

4.002. HejioBeK oSjiaâeT c h o c o Sh o c tb io c t p o h t b h 3bxk , b k o t o p o m

MOJKHO BBipa3HTB JHO0OH CMBICJI, lie HM6H Hpe/JCTaBJieilHH O TOM, KaK h h to 03HaHa6T KaJKfloe c jio b o , — TaK >Ke, KaK jiiOflH roBopHT, He 3Han, KaK o6pa30BBIBajIHCB OTfleJIBHHe 3ByKH.

P a 3 r 0 B 0 p H H H H3BIK eCTB HaCTB H ejIOBeneCKOrO o p r a H H 3 M a , H Oil H 6 M 6H 66 CJIOJKeH, H6M 3TOT O p ra H H 3M . ,IJjIH HeJIOBOKa H eB 03M 0JK H 0 H enOCpeflCTB6HH O BHBeCTH J IorH K y H 3B IK 3.

MAHAEJIbHITAM 2 [24], 1921JKh b o o cjiobo He 03HanaeT npe^MeTa, a c b o Qo h h o BBiSnpaeT, KaK

6b l JIH JKHJIBH, T y , H IiyK ) Iip e^M eT Iiy iO 3IiaHHMOCTB, BeipiIOCTB, MHJI06

to jio . H B O K p y r Bem;H cjio b o S jiy jK fla e T c b o 6o # h o , KaK Ayma B o K p y r S p o m e H H o r o , h o h o 3 a 6 t iT o r o T e jia .

BJiyMcPHJIJl, 3, i HTHpyeTCH no [25], 1926Ben COBOKyHHOCTB BHCKa3BIBaiIHH, KOTOpOH MOJKeT H0JIB30BaTBCH

flaHHan H3BiKOBan o 6h i;h o ctb , h b jih b tc h h3ukom s t o h h 3 h k o b o h 0 6m;- h o c th (h 3 c t . «A set of postulates for the science of language»).

1 JIioflBHr BHTreHniTeiiH (1889— 1951) — aBCTpiiHCKHH jioi’iik h (j)HJioeoij), c 1929 r . jkhji b A iir .u n i. B 3r.iH /iu BinTenniToiina ci.irpajm anaHiiTejii.nyio pom , b (JiopMiipoBanim ycTaHOBOK jion riccK oro no3HTHBii3Ma, a TaKine iiikojim TaK Ha3UBaeM ux anr.iniicK iix ana.nrniKOB. KpiiTiriecitoe paccMOTpeHiie iihgh BHTreHinTeiraa — b iix bbo.uohhii — cm. b KHHre [23]. KpaTKoe H 3.i0/Kenne cjjnjiococjjcKHx Bar.iHflOB BnTreHmTeiiHa Ha cjjone ero /ipaM ani'iecK on 6norpac()HH naHO b [209].

2 Ocnn OMii.ineBin Man/ie.ii.mTa.u (1891 — 1938) — pyccKini cobbtckhh noaT.3 J l e o n a p n B.iyMcjmjiH (1887— 1949) — Kpynm.iii npencTaBHTe.n, a i ie p i iK a n c K o i i

IIIKOJIU ffeCKpHHTHBHOH JIHHrBHCTnKII, p a 3 p a 6 a T H B a B IH H H M eTO flH II3yaeH H H p e - a e B o r o n o B O ^ e n iiH a e jiO B e K a H a 6 a 3 a 6 n x e B H o p H 3 M a («n o B e n e H H e cK a H » h c h x o - J io rH H ).

2 * 19

K A P L J E B C K H H x, pnTnpyotch no [11], 19293 H a K h 3H a n eH H 6 h o n o K p H B a iO T f l p y r f lp y r a h o j i h o c t b i o . H x r p a -

h h i j h h o co B n a p a iO T b o b c o x T O H K ax: o j ih h h t o t jk o 3H aK h m o o t H6CK0JIBK0 (JyH K pH H , OflHO H TO >K6 3H a n eH H 6 BHpaJKaOTCH H6CKOJIB-

•K IM M BH aK aM H . BC H K H H 3IiaK HBJIH6TCH nOT6HH;HaJIBHO «o m o h h m o m » H «CHHOHHMOM» OflHOBpeMOHHO, T. 6 . OH O 0p a 3O B a H C K p eip eH H eM 3THX f lB y X pHflOB MHCJIHT6JIBHHX HBJI6HHH. . .

ECJIH 0 H 3H aKH 0HJIH H6HOflBH?KHH H K ajK flH H H3 H E X BHHOJIHHJI TOJIBKO O flljy (JyH K pH IO , H 3H K CTaJT 0 H n p o C T H M C o S p a iffle M 3THK6TOK. H o T aK ffie H 6B 03M 05K H 0 H pepC TaBH TB 0 6 0 6 H 3 H K , 3H aK H KOTOpOTO 0HJIH 0 H HOflBHJKHH flO T 3K 0H CTOHeHH, HTO OHH H H H ero 0 H H 6 3 H a - hhjih 3 a n p e ^ e jia M H K o H K p e T iin x c H T y a p H H (b c t . «D u d u a l i s m e a s y m e t r i q u e d u s i g n e l i n g u i s t i q u e » ) .

T E 3H G B I n P A J K G K O rO J IH IirB H C T H H E C K O rO K P Y J K K A , h;h- T H pyeT C H n o [11], 1929

H bjihhcb npopyKTOM nejioBenecKOH peHTejibiiocTH, H3HK BMecTe c tom HMeeT peneByio nanpaBJiexinocTB. Anajin3 peneBofi penTejib- h o c th nan cpepcTBa o6m;eHHH noKa3HBaeT, h to HanSojiee oQhhhoh pejibio roBopnipero, KOTopan o 0H a p y jK H B a e T C H c HanSoJiBineH h ot- k octb io , hbjihotch B H p a m e H H e . H o s T O M y k jiH H rB H C T H necK O M y a n a - JIH3y HyJKHO HOflXOpHTB C (JynKpHonaJIBHOH TOHKH 3peHHH. G 3T0H toh k h 3penHH H3bm ecmb cucmeMa cpedcme ebipaMenua, CAyxc aiqax Kanou-mo onpedeMunoil ye./iu.

. . . C j i o b o , p a c c M a T p n B a e M o e c (J y iiK p n o H a jiB H O H t o h k h 3 p e n n H , ecT B peayjibmam, HOMUHamuemn AumeucmuHecnou deameAbHOcmu, i ie p a 3 p H B iio C B H 3aH H on H H o r p a c C H H T a rM a T n n ec K o n p enT ejiB H O C T B io.

CEnHP 2 [26], 1929Bl3bik ecTB hhcto n e jio B e n e c K H H , ho h h c t h h k t h b h h h c n o c o Q

n e p e p a n n m hcjioh , bmotiiih h m e jia H n n n o cp e p c T B O M ch ctom h n p o n 3 -BOJIBHO n p 0 H 3 B 0 p H M H X CHMB0JI0B.

. . . H 3 H K ecT B B n o jr n e o $ o p M jie H H a H (JyH K pnoH aJiB H axi cncTO M a b H c n x H n e c K O H , h j i h «p y x o B H O H », K o n c T iiT y p iiH n e jio B O K a . M h H e m o - jk o m o n p e p e jiH T B e r o c y ip n o c r B op iraM H jih ih b iic h x o < [)h 3n n e c K h m h T epM H H aM H . . . .C yip H O C T B H3H KH 3aKJH0HaeTCH B COOTHeCeHHH yCJIOB- H H X , npOH3BOJIBHO ap T H K y jIH p y eM B IX 3 B y K 0B HJIH H X 3KBHBaJIOHTOB K pa3JIH HH HM 3JieM 6HTaM 0H BIT3.

3 C e p r e i O cn n oB in K appeB C K m (1 8 8 4 — 1 955) — pyccKHH jiHHrBHCT, n p ep eia - BHTejib BToporo noKOJieHHH /KeneiiCKoii hikojili, noajne — njien UpaiKCKoii HIKOJIH ([lyHKHHOHajIbHOH JIHHrBHCTHKH.

2 3 . C en ap (1 8 8 4 — 1939) — a.MepiiKancKiiH JiirarBiicT h aHTponoJior, opim ita aBTopoB rffliOT03H, h3b0Cthoh nop Ha3BaHH0M rH noT03u C e n n p a -y o p $ a , co - CTaBJiHiomeH BajKHenmee noJioiKenno STno.ninrBiicTiiKiT.

20

. . . Ha B o n p o c , m o jk h o j i h p yM aT B 6 e 3 c j io b , o t S o jitn iH H C T B a JIIOpOH M H , BepOHTHO, HOJiyHHM 0TB 6T: « ^ a , HO 9TO H 6 J ierK 06 flOHO; IX BCe-TaKH 9TO B 03M 0/K II0». H T a K , H3BIK TOJIBKO BHeiHHHH HOKpOB. I I o h o J iy a m e , i h cK a 3 a T B , h t o h 3 b ik l ie n o K p o B , a c K o p e e , 3 a p a H e e npH roTO BJieH H BiH u y i B h j i h m aQ jioxx?

H 3 h k e c T B H e K a n C T p y K i y p a , n o C B o e S B H y T p e H i ie f i n p n p o p e —

$ o p M a M B IC JIH .H e T Q o jie e p a 3 n x e jiB H O H o S ip e H x a p a K x e p n c T H K H H 3 B iK a , h o m ero

y i iH B e p c a j iB H o c x B . . . m h n e 3 H a e M h h o p H o r o H a p o p a , k o t o p h h 6 h

xxe o S j i a p a j i B n o j ix ie p a 3 B H T B iM h 3 b ik o m .

n e p B o e n a m e n o 6 y > i;p e H H e — o n p e p e j iH T B C JIO B a K a K h 3 h k o b h 2 C H M B O JI, C O O T B eT C T B yxo iH H H O T p e jIB IIO M y H O H H T H IO . Ho. . .H O p O 0 H O e

o n p e p e j i e im e i ie M H C J iH M o . B p e iic T B H T e jiB H O C T H H e n p e p c T a B J in e T C H

a o o S ip e b o 3 M o ik h b im o n p e p e j iH T B c j io b o c (J y H K p H o n a jiB H O H t o h k h

3 p e n H H , h 6 o o i p e j iB H o e c j io b o m o x k g t B H p a iK a x B h e p H H H H H o e h o h h -

x n e , K O H K p e x H o e , a S c x p a K T H o e h j i h h h c t o p e j i a p n o H H o e . . . — h 3 a -

K O H n e H H y io m h c j ib . . . B n o c j ie p H e M c j i y n a e c j io b o C T a n o B H x c H t o -

X K fle cx B e H H B iM n p e p j io iK e H H io . C j io b o e c x b t o j i b k o $ o p M a , e c T B h o h t o

o n p e f le j ie H H B iM o 6 p a 3 0 M o t ^ o p M jie H H o e , S e p y ip e e t o n o S o J iB in e , t o

n o M e i iB in e H 3 K O H p e n x y a j iB H o r o M a T e p n a j i a B e e n m h c j ih b p o j io m

B 3 3 B H C H M O C TH OT p y x a p a H H O T O H 3 H K 3 .

. . . C j io b o e c T B o f lH H H 3 M e J iB n a H in n x B H O JiH e c a M o p o B J ie x o ip H x

K yC O H K O B H 3 0JIH p 0B a iIH 0r0 «CMBICJia», K K O T O p O M y C B O pH TC H H p O fl-

j io J K e n H e .

CEnHP, pH T H pyeT C H no [11], 1933. . . IlM eH H O . . . HOCTOHHHOe B3aHM OpeHCTBHe MOJKpy H3HKOM H

OHHTOM BHKJIIOHaeT H3BIK H3 6e35KH 3H eH H O ro p H p a T3KHX HHCTBIX h n p o c T H x CH M BOJinnecKH x cHCTeM , K aK M aT eM a T H n ecK an CHMBOJiHKa h j i h cH T H ajiH 3apH H $jia>K K aM H (b c t . « L a n g u a g e » ) .

B I O J I E P x , p H T H p y e T c n n o [ 1 1 3 , 1 9 3 4

T e n e p n K p a T K o e pa3x.H C H eH H e o p B y e p n n c T B e c j io B a h n p e p j i o a s e - HHH. H n K O M y XI3 H 3HKOBepOB H 6 H pH peT B TOJIOBy, HTO B03M 0JKHHix p e p jio x K e H H H 6 e 3 c j io b , x o t h 9 t o 3 B y i iH T n e Q o jie e n a p a p o K c a j iB H O , n e M n p e p n o j iO /K e n H e o c y ip e c T B O B a i iH H c j io b 6 e 3 n p e p jio H s e H H H .

B p e n c T B H T e jiB n o c T H c j io b o h n p e p j io iK e H H e — p B a K o p p e j iH T H B H H x

$ a K T o p a b n o c T p o e i iH i i p e TiH . Ha B o n p o c , h t o T a K o e c j io b o , y p o B J ie i -

B O p H T e jIB H O M O IK e T O T B eT H T B TO JIBKO TO T , K TO p e p iK H T B y M 6 n p e p J IO -

J K e H H e , K o r p a o h n p o H 3 H o c i iT p a H H o e c j io b o , h o S p a T H o . . . C j io b o

pO JIJKHO 0 H T B 3 B y K O B H M CHMBOJIOM, C H O C o Q h H M B K J IIO H H T B C H B H 0 JI6 .

1 K. E iojiep (1879— 1963) — npepcTaBHTeJifc HBMepKoxi m K o . i u n cn xojiorn ii M u m - jien n a . PaccMaTpiiBaji h 3 l i k c iic iix oao n riecK jix n o a n p n i i .

21

M e n e roB O p H T , hto o h o h o ju k h o o 6 j i a « a T b rp a M M a T n n ecK O H n p n M eH H - m o c t b h ), h B u p a > K a eT to h h o T y jko m h c j ib (b k h . « S p r a c h t h e o r i e » ) .

BJiyMOHJIfl [27], 1935M H H H M ajibH aH C B oS oflH aH $ o p M a e c T b cjioeo. G jio b o , tb k h m o 6 p a -

30M , e c T b $ O p M a , K OTOpaH MOHteT npOH3HOCHTBCH OTflejIBHO (CO~ BMeCTHO CO 3H aH 0H H eM ), HO K OTOpyjO H ejIB 3H paCHJieHHTB H a HaCTH, CH O CoSH Iie ynO T peS jIH T B C H B BBICKa3BIBaHHH OTflejIBHO (h o COBMeCTIIO CO SH aH CH IieM ).

MEIIJAHHHOB 1 [28], 19409 t h i(bc o c h o b h w c eflHHHqn penn [ c.jiobo h npo,n;jio>Kenite] Hepa3-

PHBHO CBH3aHH. CjIOBO HpaKTHHeCKH He CynjeCTByeT BHe HpeflHO- 5KeHH H.

y O P Q 2 [ 2 9 ] , 1 9 4 0

H 3 b ik h o 6 jia p ;a io T rpaM M aTH K O H , K O T o p a n npep;C TaB JiH eT c o So h npOCTO H OpM H KOHBeHu;HOHaJIbHOH H COIJHaJIBHOH HpaBHJIBHOCTH, OflHaKO n p e p ;n o jia r a e T C H , h to y n o T p e S j ie n n e M H 3H K a y n p a B J in e T He OH a, a n p a B H jib H o e , p a 3 y M H o e M B inuieH H e. . . M h B o c n p n H iiM a e M n p n p o f l y T aK , K aK OHa O T p a n te n a b H a m eM poflH O M H 3BiK e. . . M bi K p o M c a e M n p n p o p ;y , o p r a im 3 y e M ee b h o h h t h h h npHH HCBiBaeM 3H a- HHMOCTB B SOJIBIHOH C TeneH H HOTOMy, TITO MBI HBJIHeMCH yHaCTHHKBMH f l o r o B o p a n o c T y n a T B h m b h h o TaK — p p r o B o p a , b k o t o p o m y n a c T B y e T B ee H 3B iK 0B 0e c o o S ip e c T B O h K O T o p o e 3 a K op ;H p oB a H o (JopM aM H H a rn e ro H3BIKa. 9 t OT flOTOBOp, KOIieHHO, HMHJIHpHTeH H H H rfle H e o r o B o p e n , h o BbinoJiHeHne ero ycnoBHii coBepmeHHO o6H3aTeni>HO.

M A T E 3 H y G 3, qnTHpyeTCH no [30], 1942. . . h 3b ik npep ,C T a eT K aK c jio iK H a n c n c T e M a H ep a3 p H B H O C B H 3an-

HBIX, B3aHM03aBHCHMBIX $a K T O B , KOTOpBie f la m e CHMaH TOHHaH JIHHr- BHCTHKa H e MOJKeT p a cn p e fle J iH T B n o He3aBHCHMBiM K a T e r o p n a M (b c t . « R e c a s l o c » ) .

«AMEPHKAHCKAH 9HIl,HKJIOnEAHH» [31], 1944H 3 h k b caM OM m n p o K O M CMHCJie e c i B cp e p ;cT B o h jih B B ip a a ie m iH

MHCJien. KpHKH HH3IHHX 5KHBOTHBIX HBJIHIOTCH H3HK0M HOCTOJIBKy, HOCKOJIBKy OHH BBipajKHIOT HX COCTOHIIHe; CynjeCTByeT H3BIK H,BeTOH H T . f l .

1 H b b h 1'lBaHOBH‘i MenjaHHHOB (1883— 1967) — icsBecTHuii coBeTCKiiii h 3h k o - Beff, yneHHK H . H . M a p p a .

2 B. JI. y o p $ (1 8 9 7 — 1941) — aMepHKaHCKHH aTHOJHiHrBiicT, iiHVKeiiep-TC xho~ aor no o6pa30BaHino.

3 B. M aTe3iiyc — ‘«;xocjioBau,Kiiii MbiKOBen, co3narejiB IIpajKCKoro jiHHrBHCTii- ■lecKoro K pyw K a.

22

MOPPHC 1 [32], 1946IlpeflJiaraioTCH cjie#yioin;H e h a t h K pH TepneB , K O Topue a o jijk h h

BXOflHTB b onpenejieH H e H 3 u K a .IlepB O e — H3BIK COCTOHT H3 MHOJKeCTBa 3H 3K 0B.B T o p o e — b H 3 H K e K a > K flH H 3 H 3 K H M e e T o 6 o 3 H a n e H H e , o 6 m ; e e

HJih p n ^ a H H T e p n p e T a T o p o B . P a 3 y M e e T C H , K p o M e o 6 o 3 H a n e H H H h 3 b ik o - b h x 3 P ia K 0 B , o S n j e r o ^ j i h H H T e p n p e T a T o p o B , M o r y T S b itb o 6 o 3 H a n e -

H H H , H eC K O J IB K O p a 3 J IH H a fO ]H ;H e C H # J IH H H flH B H fly a J IB H B IX H H T e p n p e T a

T o p o B , H O T B K H e p a 3 J IH H H H B J IH H T B H C T H K e H e p a C C M a T p H B a iO T C H .

T o t (J ia K T , h t o 3 h b k b KaKon-TO M e p e H H ^ H B H f ly a J ie i i , B n o j i H e c o B M e -

C T H M C T p e S o B a H H e M , H T O 0 H 3 H B K 0 H J I n O H H T e H f lJ lH T p y m i B I H H flH B H -

f lO B , n O C K O J I B K y B e e , H TO T p e S y e T C H , — 3 T 0 H T o S h 3 H a K H H 3 B IK a S h j i h

B I ie K O T O p O H C T e n e H H n O H H T H B I flJ IH r p y n n B I H H flH B H flO B .

T p eT B e — 3H3KH, cocTaBJiHiorpne h 3 h k h , ^ojiJKHH 6h t b c o m s ig n s ,T. e . OHH flOJIJKHBI 0BITB BOCHpOH3BOflHMBI HHTepnpeTaTOpaMH H HMeTB t o me 3HaneHHe ^ jih BOcnpoH3BOflHin;HX, h to h a jih H H TepnpeTaTopoB. C o m s ig n s — b to jih S o h o h c tb h h caM oro opraH H 3M a (H anpH M ep, JKeCTLl), JIH0O pe3yjIBTaTBI TaKOH fleHTeJIBHOCTH (TaKHe, KaK 3ByKH , caeflBi, ocTaBJineMBie b MaTepnajiBHOH c p e ^ e , h cKOHCTpynpoBaHHBie oSBeKTBi). 3 a n a x , H anpH M ep, M ow eT o^HHaKOBo HHTepnpeTHpOBaTBCH HeCKOJIBKHMH OpraHH3MaMH B OnpeflejieHHOH CHTyapHH, a 3HaHHT, 0BITB HOHHTHBIM TpynHC HHflHBHflOB, H, OflHaKO, o h He 6yp;eT c o m s ig n . 3 a n a x n Sbijih 6bi H3bikobbim h npH3HaKaM H, e c jin 6h , KpoM e t o t o , HTO OHH nOHHTHBI T p y n n e HHflHBHaOB, OHH 0BIJIH eipe BOCnpOH3BO- flHMBI HX HHTepnpeTaTOpaM H.

PfeTBepToe — 3 H 3k h , cocTaBjiflfom ;He H 3 h k , MHorocHTyapHOHHBt, T. e . 3TO 3HHKH C OTHOCHTeJIBHOH KOHCT3HTHOCTBIO 0603H aH eH H fl B Ka>KflOH CHTyapHH, B KOTOpOH HOHBJIHeTCH 3HBK flaHHOH CeMBH 3HaKOB. E c jih 6bi, H anpH M ep, c jio b o « 3 a n a x » HMeno HOBoe 3HaneHHe n p n KaiKflOM noHBJieHHH b t o to 3H aK a, b to He 6h j i 6bi 3HaK H 3H K a, ecjn i 6bi ^ a m e o h h Sbiji iia b t o t p a3 nOHHTeH r p y n n e h h ^ h b h a o b . CjieflOBaTeJIBHO, 3HaK H3BIKa — 3T0 CeMBH 3IiaKOB, a He npOCTO OflHO- CHTyapnoHHBiH 3iiaK , t . e . 3 to cpe^CTBo BBipaiKeHHH [s ig n — v e h ic le ] , eflHHHpa p en n .

IlHTOe — 3HHKH B H3BlKe flOJIJKHBI COCTBBJIHTB CHCTeMy B33H M 0- CBH3aHHBIX 3HBK0B, KOM0HHHpyeMBIX OflHHM O0pa3OM , HO He KOM0H- HHpyeMBTX H pyrH M , C TeM HTo Sh O0pa3OBaTB MHOJKeCTBO CJIOJKHHX 3iiaK0B — n p o p e c c o B .

1 H . M o p p n c ( p . 1901 r . ) — a M e p i iK a n c K ii i i H C C jieH O B aT ejib b o S jia c T H ceM H O - t h k i i , B i io p m .ie 'ie T K o c iJ io p M y jiiip o B a B m H H ocH O B H H e n o H H T im h n p H H p n r m 3T 0H HOBOH H ayH HO H THICII ITII.TIIIII.T. B CBOHX ({)II.TOCO({)CKIIX B a i’ JIH^aX COeflHHHeT aM GpHKBHCKHH npa T M aT H 3M CO MHOTHMH IIOJIOIKGHHHMH JIOTHTOCKOrO H 03H TH - B H 3M a. K p iiT iM G C K y io o p c u K y B3rJiH,n;oB M o p p n c a CM. B c6. [33],

23

OSteftHHHH 3 th TpeSoBaHHH, mh flocTiiraoM onpeflejieHHH H3BiKa: h s h k — 3to Ha Sop MHorocHTyapHOHHHX 3H3KOB c hohhthbim h rpyn n e HHftHBHftOB 0S03HaHeHHHMH, oSipHMH flJIH HHTepnpeTaTOpOB, HpHHOM 3TH 3H3KH BOCnpOH3BOHHMH HHTepnpeTaTOpaMH H MOryT COHeTaTBCH n p n noM om n oflHHX, ho He a p y r n x ch ocoSob, (JopMnpyn CJiomHBie 3iiaKH. H jih , Sojiee npocTO, H 3 H K — s t o H a S o p m h o t o - C H T y a p n o H H H x c o m s i g n s c o r p a H H H e i i H H M H c n o c o S a M H h x c o n e T a H H H . E cjih mh oSo3HaHHM orp a- HHHeHHH, naKJiaifHBaeMBio Ha coHOTamiH cjiobom «CHCTeMa», mbi mo- JKeM CKa3aTB, HTO H3HK — 3T0 CHCTeMa MIIOrOCHTyapHOHHBIX com signs. A HOCKOJIBKy C e M B H 3 H a K 0 B MHOrOCHTyapHOHHa, CaMOe npocToe onpe^ejieHHe Sy#eT: h 3 h k — s to CHCTeMa com sig n s.

y 9 J IG x, pHTnpyeTCH no [25], 1947

f le G occiop npHHHCBiBaeT. . .h 3h k o b h m 3HaKaM #Ba ochobhbix CB0HCTB3: OHH npOH3BOJIBHH H OHH BHCTpaHBaiOTCH JIHHeHHO. H o OH 3a6HBaeT OTMeTHTB TyT ate npyry io cym ecTBeim yio nepTy. . . a hmbhho TO, HTO H3BlK0BHe 3HaKH HBJIHIOTCH CHCTeMHHMH. . . «HpOH3BOJIB- HHH» H «CHCTeMHBIH» — 3TO T(Ba OCHOBHBIX CBOHCTBa 3HaKOB (b CT. «DeSaussure’ s system o f lingu istics;)).

G K A JIH H K A 2, pHTHpyeTcn no [11], 1948

JlHHTBHCTHHeCKaH TeopHH ftOJDKIia CTpeMHTBCH K H03HaHHI0 H3BIKa He KaK KOHTJIOMepaTa HeH3HK0BHX ( T . e. <[)H3HHeCKHX, (])H3HOJIOrH- HeCKHX, nCHXOJIOTHHeCKHX, JIOTHHeCKHX H CopHOJIOTHHeCKHX) HBJie- h h h , a KaK 3aMKHyTOH b ceSe p e jio cT n of cTpyKTypBi, KaK CTpyKTypBi sui generis (ocoS oro po^a). . . . Ejibmcjibb ne flonycKaeT b h3bik HHnero, h to He HBJineTCH h hcth m oTiiomeHHeM. TaKHM o6pa30M, o t H3BiKa y Hero HHnero He ocTaeTcn, KpoMe MHomecTBa OTHomeHHH, KOTOpne OH H33HBaeT (JyHKpHHMH. . .

. . . IIpoSjieMaTHKa H3HKa — Bem;i> cJionmaH. E cjih h p h h h tb b o

BHHMaHHe HOJiomeHHe, 3aHHMaeMoe h3bikom, mojkho yBHfleTB Tpn THna OTHomeHHH h Tpn pa3HBie npoSJieMH: 1. n p em ae Bcero oTHoine- Hne H3BiKa k HeH3HKOBOH flencTBHTejiBHOCTH, t . e. npoSjieMy CeMaCHO- jiorHHecKyio. 2. OTHOineHHe H3HKa k flpyrnM H3HKaM, t . e. npoSjieMy H3HKOBHX pa3JIHHHH. 3. OTHOmeHHe H3HKa K erO HaCTHM, t . e. n poSjieMy H3HKOBOH CTpyKTypBi (b c t . «K adan sky structuralism us a «prazska sk o la »» ).

1 P . C . Y an c — aMepHKaHCKHH jiHHrBHCT.1 B . CKanHHKa (p . 1 9 0 9 r .) — qexocjioBaiiKiiu H 3H K one,n;, hjioh npawcKoro

KpyjKKa $yHKn,HOHajiBHofi jiiiH rnH C T H K H .

24

B A JIJM 1 [34], 1950B CHCTeMe Bee B3aHMOCBH3aHO; B OTHOmeHHH H3HKOBOH CHCTeMH

3to npaBHJibHO b TaKOH m e M epe, KaK h b OTHOmeHHH B cex n p y r n x cacTeM . Ilp H H p H n 3 to t , npoB 03rjiain eH H H H O . ^ e C o ccio p o M , c o x p a - HHeT flJiH H ac Bee CBoe 3HaneHHe. . . . O/paaKO 6h jio 6h r p y S o fi ohihS- KOH, eCJIH 6h 3T0T oSipHH B3rJIHfl HpHBeJI K npe^CTaBJieHHK) 0 H8HK8 KaK 0 CHMMeTpHHHOH H TapMOHHHeCKOH KOHCTpyKIJHH. GtOHT HaHHTB p a 36a p a T b M exaHH3M, KaK Te6n o x B a ra B a e T CTpax nepea papamnM b HeM SecnopHftKOM , h t h cn p aran B aerab c e 6n kokhm o 6 p a30M M oryT cto jib n epen yT aH H tie Me>K^y co6oh cucTeMBi KOJiec nponaBO^H Tb c o rjia c o B a H n n e aBHJKeHHH.

OSipne B3rjiHHH Ha h 3 h k h npoHHKHyTH onraSKaMH, n opofi Beno- BHMH, HOflKpenJIHeMHMH He TOJIBKO HaHIHM HeBe*eCTBOM, HO TaKJKe b o MHornx cjiynanx h h bh ih m cTpeMJieHneM (6ecco3HaTejibHHM hjih oSflyMaHHHM) CKpuTB HJIH HCKa3HTb fleHCTBHTejIBHOCTB.

E JIbM GJIEB 2, pHTHpyeTCH no [11], 1950— 1951[H oB oe h njioftoTBopHoe b Tpy^e O . ae G occiopa] — 3to . . . ero

H0HHM3HHe H3HKa KaK HHCTOH CTpyKTypH COOTHOHieHHH, KaK CXeMH, KaK nero-TO TaKoro, h to h poth bohojio jk h o to h cjiynaHHOH ($OHeTH- necKOH, ceMaHTHHecKOH h t . a O peajiH3an;HH, b k o top oh BH CTynaeT 3Ta cxeM a.

. . . H3HKOBHH 3II3K HMeeT flBe CTOpOHH — CTOpOHy CO^epffiaHHH h CTOpOHy BupajKeHHH, npHneM o6e sth ctopohh MoryT 6h tb npe^Me- TOM HHCTO CTpyKTypHOrO aHaJIH3a.

. . . ,o;e G occiop hcho noHHMaJi, h to CTpyKTypHoe onpefleJieHne H3HKa flOJIJKHO HpHBeCTH K TOMy, HTO CTpyKTypH, JSfl CHX HOp He HpH- 3HaBaBHIHeCH TpaflHpHOHHHM H3HKOBefleHHeM KaK H3HKH, SyayT HPH3H3HH, KaK TKKOBHe, H HTO Te H3HKH, KOTOpHe paCCMaTpHBaJIHCB, KaK TaKOBue, TpaflnpHOHHtiM H3HKOBeaeHHeM, 6yayT npiisiiaHH TOJIBKO KaK pa3HOBHflHOCTH H3HKOB BOOSipe.

B h JIO 6h Hpe3BHHaHHO HHTepeCHO H3yHHTB [H3HKOBHe CTpyK- Typi.T, He HBHHIOipneCH H3HKOBHMH B TpaftHiplOHIIOM CMHCJie 3TOTO CJIOBa] C HOMOipBIO HHCTO JIHHTBHCTHHeCKOrO MeTOfla HepBHM ftOJirOM HOTOMy, HTO TaKHe CTpyKTypH ftaJIH 6h HaM npOCTHe 06pa3HHKH — MOflejiH, noKa3HBaiomHe 3jieMeHTapHyio H3HKOByio CTpyKTypy 6ea Bcex Tex OCJIOJKHeHHH, KOTOpHe XapaKTepHBI flJIH BBICOKOpa3BHTOH CTpyKTypH oSnKHOBeHHBIX H3HKOB.

1 HI. Bajuiii (1865— 1947) — KpynHHH H3mKOBen, npeflciaBHTejiB HteHeBCKoa mKOJiii, yneriiiK ae Cocciopa.

2 J I . E jiB M C jieB (1 8 9 9 — 1965) — b h j i h h h h b t c k h h n n n rB H C T , c o a n a T e n b r n o c - ceMaHTHKH (naTCKoro CTpyKTypajiH3iia).

25

. . . [A . Cem e b 1 9 0 8 r . yKa3HBaji], hto h 3h k mojkho npe^cTaBjiHTb c e 6e b BH,o;e ajireSpanHecKOH 3anncH hjih reoMeTpHHecKnx H3o6pajKe- HHH H HTO MOJKHO H3o6pa3HTb 3JieMeHTH H3HKa JHoSblM HpOH3BOJIbHbIM o6pa30M , JIHIHb 0H COXpaHHJiaCb HX HHflHBHflyaJIbHOCTb, HO He HX MaTepnajibHHH xapaKTep.

H 3HK — 3T0 HepapXHH, KaJKflafl HaCTb KOTOpOH flOHyCKaeT flajlb- Henraee HJieHeHHe Ha KJiaccH, onpeflejineMbie nocpeflCTBOM B3aHMHHx OTHOmeHHH, TaK HTO KaJKftHH H3 3THX KjiaCCOB JIO#T(aeTCH HJieHOHHIO Ha npoH3BOnHHe, onpeaejineM He nocpeflCTBOM B3anMHOH MyTapnn (b c t . «MeTOfl CTpyKTypHoro aHajiH3a b jiHHrBHCTHKe»).

M H J IJ IE P 1 [35 j , 1951

B e p 6 ajibHoe noBeAeHHe He HBjraeTCH npocTofi ^yHKpneH BpeMenn, Hiiane ero mojkho 6h jio 6 h tohh o npe^yra/piTb, n o c ji e a o b a t e ji i. h o nepexoflH o t oAHoro MOMeHTa k flpyroM y. E cjih 6h cnoBa, npoH3Hocn- MLie nejiOBeKOM, yra^HBajiHCb HanepeA, eMy 6bi He noTpeSoBajiocb h x np0H3H0CHTb. G APyrofi CTopoHH, BepSajibHoe iione;i,er[iie Hejib3H cpaBHHTb c SpocaHHeM KOCTen b n rpe hjih c onepnpoBaHHeM inapaMii b y p H ax , K KOTopoMy npnSeraeT CTaracTHKa npn oScyjKflemiH Be- pOHTHOCTH paBHOBepOHTHHX COShTHH. O ho npeflCTaBJIHeT C0 6 0 H BHfl êHTejibHOCTH, 3aHHMaioin;eH n p o m e jk y to ti hoc noJiojKeHHe MejK/iy hojihoh npeflonpeêjieHHOCTbio h h ojihoh cjiyHaHHOCTbio — cbh3h MeJK^y nocjieÔBaTejibHHMH coSh th hm h orpaHiiHiiBaioT bo3mojk- HOCTH, HO COSHTHH He HanpaBJIHKJTCH HMH CTpOTO HO OflHOMy H TOMy jKe n y r a . 9 t h cbh3h o6pa3yioT to , h to mh Ha3HBaeM cjiynaHHHM koii- TeKCTOM.

9 H T y H G T J I 2 [3 6], 1 9 53

Kor,o;a m h 3HaeM h t o - j ih 6o , y H ac ecTB fljin onHcaHHH 3T oro n oA - xoflflm H H [npaBHJibHHH — righ t] h 3b ik . . . JIio6oe 3HaHHe B ep 6a jiH 3o - BaHO, H HeT 3H3HHH 6 e3 CJIOB. . . H 3H K — 3T0 HCKyCCTBO, a HC- K yccTB a Jiynrae B cero onpeA ejiH T b, KaK h 3 h k h . . . B e e n c K y c - CTBa, K poM e, MOJKeT S b itb , M y3H KH , xapaK TepH 3yioTCH n p n cyipH M hm Hecxo^CTBOM MejKAy o3HaHaioin;HM h 03H anaeM H M , K aK , H an pn M ep, MeJKfly A-iHHoii CTpoK Ha S yM are — h paccTOHHHeM b AeiiCTBHTeJi lito c th HJIH KaMHeM — H HeJIOBeHeCKOH HJIOTblO.

B H T r E H f f l T E H H [3 7], 1 9 53

2 3 . 3A ecb TepMHH «H3HKOBaH n rp a» npeflHa3HaHeH ajih t o to , h to6h npHBjienb BHHMaHHe k TOMy (JaKTy, hto r o B o p e H H e Ha H3HKe ecTb HeKOTopan AenTejibHOCTb, hjih $opM a jkh3h h .

1 f l * . A . MHjrnep — aMepiiKaHCKHH ncnxoJior h jiiiHrBHCT; 3aHHMaeTCfl, b iacT- hocth, HCCJiejiOBaHHeM peneBOH jieaTejiLHOCTn.a y. fl>K. SHTyHCTJI — aHrjIHHCKHH JIHHTBHCT IIIHpOKOrO npO({)IUIII.

26

H a jK e flaH o 6 3 0 p p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 n a H3h k o b h x n r p :OT^aaa npaK a3aH H H a n o fla a H eH a e b m ;o n a c a H a e BH eniH ero BHfla o S te K T a b j ih apeflCTaBJieH ae e r o pa3MepoB; n o cT p o e H n e o fiie K T a n a ocHOBe o n a c a H n a , pacyHKa, OTaeT o c o S h t h h ; (JiopM npoBaH ae a n p o B e p u a ran oT e3B i;n p ea cT a B J iea a e pe3yjiBTaTOB a acn ep aM eH T a b T a S a n p a x a ^narpaM M ax; n pa flyM B iB a iiae CHMKeTa (p a c c K a 3 a ), e r o HTeHae; a r p a Ha cp eH e ; neHae b x o p o B o a e ;OTraaBiBanae 3 a ra a o K ;paccKa3BiBaH H e aH eK ^oTa, n pofle jiB iB aH ne rayT K n; p em eH a e 3 a a a a n b n p a K T a a e cK o a apn^-MeTHKe; n e p e B o a c o ^ H o r o H3BiKa n a f lp y r o n ;B on p ocB i, SjiaroflapHOCTH, p y ra T ea b C T B a , npnBeTCTBHH, m o j ih t b h .

3 1 . M o jk h o TaKJKe npeflCTaBHTb ce6e, h t o k t o - t o H a y a n a c a arpaTb b a r p y , rie BBiyaaB a a a® e He ct^ op M ya a p oB a B npaBHJi.

43. S o j i b r a o r o K Jiacca cayaaeB — x o t h h He f l j i aBcex, — b KOTopBix m h ynoT peS aaeM cjiobo «3HaaeHae», oh o m ojkct Sh t h onpe ae jie H o cae ay io ip H M o 6p a 30M: 3HaaeHne c jio B a — sto e ro yn o T p e S a e m ie b a 3BiKe.

77. n P H B03H H K H 0B eH H H H OfloSHOH TpyflH OCTH B c e r n a c n p a n r a B a a T e c e 6 a : « K a K mbi y 3 H a a a 3 H a a e H a e 3 T o r o c a o B a (H a n p n M e p , « x o p o i n a a » ) ? H a K a K a x n p a M e p a x ? B K aK H X a 3 B iK 0 B H X n r p a x ? » T o r f la BaM S y ^ e T a e r a e n o H a T b , h t o b to c a o B O f l o a a m o H M eT t p e a y i o ceM b io 3 H a a e H H a .

108. B on p oc: « H t o T aK oe, b neacTB H TeabH ocT H , caoBO?» a H a a o r a - a e n B o n p o c y : « H t o TaK oe (J n r y p a b m a x M a T a x ?»

1 3 8 . . . . mbi n o H B M a e M 3HaaeHae caoBa, Korp;a mbi cabiinnM a a a npoa3HOCHM ero ; mbi cxBaTBiBaeM ero MrHOBeHHO, a t o , h t o m h cxBaTHBaeM TaKaM o6pa30M, 6e3ycaoBHO, OTanaaeTca o t «ynoTpe6ae- Hna», KOTopoe aBaaeTca npoTajKeHHHM b o BpeMeHH.

203. H 3b ik — 3 to a a S a p a H T t p o h h h o k . B b i n o flx o flB T e c OflHOa CTopoHBi a 3HaeTe p p p o r y ; b h n o flx o a a T e K TOMy m e M ecTy c n p y roa c t o p o h b i a a o p o r a yw e He 3HaeTe.

206. OSbiaeHHoe noBeaenae aioflea aBaaeTca cacTeMoa cooTHece- iia a , n p a noMOipa KOTopoa mbi aHTepnpeTapyeM ne3HaK0MHa H 3 h k .

255. Ilo^xop; (Jaaoco^ba k npoSaeMaM no/joSeH aeaeHaio 6oae3HH. 329. Korp,a a flyMaio na a3BiKe, «3iiaaenaa» He n poxoaaT aepe3

m oh Moar BMecTe c BepSaabiiBiMii BbipajKeHaaMii; H3bik caM no ce6e aBaaeTca cpeflCTBOM BBipajKenaa a pacnpocTpaneHHa M H caea.

340. H eab3a y r a a a T b , KaK (Jy H K p aoH a p y eT caoB O . HyjKHO b 3 r a a a y t b Ha e r o y n o T p e S a e m ie a y3H aT b b to OTTyfla.

384. n oH H T a e « 6 o a b » bbi y 3 H a a n , K o r^ a B b iy a a a n h 3b ik .496. TpaMMaTHKa He t o b o p h t HaM, KaK floa iK eH S h t b nocTpoeH

H3BIK, h t o 6 h flOCTaraTb c B o e a p ea a , h to S b i b h h h t b KaKHM-TO o6pa30M

27

Ha jn o f t e i . OH a to jib k o on n cH B a eT h h h k o h m o6p a30M He oStH CH iieT yn oT p eS jieH H e c jio b .

B H H EP1 [38], 1954EcTecTBeH HO, hto HHKaKafl T eop n H coo6m ;eH H H He MO>KeTH36e>KaTL

paCCMOTpeHHH H3BIK3. H3BIK (])aKTHHOCKH HBJIHeTCH B H3BeCTH0M CMHCJie flpyTHM Ha3B3HHeM CaMOTO COoSipeHHH, a TaKffie TeM TepMHHOM, KOTOpHH MH ynO TpeSjIH eM flJIH o603H aqeH H H KOflOB, HOCpeflCTBOMKOTopHx ocyipecTBjiHeTCH cooSm em ie. . . Coo6in;eHHH, HMeromne MeCTO MeJK/iy JIIOftbMH, OTJIHHaiOTCH OT COoSipeHHH Meffifly S o jib ih h h c t - b om n p y rn x jk h b o t h h x cjieflyroipHM: a) yTOHHeiiHOCTbio h c j i o jk h o c t b k j npHMeHHeMoro KOfla; 6) b h c o k o h CTeneHBio h p o h 3 b o j ib h o c t h 3Toro KOfla; . . .h 3 lik h o HBjineTCH x a p a K T e p m m c b o h c t b o m h c k ji io h h - TeJIBHO JKHBHX CymeCTB, OH HBJIHeTCH CBOHCTBOM, KOTOpoe JKHBBie cymecTBa MoryT a o H3BecTHOH CTeneHH pa3aejiHTB c C03flaHimMH HOJIOBeKOM MaiHHHaMH.

P A 0JI2 [39], 1956

HCTOpHH (|)HJIOCO(|)HH X X B. B 0OJIBIHOH CTeneHH HpeflCTaBJIHeT CO0OH HCTOpHH) HOHHTHH «CMHCJI» HJIH «3HaHeHHe» . 3HaHeHHH (eCJIH H cnojiB 30B aTB npHH0CHin;ee c to jibk o SecnoKOHCTB MHOJKecTBeHHoe HHCJIO) — 3T0 TO, 3HajIH30M HerO 0HJI aHaJIH3 My pa; 3HaHeHHfl — 3T0 t o , aTOMaMH nero Sh j ih JiornqecKHe aTOMij Paccejia; 3HaneHHH — B OflHOM, HO He B flpyrO M CMHCJie — 0HJIH TeM, Hero 0BIJIH JIHineHBI«HenojiHHe c h m b o j ih » P accejia ; 3HaneHHH — bto t o , n ero , h c x o ^ h H3 jiornnecKHx coo6pa?KeHHH, He flojijKHBi HMeTB nopoJKnaioipHe 3HTHH0MHH <])OpMBI CJIOB, Ha KOTOpBIX O p e r e H Paccejl HHTajIHCB o c h o b h tb apH(|)MeTHKy; 3HaneHHH — sto t o , h to hjichbi BeHCKoro KpyjKKa npeflnojiaraJiH KaK yHHBe^pcajiBHyio jiaKMycoByio 6yMa?KKy; 3HaneHHH — sto t o , n ero, no MHeHHio aBTOpa TpaKTaTa, He aojijkho 0HTB B HfleajIBHHX BBICKa3BIB3HHHX HH <])OpMaJIBHOH JIOrHKH, HH $HJIOCO-

1 H o p S e p T B H H e p (1894— 1964) — a iie p iiK a H C K im M aT en a T H K , oC H O B on ojiO yK m iK K H SepH eT H K H . i j j iH H a c 3 n e c b n p e » < n e B c e r o B a iu n o o t m b t h t b , h t o B t i r ie p B i ip n i HCTOKH K H SepH eT H K H B B 03paC Tai0IU ;eH POJIH BepOHTHOCTHOTO M UHIJieHHH. B e r o K H H re <(K n S e p n e T iiK a n o 6 i p e c T i io » npeA H C JioB H e H M eeT n o ,T 3 a r o .io B O K : « I l / '( e a BepoHTHOCTHOH B c e a e H H O H » . B i o p o e , H a h t o n a n xon eT C H oS p a T H T B BH H M aH iie b p a S o T a x B H H e p a , — s t o e r o n oH H M a H iie p o j iH H 3U K a n p n K iio o p r icT iiH o o K cn r n o f l x o ^ e k o n n c a H H io c iiC T eM . B y n o M H H y T o i B s n n e K H H re o j in a 113 r a a B y H e r o H a3H B aeT C H «M e x a H H 3 M H HCTOpHH H 3 U K a » . 3 ,I0C Ij M U C yUHBJieHH eM BHHHM, K aK n p o ^ e c c H O H a ji-w a T e M a T H K , H e S o h c b n o T e p a T r , c b o h npeC T H iK M a T eM a x iiK a , o r n i - C H B aeT H 3U K B o S u H H U X JIHHrBHCTHKO-aHTpOIIOJIOrHHeCKHX T ep M H H aX , a JjajIBTriO o h b b o a h t C M ejiy ro M G T a({)op y , p a c c M a T p i in a a o p r a m M M K aK c n r n a a .

3 T. PagJi (p. 1900 r.) — aHrjmiicKHH $ii.Toco|>-neono3nTHBncT, b 30-x ro«ax npHMKHyBmHH K inKojie «jiHHrBHCTHnecKoro aHajiH3a».

28

<Jmn; h TeM He M enee 3iiaqeHHH — 3 t o KaK pa3 t o , neM ex o ff ic io [no flOJiry c j iy jk S h ] 3aiiMMaiOTCH (J h jio c o ^ h h h jiornKa, x o t h h pa3jniq- HBIM 0 6 p a 3 0 M .

YO P H O K 1 [40], 1956MHe K ajK eTCH , h t o canon npKOH xapaKTepncTHKofi JiornqecKoro

n03HTHBH3Ma S h jio ero imoHoSopqeCTBO — t o , KaK SecpepeMOHHO n oKOHnaTejibiio o h pa3p;ejiBiBajiCH c TuiKejiOBeciiBiMH 3araflKaMH MGTa-<Jn3HKH.

E c jih h e cT B h t o - j ih S o r a n n q H o e p;jih c o B p e M e n i io n <Jh jio c o <])h h — b t o HMeHHO o co 3 H a H H e i o r o , HTO h 3b ik HM eeT m h o r o y n o T p e S j i e - h h h : S T H n e cK o e , s c T e T ir a e c K o e , jn iT e p a T y p i io e h cp ep ;H i i h x M eTa<jH 3H - q e c K o e . H e T T eH fleH p im y T B ep iK fla T B : « B bi He a o j ij k h b i (h jih H e M O w eT e) rOBOpH TB 3T O », — H a o S o p O T , 3fleCB eCTB rOTOBHOCTB OHpHHTB flOCTOHH- CTB3 TOrO, HTO 6 h HH rOBOpiIJIOCB H C KaKOH 6 bi pejIB IO HH TOBOpHJIOCB, e c j i n t o j ib k o n p n 3t o m fleS cT B H T ejiB H o c o o S ip a e T C H H enTO , a He y n o - T peS jiH ioT C H npa3p;H B ie c j i o B a .

CIIHPKHH2 [4 1 ] , 1 9 5 7

H 3 h k c caMoro Hanajia BBmojiimeT, no cyipecTBy, HHqeM He 3aMeHH- Myio (JyHKpHio b o6o6m;aioin;eH paSoTe MHnuieHHH. H m bh h o c hom oih ;bk) H3BiKa qeJioBeK 0Ka3ajicn b c o c t o h h h h nepeHTH o t no3HaHHH e#HHHq- HHX npeflMeTOB H HBJieHHH K HX oSoSipeHHOMy OTpaweHHIO B (J op M e h o h h t h h . dJHKCHpyn b ce6e o6o6m;eHHBie o6pa3H fleHCTBHTejiBHocra, CJIOBO CyipeCTBeHHHM o6pa30M BJIHHJIO Ha BOCnpHHTHe, flaBaH B03M0JK- h o c t b qeJiOBeKy BKJiioqaTB o6pa3 BocnpnHHMaeMoro npe^MeTa b c j io jk - Hyio CHCTeMy yHacjie#oBaHHoro h jmqnoro o h b it b , o t h o c h t b ero K onpeflejieHHOH KaTeropnH npeflMeTOB.

n o y J I1 [42], 1958Te3HC [aBTopa TpaKTaTa] c o c t o h t b to m , h t o h 3b ik KaK MaTeMaTH-

qecKan CHCTeMa c o c t o h t H3 cnjioiHHoro HaSopa n pope^ yp , KOTOpae MoryT 6 h t b na3BaHBi npaBHjiaMH.

ycn E H G K H H 8 [43], 1965C h c t e m a n o n y m e h h i , IlpH H H M aeT C H , h t o n c c j ie p ;o B a -

TejiB b o S jia c T H C T pyK T ypH O H T n n oJ io rH H h 3b ik o b o S j ia f la e r 3H aHHeM

1 H * . YopHOK, Iloyji, A. M, KyimTOH — aHrjiimcKiie ( J h j i o c o iJ u , b c b o h x p a S o T a x KpiiTHHecKii o 6 o y ;K n a io ;n n c B 3rjia ,ib [ jiorin iG C K iix nosim iB iiC T O B h JI. BHTreHinTeiHa.

2 A jie K c a u jjp r o o p m e B in i CnupKim (p . 1918 r.) — coBeTCKiiii ( fm jio c o i f ) , npep;- ce n a T e J iL Cecumi 4 h j i o c o $ c k h x B o n p o c o B K iioep H eT H K H H a y m o r o c o B e i a no K O M njieK CH O ii npoojioMe « K n 6 e p H e T H K a » AH CCCP.

3 Bopnc AHapeeBiiq ycneHCKiiii — coBpeMOHrniii coBeTCKiiii jiiiHrBHCT.

29

cpaBHHBaeMBix hhbikob ; bto BBipantaeTCH b cjiepyioipHX oSipnx flon y- ip e n i i f lx :

1 . (OnpeflejieHne rpaMMaTHnecKon npaBHJiBHOCTH)oh Mo>KeT onpeflenHTB npepjioHteHHe H3BiKa KaK rpaMMaTHnecKH

npaBHJiBHoe hjih neT.2 . (K jia c c m J m K a p H H ajieM eH TOB)

oh MoweT onpeaejiHTB rpaMMaTiinecKHH KOHTyp npeAJiomeHHH, t . e . :

а) pa30HTB npefljiOffieiiHH Ha 3JieMeHTBi;б ) BHflejiHTB cjiyw eSH H e h KopHeBBie sjieMeHTKi; p a 3 0 H T B c jiy jK e S -

HBie ajieM eH TBi H a KJiaccBi h BBipejiHTB K a T e ro p H H ; o n p e p e jiH T B c jiO B a , p a 3 0 H T B HX H a KJiaCCH.

3 . (O T H O ineH H e BKBHBaJieHTHOCTH)eMy H3BeCTHBI OTHOineHHH 3KBHBaJieHTH0CTH Meffifly 3JieMeHTaMH

H COHOTaHHHMH 3JieMeHTOB flaHHOrO H3BIKa, H OH MOJKeT npOH3BOAHTB cooTBeTCTByioipHe onepapHH.

CH H TaeTCH , HTO flJIH C paB H H B aeM H X H3BIK0B BCe 3TH CB epeH H H 3 a - p a H e e o n p e p e jie H B i onTHMaJiBHBiM o 6 p a 3 0 M .

H 3 h k Torpa mojkho npepcTaBHTB, 3apaB KaKyio-TO CTpyKTypy (nocjieflOBaTejiBHocTB KJiaccoB ajieMeHTOB) h p h a npaBHJi (aKBHBajieHT- h o cth) , nocpeACTBOM k o to p b ix 3Ty CTpyKTypy MOWHo npeo6pa30BaTB b SecKOHeHHoe KOJinuecTBO coneTaHHH sjieMeHTOB.

K YH H T O H 1 [44], 1966E cjih b «TpaKTaTe» h3bik paccMaTpnBaeTCH KaK jiornnecKH pHrnp-

Hah [HerndKaH, 3acTMBniaH — rig id ] cynpiocTB, cKpriBaioipaHCH hoa 3h 6 k o h [cjiynaHHOH, 3aBHCHipeH o t o 6cto h t6 jib ctb — con tin gen t] HOBepXHOCTBK) oSBipeHHOH peHH, CKejieT KOTOpOH MOJKHO 6bIJI0 0BT H3- BJienB jihhib nyTeM rjiySoK oro aHajiH3a, to b «HccjieAOBaHHHx» H3HK HpHHHMaeTCH TaKHM, KaKOB OH ecTB B AeHCTBHTejIBHOCTH H B Ha0JIK)Ae- h h h x — KaK jKHBoe HeynopHpoHeHHoe [u n sy ste m atic] h nojiHMoptp- noe MHOJKecTBO AeScTByioiAHX KoHBeHpnn [ycjiOBHH, poroBopOB — con ven tion s] oSm npH on h He jierKo HOAAaioipeHCH KjiaccH^HKapHH c(])epe ne.noBenecKHX noTpedHocTen [h u m a n purposes].

. . . OyHAaMeHTajiBHofi nepTOH hoboh TeopHH BHTremnTeHHa o 3Ha- ueHHH HBJineTCH yTBepjKAeHne, hto 3HaneHHe cjioBa hhkohm o6pa30M He HBJineTCH TeM 0 6 'BeKTOM, kotopbih 3to cjiobo o6o3HauaeT. . . K o rp a o neJioBeKe rOBopnT, hto oh BBiynnji hjih HOHHMaeT 3HaneHHe CJIOBa, 3TO 3HaHHT, HTO OH BBiyHHJI HJIH HOHHMaeT, KaK H0JIB30BaTBCH HM, HTO OH CTajI ynaCTBOBaTB B HeKOTOpOH yCTaHOBJieHHOH COpHaJIB- HOH KOHBeHpHH.

1 Cm. npiiM e‘M im e Ha c. 29.

30

C O B E T C K A H <<QHJIOCO<DCKAH B H I^H K JIO IlEflH H )) (cTaTba «H3HK», pa3fleJi, npHHaflJieajamnf A . T. CnapKHHy ) [45], 1970

H a u K — CHCTeMa 3 H a K 0 B , c a y j K a m a a cpe^C T B O M a e a o B e a e c K o r o o S m e H H H , MHHIJieHHfl H B B ipaH ieH H H . C HOMOipBIO H 3 H K a OCyipeCTBJIH- e x c fl n o 3 H aH H e M H p a , b H 3 u K e o 6 i>eKTHBH3 H p y eT C H c a M 0 C0 3 HaHH e JIHHHOCTH. H .3 U K HBJIHeTCH Cnen;H<])HHeCKHM COpHaJIBHHM CpeflCTBOM x p a H eH H H h n e p e f la a n H H ^ o p M a p n i i , a TaKJKe y n p a B jie H H H aeao- BeaecKHM noBefleHHeM.

K O I IH H H 1 [1], 1971

C aM H M o 6 m n M o n p e fle jie H H e M H3u K a , oxB aT B iB a io ip H M TaK H a 3H B a e - MBie o S u H H u e h j i h e c T e c T B e H H u e h 3 h k h , o n e p n p y io ip H e cjiO B aM H h npeflJ ioiK eH H H M H , a TaK H ie H C K y c cT B eH H u e h 3 b ik h H a y K , c o c n e - HjHaJibHOH c h m b o jih k o h , M oiK eT S b itb c a e f ly i o m e e : h 3 bik — <])opMa C ym eCTBO B aH H H 3 H3 HHH B BH fle CHCTeMBI 3 H a K 0 B . OTCIOfla H CaMO 3 H aH H e B c e r ^ a B H C T y n a eT b b h jjc K a K o ro -T O H3 B iK a.

CTEnAHOB2 [46], 1971C e M H O T H K a — H a y K a o 3 i i a K 0 B B i x C M C T e M a x

b n p n p o f l e h o 6 m e c t b e,O H a 0 jiH 3 K a k K n S e p H e T H K e , K O T O p a a n c c jie n y e T n p o p e c c H c b k 3 h

h y n p a B a e H H a b jk h b o m o p r a H H 3 M e, n p n p o f le h o S ip e c T B e .CeMHOTHKa 6an3Ka k aHHTBHCTHKe, nocKOJiBKy nocaeflHaa H3y-

aaeT caMyio nojmyio h coBepmeHHyio H3 cncTeM CBH3H — aeao- BeaecKHH h3bik.

CnHPKHH [47], 1972H 3 u k — ocH O B H oe cpeflCTBO y n p a B a c H iia H O B eifeH iieM a i o a e n ,

II0 3 HaHHH fleHCTBHTeaBHOCTH H CaM 0 C0 3 H aH H K aHHHOCTH. O h B 0 3 HHK h p a 3 B H B a eT c a B M e c T e c poJK ^eH H eM h p a 3 BHTHeM o S ip e c T B a h KaK 0 6 - m e c T B e H H a a peHHOCTB fle p jK H T c a H a C B oefi c b h 3 h c c o 3 H aH H eM , c o B ceM C T poeM fly x o B H O H K y a B T y p H h o S 'b o k t h b h o h flen cT B H T ea B H o cT H .

BETPOB3 [48], 1973f l a a p a c K p iiT H H (JopM aaB H O H C T p yK T yp B i e c T e c T B e m io r o H 3 H K a ,

S o r a T o r o H B aeH H H M H c h h o h h m h h h o m o h h m h h , T p e S y e T c a o S p a ip e H H e k CM BicaoBOH C T o p o H e H 3 B iK a, n pH H eM 3 t o o S p a m e i in e n p e n n o a a r a e T HCH0 a B 3 0 BaH H e M H H H M yM a CeMaHTHHeCKOH HH<|)0 pMaH,HH — 3 H 3 HHH

1 naB ea BaciijiLcBira K o h h h h (1 9 2 2 — 1 9 7 1 ) — H3BecTHHH coBeTCKiiii $H aoco$ . ® lOpHH CepreeBHa CienaHOB — coBpeMeHHuii coBeTCKiiii jiimrBHCT. 3 AiiaToanii AneKceeBici BeTpoB — c o b b t c k h h (fniaococf), 3aHHMarom;HHCH M e -

ToaoaorHiecKHMH npoSaeMami ceMnoTmtn.

31

3HaqeHHH b o6T>eMe, pocxaxoaHOM pan otom pectbaem ia a pa3JiaaeiiHH H 3 H K 0B H X ep H H H p .

K (JopMajiBHHM accneflOBaHHHM (onapaiomaMCH Ha 3HaaeHae) aHajiH3 H3HKa He CBOpaxca. CoBpeMeHHaa jiHHrBHCTHKa H 3yaaerr h caMH 3HaiieiiHH. OHa onacHBaeT c m h c h o b h c cTpyKTypu aoBcepHeB- Horo a 3Lina — KaK rpaM M araqecKae, TaK h jieK caaecK ae. CoBpeMeH- Haa CTpyKTypHaa JiaHrBHCTHKa BKjiroaaex b c b o h cocTaB n ap ap v c $opM aabHHM a accaeflOBaHaaMH rpaMMaxaaecKyio cipyKTypH yio ceMaHTHKy a aeKcaaecKyio CTpyKTypHyio ceMaHTHKy.

f l f lH K O B 1 [177], 1973. . . K a > K flH H e c T e c T B e H H H H a 3 M K a B a a e T c a a o a a c e M a H T a a e c K o a

3 H a K 0 B 0 H C T p y K T y p o a . H j i h , H H a a e r o B o p a , n o j ia c e M a H T H H H O C T b

C T p y K T y p u e c T e c T B e H H O r o H 3 H K a e c T b e r o c a M a a r a y S o K a a c y T b . . .

I I o c K O J i B K y 3 t o p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 H e c e M a H T a a e c K O H H H ^ o p M a p a a b e c T e c T -

B e H H O M a 3 H K e a B H O ( a K c n a a p a T H o ) H e p a 3 a a a e H O , t o n o a e c e M a H T H -

a e c K o r o p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 a a b t o >Ke B p e M a m o j k h o p a c c M a T p a B a T b a K a K

H e K O T O p H H C e M a H T H a e C K H H K O H T H H y y M .

O K T A B H O IIA G 2 [57], 1975KaiKfloe caoBo 3aKaioaaeT b ce6e onpepeaeHHyio MHOJKecTBeHHOCTb

B03M0JKHHX 3HaaeHaa; Korpa o h o coepaHaeTca c ppyraMa caoBaMa, h t o 6 h cocTaBHTB npepaoJKeHae, o p h o H3 b t h x 3HaaeHaa CTaHOBHTca. BepyipaM. B npo3e 3HaaeHae CTpeMHTca k opHOBaaeHTHOCTH, b t o

BpeMa KaK opHa H3 xapaKTepHeanrax ocoSeHHOCTea no33aa 3aKaioaa- eTca b coxpaHeHHH MHOJKecTBeHHOCTa 3HaaeHHH. IIo cyipecTBV, peab apeT 06 o p h o h H3 o c h o b h h x oco6eHHOCTea a 3HKa. IIo 33Ha aop- aepKHBaeT 3Ty oco6eHHOCTb, KOTopaa apoaBaaeTca TaKiKe a b noBce- pHeBHoa peaa a pa>Ke b npo3e.

H am y nop6opKy BHCKa3HBaHaa o a 3HKe m h 3aBepmHM c t h x o -

TBopeHaeM I\ recce 3 [49], o t h o c h i p h m c h k 1943 r.AJKDABHT

T i j n a i n e n i b H a JiHCTe, h c m h c j i , o a u a a e u

H 3 a K p e n a e u C a y jK p a H b H M H n e p a ,

f l j i a C B o p y m e r o p o K o n p a n p o a p a H C ii :

Ha n p a B H jia x h o k o h t c h n r p a .

H o h t o , K o r p a 6 h o K a a a a c a p a p o M

JleCH OH p H K a p b HJIb HeJIOBeK C JiyH H

1 E o r p a H flH H K O B — C o a r a p c K J i i i <£n -T oco (j).2 O k TBBHO I l a c — MBKCHKaHCKHH n09T, np03aH K, nepeBOpHHK, OPHH 113 BHpaiO-

IPHXCH COBpeMeHHHX HHCaTejieii HCnaHOH3HHHHX CTpaH.5 TepMaH Tecce (1 8 7 7 — 1962) — ucMCipmii im caT eab, jiaypeax IIo6eaeBCKoii

npeMHH.

32

II b pocnepK H tboh BnepnjicH BarjiHflOM:K aK CTpaHHO Ch jih 6 h noTpaceHH rjiySnH H HcncKycHoro paccyflKal E n y 6 bi, BepHO, otit inicBMCua llpHBHftejIHOb JKIIBOIO Til ap 1.IO, IKyTKO KocHeKuneii b on,eiicuciii.e oHa;IlHTJIHBO BTJIHflHBaHCB, cjiobho b CJICfl,BiKiiiiaiici. b 9tot Gpefl, iiu ;a otbct,O h u,ejiHH MHp HeMHx cymccTBOiiauirii,HeBHHTHHX MHp03flaHHH paCHOpHflOK Y a n /ic a 6 h 3a b b 31.10 uaqcpTauiiii!Tomb ci. aaraflKaMH, Hin,a paaraflOK,O h rojiOBoii Kanaji 6 h h hhbhjich TOMy , KaK CTpOH BCejieHCKHH HCKa3HJICH,BoHflH B CTpOCUI.C CTpOK, KaK MHp BMeiijeH B o BCeM oS'BCMC B HCpHOKHH/KBC 3HaK0B,B e n pHfl CaiOflCT CBOH HOHOpHHH 33K0HII flo T o r o b noBTopax oflimaKoii,l1 to ;k 113111. h CMepTb, pem eT K oi pyH h jighhm h,Hepaajni'inM i.i h iiohtii h to mhhmh. . .

H o nop; KOH eu, ot uccTcpiiHM oii mjikh O h 3aBonnJi 6 h , h pa3?Ker 6 h naaMH, H non HaneBOB n 3aKjiHTHH 3ByKii O t h i o 6 h n p e f l a j i j i h c t , ciK H M aii p y K H ;

noTOM c noJiy3aKpHTHMH uiaaaMii f l p e M a n 6 h o h h H V B C T B oiia ji, h t o c o h

PasBonjiomeH, paaaejuicH, B e p u y j i c i i

B u cC i.iT ire , h t o m o p o k npcKpam eu, — II jihhib Torfla 6 H3floxuy;i h yauCHyjicii.

H a m a n o fl6 o p K a , k o h b h h o , He 3aM eH «eT o n e p K a n o h c t o p h h h 3 h k o - 3H3HHH h He npeT eH flyeT Ha n o jiH o e h afleKB aTH oe o T o S p a m e H a e pa3BHTHH HayKH 0 H3MKe, H TeM 6oJ iee $HJI0C0<|)CK0H H H TepnpeTapHH n p n p oflB i H3HKa. M m oT oS p a J in jiu u ib H en o m o p u e em cna 3uea H u a, H a n 6 o jie e H pK o h KOHTpacTHo B H p a m a rom n e ocH oeu ym n o H m p o eep 3 y , HCXOflH H3 KOTOpOH M H SyfleM pa3BHB3TB BepOHTHOCTIiyiO MOflejIB H3BIK3, KaK HeKOTOpOe pem eH H e 3T0H KOHTpOBep3BI.

J3,ejio b t o m , h t o , f la m e H e iiB iT a n cB c K 0JiBK0-H H 6y f lb fleT a jiB iiB i CHCTeMaTH3HpOBaTB 3TH BBICKa3BIBaHHH, M H BCe JKe CMOJKeM, XOTH 6o OHeHB r p y S o , BH flejIH TB flB e OCHOBHBie TeH fleH flH H B pa3BH TH H B 3 rjIH - flOB H a H 3H K B eBpOHeHCKOH MHCJIH, BOCXOflHm eH K aHTHHHOH K y j lb - T y p e . O flH a H3 HHX — 3T 0 B 3rjIH fl H a H 3H K K aK H a OHeHB f f i e C T K y i O C T p y K T y p y , KaKHM -TO 6 e3 y cn oB H B iM o 6 p a 3 0 M C B H SH B aiom yK )

3 B. B. HamiMOB 33

3HaK c oSoBHanaeMHM. BTopaH TeHfleHpan — 3to BSrjiHfl Ha h sh k KaK H a m h r K y no c i p y K i y p y 1, cto jik c jio jK H y io , h to n p a - BHJia H pH H H CH BBHHH CMHCJIOBOTO COflepH iaH H H 3H a K 3M HJIH HX KOM- SHHai^HHM H e HOflflaiOTCH HGTKOMy ynopH flO H H BaH H IO B H pH BH H H H X ,o;jih e B p o n e n c K o r o M H au ieH H H J io r a a e c K H x c x e M a x .

I le p B o e H3 3 th x HanpaBJieHHH oth gtjih b o h p oh bjihctch b flpcBHG- rpenecK O H TpaflHipaH: TaM cjiobo — axo h m h b e m h ; tbkhmo 6 p a 3 0 M , 3H3K H CMHCJI OKa3HBaiOTCH CBHBaHHHMH eCTCCTBCHHLIM H OflHHCTBeHHO B03M0>KHHM CH0C060M. EcJIH o S p a i’HTbCH K COOTBeTCTBy- lOipHM HCTOHHHKaM, TO 3Ty TGHflGHipHIO JICI’KO HpOCJieflHTb H y I’HOCTH- KOB, paSBHBHIHX yHCHHC 0 TaHHCl'BCIIHHX H MaTHHeCKHX CB0HCTB3X HM6H. O H a c o x p a iiH jia c b b K aK oa-TO CTeneHH h b cpeflHeBeKOBoa <J>hjioco<J>hh, K O Topaa paccM aT pH B ana hmh He KaK h p o h 3 Bojibhhh 3H 3K , a KaK H6HT0 CHMB0 JIHHeCKH n p a a a c T H o e HMeHyeMOMy. n o H aineS n oflS o p K e 3Ty TeHfleHpHio, H flyipyio H3 flpcB H cro M a p a , aa T ax cjib n e rK o CMoaieT n pocjieflH T b h b BH CK a3H B aH H ax o ,T3HKe b p a 6oTax HOBoro BpeMeHH. H o 3flecb hohbjih iotch h 6ojie e ca jib H H e yTB epatfleH H a: y T a p T jia h 3 h k y a te p accM aT p aB aeT ca KaK oah h H3 bh#ob a jir e 6p H , a TpyflH o npeflCTaBHTb c e 6e r h to e ro BHCKa3HBaHHe (cm. c . 1 2 ) f le a - cxBaxejibH O o th o ch tc h k cepeflH H e X V I I I B.

B H0B06 BpeMH B CBH3H C pa3BHTHeM TOHHHX HayK HpeflCTaBJieHHe o HtecTKoa CTpyKType H3Lina n o jiyaa jio HHyio TpaKTOBKy — bo3hhkjio MH6HH6, HTO 3TO, CKOpee, CBOHCTBO HeKOTOpOTO HfleaJIbHOTO K3LIKa, H T3K1IM H3HKOM B HepByiO OHepeflb, Ka3aJIOCb, flOJIJKeH 6hJI CTaTb H3HK H ayaa. KapTe3HaHCKaH <|>Hjioco<|>CKaH ycTaHOBKa noTpe6oBajia fljia HSHKa HayKH TOHHoro a aeTKoro 3HaaeHHH cjiob . JleaSHan, pa3- BHBaji afleio yiiHBepcaJibHOH chm bojihkh h jioraaecK oro HcaacjieHHH — npaBHJi onepapoBaHHa 3thm h 3HaKaMH. H toSbi ho aarpyajaTb a 6e3 to t o yate cjihihkom 6ojibiayK) noflSopKy, mh He bkjhohhjih b Hee BHCKaSHBaHHH 0 H3HKe HpeflCTaBHTeJiefi 3T0T0 HanpaBJieHHH.

no3flHee — b Hame BpeMH — npeflCTaBjieHae o JKecTKoa CTpyKType H3HKa CBoeo6pa3HO npejioMHJiocb b nporpaMMe jioraaecK oro h o 3 h th - BH3Ma, HanpaBJieHHH, B03HHKinero b 2 0 -x roflax Hainero BeKa hohth OflHOBpeMOHHO B ABCTpHH — H3BeCTHHH BeHCKHH KpyJKOK, Fep- MaHHH, A h tjih h , n o jib m e a b 3HaaHTejibHoa CTeneHH HcaepnaBiaero

1 3 f l e c b m h H c n o jib 3 y e M i im p o K O i ip i m ji T y r o c e f i a a c b aM epaK aH C K O M H ayaH O M H ia p - r o H e T e p M H H O jio r a io , n p H n n c u B a i o m y io H ByM K p a iiu i iM T e n jie H iiim M b H a y K e HJIH T6XH H K 6 CJIOBOCOaeTaHHH, 3aH M CTBO BaH H H e H 3 oCH X O flH O rO H 3 H K a : h a r d w a r e a n d soft w a r e — h o c j i o b h o : c K o G s m w e h M H rK H e T O B a p H . Tan, H a n p n M e p , b B H an cjiH T ejiB H O H T exH H K e t o , a T o cB H 3aH O H en oep eflC T B eH H O c M ariiH H oii, 6y- f leT H aaH BaT BCH h a r d w a r e , a n p o r p a M M H — s o f t w a r e ; b n a y K o a c j i e n n n p a 3 - H e jiH SHaHHH c x o p o m o op raH H 3 0B aH H O H c i i c t c m o h C iiG jn io rp a ijiH a e c K H X c c h - jiok G y f l y i H aaH B aT bC H H iecT K iiM ii H a y K a M H , f l p y m e p a a g e j i H , c G e e iio p f ljio a H O H CHCTOMoic CCHJIOK, — MHrKHMH H a yK a M H .

34

c e 6 a y>Ke k 6 0 - m r o ^ a M 1. «K oH C T p y K T H B H aH » n p o r p a M M a J io r a a e cK H X H03HTHBHCT0B 6 n j i a H a n p a B J ieH a H a p eK O H C T p yK p H io H a yK H — ee <|>opMa;iH3ai(HK>. H ecT ecT B eH H O , h to b st o h n p o r p a M M e o/jho H 3

p e H T p a jib H L ix M ecT 3 am ix\iaJia np;eH c o 3 rn,anHH o m iT b -T a K H y r iH B e p c a j ib - H o r o H3 H K a C H flea jIbH H M H TepM H H aM H , OTHeTJIHBO nOHHiMaeMLIMH B OTJIHHHe OT 6 0 CCMU C JT C H H H X TepM HHOB CHeKyjTHTHBHHX H OCTpoeH H H . B cooTB eTCTBH H c 3 t h m T epM H H bi H a yK H fleaH JiH C b H a m e o p e m m e c K u e h n e m e o p e m i m e c K u e . I I o c j ie f lH H e , b cboio o n e p e f lb , — H a npH M H T H B H tie TepM H H bi, K O T o p u e M o r y T 6 bitb h o h h t h b i H en ocp eflC T B eH H O (6 e 3 o n p ep ;en eH H H ) b n p o p e c c e a H a jiH 3 a 3 K cn ep H M eH T a h jih T e o p H H , h to h - H bie TepM H H bi, p;jih o n p e fle jie H H H k o t o p h x 3a,a;aioTCH H e oS x o /jH M B ie h flOCTaTOHHHe yCJIOBHH H HCHOJIb3yiOTCH HpHM HTHBHbie T epM H H H CH- CTeMbi. f l a j i e e b b o a h t c h n o c T y j ia T b i — n p a B H jia c o o t b 6t c t b h h — h C03p;ai0TCH C M einaH H bie $ p a 3 H ; o h h c o f le p a t a T n o K p a fiH e S M e p e OflHH TeOpeTHHeCKHH TOpMHH H XOTH 6 h OflHH HeTeOpeTH HeCKHH H HBJIH- iotch n a c T b io T eop H H . T e o p e r a H e c K H e T epM H H H n p H M o H e o n p e - HejiHiOTCH — h x cm h c ji 3aflaeT C H T e o p n e S , K O T o p a n cB H 3H B aeT h x c x o p o i n o onpe,n ;ejieH H biM H h o t e o p e T H a e c K H m h TepM H H aM H . T e o p H H b s t o h CHCTeMe n p ep ;cT aB JieH H H C K jia flH B aeT C H H3 M H o w e cT B a $ p a 3 , COCTOHipHX H3 aKCHOM H T e o p e M . T eO peT H H eC K H e TeKCTbl M o r y T c o - p ;ep>K aTb h CM einaH HHe<|>pa3H, H $ p a 3 b i , c o cT O H m n e t o jib k o h 3 H e T e o p e - THHecKHX TepM HH OB; T aK H e cfip a sb i n o flJ ie a ta T n p o B e p K e h c j iy a t a T flJIH HO^TBepJKfleHHH T eop H H .

J I io h h H a yK H H e B O cnpH H H Jin 3 T y , H a n e p B H ii B 3 r jiH fl K a s a j io c B 6 h , OHOHb HOTKylO K O H penpH IO . UpaKTHHOCKH OKa3aJIOCb HeB03M 0JKHHM HOCTpOHTb T aK yiO JIOTHHeCKH H eTK yiO H ep a p X H K ) H ayH H bIX TepM HH OB; x o t h h c e n n a c em;e n p o^ o jiH ta iO T C H h o h h t k h y n o p a ^ o H H T b H a y H iiy io TepMHHOJIOTHK), HO 3T a TlpGTHaH fleHTejIBHOCTB npOBOflHTCH BHe K aK H X - j i h 6 o o S ip e T e o p e T H H e c K H x n p eflC T aB Jie iiH H . E cT ecT B eH H O , h t o j i o t h - HeCKHH n03H TH BH 3M H O flB eprC H pe3K O H K pH TH K e (C M ., H a n p H M e p , [5 0 ] ) . IIpaK T H H eC K H O K a3ajIO C b HeB03M 0?K H H M CTpOTO p a3fleJ IH T b T e p MHHbi H a T e o p e T H H e cK n e h H e T e o p e T iP ie c K H e : m o jk h o j i h , H a n p H M e p , OTHecTH TepM H H « T e M n e p a T y p a » k n eT eop eT H H ecK H M TepM H H aM , B e ^ b 3 K cn ep H M eH T a jib H 0 m bi H a 6 .Tio,n;aeM t o j i b k o H 3M eH eH H e h j ih h b i c t o j i - 6 n K a p T y T H b T ep M O M erp e ; h j i h p ;p y r o f l n p H M e p : n p e flC T a B jie H n e0 « K o p o j i e A p T y p e » O K a s u B a e T c a b S o jib r a e f i CTeneH H T e op eT H a ecK H M , neM npeflC T aB JieH H e 0 6 « 3 J ie K T p o H e » , h 6 o 0 K o p o j i e A p T y p e m h 3H aeM 3K cn epH M eH T aJ ib h o M eH b in e , hgm 0 6 3 J ieK T p oH e [ 5 1 ] .

3aMeTHM, HTO MH He 3aHHMaeMCH 3flecb pa36opOM JIOTHHeCKOrO n03HTHBH3Ma KaK $HJIOCO(|)CKOrO HanpaBJieHHH. KpHTHKe «HJiaT$OpMH»

1 Han6o:iee a p K i ie n p e f lC T a B iiT e jin j i o r n a e c K o r o no3H T H B H 3M a — IIIjihk, Kapjran, oSh h h o cwranmmica nn.ucpoM b to to nanpaiineinm, H e ft p a T h B H T reH m T eH H (b c bo h x p a H H H x p a 6 o T a x ) , Paccen; 6h h 3k o k H eono3H T H B H C T aM no H e K O T o p u M nyHKTaM offHo BpeMH cto h ji h ITonnep.

3* 35

Heono3HTHBH3Ma nocBHmeHa rjnaHHTejiBnaH jiHTepaTypa OTenecTBeHHBix H 3apy6e>KHIJX aBTOpOB, K KOTOpOH MH H OTCBIJiaeM HHTaTejIH X. fljIH Hac HHTepecHO jih ih b t o , h t o Hflen otcecmnocmu n,3UKa — b t o h $opM e, KaK ee |>opMyjiHpoBajiH JiorHHecKne i io 3 h th b h ct i> i , — He nojiynnjia nop;p;ep}KKH b peajitHOM pa3BHTHH HayKH. Ho H,n;eH 9Ta He nornSjia .

K o H p e n ip U I >KGCTKOH C T pV K T V pbl H 3BIK3 CHOBa C OC060H OCTpOTOH B 03pop ;H J iacB b CBH3H c 3 a # a H e H M a n iH H H o ro n e p e B O A a t o k c t o b c o a - h o t o H 3BiKa H a f l p y r o n . B o 3H H K J ia 3aM aH H H B an n o n B iT K a CBecTH JiH Hr- BHCTHHeCKyiO C eM aH TH K y K JIOI’HHGCKOH CeM aH TH K e. CTpOHTCH a 6c T p a K T - HEie MOA6JIH eCTeCTB eHHBIX H3BIKOB, COCTOHipHe H3 HeKOTOpBIX H a - HaJIBHBIX o 6T>eKTOB-aTOMOB H npaB H JI nOCTpOeHH H H3 H H X CJI05KHBIX oSB eK T O B . BB iAB H raeT C H n p e A C T a n jie u H e 06 yH H B ep cajiB H O H ceM H OTH - necK O H CHCTeMe, c jiy >K a m ;eH m iB a p n a n T O M h 3 h k o b M n p a . Y T B e p ® - flaeT C H , h t o t b k o h eeHomunmecKuit h 3 b ik , H e a b h h b ih H aM b npH M OM H a S j i i o A e H H H , c y m o c T H y o T o 6 T > eK T H B H O .

B T o p o e H a n p a B n e H n e jiHHrBH CTHHecKOH m b icjih — n p eA C T a B J ie - HH e o t o m , h t o M HTK3H C T p y K T y p a H 3 H K a — 3 t o He e r o y m ;e p 6 H 0 C T B , a , H a o 6 o p o T , o T p a iK eH H e e r o M H o r o o 6 p a 3 H H h B H y T p e H H e i c h jib i , — m o jk h o jie rK O n p o c jie A H T B H a npoTH JK eH H H B e e n h c t o p h h H O B oro B p eM eH H . H 3 n pH B efleH H O H h b m h BBiine n o fl6 o p K H b h a h o , h t o 3 th m b icjib H aH H H aeT npenoAH O C H T B C H b o B ee S o jie e h p k h x h c M e j m x (| )o p M y jiH p o B K a x . B n o jr a e o t h b t j i h b o OHa S b ijm c ^ o p M y jin p o B a H a y ?K e y r y n S o j i B A T a , b o b c h k o m c j i y n a e , e M y y n t e S b ijio h c h o , h t o B ee M H o r o o 6 p a 3 H e H ejioB en ecK O H m b icjih H ejiB 3H 3aA a T B K a K H M -jin S o HCHHCJieHHeM, n o cT p oeH H B iM n o n p H M e p y M aT eM aTH KH . f l a j i e e , y> n e y I E j ie H x e p a , mbi H a x o flH M y T B ep iK A eH H e 0 t o m , h t o jk h 3 h b H 3BiKa CTOJIB Hte CJIOHtHa, K a K JKH3HB A P Y rH X — SHOJIOrHHeCKHX — O p ra H H 3 - MOB.

IIo c T e n e H H O B 03H H K aeT n p e flC T a B jie H n e 0 t o m , h t o c m b ic ji C K a3a H - H o r o H a ^ o HCKaTB H e b c j io B a x — H M eH a x B e ip e H , a b $ p a 3 a x , n o - C T p oeH H H X H3 CJIOB. CjIOBO HaHHHaiOT H H TepH peTH pO BB TB K a K 3 H 3 K , aCCOpnaTH BH O CBH33HHBIH C HOJieM CMHCJIOBBIX 3H a n eH H H . BB ICKa3BI- BaioTCH h , K a 3 a jio c B 6 b i, y iK e c o b c c m e p e T H n e c K n e cyH tApH H H o n p o H 3 - BOJIBHOM H 0H H M 3H H H CMHCJia CJIOBa, K a K BBipa3HTeJIBHO TOBOpHT 06 s t o m in a j i T a S -B o j i T a H y K s p o j i J ia . O c o S e H H o OTHeTJiHBoe y K a 3a - H H e H a M n r K y io C T p y K T y p y H 3B m a mbi h h x o a h m y n p eA C T a B H T ejiefi J K eH eB C K o S ih k o jib i — B a JiJ in r o B o p H T , h t o e r o o x B a T U B a e T C T p a x n e p e ^ 6ec n o p H A K O M , p a p H ip H M b M e x a H H 3M e H 3B iK a. H n T a n 3 t h BBtCKa3BIBaHHH JIHHrBHCTOB, HeBOJIBHO yAH B JIHeiHBCH, K a K OAHO- BpeM eH H O M o r jia pa3B H B aTB C H n p o T H B o n o jio J K H a n K O H p en p H H — B e p a B B03M 07KH 0CTB 3aA aH H H H3BIK8 JKeCTKOH C T p y K T y p O H .

1 OTMeTHM jiHmb KHHry M , C. K o3jioboh «<Phjioco$ h h H3HKa» [23], nofl3aro-JIOBOK KOTOpOH TJIBCHT: «K pH T H H eC K H H aH a jIH 3 H CK OTOpH X TeHABHpHH 3BOJIIO-HHH B 03HTHBH3M a X X B .»

36

B Haraeft nofl6opKe BHCKa3BiBaHH0 o H3tiKe m u y#ejrajiH 3HaHH- TeJibHoe MecTO JI. BHTremnTeHHy. 9 to m u c^ejiajra noTOMy, to o KpHTHKa h 3bikoboh nporpaMMH jioriraecKHx no3HTHBHCTOB Hanajiacb H3HyTpH — nepBbIM «BepOOTCTynHHKOM» OKa3aJICH HMeHHO BHTreH- nrreHH. OcHOBiioe npoH3BeneHHe BHTremnTeHiia panHero nepno^a — <<JIorHKO-<f>HJIOCO(flCKHH TpaKT3T» [22], OHySjIHKOBatlHBIH b 1921 r., o6bIHHO npHHHTO OTHOCHTb K HHCJiy paSoT nOrHKO-nO30THBHCTCKOH HanpaBJieHHocTH, h TaM p;efiCTBHTejibHO MHoro to b o p h tch o nocTpoe- hhh HCKyccTBeiiHoro, nornu:ecKH coBepmeHHoro H3HKa b flyxe ^ p e r e — Paccena, b kotopom cuMBOjiHKa nojram a S h tb ycTpoeHa TaK, to o S h OHa no^HHHHJiacb. . . «jiornHecKo0 rpaMMaTHKe, Jiornu:ecKOMy chh- TaKCHCy». Ho Ha caMOM p;ejieBceo6cTOHTHeTaKnpocTO h c s to h paHHen ero paSoToS: OHa HanacaHa b BHp;e 0Tp;ejibHbix, no^nac napap;0Kcajib- HUX BBICKa3bIBaHHH, MHOrne H3 KOTOpBIX COflepJKaT Heo6BIHaHHO OCTpue cy>Kp;eHHH o H3BiKe, OTmoflb He yKjiap;biBaioni;HecH b aok tphhb i n o ra - qecKoro no3HTHBH3Ma; b o bchkom cjiynae, s to t TpaKTaT BBi3Baji Maccy KOMMeHTapneB1, cjiobho bto 6bijio He HayuHoe npoH3Bep;eHHe, a HeKOTopoe OTKpoBeHHe. B nocjiep;HeH, nocMepTHO onySjiHKOBaHHOH paSoTe «<pHJioco(|)CKHe nccjiep;oBaHHH» [37]2 BHTremnTeHH y>ne hc-XOflHT H3 npeflCTaBJieHHH 06 OrpOMHOH CJIOJKHOCTH H 3anyTaHH0CTH H 3bm a JiiofleS h b KanecTBe ochobhoh — hcxoj^hoh — ho3hti;hh paccM aTpH BaeT n rp o B y io Mop;ejiB H 3bm a. B H T rem n T e iH a mojkho p a c - CMaTpHBaTb b KanecTBe op;Horo H3 pop;oHaqajibHHKOB T oro H anpaBJie- HHH H H TepnpeTapHH H3BIKa, KOTOpoe Ha3BIBaiOT amMlUCKOU JIUHZ8U- cmunecnou wkojiou. C T p o ro ro B o p n , B03HHKH0BeHHe 3T oro na- npaBJieHHH, b kotopom 6oJiee ottot-jibbo, tom Korfla-JiH 6o p a H e e , 6buio c^ o p M y n n p o B a H o npep;cTaBJieHHe o M H rKoS C TpyK Type H3BiKa, Hap;o CBH3biBaTb npe?Kp;e B cero c p a 6oTaMH M y p a , k o to p h h H aaaji 3aHHMaTbCH kp h th to ckh m aH ajiH 30M H 3H Ka em;e b H ana-re H a m ero BeKa. H acTO 06a s th HanpaBJieHHH — JioraqecKH H no3HTHBH3M h1 HeKOTOptie BHCKa3BIBaHHfl 0 TpaKTaTe HOCIMTH BeCBMa H3BHTejIBHHH x a p a K -

Tep. H a n p n iie p , K apH an [53] paccM aT pm aeTT paK T aT KaK coS p a m ie «. . . Sojiee njiH MeHee CMyTHbix BHCKa3HBaHHH, KOTopue aiiTaTejib AOJiweH BnocneACTBHH npn3H aTt nceBAOtJipasaMii 11 o t 6 p o c i i t b » . B o b c h k o ji c jiy n a e , a o b o jib h o o 6 h b - hmm caiiTaeTCH CTaoHTb B on p oc o BHyTpeHneii npoTiiBOpeaHBOcTH' TpaKTaTa, cm ., cKaateM, [5 1 ] .

2 3 T a p a S o T a , H a n n c a r n ia n H a n eM cp K O M H 3M K e, StTjia o n y S a iiK O B a H a b 1953 r. — H e p e 3 HBa r o ^ a n o c j i e c n e p T it a B T o p a — n a p a ji jie j iB H O H a A s y x H 3 t iK a x : o ftH a c T p a H iip a — H e M e n K iifi o p u r H i i a j i , A p y r a a — a H r j in i i c K i in n e p e B O A . K m i r a n o H B H J ia cb , K a it n n c a j i B iiT rcH H iT e S H , b p e 3 y j ib T a T e 1 6 - j ie T H n x p a 3 M H n u ieH H H . O h c a n H e 6 h j i A O B on eH b t o h C B o e i: p a S o T o f i , h o a j ih H c n p a B jie H ii i i y H e r o y a t e H e o c T a j i o c b B p e M o m i. I I A e icT B H T e jib H O , b « ® h j i o c o 1 ) c k i i x n ccjie ;n ;oB aH H H X » m h n o H T n n e B C T p ea aeM T e x O T T oa eH H w x $ o p M y j i i ip o B O K , k o t o p h m h h o j i o h T p a K T a T . Ho 3aTO m h H a x o A im b h h x n p i iM e p H t o h k o t o c e M a H T iia e c K o r o a H a - jiH 3 a O T A e jitH H x B H C K a3w naH H H , cA e n a H H b ix H a H a in eM o5i>iAe HHOii H 3 H K e , h t o n o cJ iy jK H J io o 6 p a 3 n ;o M a j ih m h o t h x i io c j ie f ly iO iH i ix n c c .T e A O B a a iiit n o ccM a iiT H K e .

37

aHrjiHHCKyio jiHHrBHCTHHecKyio raKOJiy — o 6T>ep;HHHiOT n o p oflHHM TepMHHOM aHOAummecKaa cpiuococfiua. OcHOBaHHeM p jm T aK oro o 6T>ep;HHeHHH hbjihbtch othiopb He oSihhoctb p o K T p in m , a o6thhoctb n o p x o p a — op aeH T apaH Ha aH ajiH3 CMHCJia BBicKa3BiB3HHH. B o bchkom cjryn ae , ycTaHOBKa «jiHHrBHCTHqecKoro aH ajiH3a » — 3to ne neTKo c$op M yjiap oB aH H a H KOHpenpH H, a jihhib HeKOTopan hhtcji- JieKTyajiBHan H acTpoeH H ocTB, b paM K ax K O TopoS M oryT hohbjihtbch coBceM He corjiacoBaH H Bie M em p y coSoh, r j i y 6oK o HHpHBHpyajiBHBie cyjK^eH H H . 3 /ie c B HeT B ep y m eii ifm rypB i.

K p H T H H e cK y io o p e H K y «(|)H J io co $cK o ro a H a jiH 3 a » b p e jio M mohjho H3&TH B CT3TBHX B. C. IIlB B ip eB a [54, 55], a TBKJKe B K H H re M. C. K0 3 - jioboh «<J>hjioco$ hh h h3bik» [23]. M bi K acaeM C H 3 p e c B 9 T o r o H a n p a B J ie - hhh jihhib b n jia H e O TH om eH H H e r o n p ep cT a B H T eJ ie fi k n p o 6jieM e «M H rKH H HJIH HteCTKHH H 3B IK ?». IIpH M eH aTeJIB H O , HTO B p a M K a X 9TOH hikojim mm H a 6jiio p a e M oT H eT jiH B yio H era T H B H y io p e a K p n io H a cbohct- B eH H yio H eKOTopBiM J iornH ecK H M n o 3HTHBHCTaM ( K a p H a n ) o p n e H T a p n io hohth HCKJHOHHTejiBHO H a M aTeM aTH HOCKyio J io r n K y (t . e. na «5KeCTKne H3BIKH») H H O jpiepK H B aH H e B3JKH0CTH (JieHOMeHa «M HrKOCTH» eCTeCTBeH- H H X H3BIKOB.

YcTaHOBKa Ha aHaJIH3 H3BIKa (h «nOHHTHH», 9THM H3BIKOM BBipa- ikohhbix) — KaK ecTecTBeHHoro, TaK h H3BiKa HayKH — caMa no ce6e He HBjineTCH HeM-TO comhht6Jibhbim . 9 to oSctohtgjibctbo b HameS JinTepaType nopnepKHBajia C. A. HHOBCKan. OHa, b h3cthocth, OTM e- najia, hto «aHaJin3 othiopb He Bcerpa coctoht b cnepeiiHH cjioiKHoro k npocTOMy: b HanSojiee HHTepecHBix cjiynanx oh , HaoSopoT, oSHapy- JKHBaeT CJI05KH0CTB npoCTOrO H , T3KHM o6pa30M, n03B0JIHeT yB H p eT B (o6Hapy?KHTB, poKa33TB) to , hto 6e3 aHajiH3a ocTaBajiocB 6m Hepac- KpBITMMO [56].

A H a jIH 3 H3BIKH B H 3B eCTH 0M CMBICJie — 9T 0 O n ep n p O B a H H e «M HrKH M » b H 3B iKe b re p M H H a x « ( 6o j ie e ) 5 K e cT K o ro » . E c T ec T B eH H o n o 9T O M y , hto n p e p c T a B J ie H n e o m e c T K o fi C T p y K T y p e H 3BiKa H e M o m o oTCTynH TB h y i iT ii H a sa p H H ii n jia H . C B e o 6 p a 3 H B iM 3 a B ep m e H H e M y c T p e M jie H H ii K noC T poeH H K ) yH H B ep caJ IB H O ro H 3H K a HBHJIOCB 3H 3M eH H TOe x y p o m e c T - B eH H oe n p o H 3 B e jie H H e recce « H r p a b 6n c e p » [49], 3 a K O T o p o e oh 6bijt y p o c T o e H H o 6ejieBCK OH n p e M H H . B 9tom n p o H 3B ep eH H H p e n B n p eT 06 O p p e H e , x p a H H T e jie o c o 6o r o y H H B e p c a jiB H o r o H 3BiKa — T a t H o n n c H H r p u CTeKJiHHHBix 6y c . T a w K am p B iH 3H aK « . . . noH CTH H e B c e - 06'BeMJHOm;, K a m p H H CHMBOJI H K aJK pafl K 0M6HHan;HH CHMBOJIOB BCJieT n e K y p a -H n 6y p B , H e k oT p ejiB H o B3H TOM y n p n M e p y , 9K cn e p H M e H T y hjih p o K a 3 a T e jiB C T B y , ho k p e m p y , k T afiH e T a ira M n p a , k o c u o B e B c e x 3H3hhh». H sbik 6biji noH CTH H e y H H B e p c a J ie H , b n e M 3H3hhjihcb: « . . .(| )o p M yjia acT poH O M H necK O H M aT eM aTH K H , n p H H p H n n o c T p o e H n n CTapHHHOH coH a T B i, H 3p en eH H H K o iic fiy p H H h TOM y n o p o 6H o e — B ee H a H 3BiKe H r p M , b 3 H a K a x , m n ^ p a x , a 66p e B H a T y p a x h c n r H a T y p a x » .

38

H 3 H K 0 B L ie a r p H p a 3 H r p H B a j ia c b K aK B c e H a p o flH b ia n p a s flH H K . P a 3 J iH H a n o c i, # B a T a n a H r p H — (J o p M a jib H H a h n c a x o j i o r a a e c K H a . « . . . (D op M ajiH C T H o t H r p n B ee c b o h C TapaH H H n p a n a r a j iH k t o m y , HTOOLI H3 n p e flM eT H H X TeM KajKflOH n a p T H H — M aTeM aTH HeCKHX, H 3H K O B H X , M y3H K aJIbH H X H TOM y n 0 f l0 6 H 0 e — C 0 3 flaT b CKOJIb B 0 3 - m o> k h o n J i o r a y i o , s a K p y r j i e n H y io , r fio p M a jib n o c o B e p m e H H y io p e j i o c T - h o c t b h rap M O H H io . . . H a n p o T H B , n c a x o j i o r a a e c K a H m K O jia f lo 6 H B a - JiaCb eflHHCTBa H rapM O H H H , KOCMHHeCKOH 3aKOHHeHHOCTH H C O B ep m eH - CTBa H e c t o j i b k o li e p e 3 b h 6 o p , ca cT eM a T H 3 a n ;H io , n e p e n j i e T e n a e . con p H JK eH H e h n p o T iiB o n o c T a B J ie H iie TeM , c k o j i b k o a e p e 3 c n e f l y i o m y io 3 a KaJKflHM aT a n oM H r p n M eflH T aijH io , H a K O T O p yio 3 f le c b n e p e H O c a j ia c b rJ ia B H tie a K u e i ix u . . . A 6 c T p a K T H b ia h , n o b h a h m o c t h , h 3 t> h tb ih H3 B peM eH H M Hp H r p H 6 h J I flOCTaTOHHO th G k h m , h t o 6 h b c o t h h x HioaHCOB H a x o flH T b cooT B eT C T B H e fly x o B H O M y C K n a fly , r o n o c y , T eM - n e p a M e H T y h n o a e p K y j i h h h o c t h . . . H r p a . . . — 3 a M tiK a eT b c e 6 e a r p a io n i ;e r o n o c a e 3a B ep m eH H O H M eflH T aip aa , K aK n o B e p x H o c T b c $ e p m c b o k ) c e p flm e B H H y , h n o f l KOHen; 3 a cT a B J i«e T e r o n oa y B C T B O B a T b , h t o HeKHH 6 e 3 y n p e H H o c t p o h h h h h r a p M O H a a e c K a a M a p n p w u a j i e r o b c e S f l a H3bHJi H3 M a p a c j i y a a a H o r o a 3 a n y T a H H o r o » . H 3 h k H r p b i b o T J ia a a e o t o S b i^ e H H o r o H 3H K a jn o f l e a 6 h j i 3aK pH T H M a n a h o h t h 33 K pH T H M H3HKOM — H OBH e 3H aKH H H paB H Jia BBOflHJIHCb T y fla TOJIBKO B p e flK H X , HCKJHOHHTeJIbHMX CJiyH aH X, H 3T0 BnOJIHe eCTeCT- BeHHO flJIH H 3bIK a JKeCTKOH C T p y K T y p H .

K H a r a r e c c e o a e H b M H o r o n jia H O B a a , a b k k k o m -t o o a h o m H 3 3 t h x n n a H O B n p o c M a T p a B a e T C H o a e H b t o h k h h a p o H H H H afl a f le e a y H H B e p - c a jib H o r o H 3 H K a , b KaKOM -TO f lp y r o M n a a H e — 3t o M e w a o c o 3 f la H a a TaKOrO H 3 H K 3 .

2 . XapaKTepacTHKH h 3 w k o b w x 3HaKOBux c h c t c m

H 3 npH B e^eH H O H B a m e n o f l 6 o p K a b h a h o , K aK T p y flH o f la T b c o - J iep > K aT ejib H oe o n p e p ;e jie H H e , p a c K p H B a io ip e e c m h c ji h o h h t h h H 3 H K a. T pyflH O C T H 3 jte c b n p o a c x o f lH T n p e a y j e B c e r o H 3 -3 a T o r o , h t o T p a ^ a - h ;h o h h o n a c T p o e H H H e JiHHrBHCTH, a BCJie^; 3a h h m h a B e e b h i jh k j i o - n e f l i ia M a p a o r p a ir im n ia iO T C H .m in b v m 'H e m iC M c a M o a c jio jk i i o h c h - CTeMbi — o S b if le H H o r o H 3H K a JH Oflea. n p a B f la , H H y io , H e o S H a a a i io lU lipO K yiO H03HHHI0 3aHHJIH JIHHXBHCTbl-paCKOJILlIHKll, B CTaBH tae n o f l 3H aM eH a ceM HOTHKH, — o h h CTaJia p a c c M a T p a B a T b B ee m h c j i h - M bie 3H 3K O BH e CHCTeMH, H H3bIK HX CTajI H H TepeC O B aTb JIHHIb HO- CTOJIbKy, noC K O JIbK y OH HBJIHeTCH OflHOH H3 T3KH X 3H aKOBbIX CHCTeM. H co B ce M H H aae B ee B ocn p H H H Jia H ejiH H rB H C T aaecK aH H a y a H a n m h c j ib : k K a T e r o p a a H 3biK a 0 K a 3 a jiH C b OTHeceHHH M H HOBbie c a c T e M H — n o H B a n o c b n p e^ C T a B J ieH a e o H 3H K e 6 a o j i o r a T ie c K o r o K O fla , 0 H 3H K e a 6 c T p a K T H o a j k h b o h h c h , H 3H K e M y 3 H K a , noH BH JiH Cb h 3 h k h n p o r p a w -

39

M HpOBSHHH. CjIO/KHJiaCB flOBOJIBIJO JIIoSoHBITHaH C H T y a ip iH : JIHHrBH- CTH-CeMHOTHKH yHIJIH OT H 3H KB K H 3V lieHHIO 3H aK O BH X CHCTeM B o o 6 m ;e , a H a v a n a s H ejiH H rB H C T H qecK aa m h c jib n o n m a f lp y r a M n y T e M — OHa c o c p e f l O T o q a n a c t H a H 3yaeH H H H 3 H K a , p a d n n p H B n o H H T a e H 3H K a B K a io q e H a e M b H e r o f l p y r a x , b k h k o m -to CMHCJie n o x o a t a x c h c tc m . H a M KajKeTCH , h to T a K o e p a c m a p e H a e h o h h t h h H 3H K a fla e T B 0 3 M o a t- h o c t b J iy a m e y a c H H T b e r o n p a p o f l y . P a c c M a T p a B a a c a c T e M t i 6 o j i e e n p o c T H e , aeM oS B iflen H B ia h 3 h k , n p o i a e f l i a a a oa eH B c jio a tH B ia a f lo a - r a a n y T b 3B ojiio i(h h , m h M oateM J iy a m e n oH H T b O T flenB H H e o c o 6 e H - HOCTa H 3 H K a , K O T o p n e b o f lH a x H3HKax M o r y T 6b itb p e 3 K o r a n e p T p o - • fiap oB aH H , b f l p y r a x M o r y T H axoflH T bC H b c k p h t o m , B u p oa tfleH H O M c o cT O H H a a .

n o n p o 6yeM c<f>opMyjiapoBaTb CTpyK TypH H e x a p a K T e p a c T a K a a $yH K n;aoH ajii>H H e CBoaCTBa T ex 3HaKOBHx c h c tc m , KO Toptie a H T y a - TaBHo HaM xoaeTCH p acc M a T p a B aT t KaK H 3H K a. 3flecB m h n p a 6eraeM k TOMy BHfly apryM eH TaipaH , K O T opn a o t h o c h t c h k HHflyKTHBHHM (J op aaM M H nuieH aH . X oa eT C H npaBeCTH (Jop M yjin p oB K y a s «T p aK T aT a» B a T reH n rrea H a: « n p o n ;e c c HHflyKipaa c o c t o h t b to m , h to mbi n p a H a - MaeM npocmeuiuuu 3aKOH, c o r n a c y io m a a c H c H am aM oh b ito m ». «Ho 3t o t npoipecc aM eeT He n o r a a e c K o e , a to jib k o n c a x o jio r a a e c K o e ocH OBaH ae» [2 2 ] (napaflO KCH 6 .3 6 3 a 6 .3 6 3 1 ) .

<l>yHKijHOHajii>HHe x a p a K T ep a c T a K a . H a a n e M c a n a jia 3 a $ y H K - paoHaJibHBix xa p a K T ep a cT a K H3Bina. C jie fly a o 6m;enpaHHTOH T p a ^ a p a a , 6yfleM caaTaTB , h to h 3 h k n p ea tfle B cero $ y h k ip io h a p y e t KaK cpeflCTBO o 6m ;eHaH . 9 t o ecTB n eifO T op aa cacT eM a, c jiy a ta m a n fljiH n e p e fla a a K a K o ii-jia 6o an rfiop M a n aa1. I le p e f la a a HH<J>opMaii;HH b n p oip ecce 06 - m e H a a Jiioflea MoateT npoH3BOflHTBCH He to jib k o cjiO B aM a, h o a jiio - 6h m h flp yraM H 3H aK aM a. TaH eii;, M y3H K a, c h m b o jih p e n a ra o 3 H H X KyjIBTOB, KapTBHH a 6CTpaKTHOa atHBOnHCH — Bee 3T0 3HaKOBHe cacTeM Bi, BBinoJiHHiom;ae cfiyHKipiio KOMMyHHKaipiH. 0 6 M e H HiicfiopMa- ii;aea mo>kct n p oa cxo flH T B He to jib k o M eatfly jiloab m h , h o Taitate M eatfly aeaoBeKOM a aaeK T poH H oa BHaHCJiHTeJiBiioa M am a H oa — OTCiofla npeflCTaBJiaeTCH B n o-rae ecTecTBeHHBiM t o b o p h t b a o H 3H K ax n p o r p a M - M a p o B a H a a . C jie fly io m a a m a r — bo3m oh <h octb KOMMyHHKarpiH M eatfly HeKOTopHM a HeatHBBiMH ycTpoScTB aM H , cK aateM , M eatfly flByMH 9BM. C fleaaB 3 t o t m a r , ecTecTBeHHo 6h jio 6h n o a T a fla jiB m e h caaTaTB , h to o 6MeH HH(|)opMan;nea Bo3M oateH TaKate a M eatfly jiio 6h m h H eata- BHMH Bem aM H.

1 M h H e y M eeM o n p e f le n H T B , h t o ecT B «H H $ op M a n ;H H », h CyflOM e a n T a T B , h t o d to T a K o e e j io a t H o e n o u s !T ir e , c m h c ji K O T o p o r o p a cK p H B a eT C H n p n h tou ttit T e x $ p a 3 , b K O T o p H x o h o y n o T p e S jiH e T C H . T a K o i i n o f lx o p ; H e floji>K eH b h s h b b t b yflH B JieH H H . f l a a t e i i p n n o m iT K e C T p o r o i i ( { jo p M a jiH a a n im M aTeM aTHK H u p a x o - flHTCH BBOflHTB nOHHTHH, CMHOJI KOTOpHX p a cK p H B a e T C H 113 aKOHOM, (|)OpMyjIH- P yC M H X C IIOMOTUhJO 3TH X H te nOHHTHH.

40

Ho TaKoe yTBep>K,n;eHHe BCTpenaeT conpoTHBJieHne pajKe Ha h h - TyHTHBHOM ypoBHe H am ax npeflCTaBiteHHfi. M H orne HBJieHHH $H3Hne- CKoro M apa m h M05KeM paccMaTpHBaTB b TepMHHax npaeM a h nepeflann HHiJiopMapHH. Ho Bpnfl j i h , HanpHMep, 3axoaeTCH naM HHTepnpeTH- pOBBTB (|>0T03JieKTpHHeCKHH 3<|><|>eKT B $H3HKe, KaK OTKJIHK Ha MOHOJIOT HCTOHHHKa CBeTa, o6pam;eHHi>iH k MeTajuiy, a KBaiiTBi CBeTa — KaK cnoBa 3Toro MOHOJiora. E c j i h mbi BCTaHeM na TaKoS nyTB, t o $H3HKa H XHMHH HOMOpJIOHHO npeBpaTHTCH B H3HKOBHe flHCpHHJIHHH, a CJIOBO «JIHHrBHCTHKa» HpOCTO CT3HeT CHHOHHMOM CJIOBa «HayKa». BnnOJIHeHHe (JyHKpHH KOMMyHHKapHH He MOHieT paCCMaTpHBaTbCH KaK TpeSOBa- Hne, Heo6xop;HMoe h flocTaTOHHoe pjin B03Bep;eHHH 3HanoBOH CHCTeMH b paHr H3HKa. 8 t o , cK opee, t o j i b k o HeoSxopHMoe Tpe6oBaHHe. flo cT a - TOHHBIMH yCJIOBHHMH 6yfleT BBIHOJIIieHHe HeKOTOpBIX OrpaHHHeHHH, HaKJiap;HBaeMHx Ha 3HaKOBHe ch ctbm h cnepnifiHHecKHMH CTpyKTyp- HHMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH H3BIK3, K OHHCaHHIO KOTOpBIX MH BepHeMCH no3flHee. 8 t h pocTaTOHHHe ycjioBHH He MoryT ofliiOBpeMeHHo 6 h t b h Heo6xop;HMHMH, TaK KaK o h h HHorpa npHo6peTaiOT BHpojKpeHHBiH xapaKTep — Hejib3H TpeSoBaTB, h t o S h Bee npH3HaKH, xapaKTepH 3y- lOipHe H3BIK, BBinOJIHHJIHCb C OflHHaKOBOH CTeneHBIO OTHOTJIHBOCTH.

A cennac oCTaHOBHMCH em;e Ha ophoh (fiyHKpnoHajiBHOH xapaKTepn- CTHKe H3HKa — Ha CBepTKe, XpaHeHHH H BOCnpOH3Bep;eHHH HH^OpMa- p H H . B TpaflHpHOHHBIX p a 6 oTaX no JIHHTBHCTHKe p a 3Ty OCoSeHHOCTB (JiyHKpHOHHpOBaHHH H3HK3 lie o 6 pam;aJIH BHHMaHHH. H fleHCTBHTejIBHO, b o 6bipeHHOH npaKTHKe n popecc xpaHeHHH HijrfiopMapHH ocynpecTBjiHJi- CH 6e3 CBepTKH — KHHTH nHCaJIHCb JIHHIB Ha CJieTKa H3MeHeHHOM pa3rOBOpHOM H3HKe, H , CJiepOBaTejIBHO, 3flecb He B03HHKaJI0 KaKHX- j i h 6 o o c o 6 b ix npoSjieM , c b h 3 3 h h h x c xpaHeHHeM mufiopMapHH. n p o - 6jieMa CBepTKH HHifiopMapHH BnepBHe 6n jia neTKO cifiopMyjiHpoBaHa B MHTeMaTHHeCKOH CTaTHCTHKe, Korpa B03HHKJia Heo6 xOflHMOCTB KOMnaKTHoro npepcTaBJieHHH pe3yjibTaTOB Ha6jnopeHHH b <f>opMe, ypoS n oi: pjiH onySjiHKOBaHHH. Beflb , fleiicTBHTejiBHO, HeT CMHCjia npepcTaBJiHTB pjin onySjiHKOB 3 h h h b CTaTBe Bee pe3yjiBTaTBi Ha6jn o- peHHH, eCJIH OHH, ponyCTHM, npepCTaBJIHIOT C0 6 0 H BBl6opKy H3 HOp- MajiBHO pacnpepeJieHHOH reHepajiBHoii coBonynHOCTH. B s t o m cjiyqae pocTaTOHHO onygjiHKOBaTB BHSopoHHHe opeiiKH napaMeTpoB — MaTeMa- THuecKoe o?KHpaHHe h pncnepcHio — h yna3aTB t o h h c jio Ha6 jnopeHHH, no KOTopoMy s t h napaMeTpbi 6 h j i h noflCHHTaHH. Ho 3pecb m h cp a 3y CTajiKHBaeMCH c pejibiM pnpoM c j i o j k h h x n p o 6jieM: opeHKH n a p a - MeTpOB POJIJKHH 6 h T B CpOJiaHBI TaK, H T o6bi OHH SblJIH HeCMemeHHBIMH, T . e. JIHmeHHBTMH CHCTeMaTHHeCKHX O H Ih 6oK , H 9(f>(f>eKTHBHBIMH, t . e. o h h pojuKHH S b itb nojiyneHH TaK, h t o 6 b i t o h h o c t b b h x opeHKe Snjia MaKCHMajIBHO B03M05KH0H; B03HHKaeT 3apana noCTpoeHHH T3KHX ajiropHTMOB CBepTKH, KOTopne H3BjieKajiH 6 h b c io HH(|)opMan;Hio, copepH<aipyiocH b pe3yjiBTaTe Ha6jiiopeHHH. B cjiep 3a <l>HinepoM m h o -

41

r u e CTaTHCTHKH ceftn ac c h h t b i o t , h t o C B epT K a H H $opM apH H — s t o oflHa H3 n eH T p a jitH H x 3 ap an M aTeM aTnnecKofi CTaTHCTHKH.

I I p o S jie M a CB epTK H HH<|>opMapHH o c o S e H H o o c T p o c r a n a n p o n B - j ih t b c h nocne p a c n p o c T p a H e H H H 9BM. E fp ep cT a B B T e c e 6 e , H a n p H M e p , 3 a p a n y n o y T O H H e m n o T e x h j ih h h h x KOHCTaHT. T a K a a p a S o T a BepeTCH noH T H n e n p e p t iB H o : H 3 r o p a b r o p b M a m n H y b b o a h t c h B ee HOBBte h H O B u e p aH H E ie, o T H o c n ip H e c H k o a h o h h t o h m e 3 a p a n e , h o n o J iy n a e - MBie nO pH aC B HeCKOJIBKO pa3JIHHHBIX yCJIOBHH X, H OHH pOJIJKHBI 6 b it b n p ep cT aB JieH E i b TaKOM x o p o m o CB epH yT O M B H p e , h t o 6 bi M ain H H e K a m p & m p a a JierKO S h j io BB ipaB aTB p a 3y M H O yTOHHeHH&ie pe3yJiB TaT& i. ^ a j i e e B03H H K Jia y m e c o B c e M r p a H p H 0 3 H a n 3 a p a n a — H c n o ji& 3 0 B a - H H e 9BM p jm x p a H e H H H h BEipaHH B c e fi Hii<|)6pM apH H , c o p e p m a ip e H C H b H a y H H H x n y g j iH K a p H n x , h j ih 6 o j i e e C K p oM H an s a p a n a — n o n c K a n y g jiH K a p H ii n o K aK H M -TO c r y c T K a M H H ^ o p M a p H H . Bee s t o , 6 e 3 - yCJIOBHO, H 3H K 0B E ie 3 a p a H H — SJieKTpOHHBie BHHHCJIHTejIBH&ie M a m H H H n o cT en eH H O CTaHOBHTCH cpeA C T B aM H H a m e fi KOM M yH H K apH OH H OH AenTeJiBHOCTH h h 3 h k n p n o S p e T a e T H O B H e $ y H K p H H .

O y H K p H n CBepTKH H r p a e T HCKJiioHHTeJiBHO S oJ iB in y io poJiB b H3&iKe S n o J io r H n e c K o r o K O A a. Ben c o M a T H H ec K a n , a M o m eT 6 b it& , b 3H aH H Tejns- h o h CTeneH H h n c H x H n e c K a n C T p y K T y p a o p r a H H 3 M a K O A n p y e T c n b r e H a x IIOJIOBHX KJieTOK K aK H M -TO ypHBHTeJIBHO KOMIiaKTH&IM o 6 p a 3 0 M . T p y p H o c K a 3 a T B , b o c k o j i b k o p a 3 3A ec B i i p o h c x o a h t C H ia r a e HH<|)opMa- h ;h h , h o o h o n p eA C T aB J iH eT cn k 8 k h m -t o c o B e p m e H H o 6acnocJiO B H & iM . 3 A e c B n p n x o A H T C H o S p a T H T B B H H M aH ne e ip e H a o a h y oco6eH H O C T B — n a M exaH H 3M BoccTaH O B JieH H H C B ep H y T o fi H H ^ o p M a p n H . 9 t o t M e x a - H H 3M , n o -B H A H M O M y, yA H B H TejI BHO T O H eii: OAHOHHpeBEie 6jIH 3H epB I, n o K p a H H e n M e p e b p aH H eM B 0 3 p a c T e , n o K a H e c K a 3 a jio c B BJinnH H e B H e n m e fi c p e p H h n o n a H e n p o H 3 o n u io H a K o n jie ir a e o i h h S o k K o p a b n p o p e c c e BoccTaH O BJieH H H KJieTOK, yp H B H T ejiB H o n o x o m n p p y r Ha A p y r a .

ITo o n p e A e jie H H io A. H . K o J iM o r o p o B a , c j i o j k h o c t b n e K O T o p o r o c o o S r p e H H fi o n p e p e jin e T C H t o h HH <]>opM apH eH, K O T o p a n neoSxopwMa AJih e r o BoccTaH O BJieH H H (n o p p o S H e e c m o t p h o 6 3 o p [ 5 8 ] ) . E c j i h , C K a m eM , m h HM eeM p e jio c n o cjiep o B a T ejiB H O C T B io n n c e j i , c o c t o h i p h x H 3 H y jie n h ep H H H p , t o , r p y 6 o r o B o p n , c j i o i k h o c t b 3 p e c B S y p e T xa- p aK T ep H 30B a T B C H MHHHM3JIBHBIM HHCJIOM pBOH HH HX 3 H 8 K 0 B , HeoS- XO pH M H M AJIH T o r o , H T o 6 h 3aM eH H TB 3 T y noCJiepOBaTeJIBHOCTB n p n n e p e p a n e ee n o K aH aJiaM c b h 3 h .

T a K o e on p ep ejieH H e c jio jk h o c th x o p o m o BocnpHHHM aeTcn H H Tyn- t h b h o . n p ep cT aB B T e c e 6e , h to HaM H eoS xopn M o K yp a-T o n epepaT B n o KaH ajiaM c b h 3 h T an n e n n c jia , KaK n h e. H c h o , h t o HeT n e o S x o p H - m o c th n epepaB aT B H enocpepcTBeH H o Bee b h h h c jieHHoe ce n n a c m h o - mecTBO pH<|)poBEix 3H aK 0B , 3 a p aio ip ee npnSjiH jK eH H oe an aH eim e s t h x HHceJi; pocTaTOHHO n epep aT B ajiropH TM h x BBiHHCJieHHH. E c jih ,

42

Ofl,H aKO , 3TH I (H $ p O B H e 3 H 8 K H n p e f lC T a B H T b K a K H O C fle flO B a T ejIbH O C T B H iic e J i, t o , n p H M e H H H B e e H 3 B e c T H H e c t a T H C T H H ecK H e M eT O flH a n a j i H 3 a , M H H e CMOJKeM OTJIHHMTL H X OT C JiyH aH H O H H O C JieflO B aT eJIbH O C T H H H C ejI, 3 a n n c a H H H x , C K a n te M , c h b t h h k o m , H 3 M e p H io in ;H M p a jp io a K T H B H H H p a c - n a f l . B H e K O T o p H x a j i r o p H T M a x flH H r e H e p H p o B a H H H n c e B ,u ;o c j iy H a H - H hiY H H c e ji H C H 0 J iL 3 0 B a jr a c b ip i<J>pH , o 6 p a 3 y i o n i 1H e H H CJia n h e , h n o .n y n e n H H e T a K H M o 6 p a 3 o M c j i y a a n i i H e HHCJia c y c n e x o M n p H M e H H - j ih c b b 3aflanax M O fle J in p o B a H H H n o M e T O fly M o m r e - K a p j i o . O flH a K O t o j ib k o n o c j i e f l O B a T e j i L H o c T b H H c e n , n o j i y n e H H H x n p n p e r n c T p a i p i H p a f lH o a K T H B H o r o p a c n a ^ a , H B JineT C H n o - H a c T o n m e M y c j io j k h o h : o H a H e MO>KeT 6 h t b 3 a r n ic a u a K a K o fi-T O 6 o n e e K o p o T K o ii i io c jio ^ O iia T O jiB - HOCTBIO 3 H a K 0 B . B 9T 0 M C M H C H e O H a HBJIHeTCH C JiyH aH H O H H O C J ie flO B a - T e jiB H O C T b io , e cJ iH , c j i e j j y n A. H . K o j i M o r o p o B y , c j iy n a H H H M H H a 3 H - B a T b B JieM eH T H SoJIBIH OH KO H eH H OH C O B O K yH H O C TH 3 H a K 0 B , flJIH K O T O - p n x c j io j k h o c t b M a K C H M a J iB H a . Em,e o flH H n p H M e p : n p e ^ C T a B b T e c e 6 e , h t o m h r e H e p n p y e M n c e B f l o c j i y H a H H H e H H C Jia, n o c j i e f l O B a T e j i b H o B H H H C H B a H H OCJieflH H H 3H B K B H H T H 3H aH H H X J IO r a p H ^ M a X H a T y p a jI b H H XHHceji. Ha nepBHH B3rjin# KajKeTCH, h t o 3flecb m h HMeeM fleno c xopo- h ih m reHepaTopoM cjiynaa, h o ecjin opneHTHpoBaTBCH Ha npHBefleH- HHH BHme KpHTepHH, TO 3TO OKa3HBaeTCH COBCeM He TaK — 3 T y nocjieflOBaTejiBHocTB HerKo KpaTKo 3anncaTb h c t k h m 3a#aHHeM npo- n,eflypH reH epupoB aH H H .

T e n e p b B epneM C H k a H a jiH 3 y TeKCTa o 6 H # e H H o r o H 3 H K a. I lp o a ;- CTaBHM c e 6 e , h t o m h HM eeM f l e n o c K a K H M -jm 6 o x y ^ o jK e c T B e m iH M n poH 3B efl;eH H eM . E r o H eH b3H n e p e # a T b n o K a H a n a M c b h 3 h , h c h o j i b - 3 y n K a K y io -T O 6 o j i e e K o p o T K y io 3 a n n c b p e ^ e p a T H B H o r o x a p a K T e p a . 9 t o n p o H 3 B e fle H H e m h a o j i j k h h n p n 3 H a T b c j io h ih h m , h c j i o jk h o c t b 3fleCL TaK BeJIHKa, HTO TaKOH TeKCT MOJKHO OTHeCTH K p a 3 p H fly C Jiy- H a H H H x. T o JKe c a M o e o t h o c h t c h h k C K 0 J ib K 0 -H H 6 y # b c e p b e 3 H 0 H H a yH H on n y6 jiH K a n ;H H — e e c o jje p jK a H H e H e m o jk b t 6 h t b BOCCTaHOB- neH O n o p e i j e p a T y . n o c T a B B T e cn e fly ion i.H H m u c j ieHHHH o h h t : pe<|)epaT h o b o h , ein ,e H e onyS jiH K O B aH H O H p a S o r a p a 3 f la io T r p y n n e y n e H H x , p a 6 o T a io n i1H x b t o h n te o S n a c T H , h n p o c H T h x B occT aH O B H T b h c x o j j h h h TeKCT. J le r K o n p e jjC T a B H T b , c k o j i b c h jib h o 6 y p ,y T p a c x o ^ H T b C H n o J iy n e H H H e TaKHM o 6 p a 3 0 M t b k c t h . 3,u;ecB HeBOJibHO x on eT C H 3a,n;aTb B o n p o c : K aK JKe m o jk h o r o B o p H T b , h t o p e ^ e p a T H B H H e H3flaHHH 3a- M e n m o T op H rH H a jiB H H e jn y p H a jiH ? f l a j n e h h c t o M aT eM a T H n ecK aa CTaTBH i ie m o jk g t 6b i'rb 0flH 03H aH H 0 3 a # a H a e e p e ^ e p a T O M . H 3 T e o p e M H T e f le j in , o K O T o p o S m h 6y,u;eM r o B o p H T b HHJKe, c j i e ^ y e T , h t o H a H 3H K e o S h h h o H c n o j ib 3 y e M b ix iJ op M a jiB H H X CHCTeM H ejib 3 H ^ a T b C T p o r o $ o p M a jiH 3 0 B a a n o r o o n p e ^ e n e H H H h o h h t h i o f l0 K a 3 a T e jib C T B a b M aT e- M aTHKe B H y T p n T o ii >Ke c h c t b m h . Ho B eflb KajK flM H a B T o p flOJUKeri y 6 e flH T b H H T aT ejm b npaB O M epH O C T H H a n fle H H o r o h m c n o c o 6 a a o K a 3 a - T ejibC T B a, a s t o t o , K aK n p a B H H O , H ejibB H c ^ e a a T b b t g k c t b p e ^ e p a T H B -

43

Horo x a p a r a e p a . T e n e p t HecKOJiBKo cjiob o 6nojiorHHecKoM Kop;e. B n rae mm y m e roBopHUH o nopa3HTeJiBHOM cxo#CTBe om io fm n fiB U X 6jiH3Hei^0B. HecMOTpa Ha Kam ym yiocH c j i o h ih o c t b 6HOJiorHHecKHx opraHH3MOB, EH(pop\tan;H(i o h h x CBepTHBaeTCH c h o h t h 6e3ynpeHH0H TOHHOCTBK), 3HaHHT, 0praHH3MbI /JOJIJKHH 6hT B HpH3HaHM HpOCTBIMH — HeCJiyHaHHHMH TeKCTaMHJ H3HK 6HOJIOrHHeCKOrO KOfla yCTpOeH COBCeM yflHBHTeJIBHHM o6pa30M .

H T aK , m h BB/I.BM, h to npe/iCTanJieHBe o cjiynaumcmu — o ^ h o h H3 OCHOBHHX $HJIOCO<|)CKHX K aTeropH H — MOJKeT paCCMaTpHBaTBCH H C HHCTO H3HK0B0H H03HI];HH, eCJIH O^HOH H3 (JiyHKIJHH H3H Ka MH 6y^;eM CHHTaTB s a ^ a n y CBepTKH h BOcnpoH3BefleHHH HH<|>opMaja;HH. G 3 t h x h o3h h ;h h oTH eceH ne K aK o ro -jiH 6o HBJieHHH k K aTeropH H c jiy - H anH oro onpede.memca naiuuMu a,3unoeuMU 603M0MH0cma,Mux. M o>k ct 0Ka3aTBCH, h to HBJieHHe, on n cH B aeM oe HaMH cero^H H KaK cjiyn afiH oe , n e p e 3 HeKOTopoe BpeMH, n o c n e T oro KaK S yu y T H a fiê iiH HOBHe cpe^CTBa e ro n p e^ cT a B J ieH m h aH ajiH 3a, 6y,u;eT paccM aipH BaTBCH KaK H ecjiyn a fiH oe . H a o t h o c h t 6j ib h o c tb BBicKa3HBaHHH, CBH3aHHBix c o c o - 6eHHOCTHMH H cnojiB 30B aH H H x H3&IK0BHX cpe^CTB, B ce râ Ha,u;o o 6panâTB o c o S o e BHHMaHHe. B n o jr a e b o 3m o h ih o , h t o n e p B H e c o o 6m ;e- h h h H3 A p y r n x MHpoB — e c r a o h h Kor,u;a-JiH6o S y ^ y T nojryneHBi — S y a y T BoenpHHHTH npocTO KaK cjryn an H H e h , cjie /joB aT ejiB H o, HBraero He 3Ha<iani,He c n r H a jr a ; Ha b to o S c to h to jib c tb o TaKHte o 6p a m a ji BHHMaHHe A . H . K o a M o ro p o B .

,3,0 CHX n o p MH TOBOpHJIH 0 BHyTpHH3HK0B0H CBepTKe. H o HOHpO- 6yeM T en ep b B3rJiHHyTB Ha n p o fo ie M y CBepTKH c 6ojie e n rapoK H x n 03HI];HH. E cjiH MH 6yA©M HpOTHBOHOCTaBJIHTB H3HK MHHIJieHHIO, TO HejIB3H JIH H CaM H3HK paCCMaTpHBaTB K aK, MOJKeT 6H TB, H He OHeHB KOM naKTHyio, h o Bee >Ke KOAOByio CHCTeMy? H a M oneHB noH paB H nocB BHCKa3HBaHHe Ha 3T y TeM y H3BeCTH0r0 MHCJIHTeJIH A . IIlBeH-n;epa [201J:

MHHXJieHHe, HeoSxOAHMO CBH3aHH0e C H3HK0M, yCBaHBaeT 33(|>HKCH- pOBaHHHe B H3HKe a6cTpaKH,HH H CHMBOJIH. 9 t 8 MOHeTa HMeeT X05Kfl;eHHe jih ih b nocTOJiBKy, nocKOJiBKy H03B0JineT npe^CTaBJiHTB Bem,H KpaT- KHM CHOCo6oM, BMeCTO TOTO HToSbt nOâBaTB HX o6CTOHTeJIBHO, KaK o h h flaH&i caMH no ce6e. H o 3aTeM 0Ka3HBaeTCH, h to MHnuieHHe one- pnpyeT s t h m h a6cTpaKii;HHMH h cnMBOJiaMH Tan, KaK 6yp,To o h h o6o3H a- naioT HeHTO, âHHoe b êncTBHTejiBHocTH. TaKOBO o6m ee HCKymenne.

1 f l p y r o f i B o n p o c — a T o 9 t h b o 3 m o ? k h o c t h h b j i h i o t c h n u p a jK e n n o M n o c T H T H y - t o t o y p o B H H n o 3 H aH H H . B o o 6 in ,e , y n o M jm y T a j i m i c r o a a i . iK o iia j i n o 3 iiu ,H H » — 9 t o n p o c T o t h c t o «J iH H rB iiC T iia ecK a H » ( jio p M y ji i ip o B K a o a e B i i jp i o r o T e 3 i i c a 0 6 O IHOCHTenbHOCTH — H eB03M 0>KH0CTH JKOCTKOI’ O pa.SpOJIOHUJl H xeM S o j i e e n p o -

T H B O n ocT a B jieH H H — « c j i y i a i i n o r o » h « n e o 6 x o ;p L M o r o » . H o h jih H am H X p a c - cM O TpeH H H T p e o y e T C H h m b h h o « h 3 h k o b an h o3 h b ;h h )> .

44

C T pyK T ypa H3M Ka: aa<j>aBHT h rp aM M a ra K a . I lp e jK a e B c e r o ,no-BHflHMOMy, 3fl;ecb u v /K h o roB op n T B o cy ffoaeM eiiT a p H b tx 3H aK ax H3H Ka — M op ^ eM a x , a / p a nncbMeHHOH p e a n — 06 aa$aB H T e, H3 K O T op oro cT poH T ca aaeM eH TapH bie 3HaKH — c a o B a , o6pa3yiorn ;H e c a o B a p b H3biKa, h 0 rpaM M aTHKe, t . e. 0 Tex n p a B H a a x , c noM om ,bio K O Topbix Ha^; caoB aM H c t p o h t c h t o k c t h . 3,u;ecb m o jk h o nocTaB H Tb B o n p o c : H B aaeT ca a n H a n n a n e aa$aB H T a h rpaMMaTHKH ycaoB H eM , ÔCTaTOaHHM H HeoSxOflHMHM fl;af[ T o r o , 0 TO6bt 3HaKOByiO CHCTeMy MOJKHO 6 btHO CHHTaTb H3HK0M? OKa3HBaeTCH, 0 TO Ha 3T0T, Ka3aaO Cb 6 h , coB ceM n p o c T o f i B o n p o c H eaerK o oT B eraT b . M o jk h o Ha3BaTb, HanpH M ep, 3HaKOByio CHCTeMy, h h t y h t h b h o BocnpH H H M aeM yio h k m h KaK H3HK h b t o Hie BpGMH n e H M eiom yio B HBHOM BHê HH aa<|)aBHTa, h h rpaMMaTHKH: H3EIK 6H6 aH orpa^)H H ecK H x ccb ia o K b H ayaH btxn y 6aHKau;HHx. 9 t o o c o 6 m h h 3 b ik , b k o t o p o m c KaiKÔH 6H6aHorpa<|)H- aecKOH ccbiaK O H a cco ip m p y io T C H H flen , coA ep/K ain,H ecH b pa H ee o n y 6 aHKOBaHHOH p a 6 oT e, cooT B eT C T B yfom efi b t o h cca ia K e . Y aeH O M y H er H eo 6 xofl;HMocTH 3aHOBO H 3aaraT b coêpH iaH H e n y 6aHKan;HH, Ha KOTopbie o h onnpaeT C H b cB o e fi p a 6 oT e, — ôcTaTOHHO âTb Ha h h x ccbiaK H . ITpocM aTpH B an KaKOH-HH6y,u;b H iyp H a a , m h n p e n i^ e B ce ro o 6pam ,aeM B H H M aH ne Ha n p H C T a T e fiiiH e 6 H 6 a H o r p a ^ )H a e c K H e c c h h k h H HO HHM y>Ke C y^H M O TOM, Hy>KHO JIH H aM 3 a T p a 0 H B a T b y cn a H H Ha 03HaK0MaeHHe c t o h i j i e h i i o h H3 npocMaTpHBaeMbix h b m h n y 6 aH K a- h ;h h .

CcbiaKH BHHOaHHIOT flBOHHyiO pOHb: OHH CBH3EIBaiOT HHTaTea Hc MaTepnaaaMH, noHBHBiHHMHCfl paHee, h , KpoMe Toro, jjaioT eMy npe^cTaBaeHHe 0 b o 3m o ;k h o m coAepinaiiHH to h pa6oTbi, rê ccuaKa HOMern;eHa. C noMombio 6n6aHorpa(|)HaecKHx c c h h o k nponcxo^HT oaenb eMKoe KOflHpoBamie HHfJiopMaipiH c oaeHb to h h eim ee BOcnpon3- Be eHHeM — no ccnaKe npocTO naô Hafira cooTBeTCTByiomyio ny6an- Kapnio. Ilonpo6yeM Tenepb npoH3BeCTH CTpyKTypHbin aHaaH3 btoto H3MKa. 9aeMeiiTapHbiM 3HaK0M 3,u;ecb, no-BH^HMOMy, naô CHHTaTb b c k ) ccnaKy, B3HTyio b peaoM. OTAeabHbie ee aacTH — <|)aMHHHH aBTo- poB, h x HHHpnaabi, Ha3BaHHe h HOMep HiypHaaa h Ha3BaHne CTaTbH (ecan oh o ecTb b ccHHKe) — He HMeioT caMocTOHTeabHoro 3HaaeHHH h MoryT paccMaTpHBaTbcn KaK aaCTH cySaaeMeiiTOB 3HaKa, TaKne Hie, KaK, CKaHieM, aepTOHKH h ^pyrne aacTn 6yKB Hamero o6bifl;eHHoro aa<|)aBHTa. Kaaiflaa HOBaa ny6aHKan;HH KO/pipyeTca c b o h m o c o6 b im , HOBbIM 3HaK0M. HepBHaHaH 3HaK0BaH CHCTeMa 3fleCb HOCHT OTKpblTHH xapaKTep, 0 OHa, CTporo roBopa, ne MOHteT paccMaTpHBaTbca KaK aa<|)aBHT, nocKoabKy no,u; aa iaBHTOM mbi HOHHMaeM Bcerâ 3aKpbrryio Han h o h th 3aKpbiTyio cy63HaKOByio CHCTeMy, t . e. TaKyio CHCTeMy, r,o;e HaSop B03M0HiHHX cy63HaKOB 3a,u;aH 3apaHee h âHTeabHoe BpeMH OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHbIM. H HTO 0C0 6 eHH0 HHTepeCHO, 3flecb TpyflHO oSHapyaiHTb rpaMMaTHKy — t . e. npaBHaa, c noMombio k o t o p h x

45

H a p 3 t h m h 3 iiaK aM H npoH 3B O flH TC H K a n n e -T O o n e p a p H H . I l p a B f la , MH 3HaeM, K aK o S p a m a T b C H CO 3H aK aM H 3T 0T 0 H 3EIKa, HO 3TH BeCbM a p a c n jn iB H a T E ie n p n e M H B p n p j i h m o jk h o H a 3B a T b rp a M M a r a K O H . Bo b c h k o m c n y H a e , b h h x H e 3a jio> K eH H n p a B H jia n o c T p o e H H H c jio jk - H H X JIOTHHeCKHX K O H C T pyK pH H .

E jI 3 K [ 2 ] , K pH T H K yH KOHpeH pHIO yilH B epC aJIbH O H rp a M M aT H K H , o S p a m .a e T B iiH M aiiH e H a t o , h t o h b n a u ie i i o ftH p e n iio H p e n n n p iiB H H iiH e H aM rp a M M aT H H ecK H e K a ie r o p H H H e B c e r p a m o j k h o n a S jiio p a T b . B o t oflH H H 3 e r o n p n M e p o B : o S c y jK p a n a r p y b m a x M a T H b TepM H H O- j io t h h X I X b . , m h c K a 3 a jm 6 h , p o n y c r a M , T a n : « . . . K o p o n b n e p e - M ecTHJicH H 3 T a K o n -T O n o 3 n p n n b T a K y io -T o » . 3 p e c b h c h o , h t o c jio b o «K o p o J ib » — 3 t o n o p n e jK a ip e e . Ho b o t b c o B p e M e H H o n 3 a n n c n T a K o ro r a n a , K a K , C K a jn eM , « e 2 — e 3 » , y>K e T p y p H o p a3Jin H H T b , h t o o 6 o 3 H a - n a e T co S cT B eH H o n p e p M e T , a h t o — p e fic T B n e Hap; h h m . J J a jie e , c c h - jiaH C b H a 9 H T y n c T J ia [ 3 6 ] , E j is k y K a 3 H B a e T H a t o , h t o k h t h h c k h h

H 3 H K , BHOJIHe npH C H O C o6jieH H H H pJIH K O M M yH H K apH H B yCJIOBHHX c o B p e M e H H o fi p n B H jiH 3 a p H H , H e HM eeT K jiaccn<|)H K apH O H H H x K a T e r o - p n f i , H 3 o 6 p e T e H H H x p j ih H H p o e B p o n e fic K n x H 3 H K 0 B . E i p e H H T e p e c - H e e e r o ccH J iK a H a Y op<|)a [2 9 ] :T o K a 3 H B a e T C H , b n o jin c H H T e T H H e c K n x H 3 H K a X H H p eH p eB A M e p H K H H 3 0 H H p 0 B a H H 0 e CJIOBO HBJIHeTCH n p e p - HOJKeHHeM, a n o c n e p o B a T e jib H o c T b t h k h x c jio B -n p e p jio jK e H n fi c o c T a B - HHeT H eH To B p o p e c jio > K H o ro n p ep jioJ K eH H H . I I o n p o 6 y e M T a K o e c o c T a B - H o e n p e p jio jK e H H e H M H T n p o B aT b H a H a m e M H 3 H K e : « B o t H eK T o, KTO HBJIHeTCH MyJKHHHOH, KO TO pH H HaXOpH TCH BOH T aM , KOTOpH H 3aH H M aeTCH S e r a m a e M , k o t o p h h n e p e c e K a e T t o , h t o h b j ih b t c h y j in p e f i , K O T o p a n p j i h t c h » , — x o t h o p H T H H a jib H o e n p e p jio > K e H H e c o c t o h j io npOCTO H3 n p ep H K a T H B H H X JieKCeM «O pH H », «M y>K H H H a», «T aM », «6e>K aTi>», « n e p e c e K a T b » , « y j r a p a » , « p j i 0 i m a H » , h n p a B iu ib H H M n e p e B O - p o M 3 t o h $ p a 3 H S y p e T : « B o h TaM 6e>KHT n e jio B e K n o p j i h h h o h y j r a p e » . . . O TaKOM nOJIHCIIHTeTHHeCKOM H 3H K e H H O rp a rO B O pH T , HTO B ee CJIOBa b H eM — r a a r o J iH h j ih h t o B ee c jio B a — cyip ecT B H T O J ibH H e, k k o t o p h m poSaBJiH ioTCH r j ia r o j io o 6 p a 3 y io i p H e a jieM eH T H . B p eficT B H T ejib H ocT H * e b npH M eH eH H H k T aK O M y H 3 H K y T epM H H H « r a a r o J i» h «c y ip e c T B H - TeJH>H0e» OKa3H BaiOTCH 6eCCM H CJieHH HM H.

TaK oe 6e3rpaMMaTHHecKoe nocTpoeHne b KaKofi-To CTeneHH H ano- MHHaeT H3BIK 6n6jmorpa<|>HHeCKHX CCHJIOK — 3peCb HeT npHBBIHHHX rpaMMaTHHecKHx KaTeropun.

O K OH H aTeJIbH H H BH BOp H 3 H a m e H CHCTeMH CyJKpeHHH TaKOB: a H $a B H T h rp a M M a T H K a B ee >Ke, k o h b h h o , h b j ih io t c h c t p y K T y p h h m h 3JieM eHTaM H H 3 H K a , OHH OTHOTJIHBO HpOCJieiKHBaiOTCH B 6oJIbm H H C TB e 3H aK O B H X CHCTeM, B O C npH H H M aeM H X H 3M H K aK H3EIKH, HO B H eK OTO- p n x c J iy n a H X o h h M o ry T h o c h t b h b h o B H p ojK p eH H H H x a p a K T e p . B p a H b H eH m eM m h e ip e H e p a 3 CTOHKHeMCH c T eM , h t o H e K o T o p n e , m o j k o t 6 h t b h B ecb M a c y m e c T B e H H H e , x a p a K T e p H C T H K n H 3M K a b o t -

46

fleJIbHHX H3HK0BHX CHCTeMaX Sy/jyT BBipOJKAaTbCH, H 3TO He CM0JK6T 6hTB .HOCTaTOHHHM KpHTepHeM flJIH TOrO, HToSh He CHHTaTb T3KH6 BH- po>KAeHHbie CHCTeMH h3hkom. Ilo-BHAHMOMy, hbho oOpeneHa Ha He- yjs,a.HY yjKe caM a nonHTKa oneHb neTKO côpMyjinpoBaTb TpeSoBaHHH, HeoSxO^HMHe H AOCTaTOHHHe ftJIH npH3HaHHH 3HaK0B0H CHCTeMH H3H- koboh KaTeropneH. H3uk othochtch k HHCJiy TaKHX hohhthh, o koto- pnx Mbi MootceM eoeopumo, ho nomopue ne mookcm cmpozo onpedejiumb.

3nan h 3 h anemic. IIonpoSyeM Tenepb HecKoJibKO noftpoSHee ocTaHOBHTbCH Ha tom, KaK 3HaK iicnojib3yeTCH ,u;jih nepe,u;aHH CMHCJIO- Boro coAep>KaHHH cooSmeHHH x. IIpeiKfte Bcero BHHCHneTCH, hto mh H e M O J K eM f t a T b c K O J i b K o -H H O y f t b y ^ o B J i e T B o p H T e j i b H o r o o n p e ^ e J i e H H H

TOTO, HTO eCTb «3HaK». IIpHXOflHTCH OMTb-TaKH OrpaHHHHBaTbCH yTBepjKêHHeM o tom, hto 3to HeKOTopoe cjio>KHoe noHHTHe, cmhcji KOToporo pacKpHBaeTCH b Tex $pa3ax, rê oho ynoTpeSjmeTCH. Ho bot HTO HBHO HeoSxOflHMO o6cy>KftaTb — 3T0 Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaK 3H3K CBH3aH co cmhcjiobhm coftepiKaHHeM. XoneTCH HanoMHHTb 3flecb npHBe,u;eHHoe Bume, Ha c. 28, BHCKa3HBaHHe Paraa o tom, hto bch <J>hjioco<J)hh X X BeKa npeHMyn];ecTBeHHO H3ynajia npoSneMy 3Ha- HeHHH. IlpHHHHy nOHBJIOHHH TaKHX K p a H H H X CyiKfteHHH JierKO no- hhtb: Beftb bch KyjibTypa HejioBenecTBa HaxoftHT CBoe BHpajKeHHe b 3HaKax, h H3yneHHe 3H3Kobhx chctom — bto aHaHH3 ftyxoBHoro coji;ep>KaHHH KyjibTypH h CBH3aHHHx c Heio 3a6jiyjK,u;eHHH.

G ho3hh;hh Tex, kto npHftepiKHBaeTCH MOfteJiH jKecTKofi CTpyKTypH H3HK3, 3H3K ftOJDKeH 6HTb 0ftH03HaHH0 CBH33H C o6o3HaHaeMHM. IIojKaJiyH, HanSonee neTKO 3to TpeSoBaHne côpMyjrapoBaHO TeM * e BHTreHmTefiHOM b ero «TpaKTaTe». ITo ero MHeHHio, mh ;oh>khh hc- noJib30BaTb TaKyio CHMBOJiHKy, KOTopaa HCKJiioHaeT ohxhSkh hctoji- KOBaHHH CMHCJia BHpaJKOHBH H3HKa, «Iie HpHMeHHH OftHIiaKOBHX 3HHK0B B pa3JIHHHHX CHMB0JI3X H He npHMeHHH OftHHaKOBHM o6pa30M 3H3KH, KOTOpHe 0603HaHai0T pa3JIHHHBIM 06pa30M, T. e. CHMBOJiHKy, noAHHHHiomyioCH ■lonmecKoH rpaMMaTHKe — JiorBHecitOMy CHHTaK- CHcy» [22] (napaôKc 3.325); b npeflJioHieHHH, roBopHT stot aBTop,ftOJIJKHO 6bITb B TOHHOCTH CTOJIbKO pa3.HHHHHX HaCTefi, CKOJIbKO HX b nojioiKeHHH Bomofi, KOTopoe 0110 H3o6pa?KaeT [22] (napanoKc 4.04).

B oSnêHHOM H3BiKe, 6e3ycH0BH0, HeT TaKoro cootbbtctbhh MejK^y 3H3K0M H 0603HaHaeMHMl HpH HeKOTOpHX 0 6 cT0HTeJIbCTBaX MH MOHteM ynoTpeOjiHTb o^hh 3hbk ;o,jih o6o3HaHeHim toto, hto o6hhho o6o3Ha- HaeTCH ftliyMH CymeCTBeHHO pa3JIHHHHMH — ailTHCHHOHHMHHHHMH 3HaKaMH. I'l.n.rnocTpHpyeM 9Ty mhcjib npnMepoM, 3aHMCTB0BaHHHM

1 I I p o 6 j i e M e C M L ic jio n o r o c o ft e p > K a m ia 3 H a K a , n M p a m e in i a H 3H K a h t . n . — n p o 6 - a e M 6 3H aaeH H H — n o e n a m e n a o r p o M i i a a j n iT c p a T y p a , T ja i t o 6 3 o p k o t o p o h a f t e c t He n p e n c T a B j i a e T c a b o 3 m o > k h h m . M h o r p a i m r a M C a T eM , h t o y ita n te M p a 6 o T y K ) . f l . A n p e c H H a [205] h e o o p i n i K [206] n o f l p o f la K i jn e i i H . C. H a p c K o r o .

47

H3 KHHrH [2]. IIp eflC T aB & T e c e 6 e , h t o 3 a p y j ie M c h ^ h t H eK T o, o f iy n a io - mHHCH n p aB H JiaM BOIKa^HHH ManiHHBI. BM eCTO T o r o HT06H TOBOPHTB e M y s t o p h g o , b h M o a te T e n p o c T o n ocB H C T eT b , H o6yH aioin ;H H C H , 6 e 3 y c jiO B H o , n o fiM e T B a c — b H yjK H bie m o m o h t h B peM eH H o h 6 y a e T T p O raT bC fl H OCTaiiaBHH BaTbCH. 3 H a K nOCBHCTEIBaHHH 3aM eH H eT, K a 3 a J io c b 6 h , a s a c o B e p m e H H o pa3JiH H H H x c j io B a . 3 H a K O B a a c n c T e M a 3 ji;ecb n o c T p o e H a T aK , h t o nocB H C T H B aH H e o 6 o 3 H a n a e T H eo6xoflH M O C T b «H3M eHeHHH COCTOHHHH»', B ^ p y r O H 3H aK 0B 0H CHCTeMe 3T 0 geHCTBHe 3 a f la B a j io c b 6 b i a b Y m h pa3H H M H ca o B a M H , K O T opB ie B B i6npaJiH C b 6bi B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOTO, B KaKOM COCTOHHHH HaXOflHTCH M aHIHHa. 3 tO T n p H M e p n p u H T eH C B oen n a p a a o K c a j ib H o c T b io . M o i k h o n p n B e c T H h MHOJKecTBO A p y r n x n p n M e p o B , M eH ee n a p a a o K c a j ib H B ix , h o ix o c t o h h h o B C T p en a io in H x cH b H a m e fi n o B c e flH e B H o fi p e n n . 3 f l e c b c p a 3 y me b o 3 h h - K aeT M H o ro B o n p o c o B : t o m B H 3B aH o c y m e c T B O B a H n e b t o h 3H aK 0B 0H H e0flH 03H aH H 0CTH , XOpOHIO 3T 0 HJIH HJIOXO, HyjKHO 3 1 , C H eflyH p a H - H eM y B a T reH H iT eH H y , CTpeMHTbCH k e e n p e o a o J ie r iB io x o t h 6b i b H 3H K e H a yK H ? 3 t o K a p a iii ia .n b H a io B o n p o c b i b y r o iiH B o H 3BiK e, m bi h o c b h t h m h x o6cyH < fleH H io t o j i h k o m b c io C J ie a y io m y io r J ia B y H a ra e fi k h h t h .

H e a y a m e o 6 c t o h t ,ao.no c noH H M aH H eM ce M a H T B a e c K o ii poJiH r p a M - M aTHKH. K o r a a y T B e p ?K a a io T , h t o rpaM M aT H K a — 3 t o n p a B H J ia o n e p n - pOBaHHH CO 3H aK aM H , TO 3geC B H e OTOHb HCHO, HTO me HMeeTCH B B H a y : HHCTaa rpaM M aT H K a — C H H T aK cn c, o n e p H p y io m H H c CHM BonaM H BHe 3aBHCHM0CTH o t B K J ia a u n a e M o r o b h h x c o a e p /K a iiH H , h ji h m e em ;e h KjiaccH(|)HKan;HH 3H aK 0B n o h x CM HCJioBOM y y n o T p e 6 n e H H io . B h t - reH inT eH H b CBoeM « T p a K T a T e » yT B ep > K flaeT :

B j i o t h t o c k o m CHHTaKcnce 3HaneHHe 3HaKa He aonjKHO nrpaTb HHKaKofi p o j i h ; aonjKHa 6 h t b B03M0>KHa pa3pa6oTKa HOrHTOCKOTO cHHTaKCHca 6e3 b c h k o t o ynoMHHaHHH o 3HaTOHHH 3HaKa; OHa aoJUKHa npeanonaraTb t o j i b k o onHcairae BbipajKeHHH [22] (napaaoKC 3.33).

T o , HTO H e MOJKeT BBipajKaTBCH B 3H aK e, BEIHBJIHeTCH n p H e r o npH M eH eH H H . T o , h t o C K p H B aioT 3H aK H , n o K a 3 H B a e T h x n p n M e H e - H n e [22] ( n a p a a o K c 3.262).

H o e c n H c m h c ji 3H aK a OTKpbiBaeTCH b e r o npH M eH eH H H , t o r p a M - M aT H K y yH ?e HeJIB3H OTaeJIHTb OT CMBICJIOBOTO COflepjKaH H H 3H aK 0B , H aefiCTBHTeJIBHO, rpaM M aT H K a oSuaOHIIBTX H3BIK0B, HecOM HeHHO, o n n p a e T C H H a C M b ica o B o e c o a e p m a H H e 3H aK 0B . B t o H ie B peM H r p a M - M aTHKa a 6 cT p a K T H H X h 3 h k o b , p a c cM a T p H B a e M b ix b M aT eM a T H n ecK oii j io r H K e h b T eop H H aBTOMaTOB, HM eeT a e j i o t o j i b k o c onepan ;H H M H H a a CH M BonaM H , b K O T op H e H e B K JiaaH BaeTC H K a K o e -J in 6 o c o a e p m a H H e b o6biaeH H O M noH H M aH H H 9 T o r o c j i o B a . B a ajII>HeB:in eM m h 6 y a e M y n o T p e 6 J iH T b c jio b o «rp a M M a T H K a » b p a 3 H b ix C M H C jiax , n o j i a r a n , h t o H H T a ie a io K ajK aH H p a 3 H e T p y a n o 6 y a e T y a o B H T b , h t 6 h m c h h o m h x o t h m c K a 3 a T b ,

48

HepapxmecKan CTpyKTypa H 3 b iK a . K a H a iiH 3 y C T p y K T y p a hshka moikho noflofi™ h c hh hx hoshijhh — paccMaTpHBau ero nepapxHio.O ^ H a H3 OCoSeHHOCTeH H 3H K a COCTOHT B TOM, HTO OflHH H TOT JKe H 3H K MOHteT 6 h t b n p ep ;cT aB J ieH b pa3JiH H H H x 3 H a K 0 B H x cH C T eM ax, o 6 p a 3 y iO ' t t t t t x H eK O T op y ro H e p a p x H H e c K y io c n c T e M y p a 3 H H x y p o B H e S . H a n p a - M e p , a j i h oS & iA eH H oro H3i>iKa, C K am eM a j ih p y c c K o r o n n c b M e H H o r o H 3H K a, mbi HMeeM cH C T eM y y p o B H e n , c o c T o u m y i o H3 6 y K B , Mop<|>eM x, cjiobo(| iopm 2, cerM eH TO B 3, | )p a 3 4 h t . a- K). A. I I I p e n A e p [59] chh~ x a eT A a?K eJ h t o s t o c b o h c t b o H3i>iKa M om eT cjiy>KH TB e r o o n p e A e j i e - HHeM. B e r o TepM H H OJiorH H s t o 3 b y h h t T aK : « H 3 h k o m 6 y A e M H a3biB aT b KaTerOpH IO SKBHMOp<|>HHX 3HaKOBBIX CHCTeM».

Mokkiio 6bijio 6bi, kohohho, n o fiT H AaJiBnxe h n o n p o S o B a T b n o - CTpOHTb H epapX H H eC K yiO KJiaCCH<|)HKan;HIO JIOTHHeCKOH C T p y K T y p n H 3H K a. Mojkho HCKaTB H eK n e eA H ira p H CMHCJia, aH aJiorH H H H e c n o ~ BaM — eA H H u paM p oH ii. B H T r o u m T e f in b C BoeM « T p a K T a T e » n H T a jic u n p oa H a J iH 3 H p o B a T b n e p a p x H H e c K y io C T p y K T y p y JiorH K H B H C K a3 H B a- hhh, bboah T aK H e TepMHH&i: n a m e , p r o p o s i t i o n , s t r u c t u r e , s a y i n g , s h o w i n g . T a K o f i noA X O A npeA C T aB JiueT C H B e cb M a 3aM aHHHBH M , ho oh 0 K a 3 H B a eT C u , K aK n p a B H J io , H ep ea jiH C T H H ecK m i. Tohho T aK me, K aK H ep ea jra cT H U H ofi 0 K a 3 a j ia c b n p e A J io m e H H a u jio rn n e cK H M H n o 3 H - THBHCTaMH CMHCJIOBaH H ep a p X H H CJIOB, KOTAa CJIOBa A eJIHJIHCb Ha T e o p e r a H e c K H e h H e T e o p e T H u e c K a e , a n ocJ ieA H H e , b cboio o n e p e A b , H a npH M H TH BH bie (AJIH KOTO pH X H e ^O pM yJIH pO BaJIH Cb H eoS xO A H M H e II AOCTaTOUHHe y c jiO B H u ) h tohho o n p e A e J iu e M b ie (ajih k otop h x sth y c jio B H H $ o p M y jiH p o B a J iH C b ). B n m e mh y m e r o B o p n jr a o tom, hto n p aK T H H ecK H T a K y io C T p y K T y p y TepMHHOB n p o cJ ie A H T b H e yA aeT C H , H e n o n a A a u b j i o r n n e c K H e jio B y m K H .

H y m H o npH 3H aTb, h to jiorH H ecK au n e p a p x H u BHCKa3HBaHHS: cyipecT B yeT b H 3H Ke, h o OHa 0K a3H B a0T cu c to jib 3aByaJiH p0BaH H 0H , h to npaKTHHecKH e e npocJieAHTb HeB03M 0HiH0. IT p h x o a h tc h orp aH H - HHBaTbCH aHaJIH30M 3H aK0B0H H epapXH H . HaJIHHHe 3HaK0B0H H e p a p XHH, BHAHMO, A6HCTBHTeJIbH0 M05KH0 npHIIHTb 3a yCJIOBHe, H eoSxO AH - Moe a jih T o ro , h toS b i 3HaKOByio CHCTeny m ojk h o S h jio p accM a T p n - BaTb KaK H3HK. 3 A e c b n epeS pacH B aeT C u m o ct M em A y «h 3 h k o m » h «MBimjieiiHeM». CDeiioMeHOJiorHHecKH M m n jieiiH e — s t o n p o p e c c n o - CTpoeHHH H3 npOCTBIX 3H3K0BBIX CHCT6M 6oJiee CJI05KHBIX, BHeiHHe STO KaK p a 3 h iiaxoAH T CBoe BBipam eHHe b nepapxH H ecK O H CTpyK Type H 3H K3. IIp H 3T0M «MHmJieHIie» MBI 3AeCb HOHHMaeM B OHOHb mHpOKOM— o 6o 6ni;eHHOM — CMBicne, n o jia r a u , h to s t o t n p o p e c c HMeeT MecTo

1 M o p i j i c i i a — 3H aH H iiaH H a c i t c j i o B a : K o p c u t n aiJxJniKCH ( n p a c ia B K H , cyi|)$H K C H n n p . ) .

2 CjioBO(})opMa — oipe30K TeKCTa m okay npo6enaMH.3 CerMeHT — oipe3oK TeKCTa m okay 3HaKaMH npeinmamiH.4 ® p a 3 a — O Tp03O K TeK CTa MG/KAY TOHKaMH.

4 B. B. HajiHMOB 49

h n p n $yH K n;H O H H poB aH H H 9 B M , h n p n p a 3BHTHH SaojiorHHecKoro 0 p ra H H 3 M a H3 OHJIOROTBOpeHHOH KJieTKH, K o r ^ a 3H aK 0B 3H CHCTeMa CKJiaftHBaeTCH bo B ee y c J io jK H H io m y io c f l H e p a p x n q e c K y io C T p y K T y p y .

E cjih mh B03Be,u;eM n e p a p x H q e cK y io C T p yierypy 3HaK0B b paH r ra a B H o ro npH 3H aK a H 3H K a, to HeMegjieHHo nojiyqH M bo3m ojkhoctb HCKJHOHHTb H3 H 3H K0B H X KaTeTOpHH npOCTHe HII(J)0 pMaHjHOHHHe HpO- p e c c H , npoH CxoRH npre b HejKHBofi n p iip o g e , CKanteM $0T03JieK TpH qe- CKHH 3(|)(|)eKT B <|)H3HKe, 0 KOTOpOM MH yjK e TOBOpHJIH BHHie, H y HaC 6yu;eT flOCTaTOHHO $OpMaJIbHHX OCHOBaHHH He CHHTaTb <|)H3HKy H XH- MHH) JIHHrBHCTHHeCKHMH HayKaM H.

Hcnojii>3yH 3tot KpHTepnfi, npHxogHTCH npoHBJiHTb KpaHHioio oCTopoiKHOCTb. B OTfleJibHHX CJiyqaax HepapxnqecKaH CTpyKTypa H3HKa, KaK h Bee ero g p y rn e xapaKTepHCTHKii, mojkbt hochtb hbho BHpo>Kfl;eHHHH xapaKTep.

BepHeMCH em;e pa3 k oScyjKRenmo H3HKa 6B6jiiiorpa<f)BqecKBX cch jiok , o ko to po m peqb yjKe m jia paHbme (cm . c. 4 5 ). IlepB oe BneqaTJie- HHe TaKOBO, hto 3,u;ecb nepapxHH HeT. Ho Ha caMOM geJie 3to He TaK. IIoflSHpaH TeMaTHqecKH 6jiH3Kne cthtbh n o o6 ii];hocth HMeiomnxcn b h h x SnSjiHorpa^HHecKHx cch jiok , m h npoH3BO^;HM n p o ijeg yp y HepapxHHecKoro ynopuRoqHBaHHfl. B KaqecTBe npHMepa Ha pnc. 1 npHBe.yena napa^nrM a 1, o6pa30BaiinaH ceTbio 6n6jiHorpa$HqecKHX cchjiok b o63ope JiHTepaTypn no ^H K [60]. ITepBHM ypoBHeM b nepap- XHHeCKOH CTpyKType H3HK8 CCHJIOK HBJIHeTCH eflHHHHHaH CCHJIKa, b t o p h m ypoBHeM 6yn;yT napa^HTMH, aHajiorHHHHe npBBegeimHM Ha pn c. 1 , h , HaKOHen;, TpeTbHM ypoBHeM Sy^eT bcom cenqac y>Ke xopom o H3BecTHHBt SCI — MugeRC n ay m iH x mHTBT Fap^HJi.ya. B HeM y n o p n - ^oneHH Bee nySjiHKanHH, b k o t o p h x HMeioTCH cchjikh Ha HeKOTopyio Bagaiinyio CTaTbio, — agecb ynte coBepmeHHO hbho npocjiejKHBaeTCH BHCOKoe nepapxHHecKoe ynopHRoqnBaHHe BJieMeHTapHHX 3HaK0B — SnSjiHorpa^HqecKHX cch jiok .

3TpH3H aB H a J in q n e H e p a p x n q e c K o f i c T p y K T y p H 3 a K p n T e p n i i B 0 3 B e - fleHHH 3H aK 0B 0H CHCTeMH B p a H r H 3 H K a, M H TeM C3MHM HCKJIIoqHM H3 H3HKOBO& K H TerOpH H BCK) HH«|)OpMai];HIO, C 0 3 fla B a eM y i0 HCKyCCTBOM o 6 p a 3 0 B . B q a cT H o cT H , H a n p n M e p , a 6cT p a K T H y io jkhbohhcb p a c c M a - T pH B 3T b K aK H 3H K MOJKHO — TaM JierKO npoCJIOJKHBaiOTCH aJI(|)aBHT, rpaM M aT H K a h H e p a p x a q e c K a a C T p y r c r y p a ( n o g p o S n o m h 06 btom

1 IlapaRHrMa — o r h h H3 oaeHt Muoroana'iHHX HayqHHx t g p m h h o b . ^ o c j i o b h h h nepG B O R aToro cnoBa c rpeaecKoro H3HKa — npaMep, o6pa3en;. Korga m h o(5pa- maeMCH k npnMepy, t o paccniTHBaeM Ha b o 3 h h k h o b 6 h h 6 icarnix-To accoaiianiiH. IIoaTOMy b caMOM c b 0 6 m o6in,eM ana'ieinm t o p m h h «napaflni’Ma» ouosiiaaaeT o C t h c h g h h g ajieM6HTOB no acconnaiHBHOMy npH3HaKy — b s t o m h m 6 h h o CMHCJie MH H 6yR0M ytlOTpeC.TlHTB 3TO CJIOBO. TOBOPHT TaK/KG 0 ROKa3aT6JIBCTB6 o t napaRHTMH, KOTopoe ocHOBaHo t o j i b k o Ha conocTaBjieHHH c h 3 b g c t h h m npa- MepOM. B rpaMMaTHKe napagnrMofi na3HBaioT o6pa3en; cJopMooCpaaoBanHfi p e q a .

50

P hc. i . napaftH r.ua, o6pa30BaHHaH c e it io 6ir6jiuorpac]:nraecKHx c c m j i o k [6 0 ]

f l j i a n o c T p o e m i a a -ro i'i n a p a f t j i r M H H c n o j i L B o B i u m c b t o j i b k o n y S j u u t a m m , H H T H p y e M U e b i h h -

P o k o m K p y r e p a S o T n o flHK H e M e H e e i m t h p a 3 . 3 a H e p H e im b iM n K p y a tK a M H o T M e ie H M H a n C o - J ie e n a c T O H H r a p y e M U e n y C j iH K a i i im . H o M e p a , y K a 3 a m i H e b K p y m o H K a x , h o 3 b o j ih i o t h h 6 h t h - cJ iim H p o B a T b B u x o j t n u e K a i i n n e c -r a 'ie ii : . I la p a p n r .M L i T a K o r o T H n a M o r y T i i c n o ji b 3 0 B a T b C H b h h c t o

n p a K T H ie c K H x p e n n x : n p n c T y n a n k H s y a e H H io H O BO ft o C j ia c T H 3 iia H H ft , H c c n e jt o B a T e j i b M o a te T c o c p e n O T O H H T b C B o e BH H M aH H e H a e e n a p e , o 0 p a 3 O B a m io M a c c o n n a T H B H o cBH 3aH H i>iM H n y O n H -

KapHHMH

6yfleM roBopH TL HHJKe), h o b o t npeflM eTH aa ik h b o h h c b b p h a jih h b jih - eTCH H3HK0M , BO BCHKOM CJiyHae, Ha TOM ypOBHe nOHHMaHHH 3T0T0 B o n p o c a , Ha k o to p o m mbi HaxoAHMCH ceroAH H . ^ j i h npeflM eTHofi JKHBOnHCH TpyflHO nOCTpOHTb flOCTaTOHHO KOMnaKTHHH aJI(|)aBHT H rpaM M aTH Ky, h TaM TpyAHO npocJieAHTB iiopapxEraecK yro C T pyK T ypy. IIoJiyHHTCH HeHTO H en en o rp oM 03A K oe, ecjiH m h nonHTaeMCH K aK yio - jih 6o npeAM eTHyio KapTH H y, CKanteM noJiOTHo P y 6eH ca, npeACTaBHTb B BHfle HOCJieAOBaTejIbHOCTH HeKOTOptlX 9JieMeHTapHHX 3HaK0B —

51

an<|aBHTa jk h b o h h c h , Hafl k o to p h m h npoH3Bep;esi.i HeKne onepan;HH coraacHO KaKOH-TO rpaMMaTHKe. B npeflMeTHOH mHBonncH caM o6pa3 HBJIHeTCH O f l H O B p e M e H H O H HepBHHHBIM, H OKOHHaTeJIBHHM 3HaKOM 1. T o jib k o b ot,o;ojibhhix cjiynanx o6pa3 npeBpaipaeTCH b 3h h k — 3 to HaSjiioAaeTCH, HanpHMep, b cioppeaJiHCTHHecKOH mHBonncH: ecjinTaM, cKa?KeM, meHCKyio rp yflB noMeipaioT He Typ;a, rfle e a noJiomeHo 6h t b , t o OHa H3 o6pa3a npeBpanjaeTCH yme b 3HaK.

Ha o 6 p a 3 M om eT HaKJiaflH BaTBCH 3H aK O B oe oS p aM JieH H e b BHfle CTHJIH HHCBMa. 3 t O OCoSeHHO HeTKO npOHBJIHeTCH B HKOHOHHCH. JIlOflH, H M erom H e O nH T , MTHOBeHHO OTJIHHaiOT HKOHBI nCKOBCKOTO HHCBMa OT M OCKOBCKoro, x o t h b oS o h x C JiynaH X o 6 p a 3 o a h h h t o t m e . Ha- CKOJIBKO HaM H3BeCTHO, H3HK0BBIM aH aJIH 30M CTHJIH flO CHX HOp 3 aHHM anHCB on eH B M aJio . I I p a B f la , y m e II. A. C D jiop en cK H H x o p o n i o HOHHMaJi, h to c o b peM eH H B ie n p a B H J ia n o c T p o e H H H n e p c n e K T H B H b H3 0 - 6pa3HTeJIBHOM HCKyCCTBe, B03HHKHIHe e ip e B o n o x y B o3p 05K fleH H H , — bto to jib k o o c o 6 a n opi|)orpa(|)H H , n e H C K JH onaiom aH h h b ix ch ctbm TpaHCKpHHH,HH. O h OHHCaJI O flH y H3 HHX — TaK H a3B IB aeM yiO O 0 p a T - H y io n e p c n e K T H B y b C T a p o n p y c c i iO H h k o h o h h c h [6 1 ] . I Io3 p ;H ee btot B o n p o c 6 biji n o A p o S H e e HCCJieflOBaH J I . CD. JK erH H U M [6 2 ] .

HcKJiiOHeHHe HH^opMaipiH, 3aAaBaeMOH o6pa3aMH, H3 h3hkoboh KBTerOpHH MOmeT BBI3HBaTB H HeKOTOpme B03paHteHHH. GjIOBeCHBie KOHCTpyKn,HH, HanOMHHarom;He no CBoea CTpyKType o6pa3H, hchojib- 3yiOTCH B HeKOTOpBIX pa3fl6JiaX 3HaHHH — He TOJIBKO B ryMBHHTapHBIX, ho Aa?Ke h b HeKOTopHX tohhhx HayKax, HanpHMep b 6hojiothh. npeflCTaBBTe ce6e, hto bh HHTaeTe BnojiHe cepBe3Hyio pa6oTy no Teo- pHH 3B0JU0n,HH. TaM HeTKOe JIOTHHeCKOe H3JIOmeHHe MHCJIH BflPyr MO- JK6T oSopBaTBCH npOCTpaHHOH BCTBBKOH C OnHCBHHeM, CKameM, ceporo xoMHKa. Abtopu hbho nuTaioTCH aohojihhtb jiorHKy cbohx cym/jenna C03AaHH6M y HHTaTejiH HeKoero o6pa3a. Mojkho jih 3tot npneM chhtbtb bh6H3Hkobhm? 06pa3 3flecB C03p;aeTCH 3HaKOBHMH cpeACTBaMH, a caMa noTpeSHOCTB A0n0JIHHTI> JiorHKy paccymp;eHHH co3AaHHeM o6pa3a HeceT b ce6e Bee me hto-to pyflHMeHTapHoe. H flpy- toh npnMep: nHKTorpa<J>HHecKoe, a TaKme, nomajiyH, neporJiH(|)HHe- CKoe hhcbmo ecTB ohht nocTpoeHHH H3BiKa c neTKO BBipameHHOH HepapxHHecKoa CTpyKTypoi, r^e b to me BpeMH ajieMeHTapHBiM 3HaKOM 0Ka3UBaeTCH o6pa3. MomeT 6htb, HeporJin^HHecKoe hhcbmo— 9to 3ai|)HKCHpoBaBinHHCH b onpeAejiemiOH 3HaK0B0H CHCTeMe nepexofl ot o6pa3Horo MHinjienHH k jiornnecKOMy, KOTopoe no CBoeny xapaK- Tepy TpeSyeT 3HaKOB aScTpaKTHOH CTpyKTypsi. HeporjiH^HHeCKan

1 M om eT 6 h t b , m o jk h o BHCKa3aTB TaKoe yTnepjuAOHiie: o6pa3 — 3 t o h o 3Hait, a c h m b o h , Han k o t o p h m He npon sn oA arca jioi’n aecim e on ep an im . T e o p im c h m - B0JiH3Ma nocB am en a oaeni, oo .u .in aa jin ie p a iy p a . O cooenn o H m epecH oft n pen- CTaBJiaeTCH p a 6 o ia C . J lanrep [ 6 3 ] . HeKOTopoe npejtcTanjiem ie o ee KOHpeniiHHMOJKHO HOJiyHHTB H3 CTBTBH E . M . HeMHpOBCKOH [6 4 J.

52

3H a K 0 B a n cH CTeM a H eceT b c e 6 e c n e f lH e m e p o 3 H a K O B o r o — o 6 p a 3 - H o r o — M H m neH H H .

H epapXH H H3MKOB ---- MeTaH3HKH. ^ JIH H3HKOB C BHCOKOpa3BHTOfij i o t h k o h m o jk iio H a S jn o p a T B e ip e o p H y o c o S e m io c T B — c y m e c T B O B a - HHe n e p a p x n H h 3 h k o b . 9 t o n p o n c x o p H T T o r p a , K o r p a opH H H 3H K C Ta- h o b h t c h oS teK T O M p p y r o r o , H e p a p x n n e c K H BBirne CTOHnpero H 3 H K a, HJIH, K aK npHH HTO T e n e p B TOBOpHTB, M eT aH 3H K a, H a KOTOpOM BepeTCH p a 3 rO B O p O npaBO M epH O C TH BBICKa3HBaHHH, CfleJiaH H H X H a HH5K6- CTOHmeM H 3H K e — H 3BIK e-o6'E ,eKTe. IIOHHTHe M eT aH 3H K a BOmJIO b H a y K y b c b h 3 h c p aS oT aM H H 3 B e c r n o r o H e A ie p K o r o M a T eM a ra K a T n J ib S e p T a (1862— 1943) n o c o 3 p a H H io M eTaM aTeM aTHKH — M eT a T eo - pHH 1, B KOTOpOH HCCJiepyeTCH npaB O M epH O CTB HOCTpoeHHH p a c c y - HipeHHH b M aTeM aTH Ke 2. H a A ieTaAiaTeAiaTnnecKOAi H 3H K e BepeTCH p a 3 r o B o p o AiaTeAiaTHKe h e e j io n r a e c K H X ocH O BaH H H X . IIp epM eT O M MaTeAiaTHKH h b j i h io t c h H eK n e C T p y K T y p u , n p e p cT a B J iH io m H e c o 6 o h c o S p a H H e B H yT peH H e H e n p oT H B op en H B H X h k c h o m h J io r n n e cK H e b h - b o p h H3 h h x , 3 a n H ca H H H e n a H 3H K e $ o p A iy j i . I Ip e p A ie T AieTaAiaTeAia- THKH — BHCKa3KIBaHHH 0 THKHX (|)OpMajIBHBIX CHCTOAiaX. H a n p H A ie p , «ApH (|)AieTH Ka H en p oT H B op en H B a )) ecT B B H C K a3H B aH H e M eT aM aT eM a- THKH.

H a m oS b m eH H H H H 3H K HBJIH6TCH M eTaH3HKOA£ HO OTHOmeHHIO K « H 3 H K y » O K p y a ta io m H x H a c BenpeH . T o b o p h H a o S h p o h h o m H 3 H K e , m h o n e p n p y e A i He c BenpaM H, a c h x HM eHaAiH. H , c t p o h H a m n c y ? K p e - h h h o B e m a x B H e m H e ro A in p a , m h HBiTaeMCH y n o p n p o H H T B h x b H eK OTO- pBie H enpOTH BOpeH H BBie K O H C TpyK pH H — 3TO 3KBHBajI6HTHO T O M y, HTO M H H m eM JIOrHHeCKHe OCHOBaHHH yCTpOH CTBa M H p a B e m e fi .

MOHtHO HOHTH p a jIB H ie H H O K a3aTB, HTO HaHI o S n p e H H H H H 3HK HOCTOHHHO BHHOJIHH6T p B e pa3JIH H H H e (JyH K pH H : OpHH p a 3 H a H6M (J op M y jiH p y ioT C H H e K O T o p n e B B icK a3H B aiiH H , p p y r o n p a 3 — o 6 c y - HtpaeTCH npaBO M epH O C TB 3THX BHCKa3BIBaHHH. H 3peCB B03H H K ai0T n p o T H B o p e n H H , K O TopB ie He M o r y T 6 b it b p a 3 p e m e H H cp ep cT B a M H t o t o Hie c a M o r o H 3 H K a. 9 t h n p o T H B o p e n H H H e M e p J ie m io H C ne3H yT , eCJIH M H HOHMeM, HTO BBICKa3BIBaHHH 0 npaB O M epH O CTH HaiHHX CyiKpeH H H OTHOCHTCH y H fe K p p y r O M y H3BIKy — M eT a H 3H K y , pJIH K O T o p o r o aH aJiH 3H pyeA iH e h b m h c y a tp eH H H h b j i h i o t c h B H C K a3 H B a-

1 T ep M H H « M e T a T e o p n a » n o a n n j i c a n c j i e p 3 a T e p M tm o M «AieTa<[>n3HKa», a nocjiep- hhh 6 h ji n p n u e n e n n n e p n t ie a j ie K c a n p p n ii c K i iM o n o j in o T e i t a p e M A hppohhkom Pouocckhm , K o r p a o h , K J ia c c iu J n m n p y a c o a i m e i m a A p n cT O T O J ia , bbsji TepM H H «M 0Ta(|}H 3H Ka», C TeM HTo6h HOMeCTHTB ({mjIOCOcjlCKHO p a 6 o T H A pH C T O T ejIH 0 n ep B O n p H H H H a x 3 a p a 6 o T a M H n o ( jm a m t e . F p e a e c i t o e cjiobo p-zta — 3 a , nocjie.

2 HcTopnaecKii ripepcTanjienne o M eT a n 3 H K e m ie p B M e b 0 3 h h k j i o b ppeBnen Hh- pnn. B pa6oTax h h p h h c k h x y a e i iM X T o r o npeMenii ncnoJiB30BajiCH ocoSuii rpaMMaTHnecKHH h 3 h k h j ih oim caim a cancKpHTa ( c m . , nanpnMep, CTaTLK) « H 3 h k a b [45 ]). H h h h h c k h m Jionntaivi 6njia nonaTna h neo6xopHMOCTB paa- rpanHneHHH BHCKa3HBanHH, cpejiannH x na o6iieKTHOM hbhks h MeraasHKe.

53

hhhm h Ha H3H K e-o6 ,beKTe. IIpocToe, HeaepapxHHecKoe oS’beaimeHHe 3 th x flByx BHCKa3HBaHHH b oflHy <|)pa3y SeccMHCJieHHO, TaKaH $p a 3 a 4>OpMaJIBHO MOHteT nOpOAHTB npOTHBOpeHHH, HHTyHTHBHO II3MH BOC- npHHHMaeMBie KaK peanBHO He cymecTByiomHe. CeMaHxnnecKHe napaflOKCBi B03HHKai0T, Kor,n;a npHHpHHH (JopMaJiBHofi jio th k h n p n - M6HHIOTCH TaK, KTO HTHopnpyeTCH (JaKT «He3 aMKHyTocTH» — n ep ap - xhh ockoh , «MHoroypoBH6BOH» opraHH3an,HH — H3HKa; 3TO xopom o oSbhchhji T ap cK H H x, x o th eipe paHBine b to t Bonpoc paccMOTpen P accen.

P accen BBen npe^CTaBJieHHe o THnax cjiob h r a n a x cyjKfleHHH, OTHOCHipHXCH K pa3HHM HepapXHAeCKHM ypOBHHM. HeCKOJIBKO ByjiBrapH3HpyH, m h MOjKeM CKa3aTB, k t o cjioBa « ctoji» , «CTyji», «KpeCHO» OTHOCHTCH K CJIOBaM 6 oJiee HH3KOTO ypOBHH, HeM CJIOBO «Me6ejiB», b o b c h k o m CJiynae, HejiB3H CKa3aTB, a t o y MeHH nepeA rjia- 3aMH a b 6 Beipn: CTyji h MeSejiB. KoHpenpHH Pacce.ua 0Ka3aJia rJiySoKoe BJIHHHH6 Ha pa3BHTHe COBpeMeHHOH JIOTHKH. CTaJIO HCHO, ATO He BCHKan rpaMMaTHnecKH npaBHJiBHaH <|)pa3a BHpaataeT HeKOTopoe ocMHCJieHHoe yTBepatAOHHe. IIoTpeSoBajiocB b b o a h t b orpaHHAeHHH Ha BHpa3HTejiBHHe, a ho t o jib k o Ha AeAyKTHBHHe, KaK 3to AeJiajiocB paHBine, cpeACTBa TeopHH. TaKHM nyTeM yAajiocB npeoAOJieTB HeKOTo- p n e napaAOKCH «HaHBHoii» TeopHH m h ojk octb b MaTeMaTHKe.

IIpHBeACM H6CKOJIBKO HpHMOpOB CeMAHTHAeCKHX napaAOKCOB. B poMaHe TypreH eBa «PyAHH» onHCHBaeTCH cn op , b kotopom I ln r a - cob yrBep5KAaeTJ ^ T° ySeHtAeHHH He cymeCTByeT. EM y B03paHtaeT PyAHH:

« — IIpeKpacHo! — hpom oabha PyAHH. — C T ajio 6 h t b , n o -B a - m eM y, ydeacAeHHH h ot?

— HeT h ne cym,ecTBycT.— 9 t o B a m e yd eiK A S H H e?

fla .— K a n ace b h roBopHTe, a to h x HeT. B o t BaM y a ? e oaho Ha n ep -

b h h c A y q a i i .B ee b KOMHaTe yAH0HyAHCB h neperjiHHyjiHCB».

K TaKoro a te p o A a a p r y M e H T a p H H AaCTO npnSeraioT h b H a y A iiB ix c n o p a x . B a 3 K [ 6 7 ] , noneMH3 HpyH c JIbiohcom, aB T o p oM k h h th « M i n d a n d w orld order» ( N . Y . , 1 9 2 9 ) , yTBep>KAaeT, a to ocah nocAeAiraii

1 A . TapcKHH (p . 1901 r.) — hojibckhh yTeHMfi, oahh to ochobhhx npcAciaBH- Tejiefi BapmaBCKofl jiorniecitoM uikojim, b 1939 r. SMiirpnpona.i b CIHA, rpe C T a n npo$eccopoM MaTeMaTiiKii KamnJiopHnMCKoro ynm iepcnTeTa. O (jiyiiAa- MBHTajiBHHX H^eiix T ap cK oro b oOjiacTH -lornaecKoft ceMaHTnitu cm. c ia x bio E. H- Cmhphoboh h II. B. TanaH pa [65]. P ao ora T apcK oro «D er W a h r h e it- sb egriff in den fo rm a lisierten Sprachen» («IIOHHTne hcthhh b (Jjopvta.niaoBaHUMX H3BiKax»), KOTOpaa BflecB mieeTCH b bhay, neflaBHO nepeiiBAaiia b «TeKCTax no AorHKe» K. B e p r a h JI. Kpeft3epa [66].

54

npaB, TO TOJIBKO OH OflHH H M05K6T CeSfl HOHHTb, TOBOpH, HTOBee BHCKa3BiBaHHH ecTb coSpaHHH HeonpeaeneHHHX chmbojiob. B . A . JleKTopcKHH [68] oSpamaeT BHHMaHHe Ha t o , h to aHaJiHTHne- CKaH (jHJIOCOtfjHH 33BOJ1HT 6o p b 6y C MeT3(|)H3HKOH HaCTOJIBKO flaHOKO, h to npHHHHnnaHBHoe /iCKJiapnpoBannc «aHTHM6Ta<|>H3HHHOCTH» n p n - XOflHTCH CHHTBTB y5Ke AieT3<|)H3HK0H. H ^aJIOe OH floSaBJIHOT: «Tom caMHM b Jiiipe JiHHrBHCTHHecKoro aHanH3a anajiiiTHHecKaH <£hjioco- (Jhh ,n,oxoflHT p;o to h rpaHH, KorAa OHa, no cym ecTBy, oTpHijaeT ce 6a n bbixoaht 3a co6cTBGHHLie npeflejiH ». H aM npeACTaBnneTCH, h to 3tc KaK pa3 h ecTb Bnojrae ecTecTBeHHHH nyTb paccyatAeHHH, — rp a H t, O KOTOpofi 3,D,eCb TOBOpHTCH, II eCTb pa3rpaHHHeHH6 Meatny BKICKa3H- BaHHHMH Ha H3HKe H AieTaH3HKe. AHTJIHHCKaH «JIHHrBHCTHH6CKaH niKona» nepenuia 3Ty rpaHb. CTporo roBopn, 3to yjKe He «<|)HJIoco<£hh», a tojik ko «MeTa(J)Hnoco(|)HH». E cjih npHAepaiHBaTBCH oSmenpHHHToro HOHHMaHHH TepMHHa «t])HJIOCO<f)JTH», BKJITOHaromerO KaK HeoSxOflHMHfi: npn3HaK M H p o B 0 3 3 p e H i e , t o 3to HanpaBJieHHe SeccoAepnta- TeJitHO, nocKOJibKy coSctbghho $HJi0C0(|)CKHe npoSneMH oho Hep a c c M a T p n B a e T .

C napaAOKCaJIbHHMH BHCKa3KIBaHHHMH, HOXOHfHMH Ha npHBeAOH- Hue BKime, m h h o c t o h h h o BCTpenaeMCH KaK b o 6 h h h h x p a3ro B o p ax, TaK h b HayHHHx SeceAax, h , KaK npaBHJio, He npHAaeM h m pem aio- ipero 3HaneHHH. M h pearnpyeM Ha h h x TaK, KaK S y a t o 6 h noHHMaeM, h t o b H aniel penn He3aKOHHO nepeMemancH H3HK-o6T>eKT c MeTan3H- KOA1. 3 AeCB XOH6TCH npHBeCTH BHCKa3HBaHHe BHTTeHHITeHHa: «H 3HK He MOJKeT H3o6 paHiaTb t o , h t o caMO OTpaacaeTCH b H3HKe. M h He MOIKeSI BHpa3HTt H3HKOM TO, HTO CCIMO BHpaHtaOTCH B H3HKe» [22] ( h 3 napaAOKca 4.121).

M n o r i i e TpyAHOCTH b n oC T p oeH H H H a m e fi c h c t c m h p a ccy jK A O H iiH CBH33HH C TeM , HTO M H BKIHyJKAeHH H a O0HHHOM H 3H K 6 A ^ a T I , B H C K a- 3HBaH HH, OTHOCHipHeCH K TOM y KJiaCCy Cy?KAeHHH, K O T O p n e B03M 05KHH TOJIBKO H a M eT aH 3H K e. B e e , KOM y npHXOAHJIOCb CTaJIKHBaTBCH c n p o - gjieAIOH OHTHMH3an;HH, 3H aiOT, K aK T pyA H O C(|)OpM yjIHpOBaTI. HOHHTHe p e j i n . C oB ceA i n e rK O h o c t p o h t b n p o n p A y p y O H TH M ajibH H x a ^ h c t b h h , e c j i n c ^ o p M y n n p o B a H a p e j i b , h o p e n t C (|>opAiyjiH poB aTb t o m T p y A H e e , neM c jio a t H e e CHCTeAia, n o A J ie a ta m a H H 3 yn eH H io h j i h y n p a B J ie H H io . d J o p A iy jin p o B K a p e j i n o t h o c h t c h y a t e k 3 a A a n e , p e m e H H e k o t o p o h MOHIIIO HCKaTB TOJIBKO H a M eTaH3KIKe H aCTO O K a3H B aeTC H , HTO y H a c HeT AOCTaTOHHBIX OCHOBaHHH AJIH T o r o , HTOSbI C(|)OpM ynHpOBaTb M eTaB H C K a3H B aH H e, h h o h c k p e jiH n p e B p a ip a e T C H b H e p a 3 p e m H M y io

1 TaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M , MOJKHO BJIOJKHTB CnetIH([)HHeCKHH CMHCJI B CJIOBa BHTreH- mTenHa' <<Caihc.ii \tnpa Ao.in;eii jiejuaTi, BHe ero. B Miipe Bee ecTb, KaK oh o e cT b , h Bee n p o n c x o n i i T TaK, KaK nponcxoAnT. B neM h b t HHKaKofi peHHOcTH, a ecjiH 6 h ona rail h 6Buia, t o ona H e nwejia 6h HHKaKofi peHHOCTHA [22 ] (napagoKC 6.41).

55

3 a fla H y . M b i x o t h m h t o - t o c g e n a T B x o p o m o , h o h o 3H aeM , h t o T a K oe x o p o m o . C TaKOH a a g a n e H m h h o c t o h h h o craJiK H B aeM CH n p n o p r a H H - 3an;HH 9K cn ep H M eH T aJ iB H H X H CCJiegoBaH HH . O K a 3 H B a e T C H , co B ceM H enpOCTO OTB6THTB H a BO H poC , HTO TaKOe XOpOHIHH 3KCH epH M eH T. 0 6 H H H O 9TO CTaHOBHTCH 6e3yCJIOBHO HCHHM y5Ke HOCJie T o r o , KaK 9 K cn e p H M e H T a jib H o e H CCJiegoBaH H e 3 a B ep m eH O . T o r g a b H a m eM p a c - HOPHJK6HHH OKa3H Ba0TCH OHHCHHHe 9K CH 6pH M eH Ta, CfleJiaHHOe H a H 3 H K e -o 6 rbeK T e, h , o S c y m g a / i t o , h t o B b icK a 3 a H o H a HeM , m h M oaceM noflHHTBCH H a o g H y H e p a p x H n e c K y io C T y n eH b B b iin e h h o h h t b , h t o 3HaHHT XOpOIHHH 9KCH epH M 6HT.

XapaKTepHOH nepTOH «aHajiHTHHecKOH $ h .iio c o (|>h h » h b j ih o t c h CBe^ eH H e <|)Hjio c o (|)Ck o h g e H T e jiB H o c r a t o h b k o k a H a jiH 3 y H3BiKa. «AHaJIHTHKH» CTpeMHJIHCB C03flaTB «MeTaH3HK», MOryiHjHH CJiyjKHTB, KaK o h h roBopnjiH, cpegcTBOM mepanuu — KpHTHnecKoro aHajiH3a (|)HJIOCO(|)CKOrO H3HKB C HOMOipBIO OCo S b iX , XOpOHIO TBXHHHeCKH pa3- paSoTaHHHX npaBHJI. BoT HeCKOJIBKO BHCKa3BIBaHHH BHTreHHITeHHa, B k o t o p h x o h HHTaeTCH CBecTH i|)Hj io c o (|)h io k MeTaTeopHH [22] (napa- ji;o k c 4.112):

UjejiB i|)h jio c o <])h h — norHHecKoe npoHCHOHHe MHCJien.<D hjiocoi| )H h h o TeopH H , a geHTenBHocTB.(DHJioco<])CKaH p a 6 o T a c o c t o h t , h o c y ip e c T B y , H3 p a 3 rBHCHeHHH.P e 3 y n B T a T <])Hjio c o ([)h h — h o H eK O T o p o e k o j ih h o c t b o « i|)h jio c o (|)-

CKHX npeflJI05K eH H H », HO HpOHCHOHHe npeflJI05K eH H H .HJIOCO<])HH flOJI5KHa HpOHCHHTB H CTpOTO p a3rp aH H H H B aT B MHtCJIH,

K O T O p n e 0 6 3 9TOTO HBJIHIOTCH K aK 6 h TeM H HM H H paCHJIH BHaTH M H .

C t o h k h 3peHHH H enpegySeiK fleH H oro HHTaTejiH TaKoe cyateH H e 3ap;aH <[)h jioco([)H H , 03HaHaK)in;ee 0TKa3 o t nocTpoeH H H flOKTpnn o6ni;eM H poB033peH H ecK oro x a p a K T ep a , OTKa3, jiHniaroipHH $ h , j i o c o - (J h io coflepataTeJiB H oro x a p a K T e p a , coBepmeHHO H enpaBO M epno. B M ecTe c TeM oneBHflHO cyipecTBeH H oe $HJioco(|)CKo-MeTOflOjiorHHecKoe 3HaHeHH6 MeTaTeopeTHnecKHX paccM O Tpem ra. TepM HH «M eTaTeopHH» ynoTpeSjineTC H j ih h ib h o o t h o h i 0 h h i o k HeKOTopon KOH KperaoH TeopHH, H B npHHHjHne M05KH0 TOBOpHTB 0 MeTaTeopHH nioSOH HayHHOH flHCH,HHJIHHH. HeyflHBHTeHBHO, HTO HpHBegeHHBie BHHI6 BBICKa3BIBa- h h h B H T reH H IT eH H a, b npH M eH eH H H k (|)H jioco(|)hh 3B yH ain;H e K aK c o - Bepm eHH aH «KpaHHOCTB», n p n oS p eT aioT ro p a 3 flo SojiBine p e3 0 H a , ecjiH HX HOHHMaTB, KaK OTHOCHIH,HeCH H6 K (|)HJIOCO(|)HH, a K MaTeMaTHKe(saMeHHB <«[)HJioco(|)Hio» h cooTBeTCTByiomHe n p n jia r a T e jiB H H e Ha«M aTeM aTHKy», « m at e\rat h h e c k ah » , « m at em a t h h ec k h x ») x.

1 Ho BnTreHiriTeiiH o c T a e r c H n o c .T c g o n a T e jiB H H M . B o t h t o o h r o B o p m o c o 6 c t b o h - h bix B H C K a sH B a H H a x b cB o e M n p e f ln o c jie g H e .w n a p a g o u c e ( n a p a g o i t c 6.54):

M o h n p e jy io jK e H H H n o a c n a i o T c a TeM (JiaitTOM, h t o t o t , k t o M e n a h o h h j i ' b K O H pe k o h iio b y a c H a e T h x 6 e ccM n ca e H H O C T B , e c n n o h n o g H a j i c a c h x h o -

56

^eJiaJIHCB nOHHTKH BblCKa3aTB HeKOTOpHe COo6pa5K6HHH O TOM, KaK flOajKBH 0BITB yCTpOeH TOT HJIH HHOH MeTaH3HK.

3fleci> npeatfle Bcero HHTepeCHO oSpaTHTB BHHAiaHHe Ha npoTHBO- HOCTaBJieHHG H3BIK8 MaTeMBTHKH H3BIKy AieTaAiaTeAiaTHKH. MaTeMaTHKa HBJIHeTCH CHCTeMOH (|)0pMajIH30BaHH0H (HHH, HyHHie CKa3aTB, $OpM a- nH3yeMoS) — aorHnecKHe n popeflypH b Hen npoH3BOflHTCH 6e3 t o t o , h to 6 h p;aBaTB KaKyro-anSo HHTepnpeTapHio b TepMHHax hbjiohhh BHeniHero MHpa. M aTeM am K HMeeT fleao co cnepnajiBHo npnflyMaH- HOH CHCTeMOH 3HaKOB X, H, flOKa3BIBaH TeopeMH, OH CMOTpHT TOJIBKO Ha 9TH 3HHKH, a He Ha TO, HTO HaXOflHTCH «3a» HHMH. B OTJIHHH6 OT 9T0T0 MeTaMaTeMaTHKa OKa3HBaeTCH HHTyHTHBHO COflepntaTeJIBHOH (x o th h OHa MOjKeT 6 h tb <|)opMajiH30BaHa), a ee yTBepacfleHHH (JopM y- JIHPyiOTCH Ha oSBIfleHHOM H3HKe. KflHHH B CBOeH xop o m o H3B6CTHOH KHHre «BBefleHHe b MeTaMaTeMaTHKy» [70] nnnieT no 9TOMy nOBOfly:

. . . yTBepatfleH H H MeTaTeopHH flOJIJKHBI 0BITB HOHHMaeAIBI. Ee BHBOflH flOJIIKHBI ygeiKflaTB. OhH flOHIKHBt COCTOHTB B HHTyHTHBHHX yM03aKJiioHeHHHx, a He b npHMeHeHHH yCTaHOBaem iHix npaBHJi, khk BHBOflBi b (JopM aflB H oi TeopH H . M to S h <])opMajiH30BaTB npeflM eTH yio T eop n io , 6bihh ycTaHOBfleHH npaBHJia, ho T en ep n 6e3 bchk hx npaBHJi MH flOJIJKHH HOHHTB, KaK 9TH npaBHJia fleHCTByiOT. HHTyHTHBHaH MaTeMaTHKa HeoSxoflH M a fla m e ajih onpeflejieH H H (JopM ajiB H oi.

H n m e m h noKameM, hto ciJopMyjiHpoBaHHHe BHme CBoficTBa H3BiKa MeTaMaTeMaTHKH lie ecTB TpeSoBaHHH, k o t o p h m floameH o6 h - 3aTeaBHO OTBenaTB aio6oH MeTaH3HK. MaTeMaTHKa, KaK 6yfleT noK a- 3aHO b pa3fl. 3, r a . IV, caMa MoateT BBtCTynaTB b p o a n M6TaH3HKa no OTHonieHHK) k flpyrHM pa3fleaaM 3HaHHH, h Torfla MeTaH3HK oKa- 3HBaeTCH (])0pMaaH30BaHHHM B SoaBHieH CTeneHH, H6AI H3HK-o6’BeKT.

HHBie TpeSOBaHHH K M6TaH3BIKy npeflBHBaHIOTCH B KOHflenniHH T a p c K o r o . B B im e mbi ya te yn oM H H aan , h to npHHHHy ceMaHTHnecKHX napaflOKCOB oh b h ah t b ceMaHTHnecKOH 3aMKHyTOCTH H 3H K a. B b o - AHtch noHHTHe ceMaHTHHecKH ne3aM K H yT oro H3BiKa. T o r fla yrB e p a tfle - HHH 0 CeMaHTHHeCKHX CBOHCTBaX flaHHOTO oSBeKTHOrO H3HKa (JopM y- anpyioTCH He b caMOM 9tom H 3H K e, a b M eTaH3HKe. CeMaHTHHecKHe HOHHTHH MOryT BBOflHTBCH B MeTaH3BIK flBOHKHAI 0 6 p a 3 0 M : KaK H ep - BHHIIBie HOHHTHH, CBOHCTBa KOTOpHX 3aflaiOTCH HOCpeflCTBOAI CHCT6MH aKCHOM, n a n KaK h o h h th h , fla n k o to p h x bboah tch onpefleaeH H H .

MonjBio — na h h x — BHme h x (o h aojijkoh, TaK CKa3aTi>, o t 6 p o c h tb aecTH H fly , nocjie Toro, KaK oh B36epeTca n o Hen HaBepx).

3 flect B H Treiin iTe M ii y>i;e h ch o nom iM aeT H eflocTaTonuocTi, hsm ko bm x cpeflCTB flan o n -M c n e m m n e ro -io , h to naxoflHTCH Ha cjieflyioin,eM CTyneH H nepap- XHnecKoro yp o B H a M s n n ie H n a . «T p a K T a T » saitaiiiranaeTCH cjieflyioin,HM n a c K a B H - b HHeM: « 0 neM HeB03Aio)KHo roB o pH TB , o tom caea ye T MoanaTi>» (napagoKc 7) .

1 PaccMaTpHBaeMHx, pa3yMeeTCH, BMecTe c h x aHaneHHHMH.

57

B T o p o f i n yT & a h a H a c H H T ep ecH ee — o h S n n a c e k TO M y, h t o n p o n c x o - p ;h t b o S h a o h h o m H 3H K 6. M eT a H 3H K A o a a c e H 6 h t b 6 o r a n e o 6 i> eK T H oro H 3 H K a, t o j i b k o T o r A a m o h c h o o n p e p ;e jiH T b b HeM T a K n e h o h h t h h j i o t h - HeCKOH COMaHTHKH, K aK HCTHHHOCTB, 0 6 0 3 H a n eH H e , O npeflejIH M O CTb H n p . 9 t O 3HHHHT, HTO OH AOHHCeH C O flep iK aT b JIOTHHeCKHH C JIO Bapt H e n e H e e S o r a T H H , h om o 6 i>eKTHHH H 3H K , h b h om a o j h k h h 6 h t b A onojiH H T O JibH H e n e p 0M0HH H 0 *, n p H H a A J iea ca ip H e k 6 o j i e e BHCOKOMy a o r n n e c K O M y r a n y . M eT a H 3 H K A o a a c e H 6 h t b h b c t o h b k o 6 o r a T , h t o S h B e e , h t o yT B ep a tfla eT C H b T epM H H ax o 6 T>eKTH oro H 3 tiK a , M o r a o 6 b it b CKa3aH O B M0 TaH 3 H K 0 , B HBCTHOCTH, B H6M flO aiK H H 6 h T B H CpeflCTBa f la n HOCTpOeHHH HMeH o6T>eKTHOrO H 3H K a.

9 t o , KOH eHHo, H eK O T op a n H fleaaH 3 H p oB aH H a H c x e M a , H a n p a B a e H - H a n H a C T p o r o e p e m e H H e 3 a A a n n o ceM a H T H H ecK n x n a p a f lO K c a x , ci|>op- M y H H p OBaHHOH B p a M K a X aOTHHeCKOH CeMaHTHKH. H n a c e MH H OKa- 5KBM, h t o p ea a B H O c y ip e c T B y e T m h o t o M 6TaH3HKOB, He y a o B a e T B o p H io - m n x T peSoB aH H H M T a p c K o r o , x o t h B ee o h h , 6 e 3 y c a o B H O , c t o h t H ep a p x H H ecK H B H m e o6T >eK T H oro H 3H K a h b K aK O M -To C M H ca e B c e r f la c o f le p a c a T 6 o a e e c n a B H H e BHCKa3BiBaHHH. O c T a B a n c B H a $ o p M a a i> H H X h o 3Hh;h h x , m h a o a a tH H c h h t b t b , h t o HM eeM ,o,eao c M eT aB B icK a3biB a- h h h m h K aa tflH H p a 3 , K o r f la oS cy a cA a eT C H Ta n a n H H an T e o p n a n a n K orp ;a c o n o c T a B a n io T C H H e c K o a B K o T e o p n a . H e K O T o p u e M eT aB H C K a3H - BaHHH HaM M o r y T noK a3aT B C H S e c co f le p a ta T e a B H H M H , h o ^ o p M a a im o OHH CHHBHee o6T>eKTHHX BH CK a3H B aH H H , HOCKOaBKy o6 l> eK T H H e T e o - pH H 336CB HBaHIOTCH Hp0AM 0TOM 0 6 cyHCfleHHH. ^ a H TOTO HTO0H OH,e- HHTB M eTaB H C K a3H B aH H H , M H AOaHCHH nOCTpOHTB CHCTeMy M e T a p a c c y - HtAeHHH. H H o r f la m h B C T p en aeM ceTO BaH H H , h t o H a m a K y a B T y p a B ee 6 o a B m e h 6 o a B m e 3 a co p n e T C H BHCKa3HBaHHHM H o B H C K a3H B aH H H x, K O TO pH e 3aM6HHIOT OpHTHHaHBHHe BH CKa3H BaH H H .!• B H am eM oSh a o h h o m H 3H K e, K aK m h y a c e r o B o p n a n B H m e , B ee BpeM H KaKHM-TO T pyflH O pa3aH H H M H M O 0pa3O M CMemHBaiOTCH BH CK a- 3H BaHHH H a H 3H K e-o6T>eK Te C BHCKa3HBaHHHM H H a M eTaH 3H K 0. M eT a H 3 H K o 6 h a 0h h o h p e n n H c n o n B 3 y 6 T T y ace 3H aK O B yio CHCTeMy h Te a ce a o r n n e c K H e cp eA C T B a , hto h caM o6b ifleH H H H h 3h k , H B am om aH C H 3A0CB o6T>eKTOM BbICKa3HBaHH H. OCHOBblBaHCb H a K pH T epH H X 1ICMXO- a o r H n e c K o r o x a p a K T e p a , M eTaB H CK a3H B anH H M m u n a c T o n p H A a eM HecpaBHOH HO SoaBH IH H B e e , HeM o6l>eK TH H M BH CKa3H B8H H H M , H, KaK n p a B H n o , H H K orA a He c o n o c T a B a n e M b t h A s a r a n a BH CKa3H BaH H H C TOHKH 3P0HHH HX aOTHHeCKOH COBMeCTHMOCTH. I la p a A O K C , e c a H x oT H T e , 3aK aioH aeT C H b t o m , hto ceM aH T H H ecK H e n a p a A O K C ti B c e rA a SeCHOKOHaH TOaBKO aOTHKOB, OCTaaBHblM aiOAHM OHH He OHeHb M 6-

1 JIorHHecKHe nepeMeHHHe — 3iiaim , b m g c t o k o t o p h x .MoryT noACTaBjiHTfcCH o6o3HaaeHHH paajiiiHHHX KOHKpeTHBix MHC.ieii; jiorniecK iie i i o c t o h h h u o c.iy- acai a an oSoaHaaeHUH K aK o2-jin6o o a h o h m h c j i h .

58

in a jiH . J I o t h k h f lo n r o He M orJ in 3aM 6THTB pa3JiHHHH b cyatA eH H H X p a 3H o r o y p o B H H . 3 n e c b o h h t b h p o h b j i h i o t c h A s a OTH om eH H H k H 3 H K y : ® e c T K o e h M H rK o e. T o j i b k o n p n B3 rn H n e H a h 3 btk KaK H a a te c T K y io C T p y K T y p y b b ih b jih io t c h ceM aH T H n ecK H e n a p a A O K C H , h H ap;o c t p o h t b H iecT K y io C H C T eny h x npeoA O JieH H H , cK a a teM , K aK y T a p c K o r o .

y n e im e 06 nepapxHH H3HKa, h j i h , ho TepMHHOJiorHH P a c c e n a , O Tnnax BBICKa3HBaHHH, HyjKIIO, BHflHMO, CHHTHTB CaMBIM CepB63HBIM p e 3 yjiBTaTO M b nocjieapncTOTeJieBCKOH $opMajiBHOH norHKe.

HHTepnpeTHpyeMocTb cMBicnoBoro coflepntaHHH, BBipaateHHoro B 3 HaKOBOH CHCTCMe. 3H aK O B aH CHCTeMa HM66T n p a B O Ha3BIBaTBCH h 3 h k o m , e c j i n OHa M o w e T 6 b itb H H T ep n p eT H p y eM a H a f lp y r o M H 3H K e, KOTOPB1H MOJKeT 0B1TB HJIH 6o j i e e S ora T H M HO CBOeS BBipa3HTeJIBHOCTH, h jih n o n e M y - jr a S o 6o j i e e h o h h t h h m a -t h on p e^ eJ ieH H O H r p y n n n J iro flen . M b i c o 3HaTeJiBHO r o n o p H M 3p;ecB He 0 n ep eB O A e c o f lH o r o H 3H K a H a A P y - t o h , a t o j i b k o 06 H H T epnpeT H pyeM O C T H . G r p o r o r o B o p n , n ep eB O A c o a h o t o H3BiKa H a A p y r o i H eB 03 M oa teH A a a te a - m co B ep m eH H O a c e c T - k h x h 3 b ik o b ; k o S c y a tA e H H io 3 T o r o B O n p o c a m h e ip e BepHeM CH n o 3 A H e e . Bee H a m e H 3H K O B oe H O B eA eH ne np oH H 3aH O n p o p e A y p a M H H H T e p n p e - T apH H . P a 3 r o B a p H B a n c H H O C TpaH paM H , m h H ir r e p n p e T H p y e M p o A H y io p e n B b CHCTeMe A P y r o r o H 3BiK a, h 3 t o H a caM OM A e ^ e h® n e p e B O A , a TOJIBKO H H T ep n p eT a p H H . O S c y a tA a H c e p B e 3 H H e n p o S jie M H <|)H3 h k h , y n eH B ie H H T e p n p e T n p y io T a 6cT p a K T H H e 3 h h k h M aT O M aT H n ecK oro H 3H K a i|)H3 h k h . I l p n H cn ojiH eH H H M y3BiKaJiBH Bix n p oH 3B 6A eH H H H ffr e p n p e T H - pyioT C H TeKCTBi, 3 a n n ca H H B ie h o th b im h 3H aKaM H .

C 3 a A a n e H H H T e p n p e T a p n H mbi BCTpenaeM CH h b o S h a c h h o m H3 H K e . O a h h H 3 n p H M e p o B TaKOH H H T e p n p e T a p H H — T e a T p a jiB H H e n p e A C T a - BJieHHH. K h h t h , A a a ce x y A o a c e c T B e m ia H J i m e p a T y p a , n acT O c o n p o B O - JKAaioTCH H H T e p n p e T a p H e H , B H p aateH H O H r p a ^ im e c K H M H H JiJiiocT pa- H.HHMH. I lB e C a — T6 KCT, H aH H CaH H H H H a oSH A eH H O M H , K a 3 ajIOCB 6 h , c o B ep m eH H O h o h h t h o m H aM H 3 H K e , H y atA aeT C H , n o 3 aM H C Jiy e e a B T o p a , b H H T ep n p eT a p H H H a A p y r o M , 6 o n e e S oraT O M H 3 H K e , b k o t o p o m h c - HOJIB3 yiOTCH AOUOJIHHTejIBHBie CpeACTBa B H p a 3 HT6 JIBHOCTH: HHT0 H3 - h ,h h r o j i o c a , a ie c v m h , h t o , m o jk o t 6 h t b , o c o S e H H o B aatH O , o 6 p a 3 H , C0 3 AaB aeM B ie n r p o n a p r a c T O B . 3 a c c b m h B 0 3 B p a ip aeM C H k A 0 3 H a K o - b o h — o 6 p a 3 HOH n e p e p a H e H H iJ opM apH H . K a K y r o - jm S o c e p B e 3 H y io B eip B , C K aateM «r a M J ie T a » , A fia p e a t n c c e p a M o r y T H H T ep n p eT H p oB a T B b o 6 p a 3 a x n r p n c o B ep m eH H O p a 3 HHHHO, He b h o c h H H K a K o ro H C K aace- HHH B CHOBapHBIH T6 KCT 1 . A 0 6 p a 3 H0 6 BOHHOipeHHe 3 HaKOBOTO TeK C Ta, b c b o io o n e p e A B , M oateT S b itb H H T e p n p e T H p o B a H o b 3 HaKOBOH c h - CT6 M6 — B OT3 BIBaX pen ,eH 3 eHTOB. H o , K aK H BCe X ap aK T ep H C T H K H H3 H K H , B0 3 M 0 HIH0 CTB H H T e p n p e T a p H H M05K 6 T H pH O SpeCTH BBipoaCABH- h h h x a p a K T e p , h h h ?k o m h n p H B eA eM n p H M e p H eH H T ep n p eT H p yeM O C T H ,

1 9 th coofipaweHHH 6hjih mho noACitaaaHM npo$eccopOM flSp$$ejieM H3 TflP .

59

hjih, ecjiH 6h tb y a t e o n e H t o c T o p o a t H H M , hjioxoh H H T e p n p e T H p y bmocth O flH O rO H 3 T e p M H H O B H 3 H K a <|)H3 H K H .

B e39H TponH H H O C T & H 3B[Ita . R aH aJIH 3y 3 HaKOBHX CHCTeM MOHtHO HOflXOflHTB, KOH6HHO, H COBCeM C OC0 6 H X H03HH,HH. O n eH B HHTepeCHBIM n p e sc T a B jin e T C H T epM O flH H aM nnecK H H n o flx o f l k a H a n n 3 y chmbojiob b K H H re H . H . Ko6o3eBa [ 7 1 ] . B o n p o c ra M cth b h tch Tan: «. . . khkoh M 0XaHH3M H 03B0JIH eT 3aBeflOM O 9HTpOHHHHOMy (|)II3 HKO-XHMH1ieC K O M y a n n a p a T y M 0 3 r a co 3 fla B a T B H flea jiH 3H p oB aH H B ie 6 e3 9H T p on H H H H e KOH CTpyK ipaH , o c y n je c T B jiH T B c h x n oM on i;B io jio r H H e c K o e M H in jieH H e, TOHHoe K o ^ n p o B a H H e h 6 e 3 o m n 6 o H H o e on o3 H a H H e CHM BOJimiecKOH 3 a n n c H jiio6oh M BicnHTenBHOH n p o f ly K i jH H ? » B e 3 9 H T p o n n H H H M , n o y T B ep a tfleH H io a B T o p a , hbjihbtch « . . . He caM O $H 3H K O -xH M H H ecK oe hjih M o p ^ o j i o r H n e c K o e m e m cnM B O Jia, a to jib k o e r o ono3Hauue c o 3 H a - HH6M HJIH M exaH H 3M O M , KOTOpOM y H p H flaH a <|)yHKn;HH 3TOrO C 03H a- HH H». B e39H TponH H H O C T B BOCHpHHTHH CHMBOJIOB O C B O SoatflaeT C 03H a- HHe H e jio B e K a /p a n fleHTejiBHOCTH S o j ie e bbicokoto y p o B H H , h 3 fle cB , HO MH6 HHIO aB T O p a yHOM HHyTOH BBIHie KHHTH, JieatHT KOpeHHOO OTJIH- HH6 HCHXHKH HeJIOBeKa OT nCHXHKH HtHBOTHBIX, flJIH KOTO pH X HHTeH- CHBHOCTB HH<|)OpMan,HH (JjHSHKO-XHMHHeCKOrO CHTHaJia H r p a e T OHeHB 6 o j iB m y io , n a c T o p e m a io m y i o pojib . IIcH X H K a jkhbothbix pejiH K O M OKa3BIBaeTCH 3aHOJIH0HHOH « . . . BOCnpHHTHeM H aH aJIH 30M 3B yK O B , rcBeTOB, 3 a n a x o B h o p e H K o n h x h h t6 h ch b h o cth h H anpaB JieH H O C TH »,

K y T B e p a tfle H H io H . H . K o 6 o 3 e B a , kohohho, H yatH O n o f lx o f lH T B C HOKOTOpOH OCTOpOJKHOCTBH). H 3BeC TH O , HTO y HtHBOTHHX eCTB CHOCOS- hoctb p e a r n p o B a T B H a phtmbi o n p e f le j ie H H o ii nacT O T H 3 B y K a He3aBHCHMO o t e r o r p o M K o c T H , H e K O T o p n e jkhbothho choco6hh pa3J iH naT B r e o - MOTpHHeCKHO (JopM BI T e jl He3aBHCHMO O T HX BeJIHHHHBI, O KpaCKH , M a T e p n a jia h n p . B e39H T ponH H H O C T B H3BiKa — 3to o c o S e m io c T BOTHIOflB He C 03H 9H H H H ejIO B eK a, a TOJIBKO 3H9KOBOH CHCT6M H. H p e f l -CTaBBTe c e 6 e , hto mbi HM eeM f l e j i o c 9 B M . B e e hbmhtb mh M oateM 3aH ecT H H eK O T op y ro HH(|)opM ai];Hio. H a 3to , ecT ecT B eH H O , H O TpeSyeTC H 3aT paT H T B K a K yio -T O a H e p r n io . C o x p a H e H H e H H ^ op M a p H H Sy^CT cbh~ 3aHO c c o x p a H e n n e M H e K O T o p o n y n op H flon eH H O C T H . H o B ee 9th 9 H e p - reT H H ecK H e n p o p e c c B i co B e p m e H H O He 33bhcht ot T o r o , K a K a n H M em io HHiJopMaH.HH 3 a H e ce H a — on eH B c e p B e 3 H a n hjih on eH B n p o c T a H . 3 f le c B OTCyTCTByeT BHflHMaH CBH3B M e a tfly MOpi^OJIOrHHeCKOH CJIOHtHOCTBIOoSBeKTa h ero HH(|>opMaTHBHOCTBio. T ojibko b 9tom cmhcjio h mojkho

TOBOpHTB 0 6e39H T p 0H H H H 0C T H 3H 3K 0B B IX CHCTeM.TenepB mh MoateM c^opMyjinpoBaTB c jt e f ly r o r p e e y T B e p a t fle H n e :

3HaKOBan cncTeMa npeBpaipaeTCH b h3h k, Korfla 3hbkh BOcnpniiH- MaiOTCH 6e39HTpOHHHHO. 3 tO OflHa H3 XapaKTepHCTHK H3BIK8. II ona, KaK h Bee ero flpyrne xapaKTepncTHKH, MoateT npHHHMaTB BBipoatfleH- h h i xapaKTep — 9to HMeeT mocto, HanpnMep, b H3biKe My3BiKn, rfle rpoMKocTB BOcnpoH3BefleHHH OTflejiBHHx 3ByKOB yate hbjihotch

60

0TAHUHT6ABH0H 0C06eHH0 CTBK> 3H aK a. H3A05KeHHHH 3fleCB HOflXOfl n o 3BOJiHeT pacCMaTpHBaTB H3HK KaK 3HaKOByio CHCTBMy, flaroipyH) b o 3mo5K h o c tb MBicjiHTeJiBHOMy a n n a p a T y ueAOBeKa paSoTaTB 6e3 nop;- BOp;a H3BH6 OTpnn;aTeJIBHOH HHlJopMaH.HOHHOH 3HTpOIIHH 3 JIH BOCCTa- h o b A 6h h h nopH flK a, k o t o p h h AOJiHieH 6h a 6bi cnoHTaHHO H apym aTBCH , ecnH 6bi m bhiijighhg 6h a o opraH H 30BaH O TaK m e , KaK o p ra m i3 0 B a H$H3HUeCKHH MHp.

P a 3MepH0 CTB H3BiKa ii e r o n cA H n eiin ocT B . IIo-BHflHMOMy, E aA .au 134 ] 6h a nepB H M a h h fb h c to m , o 6paTHBHinM BHHMaHne Ha o^H y o c o - SeHiiocTB oSuAeH H O ro H3BiKa nioAeH — Ha e ro HeAuneuHOcmb, o 6y - CJIOBJieHHyK) AByMepHOCTBIO 3HaKOBOH CHCTeMBI. «3H aK H SHBaiOT JIH- neHHBiMH, K orAa o h h caeA yioT A P y r 3a A p y ro M , He npoH H K an A P y r b A p y r a n o x o A y p e m i» , — nnuieT E a n jiH h b KauecTBe npH M epa H ejiH H eniioro 1 3HaKocoueTaHHH h p h b o a h t $paHH,y3CKHH o 6opoT to u t a c o u p , ta b OTAejiBHBie ca o B a t o u t , a h c o u p , B3HTBie b o t a 6A b h o c th , jinm eH H BCHKoro CMHcna 2. C m h c a b t o t o oS o p o T a p em i 3aAaeTCH to a b k o e3auModeucmeueM aAeM enrapH Bix 3h 3K o b — TeKCT 0 K a 3 H - BaeTCH HenHHeHHBiM. 3 a g c b b CTpouKy nncBMeHHOH p e u n O K asan cn p a3B ep H y ra M deyMepmiu, 3 h b k , k o t o p h h mbi a o a :k h h 6h a h 6h b k a io - uaTB b <J>pa3y K a K -m i6yAB TaK:

. . . i l a a p e rg u t o u t u n . . , a

c o u pT o r A a t o a b k o b t o t 3h u k b x o a h a 6h b H a m y peuB jim ieH H o; o h n u e ji 6h tb k o h m e CTaTyc, KaK h ocTaABHHe 3HaKH p e u n . E c a h m h x o th m c u h - t a t b H a m y peuB a h h g h h o h , t o a 0JI5KHH npH 3H aTB, u to x o t h 6h H e- KOTopBie o 6o p o tb i p eu n h o c h t AByM epHHH x a p a K T ep .

J I k ) 6 0 H H T H 0 , U T O E a A A H B 9TO M p a C C y 5K A e H H H 0 H B A H H e H H O C T H

p e u H n p e A B H A e A T e n p a K T H u e c K H B a m H B ie 3 a A a u H , c k o t o p h m h m h

C T a A K H B a e M C H n p n n e p e B O A e H 3H K a x H M H u e c K H x (J o p M y A b k o a , Y A o 6 -

I IH H AflH B B e A e H H H H H (|)O pM an,H H B 3BM. H 3H K X H M H U e C K H X (J o p M y A

A B y M e p e H , a H norA a h T p e x M e p e H , h 3h k M a u iH H H A H H e e H . B h a o

1 3,n;ecii iicno.U isyeTca a n a .io rn a : ec .u i k no.umoiviy y - - b0-'r b1x1 b2x 2 npnoannTb Anen, xapaKTepii3yiom;iiH naaiiMOAciiCTnne nepeiieHHHx, to m h nojiyaiivt y>Ke HenimeiiHyio (no nepeMeHHHM) MOAenb y = b 0-{-b1x1-tr b2x2-{-b12x1x2.

2 C j iO B O c o ie T a n n e t o u t a c o u p o6o3HanaeT e d p y c , e n e a a n u o . C .iO B a , bxoashhito b 9to c.ioiiocoaeTaHno, asaTue b otac.ibhoctit, ooosnaaaioT: t o u t — B e cB , p e jimm, bchkhh, p e a o e , r n a B H o e , c o B c e M , c o B e p n ie n H O . . . c o u p — y A a p , tojiaok, c a y aaii, n o c i y n o K , B u c i p e j i .a — n p e p A o r, b co 'ie Ta m m c HMeneM cym ccTB iiTe.iB H H M BLipamaeT Te w e o t - HomeHHH mhcaii, a to pyccKH e OKOHnaHHH KocBeHHHx naaeiKCM; (JjpaHpyacKne KOHCTpyKijHH c np epno ro M a cooTBeTCTByioT oflnoM y H 3 3thx na aew efi 6e3 n p e p jio ra hah c oahhm h3 n p e a n o ro B : b, ajih , po, 3a, aepea, k, n a , n a p , o, o t , nepep, ho, n o p, iroc.ie, n p n , c, y , aepea. ( H 3 «® p a H K O -p y c c K o ro CAOBapa» K . A . FaH m H H a, «CoBOTCKaa 3H pHKAoneflHH», 1930).

61

n p e fla o a te H O o a e H b M H o r o a a ro p H T M O B , n e p e B O fla m u x flB y M e p m a e 3 a n a c H x H M H aecK H x (J o p M y a b a H i ie f in y io n o c a e f lO B a T e a b i io c T b 3H a- k o b . B c a 6 e fla b t o m , b t o b n p o p e c c e n e p e K O fliip o B a iiH a o S c a y a t H B a io - ipH H n e p c o n a a f lo n y c K a e T o a e i i b M i io r o o i h h S o k — f lo 2 0 % . I Ip H 3anH CH XHMHBeCKHX (J o p M y jI B JIHHeHHOH H OCaeflOBaTeabH OCTH 3HaKOB T e p a e T C a T a n a r a a f l i i o c T b f lB y M e p i in x n p e flC T a B a e iiH H , K O T O paa n o 3 B o a a e T H 3 6 e r a T b o i h h S o k b o 6 h b h h x 3 a n a c a x . ^ B y M e p H H H h 3h k ,

c no3H n;H H n p i ie M ii iiK a -a e a o B C K a , o 6 a a f la e T Oo j i b b i h m h b o 3 m o h « i o -

CTHMH, aeM OflHOM epHHH H 3H K .^ B y M e p H H M O K a3 H B a e T c a h h 3hk h otiioh 3 a m i c i i . X o p o m o H 3 -

BeCTHH TpyflH OCTH B HOTHOH 3aHHCH COBpeMeHHOH M y3H K H . O flH a H3 h oh h to k e e n p e o f l o a e i i i i a — H o r a a a 3 a n a c b M y 3 M K a a b iio r o n p o H 3 - B e f le ir a a b B H fle f lB y M e p n o r o 3 p n T C jib i io r o o 6 p a 3 a , i ia n o M H iia io m e r o a 6 cT p a K T H y io K a p T n i iy . B C T a ib e «H ck y cctb o c e r o f l i i a — T p n a i iK a » ( « K y p b e p K )H e c K o » , M ap T 1 9 7 3 r . ) n p i iB e f le i ia C T p a n a p a T a K o fi h o t- hoh 3 a n a c H H3 x o p o B o r o n p o ir a B e fle i iH a M o a o f l o r o y p y r B a a c K o r o K 0M H 0 3H T 0p a C ep X H O C ep B eT T H «C B eT BO M p a K e » .

O K a 3 H B a e T c a , b t o b H a n ie fi n o B c e fl j iC is iio f i h ; h 3 i i h m h HM eeM f l e a o h c B 3H K aM H S o a b m e H pa3M epH O C T H .

I Ip H M e p o M T p e x M e p H o r o a 3 H K a H B a a e T c a h 3hk i i a i i r a x p b cto b h x B o e n p a a T H H . H a o n H T e 6 b ia y C T a iio B a e i i 33Koh c a o jK e i m a pbctob T p a c c M a H a (cm. 0 6 stom b K H H re H . T . (D e f lo p o B a [ 7 2 ] ) . Oh $ o p M y - a a p y e T c a T a n : e c a n f la iib i K a K n e -a n 6 o a e r a p e h h t6h ch bh h x p B eT O - b h x C T H M ya a, B c e r f la mojkiio co cT a B H T b p B eT O B oe y p a B H eH H e M e a tfly K paTH H M H 3THX CTH M yaO B. 0 6 o 3 I ia B H B B e p e 3 W, X , Y , Z eflH IIH flbl a e T b ip e x CTH M yaOB, mh M oateM n o f lo S p a T b T a a a e K03(J)(J)Hn;HeiiTH, b to S y fle T y f lO B a e T B o p a T b c a y p a B H e H H e

w W = x X + y Y + z Z .

n p a 3t o m K03(J)(J)Hn;HeHTH x, y, z M o r y T npH H H M aT b h O T p H fla T e a b iib ie 3 H a a eH H a . <J>H3HaecKH 3t o H H T e p n p e T H p y e T C a ca e fly io m ,H M o 6 p a 3 0 M : e c a n fla H H e K O T o p n n n o f la e a ta if lH H B O cn p oH 3 B e fleH H io c T in n y a F, t o M oateT O K a 3 a T b c a , b t o H a pBeTOBOM $O T O M eT pe f l a a n o a y a e H n a o flH H a K O B oro B n e a a T a e H H a m h f l o a a t i iH S y q e M H a o a h o m n o a e C M em aT b b o n p e fle a e H H O H n p o n o p f l i i i i flB a C T H M yaa 7 i Z , a n a f l p y r o M — CMe- rn aT b a H aaH 3 H p y ion ];H H CTH M ya c T peT bH M s T a a o m iu M C T H M yaoM X, b t o C H M B oa a a ecK H 3 a n H m e T c a T a n :

F + x X = y Y + z Z .

3 a eflH H H BH H e c h m b o h h X, Y h Z B L iSn pa iO T C a M o iio x p o M a T H H e c K iie HOTOKH B COOTBeTCTBHH C HeKOTOpOH flOTOBOpeHHOCTblO.

HaaK, H 3H K HHTeHCHBHHX flB eTO B H X BOCHpHHTHH OKa3H BaeTCH TpeX M O pH H M , XOTH H 3H K BH em H eTO M H pa — 3H epreTH B 6C K H H

62

cneKTp — flByMepen. Ho 3#ecb ecTb ofliia TOHKOCTb: Ha H3Lme cneK- TpajtbHHx npeflCTaBJieiiHH mh a ojijk h h 6h jih 6 h jik>6 oh piseTOBOH CTHMyji 3anHcaTb oipe3KoM nenpepHBiioH k p h b o h , OTKjiaflHBaa no och aQcpncc naCTOTH, no och oppiniaT — aneprHH. Ha H3HKe p b c to b h x BocnpHHTHH iienpepuBiiaa pByMepnaa 3anncb HirrepnpeTHpyeTca B flHCKpeTHOH TpeXMepHOH 3aHHCH. Pa3MepHOCTb H3bIKa BJBeTOBHX BocnpHHTHH He COBHaflaeT C pa3MepHOCTbIO Toro MHpa, KOTOpHH oh onHCHBaeT (ecjiH MHp ycTpoeH TaK, KaK ero npepcTaBjiHiOT $ h 3 h k h ).

- ,y Hac HeT OCHOBaHHH nonaraTb, hto pa3MepHOCTb H3HKa OTpa- ®aeT pa3MepHOCTb Toro MHpa BenjeH, KOTOpbifi Ha stom H3HKe 06- cyjKflaeTca.

^KjiaccHHecKaa c{)ii3HKa ypoBjieTBopajiacb iiaHBiiHM npe#CTaBjie- HneM 0 TpexMepHOM npocTpaHCTBe, cymecTByromeM ne3aBHCHMO o t BpeMeHH. PejiHTHBHCTCKan $H3HKa He Morjia 6h t b H3jiO/Kena Ha H3HKe 3THX HpeflCTaBJieHHH — B03HHK H3HK HeTHpeXMepiIOrO HpO- CTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHoro KOHTHHyyMa. Ho npocTpaHCTBeHHO-Bpe- MeHHoe paccTOHHHe b MHpe MniiKOBCKoro ds2—dx2-\-dy2-\-dz2— c2dt2 C MHHMOH BpeMeHHOH KOOpflHHaTOH BpHfl JIH HMeeT CMHCJI HHTepnpe- THpoBaTb b TepMHHax oSnfleHHoro H3HKa. 3p;ecb co3#an h 3 h k 3Ha- HHTejibHO 6ojiee b h c o k o to ypoBHH aScTpaKTHOCTH. npepcTaBjieiiHe K a m a 0 npocTpaHCTBe h BpeMeHH KaK 0 BpojKfleniiHx KaTeropaax, He flaiiHHx HaM b onHTe, bojiijio b HBHOe npoTHBopeHne c coBpeMeH- HOH $H3HKOH, KOTOpaH HaHOJIHHJia 3TH HOHHTHH COBCeM HOBHM, HeoShhhhm copepHjaimeM. 9 t o HOBoe coflepHtaime npnniJio H3 onHTa, HJIH, MOJKeT 6HTb, TOHIiee, — H3 HeoSxOflHMOCTH HaHTH H3HK #JIH OHHCaHHH H HHTepnpeTapHH OHHTa. H BHCKa3HBaHHH KaHTa, B onpe- fleneHHOM CMHCJie, mojkiio paccMaTpHBaTb KaK ppraflKy 0 tom , hto HpOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHbie KaTerOpHH B OflHOM H3 CBOHX aCneKTOB HMeiOT H3HKOByiO HpHpOfly.

O co6emio apKo h 3 h k o b h h xapaKTep MHorOMepHHX npocTpaH- CTBeHHHx npeflCTaBjieiiHH npoaBjiaeTca b MaTeMaraKe. PacCMOTpHM 3 a # a n y KJiaccH^HKapHH oSbeKTOB no MHOJKecTBy npii3iiaKOB. flo n y - CTHM, HTO HaM HaflO HpOH3BeCTH KJiaCCH$HKaIJHK) CTpaH MHpa HO MHOJKecTBy caMHx pa3HOo6pa3HHx npH3HaKOB, xapaKTepH3yjomiix 3 th CTpaHH, hjih KJiaccH$HKan;Hio KaKOH-jinSo SnojiorHHecKOH nony- jihh;hh hjih copnaJibiioH nonyjian;HH — juopea — no MHOJKecTBy npH3HaKOB, xapaKTepH3yion];Hx, cKaateM, $H3HnecKoe coCToaime h x opraHH3Ma. Ha Bee 3ap;aHH Taaoro pop;a m ojkho, c onpeflejieHHOH to h k h 3peHHa, CMOTpeTb KaK Ha 3ap;aHH a3HKOBOro xapaKTepa. Mh xothm pa36HTb nopjieH;ain;Hx KJiaccinJuKapHH HHpHBHpyyMOB Ha iieKOTopue rpynnn TaK, h to 6h c KaKHx-TO onpeaejieniiHx h o 3hh,hh 6h jio yp,o6iio b octh 0 h h x pa3roBop. 9 t o o tih o p l He oiiTOjiorHHecKaa 3aj(aHa: Hac coBceM He 6ecnoKOHT to oScTOHTejibCTBO, h to HafifleHHbie HaMH rpynnn o#iiopo#HLix b KaKOM-TO CMHCJie jiiofleit nan rocy-

63

flapCTB $aKTHnecKH He o6pa3yioT peaaBHO cyrqecTByiomHX, H30AH- pOBaHHO AefiCTByroipHX CHCTeM.

fla a penieHHH TaKOH h3hkoboh 3aflaaH npiixopHTCH bboahtb b paccMOTpeHHe MHoroMepHoe npocTpaHCTBO npn3HaKOB. 3aflaaa KaaccH^HKapHH 3aKajoaaeTCH b o6bepinieiiHii HiminiiiflyyMOB b He- KOTopHe rpym rn b stom npocTpaHCTBe npii3iiaKOB. MeTpHKa stoto npocTpaHCTBa MoaceT 6h tb no-pa3HOMy opraHH30BaHa. IIpH3HaKH MoryT 6h tb 3aflaHH b pa3HHx niKaaax: oprra H3 hhx MoryT 6h tb ah- HeHHHMH, flpyrne — pan oneiib pa36pocaHHHx npH3HaKOB — ao- rapH^MHaecKHMH; o t npocTpaHCTBa npH3HaKOB, 3aflaBaeMHX Ma- TpnpeH X , mh MoaceM nepeHTH k npocTpaHCTBy KOBapaapHH, 3aflaBae- mhx MaTpapen X *X . P e3yabTaTH KaaccHfJuKapua 6ypyT 3aBHceTb o t Toro, KaK mh opraHH3yeM MeTpmcy npocTpaHCTBa He3aBHCHMHx nepeMeHHHx, tohho TaK ace, KaK aio6oe ppyroe Haine BHCKa3HBaHHe, cpeaaHHoe Ha oSnfleHHOM H3HKe, 3aBHCHT ot iiamon tohkh 3peHHa. IIo-pa3HOMy opraHH3ya MeTpnKy npocTpaHCTBa, mh MoaceM no- pa3HOMy nocMOTpeTB Ha ofliiy h Ty ace caoacHyio cucTOMy.

flo chx nop mh roBopnan o 3HaKOBOH — comhothh6ckoh — pa3- MepHocTH a3HKa. Mohcho roBopHTb h o ero ceMaHTaaecKOH pa3Mep- HOCTH, 3aflaBaeMOH HOAHMOp$H3MOM H3HKa. ToabKO H3HK CTporo OflHO 3H3HHHX CaOB 6bia 6bl CeMailTHaeCKH OflllOMepiILIM. GMHCa MHoroMepHHX — noaHMop$HHx — caoB pacKpHBaeTca npa hx yno- Tpe6aeHHH b hx B3aHMOfleHCTBHH. CaeflOBaTeabHO, mohcho roBopHTb, hto Hani o6HfleiiHHii a3HK ceMtmmuHecKU HejiuneeH. IIpHeMHHK a3HKa — neaOBeK — BHCTynaeT KaK iieaHiieHiibTH npeo6pa30BaTeab.

3aKaHHHBaa nepByio raaBy khhth , mh xotcah 6h npocHTb h ht3- Teaefi He B03MymaTbca HeKOTopofi 3h6koctbio Been chctbmh pac- cyacfleHHH. H 3hk — cahihkom caohchhh opraHH3M, xpaiiamiiH h npn- nyflaHBHM o6pa30M coneTaiorqHH to , hto 6n ao npnoSpeTeno b poaroH SBOaiopHH. Ero onacaHHe He yKaaflHBaerca b npocTHe aorHne- CKHe cxeMH, a b to ace BpeMa mh minero He yMeeM onHCHBaTb, He n p a 6eraa k aorHnecKHM nocTpoeHHHM. H a caohciiuh y3op mbi Ha6pa- CHBaeM rp y 6yio ceTb cbohx nocTpoeHHH. CeTb, KoneHno, mohcho CKoab yroflHO ycaoacHHTb, ho He noTepaeTca an OTHeiaHBOCTb CyHCfleHHH?

B 3toh p a 6oTe HaM n pm naocB HaaoacHTb onpefleaeHHHe orpaHH- neHHa Ha cmhchoboo copepacaHHe HeKOTOpnx caoB . H o k 3TOMy He HaflO OTHOCHTBCH CHHIHKOM Cepbe3HO — B03HHKai0mHe npH 3TOM hohhthh He HMeioT KaKoro-aH 6o ycTOHHHBoro CMHcaa. Mbi caMH roTOBH SyfleM ot hhx OTKa3aTbca, KaK toabko HaM rfle-HH6yflb b flpy- roM MecTe 3to noHafloSHTca. B 3tom, KaK HaM npeflCTaBaaeTca, h n p o aB aaeT ca rH6K0CTb H3HKa, ero choco6hoctb, n p a H3MeHeHHH CHTyapHH, nepecTpaHBaTbca h b ceMaiiTHnecKOM naaH e.

r . i a B a B T o p a a

BepoHTHOCTHaa T eop im siiaaeH im

1 . H ocT a H O B K a 3 a f la a n

Bay raaBy MoatHO 6n ao 6h aaKate 03araaBHTb: BepoHTHOCTHaH ce- MaHTHKa, HJIH BepOHTHOCTHaH CeMaCHOJIOrHH. OHa 33HHMaeT peH- TpajiBHoe MecTO b HaineH CHCTeMe cyatfleiiHH. OcHOBHaa Hama 3a- f la a a — hoctpohtb Mofleab, OTpaataioipyK) KaK aornaecKyio capyK- Typy H3HKa, TaK h Ty ero caoamocTb, KOTopaa HaxoflHT CBoe BHeniHee BHpajKeHHe b cyipecTBOBaiiiiii HeoflH03HaaHOH CBa3H Meatfly 3h3K0m h o6o3HaaaeMHM.

K O M M y iiH K a p n a M e a tfly a io flb M H n p o n c x o f lH T H a a o r n a e c K O M y p o B H e . B H a ra y n o B c e flH e B H y io p e a b n o cT o a H H O B njieT a iO T C a p e - h o h k h C H aaorH 3M O B . B h b h o h $ o p M e h h k t o H e $ o p M y a n p y e T H OCTy- a a ™ , h o m h h x jie rK O y a a B a H B a e M f la a te b c b m h x H 03aM H C Ji0BaTH X B H C K a3H B 3H H H X . Y a t e c peTC T B a y c B a H B a e T c a a o r n a e c K a a c a p y K - r y p a p e a i i . B o t o a h h n p n M e p : a teH ip H H a naCTOM aiiBO c n p a n iH B a e T M a J ie n b K o r o M a a b a m t a — c h h 3 m a x ev ia t h k a - b e p o a t n o c t h h k a : « I I o -a e M y t h H e flC B o a K a ?» I I o f ly M a B , o h O T B ca a cT : « H a B e p H o e , h o t o - M y , h t o a M aabH H K ».

B 3 t o h 3hthm om o 1 HeH BH o H c n o a b 3 y e T C H n o c b u iK a , y T B e p a t f la io - r p a a , h t o oflH O B peM eH H o H e jib 3 a S b itb M a a b a m to M h f l e B o a K o i . Ha ee ocH OBaH H H a e a o B e K f le a a e T b h b o a , aTO o n M a a b a n K , t o y a t e n oa T O M y ne M oateT 6 H T b p eB oa K O H . Ho f la a te p e S e H K y 3 t o c y a t f le H n e H e K a - a t e T c a o a e H b c o f le p a ta T e a tH H M , h o h n oa T O M y f lo S a B a a e T c a o B O « H a B e p n o e » .

JJaate noflBHnHBiHHe aioflH HHTaioTca paccyatflaTb Jiornano. KaK-TO b BaroHe-pecTopaHe Moaoflon aeaoBeK na Bonpoc, noaeMy o h TaK MpaaeH, OTBeTna aaKOHHHHo: «noTOMy h t o ateHa 6pocHaa». A Ha Bonpoc: «noaeMy 6pocnaa?» — nocaeflOBaa CToab ate KpaTKHH o t b c t : «noaeMy, noaeMy. . .^ a noTOMy h t o h ee He 6pocna paHbine».

B 3TOH 9HTHMeMe CKpblTHH HOCTyaaT 3ByaHT TaK: o6CTaHOBKa 6n aa TaKOBa, hto 6paK HyatHo 6n ao pacToprHyTb; OTCiofla caeflyea,

1 SHTHMeMa (rp ea . — HenojiHO BHpaateHHHH CHjuiorH3M; b flaHHOMca y a a e b paccymfleiraH MajiL'iaita onyipeHa oflHa H3 uocujiok.

5 B . B . HajiHMOB 6 5

axo x a k o e peineHne n c x o p iia o ot jk c h h npocTO noxoiiy, hto o n caM He cpeaaa otopo paHbine.

K o n e H iio , b oS b ip em io fi p e n a H a p a p y c o cT p o ro JiornHecKiiMii npneM aM H H c n o a b 3 y io x c a h n p a B p o n o p o 6HHe p a c c y jn p e H n a , CKajKCM p a c c y jK p e n a a n o a iia a o rH H , y p a n n u e iiaaroC T p ap n ii a n p . Ho Bee JKe hm n p n p a e x c a MeniiiiinH Bee — B epb ecTb jne n a p o p n a a (]jpaiipy3C K aa nocjiO B H p a: C o m p a ra iso n n ’e s t p as ra iso n . To oS cx oa xeab cxB O , h to b o 6h - peH H oii p e n a H c x o p im e n o c x y jia x n He (J op M y jiap yio T ca b hbhom BH pe, H03B0JIHeX npHHHCHBaXb HM pa3H H H BeC, HXO, KOIICHHO, 060- rarp aex cn cxeM y c y jK p e im fi, p a e n ra p a e x ee paM KH, x o x h h p ejia ex ee MeHee c x p o r o n . Ha axo o 6cxo«xejibcxB O oG paxiui BHHMaiiHC E j i 3k [67], K pnxH KyH c x p o r o aKCHOMaxunecKiie n p n cM H nocxpoeH H H x e o - pHH C HX 6e3yCHOBHbIM peMOKpaXH3MOM B OpeHKe KaK C3MHX aKCHOM, xaK h BbixeKaioipHx H3 h h x cjiepcxBH H . B e p b e c jin He Bee cjicpcT B iia paB H opeH H H , xo H e K o x o p n e H3 h h x , He co rjiacy io ip H ecH c ppyrH M H naniHMH iiaSjuopeiiiiH M H h jih npoT H B opeH aipae HaniHM H a6jnopcHiiHM , m ojkh o on ycxH X b , h axo He 6y p e x p a 3 p y ra a x b bcio cn cxeM y cyjKpeiiH H . n p a B fla , BHCKa3HBaHHH C HOHBHO C(J)OpMyjIHpOBaHHHMH HOCblJIKaMH xpyflHO n o p p a io x c a KpiixiiHecKOMy aH ajiH 3y . JIk)6o h h x h o oxM exnxb, h xo KpynHeHHiHe pep yK T H B im e (a Jiynm e cK a 3a xb , pepyK XH B H O o6pa3- H H e, KBa3HflepyKXHBiiLie) nocxpoeH H H X V I I I — X I X bb., xaK H e, KaK $ h ji o c o $ h h K aH x a h jih $h jioco <| h h T e r e jia , n ocxp oeH H xaK , h xo b h h x He BHflejieHH oxnexjiHBO a c x o p iib ie n ocH jiK H .

JIorH H ecK aa c x p y K x y p a p en a npnBJieKjia BHHMaHHe jion iK O B . J I o t h k h c x a jin 3aH H M axbca jih h tb h c x h k o h . H s y n a a H3H K , o h h He m o tjih He 3aM exHxb e ro jioranecK O H nepocxaxoH H O cxH . O x cio p a CTpeM- neiiH e H cnpaBH xb h 3 h k , o c o 6eHHO H3HK H ayK H . H 3 a x oro cxpeM Jie- h h h — e c jia HMexb b BHfly He o 6ipe<J)Hjioco<J)CKyio, a c n e p H a jib n o -jio rH - n ecK yio cx o p o H y B o n p o c a — B 03iiH K aa n p orp aM M a aorH H ecK H x h o 3 h - XHBHCXOB, 0 KOXOpOH MH yjK e TOBOpHaH BHHie. H H3 HeTO JKe B03H HKaa jiozimecnan ceMaHmuna, h c x o k h K o x o p o n B o c x o p a x erqe k paSoxaM n a p c a (1839— 1914) h <I)pere (1848— 1925). Ho e c a n H a n p a B aeiin e a o ra n e c K o r o no3H iH BH 3M a S n c x p o o 6H apyjK H ao cb oio H e c o c x o a x e a b - h o c x b h c x a a o y r a c a x b , xo a o n iH e c K a a ceMaHXHKa n cn b ix a a a ycTOH- HHBOe h H eyK aoH iioe p a3B H xn e, npeBpaxHBHinCb no3JKe b op h o H3 KOHKpemnux HanpaBJieHHH a 0 r 11 k 0 - c cm 110 x iih 0 c k h x HCCJiepOBaHHH.

JIorH H ecK aa ceMaHXHKa — axo p a 3p e a M exaaorH K H , K oxopbra 3aH H M aexca H H x e p n p e x a p n e i <])opMaaH30BaHHbix cn cxeM (a o n iH c - CKHX, aOTHKO-apH(|)MexHHeCKHX H HHHX IICHHCJieHHH); b Heli Il3YH a- roxca xaKHe n p o S a e M H , KaK n p u p o p a HMeH, aB aeH H a cM bicaa, 3 iia - HeHHa, HCXHHHOCXH H aOJKHOCXH a3H K 0B H X BHpaJKeHHH H p p . C HO- MOipbio axHx noH axH H aorH H ecK aa ceMaHXHKa H 3yn aex c B o ic x B a HCKyCCTBeHHHX H3HK0B H H3HK0B HayKH. 3apaHa 3pecb CTaHOBHX- ca yjKe 6o a e e c k p o m h o h — H3yneH H e, a He n cn p aB aeH H e H3HKa

66

n a y K H . M e T O ^ ti n n p o S a e M H jio rH H e c K o ii ce iia H T H K H o K a s a jr a c B r .a y - SOKO CBH 33H H H M H C H p o 6jieM aM H H M eTO ^aM H M aT eM aTE raecK ofi n o - THKH. B o j lb r a o a BKJiafl B pa3B H TH G JIOrHHCCKOH CeMaHTHKH BHeCJIH P a c c e j i , K a p n a n , xIepH, T a p c K n f i , K e M e H H . T fle -T O H a n e p e c e n e H H H M aT eM aT H H ecK on j i o h i k h n T e o p n H aBTOiiaTOB b o 3 h h k j io em ;e o,o;ho iia n p a B J ie H n e — M a m eM a m u n ecm a jiu m e u c m u K a , K OTOpaH CTpoH T CTpOTO (J)0pM aaH 30B aH IIbie MO/JCJIII eCTeCTBeHH HX H HCKyCCTBeH HH X H3H K O B . 3 f le c b p eH b HfleT yH<e o n o c T p o e n H H C T p o r o $ o p M a jr a 3 0 B a H ~ m i x rpaM M aT H K a j i j i c iim b o ji i ih o c k h x h s l i k o b .

H a n p a B J ie n x ie , a a B T e p n a T iiB n o e <[)op M ajiB H o-jiorH H ecK O M y n o p ;- x o f ly k a H a ji i i3 y h s h k h , h c x o a h j i o ii3 y S ea tfleH H H o c n ji e h SoraT C T B e e c T e c T B e iiiio r o H 3 tiK a , o n eB H pa3H M O C T H e r o b CHCTeMe (Jop M ajiB H O - JIOrHHeCKHX IIOCTpOeHHH. B OTjJIJHHC OT BH CKa3LIBaH H H JIOTHHeCKHX H03IITHBHCT0B 3fl;eCb y T B ep H t^ a jIO C b , HTO H 3H K Hy}KH O H e H C H p aB -j ih t b — BCHKoe H cnpaB jieH H e n o B e n o 6 h k e r o oSe^H eH H io, — a H 3y- naT b h npaBHJiBiio y n o T p e o jiH T b . 3 t o H a n p a B jie n n e 3 a p o flH jio cb e m e b i ia n a jie H a m e ro B ena b A n r jii iH . r ie p B H e n ia r n Ha n y r a k $op M H - p o fia ira io aHrJIHHCKOH «JIHHrBHCTHHeCKOH HIKOJIBI» CflejiaH , KaK MH ya<e ynoM H iianH B tn n e , aHrjiHHCKHH <J)HJioco$ M y p , paSoTaBHiiiH b K e iiS p H fl/K e . B 1 9 0 3 r . B binuia e r o K ira ra «IIpHHH;HnH 3t h k h » [73], b 1 9 1 7 — K H nra «Konii;enii;HH peajitH 0C TH » [74]. B nepBOH H3 s t h x KHIP OH TOBOpiIT 0 TOM, HTO B 3THKe TpyflHOCTH HaCTO B03HHKai0T H3cTpeMJieHHH AaTB o tbg t n a B o n p o c , n e ^aB c e 6e T p y ^ a h o h h t b e r o c m h c ji ; n p n 3to m m h H acTo 0Ka3BiBaeMCH H e n e p e p ; o a h h m , a n e p e j j iiecKojiBKHM H B on p ocaM H , Hym flaiomHM HCfl b Tin;aTejiBHOM aH ajiH 3e n K .'iu cch cTih Kan;HH 1-

1 OflniiM n3 Taraix Miiorosita'iHMx BonpocoB hbjihotch Bonpoc: «1I to ecu* ao6po?» «E cjiii, — nnmeT Myp, — h saa-'iM ce6e Bonpoc, KaK onpeaejurn, aoSpo, moh o tb g t 6yn er : « . . . ero n ejibm onpeflejniTB, ir aro Bee, h to h Mory CKa3ari>, KaKHM 6u paaoaapon.aiiiaiomii.M hii 6hji btot orBeT». M yp, b nacTiiocTii, noaaep- raeT jiTinrBiiCTinccKOMy anajoisy [74] napaaoKcajibiioe yTuep/Kaenne aitrjiHH- CKoro crui.Tocotfia Bpafljni o tom , hto «BpeMH HepeajibHO», h noKa3tinaeT, hto noa 0TUMII cjioiiaMir iTOHii.MaoTCH 3aeci, hohto coBceM apyroe h iteoSuHiioe, otjihhhoo OT TOTO, HTO nOHHiiaiOT Jlioan B CBOOH o6tiaOHHOH pe’ITT.

HpyniM npmiepoM MO/KeT cjiyiKHTF, aHajiH3 MypoM yTnepiKaeitiiH, h to «B ce- jieimaH ayxoBHa». «3 a e c i b cjiobo «ayxonHa», — roBopiiT M yp, — BKJiaauBaeTCH ohchb ya ; Miioro pa3JiiiHiibix cmhcjiob. E cjhi BceJieHHan 6yaeT o6T>HBjieHa a y - xoMioi';, — iipoaoa>KaeT on, — t o . . . CTyjibn, c to jih ii ro p u , npeaCTaiuiHio- mnecH naxi c to .ti, oTjniHHHMn o t nac, 6yayr KaaaTi.CH 6oJiee hoxoikhm ii Ha nac, neii mu ay.viaeM» (noapoSnee o Mype_CM. KpaTKyio, ho xoporno Hariiican- nyio CTaTMo H oyjia [76 ]). *

M iioro pau&me o neiipaBiuibHOM yiiOTpeSjieHim cjiob nncaa rejiF>nenHii b cboom TpaKTaTe «0 6 y»ie» (1785 r.) [7 5 ]. TaM oaHa H3 raaB TaK h Ha3UBaeTCH — « 0 HenpaBUjibHOM ynoTpeSjieHim cjiob». ApryMeHTau;HH M ypa yailBHTOjiLHO no- xna*a na apryMOHxanHK) FejibBemm,

67

M h H e 6 y f l e .v i 3 f l e c b p a c c K a 3 H B a T b o t o m a j i h h h o m n y T H , K O T O p n f i

n p o n m a a i i r j H i H C K a a J iH H r B H C T H H e c K a n n i K O J i a , M i i o r o c t o p o h h h k o b

k o t o p o h O K a 3 a n o c b b G I U A . O c T a B H M b C T o p o n e h o 6 m ;e $ H j i o c o < [ > C K H e

B 3 r .TIH ^ L I n p e f lC T a B IIT C .T O M 3 T O H IH K O J Ib I, O T O C J ia B H H T aT O JIH K y n O M H -

H a B in e H C H yme a a a i K p H T H H e c K O H j i H T e p a T y p e . B m g c t o 3 T o r o m h

c o r a j i e M C H H a c p a B H H i e J i b H O i i e ^ a B H O B H ii iC T ^ m y io b C I U A K H H r y

II. E(H n<|)a « C e M a H T H H e c K H H a H a j i H 3 » [77], b k o t o p o h p e a b H ^ e T o c e -

M a H T H a e c K O M a i i a j i H 3 e B H C K a 3 H B a H H H . K a K H H H ie T c a M a B T o p b n p e -

flH C J IO B H H , K H H T a B 0 3 H H K J ia H 3 IK O J ia H H H O T B e T H T b H a B O H p O C —

h t o 3 H 3 H H T C K a 3 a H H a H H a a H r jiH H C K O M H 3 H K e (| ) p a 3 a g o o d p a i n t i n g —

« x o p o r a a H K a p T H H a » . B o 3 h h k 3 t o t B o n p o c y a B T o p a n p n p a o o T e H a g

M a H y c K p n H T O M n o a c T e r a K e . J ] , a j i e e y H e r o b o 3 h h k j i h h t o k h o b o -

n p o c H . - « I I o H e M y k t o - t o flO J i> K eH n o B e p H T b b t o , h t o h C K a 3 a j i ? » ,

« H t o 3 a c T a B J i n e T m o h h g y M a T b , h t o b t o T a K ? » . B n o c J i e A H e n r j i a B e

K H H r n E [n n (| )a A a e T C H c p a B H H T e a b H b r a c m h c j i o b o h a H a J iH 3 160 K o p o T -

k h x < | )p a 3 , c o A e p a t a m i H x o a h o h t o H <e c j i o b o g o o d . B o t T p n $ p a 3 H ,

B 3 H T H e H 3 3 T O r o c n H C K a :(7) 9 t o xoporaaa 3eMJiHHHKa;( 8 ) 9 t o x o p o n iH H j i h m o h ;

(9) 9 T 0 xoponiHH H O ® A ™ pe3HOH paSOTH.JlerKo BHAeTb, h t o b o Bcex arax Tpex <|)pa3a x c j i o b o «xopoinHH»

HMeeT COBCeM p a3HHH CMHCJi: xoponiHH JIHMOH flOHHteH 6bITb KHCJIbIM, xopoinaH 3eMjiHHHKa, HaoSopoT, He AOJiJKHa 6 h t b k h c j i o h , a xoponiHH h o i k floJimeH 6 h t b o c t p b i m , h t o He HMeeT HHKaKoro OTHOmeHHH h h

k KaneCTBy jiiiMona, h h k KanecTBy 3 6 m j i h h h k h . 3 aKaHHHBaeT c b o i o

KHHry IJ h < J )$ yTBepiKAenueM, h t o ecTb Bapnai^HH b 3iiaHeiiHH TepMHHa «xoponrHH», h o o h h BcerAa accogHHpyiOTCH c o t b o t o m Ha Bonpoc, OTpajKarorgHH Hainy onpeAejieHHyio 3aHHTepecoBaHHOCTb. M h 6h floSaBHJIH, HTO 3AeCb OHHTb HpOHBJIHeTCH HOJIHHOHHOCTb H3HKB: CMHCJI CJIOBa «XOpOIHHH» npOHBJIHCTCH BO B 3 a H M 0 A 0 H C T B HH C BOnpO- COM, Ha KOTOpblH Mbi XOTIIM OTBeTHTb.

B T pygax npcACTaBHTCJiOM «jiniirBHCTHHecKOH iHKOJibi» BcerAa HJIH HOHTH BCerAa MOHIHO BCTpeTHTb p e3KOe HpOTHBOHOCTaBJieHHe h x B3raflflOB B3rjiHAaM j i o t h k o b h «jiorHHecKHx ceMaHTHKOB». Ho yme y CTpocoHa [78] m h HaxoAHM BHCKa3biBaHHe o t o m , h t o He h c h o ,

HyiKHO j i h paccMaTpHBaTb KaK gBe Bpa>KAe6HHx c t o p o h h MHCjiHTeaen, HHTaiOIAHXCH nOCTpOHTb HCKyCCTBeHHHH H3bIK, H MblCJIHTCJIOH, 3aHHMaiomHxcH anajiHsoM ecTecTBeHHoro H3HKa; b itaKOH-TO CTeneiiH o h h AonojiHHiOT APYr A p yra , nocKOJibKy n;ejib 3Aecb OAHa: anajiH3 H3biKa. HaM KaiKeTCH, h t o Hago noHTH AaJibme h C([)opMyjiHpoBaTb npoSjieM y inHpe. Hymna Modexb X3una, ompamawufcix nan ezo mhozo- zpamiocmb u axozuHHOcmb, man u ezo jiozmecnyw cmpynmypy. 3 t h a b c ,

Ka3ajiocb 6 h , AHaMeTpajibHO npoTHBonojioiKHHe TeHAeHiprH, coeAH- HHHCb B KaKOM-TO MajIO HOHHTHOM B 3aHMOAOHCTBHH, CoSCTBCIinO,

68

h co3 fla K )T H a n i oS bifleH H H H h s h k b o B ceM e r o M H o r o o 6 p a 3 H H . H B p a # j ih m o jk h o A O C T H rnyT b y c n e x a , H3 y a a H flB e b t h TeH fleH ijH H p a 3 fle jiB H O ii H e3 aBHCHMO o A n a o t A p y r o n .

2 . IIojiH M op(J)H 3M H 3 b n ;a h T e o p e M a re 'fte jiH

H a M npeflC TaB JiH eTC H , h t o b p a S o T a x n o «a H a jiH 3 y H 3H K a» H H T ep ecH H H e c t o j i b k o Te h j i h HHbie K O H K p eT im e p e 3 y jib T a T H h ^a>Ke H e p a 3 p a - C oT a ilH b ie RJ1R 3T0T0 MeTOAH JIHHTBHCTHHeCKOrO aH aJIH 3a, a HeKOTO- pb ie o S m n e cyjKAOH HH o H 3b iK e , K O T o p b ie , c j i e A y a T e j u m e p y [ 7 9 ] x, m o jk i io H a sB a T b KO H penniH eH n o j i H M o p < ] ) H 3 M a H 3 H K a. T ep M H H «n ojiiiM op(| )H 3M » H a ^ o , n o jK a j i y f i , n p n 3 H a T b y ^ a n H e e n rn p oK O n p n M e - H u e M o r o b JiHHrBHCTHnecKOH jiH T e p a T y p e T epM H iia «n o jiH ce M H H », TaK K aK 3 f le c b S y ^ e T h a t h p e a r . H e t o j i b k o o M H o ro 3 H a n iio cT H c j i o b , h o h 0 6 o 6 m;eH H ep ery jiH p H O C T H H 3 u K a .

M n o r o o 6p a 3H e o S b iA e m io r o H 3biK a o G k h b j ih c t c h e r o caM M M c y r p e - CTBeHHHM n p n 3 H a K O M . 9 t o T e n e p b o t h io a b H e n o K a 3 a T e jib e r o y m e p 6- h o c t h . E c T e c T B e iiH H H H 3H K H M eH H o b C r a y e r o nojiH M opi|)H 3M a 6o r a n e BCHKOrO HCKyCCTBeHHO C 0 3 fla B a e M 0 r 0 H 3H K a — T aK MOJKeT 6h t b c $ o p - M yjIH pO B aH OTBeT aH rjIH H C KH X aHaJIHTHKOB JIOrnneCKHM H 03H T H B H - CTaM . J\:iu ycH JieH H H o t o t o h o h t h o n eB H U H o ro yT B ep jK ^ eH H H m o jk iio n p iiB J ien b 3iiaM eH H Tyio T eo p ew y T efle jiH 0 neno.TrroTe. 3 f le c b , k o h c t i io , p e a n S y ^ e T h a t h n e 0 AO K a3aT ejiB C T B e b C T p o ro M cM b icjie 3 T o r o c jiO B a , a t o j i b k o 0 iie K O T o p o fi a H a j i o r n n , K O T o p a a npeflCTaBJiH eTCH HaM flOCTaTOHHO IIIITepeCHOH H TJiyGoKOH .

T e o p e M a r e ^ e i m HM eeT o a e H b 6 o j iB m o e r H o c e o j i o r H n e c K o e 3 H a n e - H H e. O H a 3 a B e p in a e T c.o6o h p e j i y i o a n o x y r a y S o K O H h 6 e3 ycjiO B H O H B e p b l B JKeCTKHH fleTepM H H H 3M B C(]>epe JIOrHKH — TOH B e p H , HOCJiefl- HHM SoJIBIHHM BCHJieCKOM KOTOpOH H 6 HJIO HOHBJieHHe JIOTHHeCKOrO HO 3HTHBII3MB.

OCHOBOH H a y n n o r o M H p0B 033peH H H HBJIHOTCH yB epeH H O C T b B H e - o S x o a h m o c t h Bepm |)H K aqH H r n n o T e 3 . T m a T e jiB H b iH a H a jiH 3 J i o r n n e - c k o h c o fle p n o T e jib H O C T H c a M o r o n p H H q m ia BepH(|>HKai];HH, n p e f l n p n - h h t b ih 3 a n o c J ie ^ H e e B peM H , n o K a 3 a j i , h t o TaM ^ a jie K O H e B e e o S c t o h t S j i a r o n o j i y n H o , e c j i n m h ;[a > i;e orp a iiH H irM C ji t o j i b k o ecTeCTBeH H H M H H ayK aM H ( 0 6 3 t o m cm . n o A p o S H e e b [8 0 ] ) . B ep H $ n n ;H p y eM O C T B m h , n o

1 K m ira FejuiHepa «CjiOBa 11 Benina nocnmnena KpnTHHOcKOMy aHajin3y o ch ob h h x Hflofi anrjmncKofi «jnrarBiicTHaecKOH ihkojih». On a HirraeTCH c Sojimhhm h h - TepecoM, KpriTiiiriisM aBxopa ho h o c h t iiai!H3'mno-pa3;ipa>Kaioinero xapaKTepa. Cp. TaKHte KpiiTiraecKoe irajioweHiie narjnijtoB btoh hikojih, coaopw am eeca b ynoMiiHanmoHCH y ;«e hbmii Krnire M . C. K o 3 j i o n o i i . « T o o6otoh tojibctbo, h to Miionte crntnoroiJiCKiTC npo6jieMH anajiiraa H3i.iT<a HayKH h $hjioco<]>hh, — kh- TaeM m b i y M . C. K o3jioboh, — Ha iiockojibko hochthjibthh nonajin b hoh th Sespas^ojiBiioe njiajtoHiio Heono3HTHBH3Ma, He aaeT ocHOBaHHH hjih coMHeHHHB peajiBHOfl 3HaniiMocTH b th x npo6jieM» [2 3 , c . 2 4 ] .

69

c y m e c T B y , a o j i j k h h 3aM eH H Tb $ a jib C H $ H p H p y e M o c T b io : e # H n c T B e n n o e , HTO M H MOJKeM C fle jia T b , — 9T0 n O K a 3 a T b , HTO BH flB H H yTaH H3MH r n n o T e 3 a He n p o r a B o p e H H T p e 3 y jib T a T a M ir a m a x n a S jn o j je i r a n . H o e c j i n p a c cM a T p H B a e M a a r n n o T e 3 a H e m o jk c t 6 h t b <f>ajibCH(f>Hn;HpoBaHa, t o O TCiofla e m e H e c j i e j i y e T , h t o H e jib3H S y ^ e T B H flB H H yTb f l p y r o n , M o n ie r 6 h t b , h 6 o j i e e c h j i b h o h rH H O T e3H , K O T o p a n T a K w e H e S y ^ e T n p oT H B O - p en H T b H aSjiio fleH H H M . C k o j i b 6 h M H o ro h h 6 h j i o y H a c n a fr r io / je n n H ,. n o flT B e p J K fla io m H x H a m y r n n o T e 3 y , h x B c e r f la H eflocTaTOHH O j j j ih t o t o , h t o 6 h 6 e 3 o ro B o p o H H O n p n 3 H aT b e e . B t o H<e B peM H o ji;h h O T p n p a T e jib - h u b p e 3 y n b T a T flo c T a T o n e H f l jm t o t o , h t o 6 h o n p o B e p r H y T b r n n o T e 3 y . B yCJIOBHHX T 3K 0H H enpH HTHOH JIOnraeCKOH aCHMMeTpHH npH X O flH TC ff BBOflHTb CHCTeMy COrJiaiHeH HH, C ^ O pM yjIH pO B aH H H X H a T eop eT H K O - BepOHTHOCTHOM H3LIK6, flHH TOTO H To6 h C yM eT b O peH H T b C T eneH b Hap;ejKHOCTH H a ra n x r im o T e 3 ( n o f lp o S i i e e 0 6 s t o m cm . b t j i . II i i a m e S k h h t h [ 8 1 ] ) .

Eme cjiosKHee 0 6 c t o pit ^ejio c npoSneMOH BepiKjiiKapiiii b MaTe- MaraKe. HflpoM MaTCMaTiraecKiix nocTpoeHHH h b h h i o t c h M a m eM a m u - uecKue cm pynm ypu — CHCTeMH aKCHOM, 6oraTHe c b o h m h . t o f h h c - c k h m h cneflCTBH HM H [ 8 2 ] . 3a/[ana B eppH fjiiK apiiii a j je c b o 6n 3aT ejibH O TpeSyeT npoBepKH BnyTpennefi nenpoTiiBopeHiiBoCTH bthx CTpyKTyp. Bonpoc o BHyTpeHHeM cooTHonieHHH aKCHOM SecnoKOM MaTeMaTiiKon e ^ e c. flpeBHHx BpeMeH, cpa3y Hte nocne noHBjienHH aKCHOM EBKjiHfla — nepBoS xoporao H3BecTHOH HaM MaTeMaTHnecKoS CTpyKTypbi. M uoro TipeTiibix ycHjrim 6h j i o 3aTpaneHO, h t o S l i BHBecTH h h t h h nocTynaT H3 o c h o b h h x nocTyjiaTOB. H o nocne noHBneHHH HeeBKjra- flOBux reoMeTpnt Bonpoc yjne BCTaa HHaae — HyjKHO 6h j i o noKa3aTb h h x BHyTpeHHKHo HenpoTHBopeHHBOCTb. Biianajie MaTeMaraKH orpa- HHHHJIHCb OmHOCUmeJlbHblM flOKa3aTejIbCTBOM HenpOTHBOpeHHBOCTH. HcnojibSOBajiCH MeTOfl MaTeMaTHaecKoro MOflejmpoBaHim. B CHCTeMe CTapbix, ecjiH xoTHTe, o6m;enpH3HaHHHx MaTeMaTHHecKiix CTpyKTyp HyjKHO 6hJIO HOCTpOHTb MOflejIH (HHTepnpeTapHH), Ha KOTOpHX BH- nOJIHHJIHCb 6h aKCHOMH HOBHX CTpyKTyp. OflHa CHCTeMa MaTeMaTH- necKHx nocTpoeniin HHTepnpeTHpoBajiacb c noMon^bio gpyrofi. HanpHMep, yqajiocb noKa3aTb, h t o njiocKocTb b reoMeTpHH PnMaHa MOflejinpyeTCH noBepxHOCTbio ci|>epH b TpexMepHOM eBKJiHflOBOM npo- CTpaHCTBe, h TaKHM o6pa30M nocTynaTH PnMaHa npeBparajiHCb B TeopeMbi eBKjiHflOBOH reoMeTpHH. /loanee 6h j i o HOKa3aHO, h t o eBKjin- p ;o b h n o c T y jia T H b h h o j i h h i o t c h Ha H eK O T o p o n aJireSpannecKOH M o ^ e jin h , cjieflOBaTejibHO, HenpoTHBopemiBH, ecjin HenpoTHBopeaHBa aji- re6pa.

B o n p o c o H en poT H B openH B O C T H b M aTeM aTH K e n p n o S p e j i o c o S y i o o c T p o T y n o c j i e t o t o , K aK 6 h j i h o S n a p y m e i iH n p o T H B o p e n H H b K aH - TOpOBCKOfi T eop H H MHOJKeCTB, KOTOpaH H C H 0H b30B aJiaC b %JIH 0 6 0 CHO-B3 HHH M a T eM a T H n ecK oro a H a jin a a . B H a n a a e H a m e r o B eK a ( b 1 9 0 4 r . )

70

3HaMeHHTHH iieMeijKHM MaTeMaTHK TnjibGepT npHHHMaeTCH 3a npo6- aeMy p;oKa3aTejibCTBa a f i c o j i i o i H o f i HenpoTHBopenHBocTH apH<|)- MeraKH, npH3HaBaa HeAOCxaTOHiiocTb OTHOcHTeabHbix flOKa3aTenbCTB, Korp;a OflHa cnCTeiia MaTeMaraaecKHx h o c t p o o h h h MOAeanpyeTca b flpyrofi. rio3AHee, b Teacmie 1 9 2 0 — 1 9 3 0 - x roflOB, riuibSepT h ero mKOJia nySjiHKyioT pafl paOoT, r^e 6 h j i h nojiyaeiiLi neKOTopue aacTHHe pesyabTara, H3 k o t o p h x , KaK noKa3aaocb rorfla, caeAyeT HenpoTHBopeaHBOCTb He t o j i b k o apn^MeTHKH, h o h Teopioi MiiojKecTB. H o b o t b 1 9 3 1 r . TeflejieM 6n aa ony6aHKOBaHa ero 3HaMeHHxaa pa6oxa « 0 (JopMajibHO Hepa3peniHMHX npeAao/Keimax Principia Mathema- ticas H pOflCTBeHHHX CHCTeMaX», H3 KOTOpOH CJieflOBajia HeCOCTOH- TejibHOCTb ynoMHHyTHX h o h h t o k PHJibSep'ra h ero h i k o j i h .

P en b 3A ecb h a c t o h o k o t o p h x onpeAeneiiH LiM o 0p a 3OM ycT poeH H H X ao rn n ecK H x c n c x e M a x . B h e x aKCHOMH paccMaTpHBaiOTCH KaK H eK o- T o p n e c t p o k h c h m b o j i o b , a n paB H jia BHBOfla — KaK c h o c o S h n o a y - aeHHH CTpoK H3 cxpoK . H a npaB H jia BHBOfla i ia n a aAHBaiOTCH a b s TpeSoBaHHHI OHH A o j i j k h H 6HTb CTpOrO A eTePMHHHPOBaHHHMH H $HHHTHHMH. 9 t O 3IiaHHT, HTO 3AeCb HCnOJIb3yiOTCH BHOJine 0AH 03H an- HHe n paB H jia h h t o n p n h x npHMeHeHHH He h p h x o a h t c h n p n S era T b K TpaHC$HHHTHOH HHAyKIJHH — H p n eM y, HpH KOTOpOM IiyjKHO o 6p a - ipaTbCH K TpaHC<|>HHHTHHM HHCJiaM, HOHBJIHK)n]|HMCH HpH o 6o 6m;eHHH HOpHAKOBHX HIICOjT Hfl ScCKOnOHHLIC MHOJKOCTBa, — H B006lpC K «He<|)H- h h t h h m » MeTOAaM (H anpH M ep, k H3BecTHOMy «n p aB H jiy K a p H a n a » ) .

M h , KOH enHO, H e O yA eM 3 A e c b npH B O AH Tb A O K a3aT ejibC T B O T e o - p eM H T e A e jiH (C T p o r o r o B o p a p e n b A 0JI5KHa h a t h o A B y x T e o p e M a x , h o B T o p a a H3 h h x H B J ia eT ca ca eA C T B n eM n e p B o n ) , o h o A ° CTaTOHHO caoam o. E M y n p e A m e c T B y e T c o p o K in e c T b o n p e A e a e H H H h H e c K o a b K o B c n o M o r a T e a b H H x T e o p e M . H o h h t k h B ecb M a n p o c x o r o A Q K a3aT eabC T B a TC opeM M T tA e J iB A aH H b [8 3 J h [8 4 J . y n o M H H e M 3 A e c b a n m b c o B c e M k o p o t k o o t o m , h t o b A O K a3 aT eabC T B e 3t o h x e o p e M H O oab H iy iO p o a b n r p a e T apn<|)MeTH3aii;HH M aT eM a ra K H , K O T o p y io npnH H T O H a 3H B aT b r ( ;AoacBCKOM H y M e p a p n e H . 3 A e c b K a a c A o e MaTCM aTHHCCKoe B H C K a 3 H - B aH H e K O A n p y e T c a apn<|)MeTHHecKOH ( J o p M y a o i . H 3 y n e H H e M a x e - MaTHHeCKHX B H CKa3bIBaiIH H CBOAHTCH K HCCaeAOBaHHIO apH(|)MeTH- n e c K H x coo T H o m e H H H .

H 3 p e 3 y a b T a T 0 B r ( 'a c . t h c a e A y e T , h t o o 6 b ih h o H c n o a b 3 y e M b ie H e - n p oT H B op eH H B H e a o r n n e c K H e c h c t o m h , n a H 3H K e k o t o p h x B H p a a t a - e T c a apni|)M eTH K a, n e n o a H H . G y ip eC T B yiO T HCTHHHHe yTBepa<ABH H H , B H p a3H M H e H a H 3bIKe 3THX CHCTeM, K O TO pH e B T3KHX CHCTeMaX A O K a- 3a T b H e a b 3 a . J ^ a a e e , h obo3 m oh < h o , 0 K a 3 H B a e T c a , A<>Ka3aTb H e n p o T H - BOpeHHBOCTb (|)0pM aaH 30B aH H 0H aorH K O -ap n ^ M eT H H eC K O H CHCTeMH cpeACTBaMH, KOTOpHe 6Linn 6h BHpa3HMH b 9t o h ate cucTeMe. H 3 axax p e 3 y a b T a T O B c a e A y e T T a K a te , h t o H H K aK oe C T p o r o (J m K cn p oB a H H oe p a c m n p e i r a e a K c n o M 3 t o S CHCTeMH He M o a ;e T C A ea a T b ee n o a H o n —

71

Bcer,na HaSflyTca HOBtie hcthhbi, Bbipa3HMBie ee cpe.o,cTBaMH, ho ho BHBOflHMBie H3 H66.

OcHOBHBaHCb Ha TeopeMe TeflejiH, moikho cêjiaTb pH# BbicKa3Bi- bbhhh o6ni;eMeTOflOJiorHHecKoro hjih, ecjin x o th t6 , rnoceoJiorHHecKoro xapaKiepa. IIpe>Kfle Bcero H3 3toh reopeMbi cjieflyeT, hto H6JIB3H flaTb $opMajiH30BaHHoro onpeflejieHHH hohhthio ,o,oKa3aTejibCTBa B MaT6MaTHK6 . B npopecce pa3BHTHH MaTeMaTHKH HOHBJIHIOTCH HOBbie, paHee He npeflycMOTpeHHue npneMH flOKa3aTejibCTBa. flajiee, b yno- MHHyTOH Bbinie KHiire HarejiH h HbioMeHa [83] coflep>KHTCH yiBep/K- fleHHe O H6B03M0/KH0CTH HOCTpOeHHH ,0,yMaiOm,HX MflHIHH, HOCKOJIbKy nporpaMMH, 3a,o,aBaeMBie 9 B M , Bcer.ua ctpohtch Ha cTporon jiornKe. 06ln,HH BLIBO/T, CJIOAyroipHH II3 TOOpOMLI TefleJIH — BHBOfl, HMeiOm,HH rpOMaflHHH $HJIOCO$CKHH CMBICJI, — MO/K6T 6bITb C([>OpMyjIHpOBaH Tan: M uiujienue Hejioeetta 6ozane ezo dedynmueHOU (popm u 1.

M u He 3HaeM, b HeM b .nencTBHTejiBHocTH coctoht «npon;e,nypa» mbuhjiohhh neJiOBeKa. H o mbi xopomo 3naeM, hto na y p o en e KOMMynu- naV/Uu npn o6m,eHHH flpyr c flpyroM jho^h mnpoKO Hcnojib3yioT <[>op- MajibHyio JiorHKy. B n am ei HOBceflneBHOH penn, ne roBopa y?Ke o H3biKe nayKH, mu JierKO MO>KeM npocjieflHTb JiornuecKyio CTpyKTypy, 06 3tom mu y>Ke HeMHoro roBopnjiH Bbime. H 3flecB HeMeflJieHHO bo3- HHKaeT Bonpoc: b hom Hie TafiHa Hamero H3HKa? noneMy JiornnecKaH $OpMa KOMMyHHKapHH He HOflaBJIHeT KaKHX-TO, M0JK6T 6h tb , H He noHHTbix hhmh, ho, H6COMH6HHO, 3HauHT6JiBHo 6ojiee 6oraTHX $OpM MLiniJieHHH nejiOBeKa? Kan npeo,o,ojieBaeTCH reflejieBCKaa TpyflHOCTb b HameM H3HKe?

KOHpenpHH HOJIHMOp$H3Ma HBJIH6TCH OTB6TOM Ha 3TH BOHpOCBI. HeneTKne h HeoTneTJiHBbie no CBoeMy CMHCjiy cjioBa c hopobhbimh KpaHMH o6jiaCT6H HX 3HaH6HHH, H6HCHOCTB pa3rpaHHHHTejIbHBIX JIHHHH MOJKfly HOHHTHHMH, HX MH0r006pa3H6 H HOCTpOTa — BC6 3TO C03flaeT B03M0JKH0CTB flJIH HapymeHHH CTpOrO fle^yKTHBHBIX $OpM MBHHJieHHH, HpH 3TOM TaKOe HapyineHHe npOHCXOflHT B BejKJIHBOH $opMe, He BBi3biBaioii];eH pa3flpa>KeHHH y co6eceflHHKa. PaccyjKênHH nejiOBeKa .hojiikhbi 6bitb, c oahoh ctopohbi, ,a,0CTaT0HH0 JiornnHBiMH, T. e. OHH flOJIJKHBI 6a3HpOBaTBCH Ha fleflyKTHBHOH JIOTHKe, C HpyrOH CTOpOHBI, OHH flOJIJKHBI 6biTB HOCTpoeHBI TaK, HTo6bI flOHyCKaJIHCB jiornnecKHe nepexoflBi THna HHflyKTHBHbix bbiboaob h npaBflonoflo6- HBIX 3aKJIIOH6HHH, HO yKJla^BIIiaiOIIIHXCH B CTporyiO JiorHKy CHCTeMBI nocTyjiaTOB h npaBHJi BHBosa (HHaue CHCTeMa 6yfleT TaBTOjiorHne- CKOH). nOJIHMOp<|)H3M H3BIKB — 3TO OflHH H3 CH0C060B flOHym,eHHH «HecTporocTH» JiorHKH npn «BHemHeM» coxpaneHHH bhaiimocth ê- flyKTHBHOH CTpOrOCTH: OH H03B0JIH6T BBOflHTB B Hainy CHCTOMy Cy?K-

1 B h b o h 9TOT, k o h b h h o , He H3o6peTeHHe aBTopa 3THX cTp o K . B jiH Te p a Typ e OH nojpiepKHBajiCH H eoflH OKparao (HanpHM ep, b p a 6 o ia x C. A. H h o b c k o h ) ,

72

3 6 HHH Ty «p a c c o r jia c o B a H iio c T b » , 6e3 k o t o p o h o n a 6t i j ia 6h H en o jiH a . I lo cJ ie flH ee o t h o c h t c h jja jK e k BHCKa3HBaHHHM Ha H3tiK e M a ieM a - t h k h — HanoMHHM 3fl6Cb e n je p a 3 yTBep>KfleHHe, B H T en a iom ee H3 TeopeM H r e f le n n : « E c j i h (<[>opMaJiBHaH) apn<[>MeTHKa H en p oT H B op e- HHBa, t o o n a H e n o jin a » . B e p o H r a o , Ta H<e m w c j i b o 6 p a 3 H o B H panieH a B CJIOBax: «HeTKOCTB H Hpe3M 6pHaH CTpOTOCTB H3HKa BOflOT K HHT6JI- JieKTyajlBHHM C y«O p ora M » [7 9 ] . IIojIHMOp<|)H3M H3HKa H03B0JIH6T cflejiaTB naiuy cucmeMy kommij hukcii^uu Hezedejieecnoii [8 5 ] 1.

H b t o >Ke B peM H m h n o H H M a eM , h t o B H yT peH H H H p a c c o r j ia c o B a H - HOCTB C y /K ^ eH H H , C 03fla B a eM a H HOJIHMOp<[>H3MOM H 3B IK a, H e AOJI/KHa 3aXO ^H TB CJIHIHKOM ,n;ajieKO, H H a n e B 03H H K H eT C H T yapH H H C H X H a T p a - neCKOH 6o jib h h d th . T p a i m p a so n y c T H M O H H e c T p o r o c T H y c T a H a B J in - BaeTCH K a K -T o c a M a c o 6o h . H i a t e m h n o K a >K eM , h t o H a m o 6b m e H - ttbih H 3H K 3aH H M aeT H e K o e n p o M e /K y T O H iio e n o jio H te H H e H a t o h c e M a H - THHeCKOH HIKaJie, H a OflHOM K O H pe KOTOpOH IiaxO flH TC H JKeCTKHH H 3H K C HeTKO o 6yCHOBJieHHHM H 3HaH6HHHM H CHMBOJIOB, a H a flp y r O M — M flTKH e H 3H K H C COBepHieHHO npOH3BOJIBHOH CBH3BIO 3H a K a C 0 3 H a - H aeM H M . H H a b t o h n iK a jie i ia r a o S h j j g h h h h h 3 h k h o 3a ira M a e T C T p o r o <[)HKCHpOBaHHOro HOJIO/KeHHH — OH OXBaTBIBaOT H IHpOKyK) o 6j ia c T b .

H e H y > K H O 3 a K p B iB a T B r j i a 3 a h H a t o , h t o 3 a M H o r o 3 H a H H o c T b H 3 H K a

J H O flflM n p H X O f lH T C H f lO p O T O H J ia T H T B . H a C T O B 0 3 H H K a i0 T C O B C 6 M H O J ie -

n i j e c n o p b i H 3 - 3 a p a 3 j i H H H o r o T o j m o B a H H H 3 H a n e H H H o ^ H o r o h t o t o j k g

CJIO B a , X O T H , B n p O H e M , 3 T O , M O H teT 6 b I T B , H 6C T B H e o 6 x O f l H M a H C O C T a B -

H a H n a c T b T B o p n e c K o n ^ e n T e j i b h o c t h j i i o s e H — T a e e n a c T b , K O T o p y r o

M H H e y M G G M 3 a n p o r p a M M H p O B a T b , H H T a H C B C 0 3 f l a T B H C K y C C T B O H H H H

H H T e jiJ ie K T . H a M n p e f l C T a B J i a e T C H , h t o h o c t p o h t b H H T e p e c H y i o c h -

CTGMy MBICJIHT6JIB MOHteT, TOJIBKO HCHOJIB3yH H eo 6HHHHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M 06HHHHG CJIOBa 2 .

G B O e o 6 p a 3 H O H M O fle jIB IO H 3 H K O B O r O H O B e ^ e H H H H B JIH IO T C H H r p H ,

B K J H O H a io m n e c j i y n a S H y i o c o c T a B J i m o m y i o . O ^ H a H 3 h h x — 3 t o

n r p a b K a p r a . K o r ^ a r ^ e - T o , C K a n t e M b B a r o H e n o e 3 « a , B C T p e n a io T C H

H e 3 H a K O M H e JH O flH p a 3 H O H H H T O J IJ ie K T y a jIB H O H H a n p a B J I O H H O C T H , TO

y h h x n o H B j i a e T C H > K e j ia H H e 3 a M e n n T B H 3 H K O B o e n o B e ^ e H H e e r o y n p o -

m ,e H i io H M o ^ e j i b i o — n r p o i o b K a p T H . B k b p t o h h h x n r p a x h m o i o t c h

CTporne n p a B H J i a h x o p o r n o p a 3 p a 5 o T a H H H e C T p a T e r n n , n p H M e H n e -

1 y ® e n o c j i e T o r o K aK p a 6 o T a H ap; p y K o n n c b i o n e p B o r o iiaa aH H H s t o h K H n r n 6 H Jia 33 K 0 H H eH a , M He yp;ajIO CB n03H aK 0M H TB C H C KHHTOH [ 8 6 ] , B KOTOpOH aB T O p o n n - p a cx C H H a T e o p e M y T p p ;en H n p n K p n T H K e K O H u;enu;iiii H C K ycC T B eH H O ro H 3 H K a H a yK H y JIOrilHeCKIIX n03H TH B H C T0B .

2 7[aabine, BepoaTHO, noan j i h c t c h Heo6xop;HMOCTB b t o j i k o b 3 h h h CKa3aHHoro, a He p a 3 ynoMiiHaBmiiHCH h b m h «TpaKTaT» [ 2 2 ] xaKate HyamaeTCH b TaKOM t o j i - K0B3HHH. HO BCHKHe T0JIK0B3HHH o6eflHHIOT MHCJIB. Korfla OpiIHIHa JIbHHH MHCJiHTejiB nuTaeTCH h 3 j i o j k h t b c b o h i i f l e n b «TO JiK O BaTejiBH O H » M a H e p e , OHH BHrJIHflHT CJIHIHKOM yHHJIO,

73

m h o b c jiy n a & H H x C H T y a p n a x . 9 t h n p a B H J ia ^ e fic T B y io T h o a o 6h o n p a - BHJiaM JIOTHKH B H aiH 6M H 3 H K 6 : H X HeJIb3H H a p yH IH T b , HHaHO B W 6y f l6Te n r p a T b ue e amy, a e dpyeyw n r p y [87]. T e H e p a T o p o M c j i y n a n a ^ e c b h b j i h g t c h T a c o B a H H e K a p T . C jiy n a fiH O C T b b con eT aH H H c o c j io ik h o S c h c t b m o h npaB H Ji fle jia e T n r p y H H T ejijieK T ya J ib H o H a c n m e H H O H , H a - n o M H H a io m e H p e n e B o e n o B e ^ e H H e , ryje c jiy n a fiH O C T b 3a^ aeT C H h o j i h - mop<])H3m om H 3 H K a . H b o t h t o B a jK H o : H a in e p e n e B o e n o B e ^ e H H e , T a n Hie K aK h K apT O H H an n r p a , ^ o j i jk h o HM eTb aJ ib T ep H a T H B H , H H an e B ee n peB p aT H T C H b cfiapc, b p a 3 r a « b iB a H H e m a p a ^ H h 6y « e T c t o j i b ace C K yn H H M h r p y c T H H M , K aK c y f le 6H H H n p o p e c c c 3 a p a H e e n p e s p e i n e H - h h m h c x o ^ o m [79]. 9 jieM 6 H T c jiy n afiH O C T H b x o ^ h t b H a in e p e n e B o e n o B e ^ e H H e , H a K jia flu n a H C b H a JioriiH C C K yio C T p y K T y p y .

3 . B e J te c o B c ita a M o ^ e jib H 3biK a

IIonpoSyeM Tenepb h o c t p o h t b MoêJib H3biKa, coflep>Kam,yio b h b h o S : $OpM6 BepOHTHOCTHyiO CTpyKTypy CMHCJIOBOrO COflepiKaHHH 3HaKa. 3 « e cb HaM npemAe Bcero Haô CKa3aTb HecKOjibKo c j io b o TeopeMe E efieca 1 h Heo6en:ecoBCKOM no^xofle k o 6ocHOBaHHK> npaBHJi BHBOâ B COBpeMOHHOH MaT6MaTHHeCKOH CTBTHCTHKe. OcHOBHBH HflOH 3fl6Cb saKJHonaeTCH b t o m , h t o , npHHHMan KaKoe-jm 6o peraeHne nocjie t o t o h ji h h h o t o 3KcnepHM6HTa, m h B cerâ ncnojibayeM KaK b h o b b nojiyneH- Hbie 3HaHHH, TaK h npeflHflymne s h b h h h 06 H3ynaeMOM h b ji6h h h . fto HOCTaHOBKH 0HHT3 J HCCJieÔBaTeJIH BCCTfla ecTb KaKHe-TO 3Ha- HHH, KOTOpHe MOryT 6HTb BHpaJKBHH Ha BepOHTHOCTHOM H3HKe, — M H MO/K6M 3TO Ha3BaTb anpHOpHOft BepOHTHOCTBIO, HJIH, HHBHe, CySbeK- THBHoft, HJiH^nepcoHaJiBHoft, BepoHTHOCTbio a. TeopeMa B e S e ca no3-

1 E eiiec ToMac (1702, JIo h ro h — 1761, TaH6pn;i>K Ybjijic) — npeflCTaiiHTejib nepBoro noKOJieHHH aHrjiniiCKHX peJinrno3HHX SHCcimeHTOB, He nonnepraB- m n x ca npecjicziOBaHHHM. E r o OTep, J(>KOiuya E e S e c , 6hji BecM ia yBa/KaeMWM 6orocjioBOM HOHKOH(J)opMiicTCKoro HanpaBJieHHH h nprmapjie/Kaji k rp ynn e Tex mecTH pepKOBHOCJiyjKHTejieH, kotopw e BnepBue 6hjih nyRjniHHO nocBHij;eHH b caH KaK noHKOH(J)opMriCTH. Ilocjie noJiyneHHH flo\ianrHero o6pa30BaHHH E eftec Hanaji noMoraTt OTiiy b X o ji6ophckoh npecBHTepnn b JIo h h o to . B spe- jine rop;H oh 6hji nacTopoM pepKBH b TaH6piip5Ke Yajuice. . . B 1742 r . oh 6mji H36paH HJieHOM KoponeBCKOro JIoHJioHCKoro oSipecTBa. H am tcaji oh HeMHoro: enHHCTBeHHHe p a6oTH, onyRjniKOBaHHMe b TeneHne ero >kh3hh — «Eo)KecTBeH- H aa 6narocKJiOHHOCTb» (1731) h «BBefleHiie b yneHiie o npoii3BOflHi>ix» (1736). IlocjiejiHHH hbjihotch OTBeTOM Ha «AHaJiHCTa» emtCKOna EepKjiit — apocTnyio aTaKy Ha JiorinecKHe ochob3hhh HbioTOHOBCKoro HCHHCJieHHa; o tb o t S en eca 6h ji, nosKaJiyfl, HanRojiee pa3yMHHM H3 B cex, HMeioipHXCH b t o BpeMH. Hmh E efieca ocTaJioct b h cto p h h Rjiaropapa KopoTKOMy « 9 cce o pemeHnn 3anann b yneHHH o cjiynae* (1763) — nepaoft nonHTKe bhhbhtb ocHOBaHHH c t 3th c th - necKHX bhborob (Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1970, v . I) .

s KoimenpHH cyCieKTHBHofi b«pohthocth 6ujia Bnepmje BBepeHa PanaeeM b 1926 r .

74

BOJiaeT <J)op M ajm aoB aT b n p o n p c c hphhhthh p em G H H H , M O fle a n p y a T a K y io n p o n ,e f ly p y , b K O T o p o fi H c n o jib a y e x c n K aK a n p H o p n a a H H $ o p - M au ,n H , tkk n H H $o p M a n ;H H , n o a y n e H H a a H 3 o m n a , otbgt B b i^ a e T c a B BepOaTH OCTHbIX TGpM H HaX B BHflG aHOCTGpHOpHOfi BGpOaTHOCTH.

rio a C H H M CMLICJI BTOrO npH G M a B o 6bIHHHX CTaTHCTHHGCKHX T ep M H - H a x . f lo n y c T H M , aTO n p o a 3 B O flH T C a H 3 M e p e H a e B e a n a H H H p. p a h g - K O TO porO 06’bGKTa H . HmGGTCH npoC T paH C TB O Y BCGX B 0 3 M 0 /K H H X pG3yjib T a T O B H3MGpGHHH y . Ha 3tom n p o cT p aH C T B G 3 a ^ a H a B G p o a T - H o cT b p (y/y-)- B npocT G H m G M c a y a a e 3to n p o c T o ipyH K ijH H H o p M a a b - H o r o p acnpG flG aG H H H RJia oihh6ok H a 6aioflGH H H n p n h3mgpghhh 06’bGKTa H . fla a G G 6yflGM c a m a T b , a T o HaM H3BGCTHa a n p n o p H a a bg- pOHTHOCTb P ( p ) , T . G. a n p H O p H — flO HpOBGflGHHH OHblTa — HaM HTO-TO H3BGCTHO 0 paCHpGflGHGHHH BCGX B 03M 0JK H H X 3H aaGH H H p. T o r ^ a TG opG M y B G n e c a moikho 3 a n H c a T b c a G fly io m H M o 6p a a o M :

P (v - l y ) = k p ( y lv ) p { \ > ) ,

rflG k — KOHCTaHTa, noayaaGMaa, KaK o 6biaHO, H3 ycaoBHH HopMH- pOBKH. BBOflH B paCCMOTpGHHG anpHOpHyiO HH$OpMaH,HK>, Mbi KaK 6bl 3aflaGM BXOfl B CHCTGMy, a 3aTGM, HOab3yaCb TGOpGMOH BGHGCa, o 6pa- 3yGM pa3yMHbiM o6pa30M (ncn oab3ya aKCHOMy 06 ymho>kghhh bg- pOHTHOCTGH) BH X O fl H3 CHCTGMbI, KOTOpHH 3aHHCbIBaGTCH B BHflG anOCTGpHOpHOH BGpOHTHOCTH p (fi/ y ) . B ca TpyflHOCTb 3TOTO HOflXOfla 3aKaioaaGTca b noHHMaHHH Toro, axo 3HaanT anpnopH aa b g p oh th octb p (p ), 06 3tom MHoro HanncaHO (cm., HanpnMGp, |88|, |89]). B o bch - kom cayaao h cho, aTO aGaoBeK KaK b cbogh HayaHOH, TaK h b hobcg-flHGBHOH flGHTGabHOCTH HOCTOHHHO OH,6HHBaGT BGpOHTHOCTH p a 3 a H a - H b ix C06HTHH. 9 t h OU.GHKH BCGiyja C y 6’bGKTHBHH B TOM CM HCaG, aTO OHH o n p G fle a a iO T c a HH TGJiaGKTyaabH OH H acT poG H H O C T bio ^ a H H o r o c y 6i>eKTa H CTGHeHBIO GTO HHtpOpMHpOBaHHOCTH, HO OHH H B KaKOM-TO CMblCaG 06T.GKTHBHH, H IH , MOHteT 6bIT b , a y a iH G C K a3 aT b — B C eo6in;H, HO- C K o a b K y n p G fln o a a r a G T c a , h t o h p h x o ^ h t c h h m g tb f lG a o c p a3yM H biM H H a6aiO flaTG aH M H , HaCTpOGHHHMH B KaKOH-TO CTeneH H OflHHaKOBO. B a iK H o 3flGCb f lp y r o G .- G c a n c y S ’bG K T H B iiaa B ep oaT H O C T b K a K o r o - a n 6o c o 6h t h h K a K -T o op eH G H a , t o c h g io m o jk h o n o c T y n a T b TaK >kg, K aK c BG poH TH O CTbio, BBGflGHHOH b M aTeM aTHKG, H o a a r a a , a T o o n a 06- a a ^ a G T tg m h >kg CBOHCTBaMH h n oflaH H H G T ca TeM >kg n o c T y a a r a M .

E c a n a n p n o p n mh H H a o r o hg 3HaGM 0 x a p a K T G p G p a c n p e ^ e a e H H H p (p), TO HaiHG HG3HaHHG MO>KHO B H p a 3 H T b , HpH HH B paBHOM epHOG (H a n p H M o n ) p a c n p e flG a e H H G bcgx 3H aaeH H H p. B 3tom c a y a a G , K aK H G T p yfliio B H fleT b , an o cT G p n o p H O G p a c n p e ^ e a e H H e cbg^gtch b c tb th - C T H aecK H X H C ca e^O B aH H H x k n c x o flH O M y p a c n p e flG a G H H io oihh6ok H3MGpGHHH p (yl\x), HOCTpOGHHOMy OTHOCHTGabHO HaHflGHHOTO B 3KCHGpHMGHTG 3H aaeH H H y (K03<|)$HI];HGHT k H p H 3TOM 6yflGT paBGH G3hhhh;g). M h n o a y a H M b kohijg kohh;ob H 3M epeiiH O G 3HaaGHHG y

To

9 i

-adxoa x A io h HxaoHHiraxHato iiama h a o h -ohjkAh oh xotoAg oxe h b h ‘ aoHdaaeH ‘ ox ‘ aifodxHOH HOHHOKandn hoh ooobk o xaton axed Hirog -HhBttBe hhbohbxooii xo XHOiiaBE aootoc xaaxo 'Z "and bh ohbW oxe hbh ‘ ogodn a Baxoatnaa bbhubhb hoxbx -airAsad oxiHoraBioKadn oohjkouo oohbx h b h hit ohjkAh :o od n oa bxbKbs oh jk ojv %

•T g ‘ 0H d BH OHBEBHOn o x e H H 0 9 B H $ B d j iBBBHJHO b h h o b b h e aiaHHiraxHHcoifOH x o n t a x o x a a x o o o d i v o d o x o n ‘ B H H aira toadn oB d hh!hhh£<!> nonaifB H liH adacfxjfraW n o a n d H iv o h x o b & X iv9x toon H toB taoirn h x o b b B o a x B a H H a a d a d n x e t o ig ataHHHtoe h — a H a o d H iv d o n e d a n h o x o o d n B o x a ifg a o 9X9&0 i v o h b o h o h a b b b W b e B H H 9 ireto9d n oB d o j o n d o n d a x o -OHB OJOHdaW OHBBd 9BhJ?IfO g -HXOOHXBOdaa 0H H doH d9X O O nB IVHB.£lfOn iv o e n d g o iv H H H 9 a x o9 x oa e k HW 9X0H0 n a in o i e m o d o to o x n s i b h B t o jo j , • (X B ilH H B dj X H doX O H 9H B *OHB9HOh) BIfBHJHO BHH9BBHE 9HHHIT9XHH{ - o i r o n 9 o a H H ia n x o o H X H o d a a o iiB B d a x B H e n d n am airB to b ‘ H H iiB d xH 9iraoH HHH9BBHE X H H H If9XB ilH dX0 HX00HJK0HE0B9H 0 9HH9toH<d9aX.£ 0 OH dOH d -H B HX09BB OtoBH HHH9HI9d B H X B H H dn OITHBBdn g -atoOXtoon HOHOBOO -9H 9Q H d n B O X 9B ta od n X O H H 9aX 09taX o 9 0 g ’ BirOHIVO OJOHO0 BHEH<£ X09IVH 9H ‘ OHB0 HOH ‘ 9JKJ? OXB ‘ BBBHJHO HHH0 BBHE XHHHITaXBilHdxO HXOBIf - g o a BBHOH 9H ‘ D g > > d BtojOH ‘ d BHH 0 BBHE j M h O B BHH0 If0toadnO B d HHilHH£<£ HOHHIfBIVdOH BXH odxOOH H 0 JKOIV 9H HIV ‘ HHHXOHXBXO HOHO -0BHXBIV9XBH HIVBtoOX0 IV HIVHHHOHtlHtoBdx HOB.deHirOn ‘ OXB ‘ iVOX a B0X9BB -QtlfHBE H09toE HXOOHto.ddx B O g ' BIIH9JKXdBHgO H tlH H B d j HOBOIVJHOXadx H a m a n a iv OHaifaxHBBHS ‘ H H H BH iraa n o d o x o n a H 9 > k h h a g o d n a B a x o a ta a a 9HHBJKd9W oo aoH airaxH axoH ato o x b ‘ iv o x o BH naW >KdaaxA b it to' i v 9 h h b b o h o o H 0 ta 9 BXHJKXirO H g HlfJOIV BHH9BBHE 9H H H ir0X B taH dx() ‘ BIfJ?H 0m H H 0 IV a x ia g x95koiv 9H a g o d n a B a x o a ta a a aH HBJKdatooo o x b ‘ iv o b h e 99H BdBE b x o x ‘0 ! > d 9HH9BBHE OH0 hdlfO H O B H g H g o d n OX-HOHBH BIfto OXB ‘ A x H B $ AlVOX BHH9BBHE OJOHBHHH IV9BtoHdn 9H HIV ‘ HXOOHXOBB g 'XBHHatoOIir -gB H a B o n a ta B ffid a to o o ‘ H n iiB H d o ^ H H n a o a iva.dB H ifonoH a n aoa tos h iv o g • eg d H iroa ‘ oH 9 ® ^ d B H g o 9 H a g o d n a o a x o a t a a a :BH H 9 n i9 d B H X B H H dn O lfH H B dn a o x o o d n B 0 X 3 B B d lf0 g "BHOcf) OmtaedXH.dir<£ BBta(H j?EH d9XH BdBX ‘ B H g n ra o B B im n xB d toB aH — o a to j ‘ (B d a s H B g H H d a x H d n ) e g ^ d X h h b -HIT9B (B H Iia H 'A d B n g O B ilH IIB d j) BBHJHO HHBOJOdOH BE H XBH H dn IVHH -H 9BX09X09 b o x 9 5 k b h toB ifjE a n n a d a n B g - [ j g ] a g o d n a a x o a t a a a h h h b ik -d a to o o x h i t b iv O H Biratoadn H H H adaw sH g o xaton a n a d o x b ‘ iv H x o j? n o '[ f

• H o d a iv n d n iv h h Wo BHH9Htoj?dxBE 9HH09BHjoir aoatos aHtaOTBHnHEoa iva^dndxoOTirirg

•OH9HirOHiaa 9HH9d9IVEH HBH ‘ OJOX 9IT00H H J?BHO OIOBO aX B H B dxO O B to j0Oa HHffiBOto HHO J?IV9B -OH ‘ OHXBHOII9H 0H aif9XH aX0H 9to ato9B .‘ 0HH9d9IVEH 0 HBB9W0 HBH ‘ OJOX oto o il ia BOXOTBtoBE H ilH H B d j 9H H air9X H d 9aoto BWJOH ‘ 9HHX0HXBX0 h o h -HOHilHtoBdx a BOaXBaHHIfBXO BOXHtoOXHdn HIVHdoXOH 0 ‘HIinOUtoAdxBE X 9 X a x B H o g s H x a B ir o a s o n o h q ‘ iv H H o g ^ ir j b h 9 b o b o x 9 b b h e b h o 9H B H irsBd o x e g ’ caH H B a oH O ogo h a m n ir B o x n to o a o eH B H irsB d e o g ‘ 9 h h x o h x b x o h o h -H OHilHtoBdx a H OXB ‘ H IV B ilH H B dj HIVHHOIVJHOXadx HlfH -X A ato 9>K HIV0 X 0

B ripaKTrteckoH pa6oTe, k o h o h h o , pa3yMnee b KanectBe pacnpe* ejxeHHH 6 paTB He paBHOBepoHTHoe, a h o k o t o p h m o6pa30M 3aTyxaio-

m;ee pacnpe^ejieHHe, h o 3 t o yme ^eTaub, Ha KOTopon m h 3flecb ocTa- H aBjiH BaTbC H He SyflO M .

IIp H B efleH H H H B bin ie n p H M e p n o K a s H B a e T , K aK S e ie c o B C K H H noj- x o f l n o 3 B o n a e T H 36e>K aTb jio r H n e c K H H e o 6 o e n o B a H i io r o npaeMa —

Pac. 2. TpaiJunecKaH HJUiiocTpaurm npnMeHeHHH xeopexiM S en eca b 3a,a;aHe 06- HapyjKemiH M a ia x conepjRaHiift BemecTB

K j i a c c H H e c K o e p e m e H H e 3 a a a ^ n : a — tf>yH K tjnH p a c n p e n e J ie H H H o i h h S k hH 3 M e p e H H H , H 3 B e cT H a H a n c n e p H M e H T a T o p y n o n p o B e n e n n H A a n n o r o H 3 M e p e n n H ; 6 — n o c T p o e - H n e 9 5 % - h m x A O B e p n T e J ib iib ix r p a m m a j i h p e 3 y j ib r a T O B H 3 M e p e H iiH n y T e M u e H T p n p o B a H H H

(fryH K U H n p a c n p e A e J ie H H H a O T H o c n T e J ib n o n o B o r o p e 3 y j i b T a T a H 3 M e p e n n H p0 (0 H a 3 H B a e T C H , HTO M bi C SOJIbH IOII B epO H T lIO C T bK ) AOJUKHBI A O IiyC T H T b C y m eC T B O B a H J ie O T p n n a T e J Ib H H X K O H - A e H T p a n n f t B e m e c T B a ) . B e f i e c o B C K o e p e m e i i n e 3 a a a ' i h ; q — S j i o n - c x e M a O e f t e c o B C H o r o p e m e H H H ; z — a n p n o p n a H <t>yH K Ann p a c n p e A e j i e n n H A J ia c o A e p m a H n a B e m e c T B a

b n p o S e ( 3 A e c b n p u H H T a r a n o T e 3 a 0 i i o h t h n o jiH O M a n p n o p n o M H e 3 i i a i i n n ; H e B 0 3 M o > K iio C T b c y m e c T B O B a H n a O T p H u a T e J ib H B ix K o i m e n T p a u n i l — s t o e A H K C T B e H iio e , h t o H aM H 3 B e c T H 0 ) ; d — a n o c T e p n o p n a a ( J y i iK A n a p a c n p e A e j i e n n a p (v-ly), n o j i y a e n n a a n y x e M y M i i o K e n n a a n p n o p - 110f t <|>yHKim n p a c n p e A e j i e H n a a n a (J jy H K im io p a c n p e A e j i e n a a o i h h S o k H 3 M e p e im H 6, n o a y a e H -

n y i o n p n ii3 M c p e » .H H A a m i o f t n p o S b i

n p n iiH C H B aH H fl p e3y jn > T aT aM H 3M epeH H fl T e x ^ O B ep n T eJ ib iiL ix rpaH H ii;, K O T o p n e 6 h j i h n p e^ J ioH teH H c t h t h c t h k o m n p oB e^ eH H H H 3M epeH H H . I I h t o 3 ^ e c b ^ j i h H a c o c o 6 eHHO n a n a io — H O B yio n p o p e f l y p y o p e H H B a - h h h p e 3 y n b T a T O B H 3M epenH H y ^ a j i o c b n o c T p o H T b t o j i b k o H a ocH O B a - H H H H C n 0jIb30B aiIH H n p e f lb l^ y ip iI X 3HaHHH. H o B b lS aJ iropH T M npn- h h t h h p e n ie H H fl HaM n p e^ cT a B J ifleT C H B n o jiH e ecT ecT B eH H H M — o h

K aK 6 h M O fleJ in p y eT n a m e n o B c e f lH e B iio e n o B e ^ e im e , b k o t o p o m

m b i , n p H H H M a s p e m e H H e , B c e r ^ a K a K -T O o 6 beflH H H eM H a m n n p e f lH ^ y - m n e 3HaHHH c h o b h m h , n o jiy n e H iiH M H H3 n o c j i e ^ H e r o o n H T a .

T H T b ca n T aK H e 3aflaH H , K o r ^ a n o p c s y j ib x a x a M a H a j i r a a , B u n o jiH e H H o r o b S j ih b h rp a H H H H o 6 H a p y )K e H H H , n p n ^ e T c a n p i iH H ib o x B e ic x B e H H o e p e m e H H e , h T o r f la , KOH6HHO, S e ftecoB C K H H o x B e x H aM H O K am exC H n p iiB J ie K a x e jib H H M .

S f le c b , k o iK e T 6biT b, H a jjo o t o b o p h t b c h : K o n e H iio , h b p a M K a x K .iaC C H H eC K oS CTaTHCTHKH MO/KHO n peO Ô JieT b JIOrHBCCKIIC Tpy/jTIOCTII c ycT aH O B JieH iieM ;iOBopnTOJibin.Tx r p a ii im , f l j ia o Tic iib iia J ib ix K o n p e n - T p a p H H . H o 3TO H0JIB3H CflOJiaTb TaK Hx0 nBH ipH O, K8K HOJiyHaBTCHn p n 6eH ecoB CKO M n o f lx o ^ e .

B o p h o m c h T e n e p b k c e M a n T iin e c K o M y a iia J in a y B i ia K o u u x c h c t c m . O cH O B H oe n a n ie y T B e p n y je H H e m o jk o t 6 h t b c ^ o p M y jm p o B a n o c j ie f ly io - m iiM o 6 p a 3 0 M : K aK b o 6bm eH HOM H 3b iK e, T aK h b o m h o t h x p ;p y r H x H 3 H K a X C K a /K flH M 3HBKOM BepOHTHOCTHbIM 0 6 p a 3 0 M CBH33HO MHO- JKeCTBO CMHCJIOBHX 3H aH 0H H H . MOJKHO TOBOpHTb o 5 an piIO piIO H ^ y H K p H H p a c n p e^ o J iC H iiH c m u c j i o b h x 3H aHeHH H 3H a K a . 9 t o p a c n p e - /je jie H H e m o /K o t 6biTb n o c T p o e H o , cK aH ieM , T a K : n p n eM H H K MMeeT B CB 06M C03H aH H H H0KOTOpO0 n pe^C T aB JieH H e O B03M O H O IH X CMHCJIO- B H X 3H aH 0H H H X 3 H a K a , OflHH H3 H E X HM0IOT 66j lb in y i0 BepOHTHOCTb noH BJieH H H , a p y r a e — M e u b n iy io h t . 3;. B e e 3 t o MOHieT 6 h t b n p e ^ - CTaBJieHO ^ y H K p a e f i p a c n p e ^ e J ie n i iH , n o c T p o e i n io S T a n , b t o n o o c a a 6cu;HCC o t j io /K 0 h b i p a H r n c m m c j i o b h x S H a B o in n i, ycT an o B J ieH H b ie n o BepOHTHOCTH H X nOHBJieHHH, n o OCH OpflH IiaT OTJIO/KeHH C3MH B ep o H T H ocT H . II lK a J ia a 6cn ;H cc MO>KeT m h c j i h t b c h h K aK H e n p e p h iB - H a n — c m h c j i o b h m h e ^ H iiiip a M ii M o ry T 6 h t b h o b c t k o p a 3 r p a H H B e n - H H e y n a c T K H 3 t o h n iK a jib i , TaK me, K a K , C K an teM , n en eT K O p a 3 r p a n n - n e H H p B e T a H a b o j i h o b o h m K a jie f l jm c n e K T p a 6e j i o r o c s e T a . E c j i h m h HOCMOTPHM H a CJIOBapn — TOJIKOBHe M I 3B y fl3b IH H b ie , TO yB H ^H M , h t o KaJKflOM y c jiO B y , H a x o fla m ieM y c H 11a «B x o p ,e » c n o B a p n , ^ a e T c a H ecKO JibK O, H H o r ^ a fla>Ke m h o t o , p a 3b H C H H T ejib H b ix t g k c t o b . 9 t h pa3i>H CH HTeJibH bie t o k c t h o 6 h h h o y n op n flO H H B aioT C fl n o CH ne h x CBH3H CO CJIOBOM H a BXOflO. T a K H M o 6 p a 3 0 M , n p e ^ c T a B J ie im e O ^ y H K p iIII p acn p ep ,eJieH H H c m h c j i o b o t o c o ^ e p n ta H U H c ;r o B a b h c h b h o m BH ê O K a3H B aeT C H 3aJiOH<eHHHM b C T p y K T y p e H a n iH X c j i o B a p e t . T a n c m h c j i o - B o e c o ^ e p jK a H H e 3 H a K a n p e p p T a n jie H o b B H ê c e M a im iH e c K o r o n o a n , 9JI0M 0HTH K O TO porO yn O p H flO H eH H HO JIHH0HHOH IHKaJIO. M b i XOTHM b t o y n 0p o b h riah 110 y c n jiH T b , u p n iiH C a n y n a c T K a M c m h c j i o b o h m KaJibi BOpOHTHOCTH, C KOTOpblM H OHH aCCOIJHHpyiOTCH CO 3H aK O M . 9 t h BepO H T- HOCTH B 03H H K ai0T B C 03H aH H H n p H 0M H H K a -C y6b 0K T a , H nO T O M y COOT- BeTCTByioni;H e h m (JiyHKijHH p a c n p e ^ e jie H H H M o ry T 6biTb H a 3B a n b i a n p n o p H b iM H , h j i h , K aK erne im o iv ia t o b o p h t , c y 6beK T H B H biM ii, HJIH nepCO H aJIbH H M H \

1 C y m e c TB y e T G o jiM n a a J i i i x e p a x y p a , n o cB x im cH H a H T C X H iiB ccia ir .f n p n e M a M o n eH K H c y S ie K T H B H H X B e p o H T H o c T e n ( c m . , H a n p H M e p , [ 9 0 ] , rp ;e n p u n c T c u a n O n O jin orp a iJ iH H H a n O o jie e Ba>KHLix p a 6 o i ) . I l p n p a 3 p a 6 o T K e b t h x n p n eM O B n c - x o f lH T H3 c j i e f l y i o i n i i x T p e G o B a m if i : 1 ) a n c n e p T n oJ iaceH n o jp n m n T h C H n o c x y j i a - TaM co rn a co B a H H O C T H ; a x o a H a iH T , b t o c b o h cyH tn cH H H o h s o j i ; k o h n u p a /K a T b T a K , b t o G h o h h c o o T B e x cx B O B a jiH c y m e c T B y io n ;H M n p c T c x a B J ie m m M b T c o p r in B e - poH T H O C T ea ; 2 ) c y * f le H H H a n c n e p T a t o j i ; k i i l i G h t l B iicjieH H H M H B H paH ceH H -

78

/ j B a n pH M epa T a n o ro y n o p H p o n e H H o ro npepcTaBJieH H H ceM aHTH- ti c c k o i ’o n o j i a p a iiH Ha p iic . 3 . I I p n cocT aBJieiiH H (JiyHKpHii p a c n p e p e - jieHHH 3p;ecb H cnojn>30 BaJiHCb KaK p e 3 yjib T aT H aH aJiH 3 a c jio b « i ir p a » H «HHTaT f)», HpHBGjrCTIH MO B «HcCJTepOBaHHHX» BaT reH IH TeH H a [ 3 7 ] , TaK h p a m ib ie , n p u B e ^ e H H u e b t o j i k o b h x cJ iO B a p n x B e 6c r e p a h JJjajiH .

H c h o , h t o y J ii ip a c p p y r o f i H H T ea jieK T y a jib H O H H a cT p o e H H o c T b io 3 t h ([jyH K pH ii p a c n p e R e jie H H H M o r y T 0 K a 3 a T b c a c o B e p m e H H o h h h m h , o c o 6 eH H o 9 t o oT iiocH T C H k c a o B y « H r p a » . J le rK O n p e p c r a B H T b c e 6 e n e j io B e K a , p j ih K o T o p o r o 3 t o c j i o b o 6 yp;eT a c c o p m p o B a T b C H n p e jK p e B c c r o c npe^C T aB JieH H eM 0 6 a 3 a p T H H x n r p a x h y ® HH KaK h o S y p e T CBH3 aH o c o r h h m H3 p a 3 ;j;ejiOB M aTeM aTHKH.

9 T a a n p n o p H a a B e p o a T H o c T b c o 3 p a e T b x o p b cn cT O M y b o c h p h h t h h ax iT aeM O ro TeK C Ta. I l p o p e c c H T em iH , noH H M aeM H H 3 p e c b b n ra p oK O M cMMCJie K aK H e K o T o p a a n p o p e p y p a B O cnpiiH T H H t o k c t o b , o 6 p a 3 0 B a H - HblX 113 T e x HJIH HHblX 3H 3KOB, n03B 0JIH eT 0 6 p a 3 0 B a T b (JiyHKIJIIH) p a c n p e a e J ie i iH H p (y/p); o n a 3anaeT C H m h o t h m h $ a K T o p a M H : c h o c o 6 o m KOM6 HHHpOBaHHH HHTaeMOrO 3H aK a C flP y rH M H 3H aK aM H $ p a 3 H , H o S ip e S aM op n oH a jibH o-H H T eJ iJ ieK T ya JibH O H H a cT p o e H H o c T b io « n p n e M - H H K a», H e r o BHIIM aTejIbHOCTblO B MOM6HT HT6 HHH. IIOCJieftHH e £ B a oScTO H TeJIbCTBa B1IOCHT TOT JK6 3JI6MeHT H eOH pepeJieH H OCTH , HTO H OHJH6 K a B oSblH H H X <[)H3HHeCKHX H 3M 6peH H H X . Bo BCHKOM CJiyHaG, 0 6 OIHH6 K a x cejiia ilT H H eC K orO BOCnpHHTHH 3H aK a MOJKHO rO B O pH Tb T a n H ie, K aK h 0 6 o in n S K a x b j i i o 6 b ix p p y r a x H 3 M ep a T eJ ib H b ix n p o - p e p y p a x , a 3 p e c b c t o j i b m e e cT ecT B eH H o b b o ;t ,h tb n p e p cT a B J ie H a e

hjih ero jirnH oro MneHHH. IlepBoe H3 b th x Tpe6oBaHHii Jierno npoaepHeTCH, BTopoe — HeT, nocKOJiwiy peab h t c t tojibko o h h cto c y 6ieKTHBHHX npeflCTaB- jieHHHX, He oxnoaaioiuiix kbkoh-jihSo oSbeKTHBHO cymecTByiomeH peajibHOCTH, hjih, MO/Kcx 6i)iTii, ajiecb HyJKHO CKa3aTb aK Kyparaee — peajibHOCTH, cyipe- CTByiOmeH BHe BKCncpia. OpeHKa Cy6beKTHBHOH BepOHTHOCTH — 3TO OH6Hb HH~ TepecHan n cnxojionnecK aH napaaa. E cjih mu moikcm yTBepiKflaTb, h to aeJioaeK UeScTByoT BepoaTHocTHUM o6pa30M , to oxcioaa eipe He cjic.ayeT, h to oh o6jiaflaeT CirOCo6lIO(!lbIO BLipajItaTL CBOH CyiKTCHHH B CHCTeMe BepOHTHOCTHHX npeflCTaB- JieHHii, npiiHHiux cciiaac b MaTCMaTiiaecKoii CTaracTHKe. PeajibHue aKCnepn- MeHTu no opcHKe cySbeKTHBHbix BepoHTHocTeii nc.nyxcH o6uhho TaK, h to m uc- jichko p a3urpu B aeT ca HCKOTopaa jioTcpca h BKcnepT ^ejiaeT CTaBKH Ha napn. IIpH 3T0M OKa3HBaeTCH, TTO pa3HaH HOCTaHOBKa BOnpOCOB npiIBOflHT 3aHaCTyro K pa3HMM pe3yjIBTaTaM. ripirXOJIHTCH CTajIKHBaTLCH H C TpyrifMH TpyAHOCTHMH. M ojkot, nanpHMep, OKaaaxbca, h to y nKcncpxa cyMMa BepoHTHocTeii OKaiKeTCH paenoH 1 , 2 . TIxo 6yacT oh HCJiaxi. b btom cjiy aac? OfliiH pa3 oh mojkct npoHop-M IipO B a T b K CAHHHIIC, H jrTeM TCJICHIIH H a 1 , 2 , f lp y rO H p a 3 6 y S 6 T BUHHTaTI. b x o - t o H 3 H e K O T o p u x B e p o H T H o c T e ii T a K , h t o 6 u cy M M a h x OKa3ajiacb paBH O H e jp iH H iie . J l ,a jic c o n u T n o K a 3 a j i , a x o H aH B H U e a K c n e p T U n M e io T T e H fle H p m o k n o - C T p o e m iio y c c a c H H H X cbyH K pH H p a c u p c n e j i c H H ii , n p u p a B H H B a H B epoH T H O C T b M a jio B e p o H T H u x c o S h t h h n p o c T o H y jir o , a H e h h c jm m , 6 j ih 3 k h m k H y ji i o . Bo b c h - k o m c j i y a a e , h c h o , b t o a K c n e p T u j io .x jk h w n p o x o T H T B K y p c n p e f lB a p H T e J ib H o r o o S y n e H H u . H a;i,o x a i c i i o c TiiiT a T i,cx i n c TeM , k t o o p e H K ii n epoH T H O C T eft, C f le jia H - H u e b p a 3 H o e b p o m h , M o r y T 6 u t b c y m c c x n e H H o p a s J in iH U M H , h a r o a a jx o pac- cM a T p H B a ib K a n eC T ecTB eH H O e n o B C T o iin e a K c n e p x o B .

79

P h c . 3 . B 03M 0JK H H 6 a n p n o p H H e ( n e p c o H a n b H u e ) ^ y H K i jn n p a c - iip en ;e jieH H H C M H C jio B o ro c o n e p - JKaHHH R B y x CJIOB

a — c j i o b o «nrpa»: l — n r p a nan nrpoBaa cHTyaunrt- npouenypa c MHowecTBOM iieaetep- MUHnpoBaHHHx ajibTepnaTHB; 2 — nrpa KaK m o a c j i b a j i h onncafina c j i o j k h h x cncTeM: nrpOBaa Mo^ejib H3biKat nrpOBaa MOAeJib Mnpa b dya-AnftcKoft <t>HJioco<t>nn n t . a . ; 3 —nrpa KaK MaTeMaTHHecKaa Monejib npHHHTHH pemeHnft, MaTeMaTnnecKaH TeopHH n rp ; 4 — nrpa KaK a3apTHan

neaTejibHocTb, a3apTHbie nrpH , nrpoK b Hni3Hn n t . n .; 5 — nrpa KaK copeBiiOBanne — b HHTejuieKTyajibHoft AeHTeAbHOCTH, noJinTiraecKoft HeHTeJibHocTH n t . a . ; 6 — nrpa KaK copeBHOBanne — cnopTHBHan AeHTeJibiiocTb, pa3HHe cnopTHBHHe nrpbi; 7 — nrpa KaKniyTKa, pa3BjieneHne, HacMeniKa nan KeM-nnSyflb; 8 — nrpa KaK cueiinnecKan neHTgjib-H OCTb6 — c j i o b o « w r a T b » :1 — n e p e x o n n T b o t a n a K O B k 3 B y n a M p e n n ; 2 — n n T a T b B b iy n e H H o e H a i i 3 y c T b ; s —- h h - T a T b T eK C T n p o c e d a ; 4 — c n n T H B a T b , n p O B e p a a n a n n c a H H o o n y T e M c j i n n e H n n c A p y r n M TeK C TO M ; 5 — n e p e B o n n T b o jm o 3 H a n H o o n i i y 3 i ia K O B y r o c n c T e M y b n p y r y i o ; 6 — n p o H 3 - B o ^ n T b H 3 M e p e H n a ; 7 — H H T e p n p e T n p o B a T b H a o S h a c h h o m H 3 H K e 3 a n n c a n n o e n a n p y r n x

H 3 H K a x ; 8 — y r a A H B a T b t o , h t o 3 a n n c a H o H a c o B e p m e H H O H e3H aK O M O M H 3 H K e ; 9 — H H T e p -n p e T n p o B a T b o 6 p a 3 b i ; 10 — y r a A H B a T b n e H T o c n p H T o e 3a B H e n m n M n p o H B ji e m ie M , H a n p u w e p H H T aT b n y w n e m h c j i h ; 11 — n p e A C K a 3 H B a T b , H a n p n M e p H H T aT b c y A b d y ; 12 — B H C T y n a T b

c jieKaneft

o $yH K ii,H H p a c n p e ^ e jie H H H . A H a n o r n H 3 « e c B m o jk g t 6 h t b n p o ^ o J i - ® e H a c k o j i b y r o ^ H o ^ a n o n o . n p e ^ C T a B B T e c e 6e , c u a w e M , h t o b h jjeJ iaeT e c n e K T p o x H M H n e c K o e o n p e^ e J ie H H e K a K o r o - jm 6o ajieM OHTa b c j i o j k h o h n o C B oeM y c o c T a B y n p o 6e . O i i ih 6 k h aH aJiH 3a n p e iK /je B c e r o S y ^ y T 3a B iiceT B o t o 6m ;e ro c o c x a B a n p o 6H n o t t o t o , b KaKOM $ H 3nnecK O M c o c t o h i i h h n p o 6a H a x o ^ H T C H ; ^ a J ie e , o h h 6y ^ y T 3aB iiceT B H OT BHHMaTeJIBHOCTH J ia O o p a H T a , H OT H6H36e>KHOH H eB O CnpO H 3BO- 311MOCTH B c e x a jieM eH T ap H B ix H 3M epH T6JiBH Bix n p o p e ^ y p .

Ha B H X O ^e c h c t o m h m h 6 yp,eM h m g t b a n o c T e p n o p H y io (J y iiK p H io p a cn p e ^ e J ie H H H p (p -/ y ) ; n o c j i e h t o h h h y H a c 6 y ^ e T C BH 3aH o c n p o H H - TaHHHM 3HaKOM OHHTB-TaKH H 6 OflHO 3H aH eH H e, a HOJI6 3HaH6HHH, aOieMOHTH KOTOpOrO OHHTB O y /jy T ynO pflflO H O H H HOKOTOpHM B ep O flT - h o c t h h m o 6 p a 3 0 M . B HacTHOM c j i y n a e n o j m o r o a n p n o p H o r o H63HaHHH ( h j i h a n p n o p H o r o 6e3 p a 3J iH H H a) <f>yHKn;HH p ( p ) 6 y « e T n p o c T o p a B H o -

80

M epH H M p a c n p e ^ e j ie H n e M (H a h p h m o h ) h T o r ^ a p(p./y) cB e^eTC H K p (y/[x), HO BpH A JIH 9TO MOJK0T 6 h T B , K O I^ a «H p H 0 MHHKOM» HBJIHeTCH H ejiO B eK . E c j i h « j i h « n p H 6 M HHKa» h «n epe /];aT H H K a» p (p) 6 o j i e e h j i h M eH ee oAH H aKOBbi, t o n p o p e c c h t o h h h 6 y « e T b h o c h t b t o j i b k o c j i y - H aHHHe HCKaJKeHHH. H o MOJKeT O K a3aTbC H , HTO « n p H 6MHHK» H « n e p e - HaTHHK» BKJia^blBaiOT C O B epm eilH O p a3H H H CMBICJI B 3H aKOByK) CH- CTOMy. B KaKOH-TO CTeneH H 3TO, nO -BH flH M OM y, npOHCXOAHT B C O B pe- MeHHOH <|)hjioco<|)hh H a 3 a n a ,n ;e , h t o h h b h j i o c l o ^ h h m h 3 $ a K T o p o B , HOpO^HBIHHX KpHTHHeCKHe H aCT poeH H H «aH ajIH T H K O B », 0 KOTOPLIX m h y n oM H H a jiH B birne. B em,e S o j ib m e n C TeneH H 3 t o HM eeT M ecT o B a 6 cTpaK TH O H JKHBOnHCH, 0 HeM p eH b 6 y ^ e T HflTH HHJK0 . B o 6 HfleHHOH w h 3 h h o 6 b ih h o B C TpenaioTC H J1 1 0 3 H o p ,H o ro K p y r a , h y h h x e c T b K a - KaH-TO co r jia coB a H H O C T b b O TH om eH H H a n p H o p H H X <J>yHKpHH p a c n p e - flOJieHHH. H o 6 H B aeT H H an e. H h om H H T ep ecH ee b h o b b B H C K a3biB aeM aH M HCJib, t o m H e o 6 biH Hee 0Ka3B iBaeTC H y «n e p e s a T H H K a » a n p n o p H a H ^ y H K p H H p a c n p e ^ e j ie H H f l , CBH 3aiiH aH c H cn oJ ib 3 y eM H M H h m 3 H a - KaM H, — B e flb , r o B o p a o h o b o m , o n H c n o jiB 3 y e T C T a p n e 3 u b k h T

P a 3 H H e jh o ^ h M o ry T h n o -p a 3 H O M y h h t o t b 3u a K H . P a cx o J K ^ e H H e b p e 3 y j ib T a T a x h t o h h h o ^ h o t o h t o t o a te TOKCTa pa3H H M H jh o s b m h , HO-BHflHM OM y, BCOI’^ a 6 ojIB IH e, HeM OIHH6 K a nOHHM ailHH n p H nOBTOp- HOM HT0 HHH OflHOTO H TOTO JK0 T0 KCTa OflHHM H T6 M JK0 H0 JIOB0 KOM. To ?Ke c a M o e n p o n c x o R H T h c (J>H3 HHecKHMH H3 M epeH HHM H: o ih h S k h Me>KJia6 o p a T op H O H B ocn p oH 3 B O ^ H M ocT H B c e r ^ a OKa3biBaiOTCH 6 o J ib in e OIHh6 oK B H yT pH Jia6 opaT O pH O H BOCnpOH3BOflHMOCTH.

J lroS on H T H O OTM0THTB, HTO, npO BO flH (J)H3HH0CKHe HCCJIOflOBaHHH h H c n o jib 3 y H H eo6 eH ecoB C K H H n o ^ x o f l , pa3JiH H H bie H a 6 jiio f la T e jiH M o ry T 3a«aT B C H pa3JIHHIIHMH an pH O pH H M H BepOHTHOCTHMH. O coS eH H O 3TO S p o ca e T C H b r j i a 3 a b 3a ji,aH ax n o jjh c k p nM H H apH H rH H OT03, K o iy ja H3 M H o r a x K O H K y p n p y io m H X r n n o T e 3 H yntH O B H 6 p a T b o ^ H y , h b 3 a - « a n a x n o yTOHHOHHio n a p a M O T p oB . n p n 3 T o m H ey^aH H H H b h 6 o p

a n p n o p H b ix B e p o H T H o cT e S He npH BO /jH T k cK O jib -H H 6 y ^ B 6 o j i b i h h m

HenpH HTHOcTH M . K a K o6 m ;eT eop eT H H ecK H e c o o S p a n te H H H , TaK h

p a c n e T H , B b in o jra e H H H e H a M O ^ ejiB H H x 3 a a a H a x , n o K a 3 H B a io T , h t o

S e fie c o B C K a n c n c T e M a h p h h h t h h p em eH H H o 6 j i a s a e T k o p o t k o h n a - m h t b k ) b CHCTeMe n o c jie p ,O B a T e jib H H X n p o p e a y p , — n eB ep H O B H 6 p a H - E U 6 an pH O pH B ie BepOHTHOCTH 6H CTPO 3a6H BaiO TC H HOCJie H0CKOJIBKHX BHOBB HOCTaBJieHHHX 9K C nepH M eH TO B. To H<0 CaM Oe, HO-BHaHM OM y, n p o H c x o ^ H T h n p n h t b h h h t o k c t o b . n p ep ,C T a B B T e c e 6 e , h t o y «npn- eM H H Ka» O K a 3 a jia c b a n p n o p H a H $yHKH,HH p a c n p e ^ e J ie H H H , o t j i h h h 3 h

OT TOTO, HTO HM0JI B B H ^ y «n ep e /i;aT H H K ». H n T a H BHHM aTejIbHO H 0- CKOJIBKO p a 3 OflHH H TOT JK0 T0KCT HJIH, e ip e JiyHIHO, pa3JIH HHH 0

1 H a n oM H H M B H C K a3H B aH H et «M o J iH a jiH B u e c o r a a n ie H H H r j i h n oH iiM aH H H p a a r o - B o p H o r o H 3H K a H pe3B U H aftH O y cJ io )K H e H H » [22] (n a p a flO K C 4003).

3 B . B . HajijiMOB 81

TeKCTH T o r o j « e a B T o p a h j i h t o h Hie r p y i m n a B T o p o B , «n pH eM H H K » CMOJKeT x o t h 6 h b K a K o S -T o cx e n e H H n ep ecT p oH T B C H . 8 t o n p o p e c c o6 y n eH H H c 3a6i>iBaHHeM C T a p o n H H $ op M a p H H . Ho B c e r p a j i h o h n p o n c x o p H T ? ^ j i h a T o r o h y ? k h o , h t o 6 h «n pH eM H H K » He 6 h j i c j ih ih k o m K O H cepB aT H B eH . Bo b c h k o m c j i y n a e , 3 q e c b a n p H o p n a H H H $ op M a p H H HOHHMaeTCH H e B KaHTOBCKOM CMHCJie, a T aK , KaK 9TO c e f in a c npHHHTO b M aTeM aTH HecKOH CTaTHCTHKe: n o O TH onreH H io k ( r a - f - l ) - M y o n H T y a n p H o p H o n 6 y p e T HH<J>opMapHH, n o j iy n e i iH a H b n -m o n H T e .

M 3Jio*eH H aH BH ine MoqeJiB h c x o p h t H3 rJiySoK ofi an a jiorH H , cym ecT B yrom eft M em q y n p o q e c c o M H3MepeHHH h e ro H H Tepn peTa- iprefi, h n p o q e c c o M HTeHHH 3H aK0B0H c h c tb m h . O H a M om eT 6h t b npoTHBOnocTaBJieHa H3BecTHoit K onq enpH H o .iozuhbckom amoMuaMe tp p e r e , P acceJia h paH H ero BHTreHm TeHHa (c m ., H anpH M ep, [22]). JIorHnecKHM aTOMaM — ajieM eirrapiiH M h HeqejiHMbiM nacTH paM CMbicjia — m h npoTHBonocTaBJiaeM H enpepbiB H yio (JyHKqHio p a c - npepeJieHHH c m h c jio b h x 3HaHeiiHH, h 3 t o npoTHBGnocTaBJieiiHe HpeT eiq e qaJibm e — m h n o jia ra eM , h to cm h cji He mo>kct 6h t b npriniicaH 3H aK y q o npoHTeiiHH TeKCTa, x o t h h HMeeM HeKOTopoe a n p n o p n o e npepcTaBJieHHe o cm h cjiob om n o n e 3H aK a, to h h o TaK me, KaK nejib3H H 3M epeiiH 0M y 3HaHeHHio b <£ri3HHecK0M aKcnepH M eiiTe n p H n n caT b Te poBepH TenbH H e r p a H n q ti, o k o t o p h x m h HM enn npeqcTaBJieHHe q o aKcnepHM eHTa. A H a n o r m o c $H3EraecKHM aKcnepHMeHTOM m oikho n p oqojuK H T b. E c jih m h HMeeM q ejio c HenpepH BH O H3MeHHioiqeHCH CJiynaHHOH BeJIHHHHOH, TO BepOHTHOCTb T o ro , HTO Mb! HpH H3MepeHHH n on ap eM b CTporo tjHKCHpoBaHHyio TOHKy, paBH a H yn io . TaKHM ate BHpo?KpeHHHM cnyH aeM SypeT npeqcTaBJieHHe o HeKOTOpoM epnH - CTBeHHOM H CTporO $HKCHpOBaHHOM 3HaHeHHH 3H aK a.

H a m a MopeJib M om eT 6h t b npoTHBOnocTaBJieHa h BHCKa3HBaiiHHM n o3p H ero BH TreiiniTeH H a. B «IlccjieqoB aH H H X » ecTb H3BeCTHaH $ p a 3 a o to m , h to cm h cji c jio b b 3aqaeTCH e ro ynoT peSneH H eM . B Hanrefi Mopemi n p o q e c c b o c h p h h th h cn oB a 3aqaeTCH KaK e ro ynoT peSneH H eM , k o - T op oe npOHHTHBaeTCH KaK (JyiiKpHH pacnpepeJieH H H p (y !p .) , TaK h anpH opH H M 3HaHHeM 1 — (JyHKpHeH p acnpepeneH H H p (p .). E c jih «npHeMHHK» a n p n o p n n e HMeeT h h r h k h x c m h c jio b h x accop n a p H H C HHTaeMHM 3H 3K 0M , 9TO 3II3HHT, HTO (JyHKqHH paCnpeqeJieHHH BHpOJKpaeTCH, BepOHTHOCTb BCeX CMHCJIOBHX aCCOpHaqHH OKH3H- BaeTCH paBHOH HyJiio, h b 9tom c jiy n a e H am a MoqeJib y m e coBepm eHHO (JopMaJibHO H0 K a3biBaeT, h to TeKCT He M om eT 6h t b npoHHTaH. T a K , BepOHTHO, SypeT C COoSiqeHHHMH H3 p p y r l ix MHpOB, eCJIH OHH K o rp a - HH6y p b S y q y r HOJiyneHH. B oqHOM MeCTe b «IlccJieqOBaHHHX» B n T r e n - m T en n a c th b h tc h B o n p o c : h to anaHHT, h to m h h o iih jih t c k c t ? Ham

1 «AnpnopHoe», «anpnopn<>, koh6hho, yn0Tpe6jiai0TCa aqech 'ran, nan 3to npn- HHTO B TeOpHH Bep0HTH0CT6& H MaTeMBTHHBCKOH CTaTHCTHKe.

82

OTBet Ha aTOT Bonpoc — Bonperai aBTopy «MccjieAOBaHHib — 3By*tHT Tan: m h cyMe.’iir, onnpaHCB Ha npeflmecTByiomHH o h h t , h o c t p o h t b anpnopHyio (JyiiKprno pacnpeA,eJieHHH c m h c j i o b o t o coAepiKaiiHH 3HaKa, KOToptiH BiianaJie y n a c h h c t o m He accoiprapoBaJiCH.

C K a 3 a H H o e m ohjho lu u u o c T p H p o B a T B n p H M e p o M H 3 k h h th h o jib - C K o ro (Ja iiT a cT a C T a m ic jia B a J le M a « 3 B e3AHBie a h g b h h k h H f i o n a Th- x o r o » [93]. B o t o h K H H re B C TpenaeTC H H e c K o jiB iio cjio b H e 3 e M H o ro npOHCXOJKAOHHH. O flH O H 3 HH X — « C e n j7JIBKH». BoT HTO CK a3aH O 06 3 T O M CJIOBe B «KoCMHTOCKOH OHI(HK.'LOrie,UHH»:

«Cenyjn>KH — BanaiuH ojieMeiiT pHBHJiH3an.Hn ApppnpoB (cm.) Ha nJiaHere 9iiTeponHH. Cm. CenyjiBKapiiH.

CenyJibKapnn — ripepMeTH, cjiyniaipHe p jih cenyjieiiHH (c m . ) . CenyjieHHe — peHTejibiiocTb ApApnpoB ( c m .) 11a njiaHeTe 3HTepo-

hhh (cm.). Cm. CenyJibKH».,H,aJiee h p h b o a h t c h fliiaJior:« H noponreji k n p iu ia B K y h c AejiaHHbiM c iio k o h c t b t o m cnpocHJi

c e n y jib K y .— J (jih K a K o r o c e n y jib K a p H H ? — cn p o c H J i n p o p a B e p , c n y c K a n c b

c o C B oefi B era a jiK H .— H y , a j ih o S h h h o t o , — o t b o t h j i h .— K a K a jih o0H H H oro? — y a h b h jic h o h . — y H a c 6biBaioT to jib k o

cenyJibKH co cb h c to m .— H y T aK n p o m y o p H y iH T y K y .— A r p e y b h c jK y T K a ?— ■ 9 . . . , m tm , y MeHH e e t o t c c o 6o h .— H y r p e i k c . b h e e B 03b M eT e 6e 3 JKeHM? — c n p o c H J i n p o p a B e p ,

iic n H T y r o ip e t j i h a h H a MeHH h n o H e M H o r y t v c k i i c i ; .— y MeHH HeT JKeHbl, — H 60C T 0p 0>K H 0 BHpBa.TOCb y M eHH.— y B a c . . . HeT. . . jK eiiH ?. . . — l ip o S o p M o x a J i, t o p t o h , n p o -

A aB ep, n o p a iK eH H O ycT aB H C b n a M e n n .— I i b h x o t h t g c e n y j i b K y ? . . . 6 e 3 > i;e n H . . . —Oh B ec b A P o>K aJi».3AeCb M H BHAHM, K aK H pO C TpaH H H H H JIOTHTOCKH npaBHJIbHO

n o cx p o e H H b iH TeKCT O K a3H B aeT C H HeAOCTaTOHiiHM a j i h n o iiH M a iiH H CMHCJia n y iK A o r o h b m c jio B a . B iian reM p a c n o p n > K e H iiH iieT T o r o m iio - /KeCTBa CMHCJIOBHX 3HaTOHHH p., H a KOTOPOM MOJKIIO 6h jt o 6h HOCTpO- HTb $yH K H ,H io p a c n p e A e J ie iiH H p ( y ! p ) . M h H e m o ito m l ie t o j i b k o h o - IIHTB, HO Aa>Ke H CMyTHO yjIOBH TB CMblCJI CJIOBa, eCJIH C IIHM H e CBH- 3 a H a K a K a n -T O a n p n o p H a n (Jy iiK qH H p a c n p e A e .x e iiH H . JIothtockh K o p p e K T H o e e r o y n o T p e S jie H iie H e p a c K p b iB a e T em,e e r o c m h c ji .

E c jih h p h iih tb S eaecoB C K yio MOAeJiB b o c h p h h th h 3H aK a, t o m h A O jtjkhh 6yAeM npH3HaTB, h to nocJie npoHTeHHH TeKCTa b HarneM C03HaHHH 6y A 6T 3aneHaTJieH0 He K aK oe-To A H C K peraoe CMHCJiOBoe 3HaTOHHe, CBH3aHHoe c npoHHTaHHHM 3HaK0M , a p e jio e n o jie 3HaHe-

6 * 83

h h S , h o b o 6m;eM c j iy n a e o h o 6ya,eT f » e T o r o 3H an eH H H , k o t o p o P 6hJIO CB H 3aH 0 C 3THM 3H 3K 0M flO HTeHHH flaHHOTO T eK C Ta. E e i ie c o B - C K yio MOêJiB m o jk h o H H T ep n p eT H p o B a T B K aK n e K O T o p y ro M H o r o 3 H a n - H y io BepoH T H O C T H yio J io rH K y , o tb e T H a n o c T a B jie H H tifi t o k c t o m B o n p o c 3fleCB 3aflaeTCH (J y H K p n e H p a c n p e ^ e J ie H H H c m h c j i o b o t o c o ftep jK a iiH H .

B p a M K a x npe^ JioH ieH H O H naM H M O êJin jie rK O H iiT ep n p eT H pyiO T C H M H O rne x o p o m o H3BecTHi>ie b jiH HrBHCTH Ke (fiaKTBi. IT peJK ê B c e r o m h MOJKeM HOrOBOpHTB 0 TOM, HTO 3H3HHT CTOJIB IHHpOKO p a cn p O C T p a H e H - iioe b j iH T e p a T y p e n o H a yH H oS TepM H H OJiorH H n p e ^ c T a B jie H H e o mon- Hocmu m epM una. G H a r a n x h 0 3 h i { h h 3 t o B n o jiH e n e T K o e noH H TH e, o h o o n p e fle j in e T C H n p o c T O C T eneH B io pa3M a3aH H 0C TH a n p n o p H O H (JyH K pH H p a cn p eH eJ ieH H H p ( a ) , CBH 3aiiH 0H c n ayH H H M t o p m h h o m p .

B ceM x o p o in o H3BeCTHa n p oS jieM a c h h o h h m h h — 3 t o o^H a H3 XapaKTepHCTHK H0JIHM0p<|)H3Ma H 3H K a. B TO JKe BpeMH OCTaeTCH HeHCHHM, HTO, CoSCTBeHHO, MH HOHHMaOM HOI); 3THM TepMHHOM. B 3T0M OTHOHieHHH 0H6HB HHTepOCHO BBICKa3BIBaHHe H a fi^ a [9 4 ] , O h BOoSipe OTpnpaeT cym ecTBOBaHHe c h h o h h m o b , yT B epH iân , h t o HHKaKHe M O p$eM H HJIH HX KOM0HHapHH HHKOTfla He HBJIHIOTCH HfleH- t h h h h m h n o 3aJiOHieHHOMy b h h x CMBicJiy. B c e r ^ a MOJKHO HpHBeCTH n pH M ep, b k o t o p o m o6m,enpH3HaHHBie c h h o h h m h 0 K a3HBaroTCH HeaKBHBaJieHTHHMH. O coSeH H o JierKO 3 t o cêjiaT B , e c jia oS p aT H T tcn K nocjiOBH paM . H a n p H M e p , b nocJiOBHpe « H a BCHKoro M y ^ p e p a flOBOJIBHO npOCTOTH» CJIOBO «MV,T,pei(» HeJIB3H 3aMeHHTB CJIOBOM «yM - H H pa», XOTH 3TH CJIOBa CHHTaiOTCH CHHOHHMHHHBIMH HO CJIOBapiO CHHOHHMOB [9 5 ] . B CHCTeMe HaiHHX npe^CTaBJieHHfi CHHOHHMHH 3ap;aeTCH npocTO KoafJxjHipreHTOM paHrOBOH K op p en n pH H MeJK^y CMHCJIOBHMH 3HaHeHHHMH flB yX pa3H H X CJIOB. 0 CMHCJIOBOH COTJiaCO- BaHHOCTH HeCKOJIBKHX CJIOB aHaJIOrHHHBIM O0pa3OM MOJKHO CyflHTB HO XOpOIHO H3BeCTH0My B HenapaMeTpHHeCKOH CTaTHCTHKe HOHHTHH) K03$(|)HpHeHTa KOHKopri;apHH. H 3fleCB c p a 3 y CTHHOBHTCH HCHHM, OTKyp;a B03HHKaioT Tpy^HOCTH b onpefleJieHHH T o ro , h t o TaK oe c h h o h h m h . B pH fl JIH, fleHCTBHTeJIBHO, paHTOBHe ynopHflOHHBaHHH CMBICJIO- B oro 3HaHeHHH 3 B yX pa3HBIX CJIOB HOJIHOCTBH) HfleilTHHHH, H H 03T0M y BHCKa3HBaHHe H a fi^ a Hap;o noHHMaTB b t o m CMHCJie, h t o HeT c h h o h h m o b , flJIH KOTOpHX K03<£(J>HH;HeHT paHTOBOH KOppeJIHpHH 5bIJI 6 h p a B eH e^ H H H p e .

IIO-BHflHMOMy, MBI CHHTaeM CHIIOHHMaMH CJIOBa, flJIH KOTOpBIX K03$(f)HpHeHT paHTOBOH KOppeJIHpHH HX CMHCJIOBHX 3HaHeHHH He oneHB MaJi, t . e . , roB O pn n a H3BiKe MaTeM aTHnecKon CTaTHCTHKH, OH flOJIJKeH 0HTB 3HHHHM flJIH KHKOrO-TO 3ap aH ee BH5paHHOrO ypOBHH 3HaHHM0CTH. H KpOMe TOTO, MBI He flOJIHIHBI 3a0H B aTB , HTO anpHOpHBie (JiyHKpHH pacnpefleJieHHH cy5T>eKTHBHH h B cerâ HyjKHO yHHTBiBaTB KaKoe-TO ycpe^neH H O e CMHCJiOBoe paHJKHpoBaHHe, x a p aK T ep H 3yio - m,ee ceMaHTHHecKoe noB eiieiiH e p eJ iu x r p y n n jiroêii. H o TeM He M enee

84

m o jk h o a y M a T B , h t o Bee n p o H c x o flH T b > k h 3 h h T a K , K aK n p e ftn n c b iB a e 'f p a c c M a T p H B a e M a a n a ir a M oppJ ib , h K aK -TO cn oH T aH H O y c T a n a B J iH B a - e T c a aeT K O HHrp;e n e 3 3 $ i i K c n p o - B3HHMH ypOBPH B 3 H a HI T M 0 C TII tt-M K o a ^ i^ H p iieH T a K oppeJTH UHH . n o 3B O - JIHIOipKH HaM Iip H 3 iia B a T b H 6KOTO" prae CJIOBa CHHOHHMaMH.

M l i n on biT a.aH C b n p o B e c T H k o - jiHaecTBeHHoe Hayaciiife nacTOTbi noHBJieH HH CH HOH HM HaecKHX r p y n n p a 3 H o r o p a 3 M e p a b c j io B a p a x c h h o - h h m o b p y c c K o r o h a n r jiH H C K o roH3LIKOB. XIoflCHHTblBaJiaCb HaCTOTa

BCTpeaaeM OCTH r p y n n , c o c t o h h ^ h x H3 f lB y x , T p e x h S o j ib in e r o HHCjia CHHOHHMOB, B CJIOBapHX [ 9 5 , 9 6 ] , rp a <£H H ecK H n o Jiyn eriH b ie p e 3 y j i b - TaTbi npep;cT aB JieH bi H a p n c . 4 . O t - jiHHH e b (J y iiK ip r a x p a c n p e ^ e J ie H H H n oJiyH H J iocb p a 3 H T e jib H o e . M b i , k o - H e n iio , H e y B e p eH b i b t o m , h t o a B T o p n 3 t h x f lB y x cJiO B apefi o n u p aJ iH C b n a OflHII H TOT Hie y p o B e H b 3 IIaHIIMOCTII flJIH K03(|)(|)HpHeHTa K O p p ejIH p iIH .

ripe>iip ;e B c e r o B bi3biBaeT y ^ H B - JieHHe o n e n b 6o jib in o e p a 3 J iira n e B HHCJie BXOflHbIX CJIOB B CJIOBapHX.C a o B a p b p y c c K o r o H 3b iiia co cra B J ieH fljin 8 3 2 2 b x o p ;h h x c j io b , a n r J in ii- CKoro — p ,jih 1 9 5 4 . ^ j i h a iir jiK H - c K o r o c j io B a p a H M eeT ca oT neT JiiiB oe cryipem ie nacTOT /p m c j io b c H e S o jib -m H M HHCJIOM CHHOHHMOB OT OflHOrO flO HHTH II 3BTeM KpHBBH flOBOJIbHO 6bicTpo H an H H aeT p e3K O n a p ;a T b ;

MaKCHMaJIbHOe h h c jio CHHOHHMOB 1 5 . CDyHKipiH p a c n p e fle n e H H H j a n p y c c K o r o c j io B a p n p a c T H iiy T a : h m b - KJTCH CilO B a, flJIH KOTOpbIX IiaCH H TH - BaeTCH 6o j ie e ^ B a /i^ a T H c iih o h h m o b ,M aK C H M ajib H oe h h c jio c h h o h h m o b 5 9 . M t o 3 t o — p e a jib H o e p a 3- JIHHHe B CeMHOTHHeCKOH C T p y K T y p e 3 B y X H 3H KOB HJIH HpOCTO p e3y J ib T a T p a3J iH H H oro n o f lx o ^ a k T O M y, h t o CHHTaTb c h h o h h m o m ? B o b c h k o m c j iy n a e , o n p e ^ e jie H H o CHHOHHMa b o 6o h x c jiO B a p a x

Pnc. 4. HacTOTH noanjienim on- Honiiiiii'iecKiix rp yn n pa3noro pa3- n ep a b pyccKOM a anrjiHHCKOM H3HKaXI I o ocii aScitficc OTJiOH<eiio h h c jio c jio b , B x o g H im ix b CHHOHHMH^ecKyio r p y n n y , n o ocn opflim aT — nacTO Ta riOHBjieHHfl T a im x r p y n n b cJiO Bapnx chhohhm ob [95] h [96]

85

CÔpMyHHpOBaHO TaK, HTO HeB03J105KH0 HOHnTb, HMeeTCH JIH y aBTOpOS cymecTBeHHoe pa3JiHHHe b no^xofle k aTOMy Bonpocy. HaM KajKeTCH, HTO CTaTHCTHHeCKoe H3yHeHHe CHHOHHMHH pa3HHX H3HK0B, eCJIH 0H ero yâjiocb xopomo opraHH30BaTb, iiorjio 6h 6h t b oneHb HiiTepec- h h m . 3flecb xoneTCH o6paTHTb BHHMamie Ha paSoTy A. n. K jih m 6h k o [ 6 9 ] , b k o t o p o h /i;eJiaJiacb nonbiTKa opeHHTb CMHCJiOByio S jih s o c tb c jio b , o6o3HaHaroin,Hx HBJieHHH noro^H, b npnMOM ncnxoJiorHHecKOM BKcnepHMeHTe. OpeHKa êJiajiacb no oflnHHa^paTHSaJUibHOH cncreMe ( o t 0 flo 10). B h c o k o c h h o h h m h h h h m h 0Ka3ajiHCb TaKHe napn cjio b :

yparaH— 6ypn, 6ajm 9,6; floiKflb— jiHBeHb, 6ajui 9,0;

OHH OTMeHaiOTCH KaK CHHOHHMH H B CJIOBape 3. E. AjieKCaHflpOBa.BenecOBCKaH MOêJib no3BOJineT HaM h o h h t b npnpoay myTKH.

IIOHCHHM 3TO CJieflyJOIHHM HpHMepOM.K aK -TO M ne n p H H uiocb BHCTynaTb b o ^ h o h Snoxm ftiH ecK O H jia 6o -

paTOpHH C COoSipeHHeM O TOM, KaK HyjKHO 0HJIO 0 H 0praH H 30BaTb oSyneH H e MaTeMaTHnecKofi CTaTHCTHKe paSoraH K O B aToro npo<[)HJM. CBOe BHCTynjieHHe h HanaJi c T o ro , h to paccK a3aJi o to m , KaK caM a nocTaHOBKa 3 to h 3aflaHH B03HiiKJia b o BpeMH S ece^ H 3a oSeÔM B H a- m eH c t o jio b o h . I lo c jie oScTOHTeJibHoro oScyjK êH H n b to h 3aâHH m h ycJiHUiaJiH 3aKJHOHHTeJibHyio p en jiH K y o^H O ro H3 ynaCTHHKOB: « T e n e p b m ojkh o cêJiaTb TaK ofi b h b o ^ : H aô yjiyn m H T b oScjiyjK H B a- HHe b H am efi c to jio b o h » . 3 T a penJiHKa Bbi3Bajia oiKHBJieHHe b 3 a :ie . Ho o,n;HH MaTeMaTHK, o n o 3 3aBinHHK H anaJiy M oero BHCTynjieHHH, BCTaji H C paCTepHHHHM BHftOM CnpOCHJI, HTO 3T0 3HaHHT — MOJKeT Gf.ITb, o h ocJiHm ajiCH. Ho K o r^ a eM y 06 'bHCHHJiH, t o t o j t o n a n a ji CMe- HTbCH.

H t o JKe a^ ecb n p o H 3 o m jio ? n o c j ie M oero BMCTynjieHHH y B cex HpHCyTCTByiOin;HX CO CJIOBOM «CTOJIOBaH» C KaKOH-TO OHeHb MaJIOH BepoHTHOCTbio accoiprapO B aJiacb e ipe h 3aflaH a oSyneHHH 6h o x h m h k o b MaTeMaTHHecKon CTaTHCTHKe. n o c j ie 3aKJii0HHTeJibH0H penjiHKH b c o - OTBeTCTBHH c TeopeMOH S e n e c a an ocT epH op H an (JyHKn.Hn p a c n p e ^ e - JieHHH, CBH3aHHaH CO CJIOBOM «CTOJIOBaH», CTHHyJiaCb K TOMy CMHCJiy aToro cjiOBa, KOTopoe 6h jio coBceM c jia 6o accoiprnpoB aH O c hhm b a n p n - opHOH (JyHKpHH pacnpefleJieHHH. 3 t o B cex m oKHpoBaJio h BH 3Bajio npHHTHOe B036yjKa;eH H e. A y M aT eM am K a, nponycT H B H iero Moe BCTy- HHTeJibHoe 3aM enaHHe, 3 t o h ppHOJiHHTeJibHOH c jia S o n accop n apH H b anpnopH O H (JyHKpHH pacnpeêJieH H H He 6h jio , h oh m yTKH CHanajia He h o h h ji. HeJiOBeK y c T p o e n TaK, h to o h He jiio S h t c e p o r o p en eB oro nOBeêHHH, o h o e ro yTOMJineT. IIIy rK a , H apym aioin ,aH 03H oo6p a 3He peHH, aaKjiioHaeTCH b HeojKHâHHOM nepeB O ê M ajio BeponTH H X a c - COpHapHH B /];OMHHHpyiomHe. IIIyTKH OCHOBBHH Ha HCH0JIb30BaHHH x b o c t o b o 3 HacTH anpnopH O H (JyHKpHH pacnpefleJieHHH. H t o 6h h o h h -

MaTB m yTK H , H aô HMeTB p;aJieKO p a c r jm y T y io XBOCTOByro nacTB. H t o 6h yMeTB inyrH TB, n a ^ o yMeTB eio nojiB30BaTBCH. y HioneH, He noH H M aiom H x m y r a y , a n p n o p n a n (JyTiKpiin pacnpeêJieH H H p aH o ycenaeTCH — o h h M oryT H cnojiB30BaTB to jib k o Te 3HaneHHH c m h c jio - B oro h o jih cn o B a , K O Topne accopH H pyroTCa c p;aHHHM cjiobom c 6o jib -IHOH BepOHTHOCTBK).

Mnorne m yTKH ocHOBaHBi Ha to m , h to <J>pa3a n ocT poeH a TaK , h to OflHOMy h TOMy me cjio B y c o^HHaKOBOH BepoaTHOCTBio M o r y T 6h t b HpHHHCaHBI flBa COBCeM p a3H H X CMHCJia.

IIpeflCTaBBTe c e 6e , h to a n p n o p H a a (JyHKipiH pacn peên eH H H CMHCJia cjioB a p(p) yC TpoeH a TaK, h to ecTB o c t p h h MaKCHMyM rê-TO b JieBOH nacTH o c h p., a (JyHKpHH n p a B j;o n o A o 6HH p (y / p ) yC TpoeH a TaK, h to y Hee o c t p h h MaKCHMyM Haxo^HTCH rê-TO b npaBOH naCTH o c h p., r^ e 3HaneHHH p(p) 6 jih 3K h k HyjieBH M . T o r ^ a nepeM H om eH H e 3THX (f)VHKI(HM, eCTeCTBeHHO, HpHBeêT K TOMy, HTO (f)VHKI(HH aHOCTe- p n o p H o ro pacnpefleJieHHH CMHCJia CJioBa p ( p / y ) O K am eTca ^ByM O - flaJiBHOH. cOBepmeHHO pa3JiHHHHx CMHCJia cjioB a n o jiy n aio ToflHHaKOByro BepOHTHOCTB — 3 to M om eT BBirJiHfleTB coBceM H ejien o .Ha 3to m ocHOBaHH Bee HHKaHTHBie aHeKflOTH. M h , k H am eM y 6o jib - m o M y orop n eH H io, He MOmeM 3flecB n p H B ecra T aK oro n p H M ep a, k o - TOpHfi 6hJI 6h H HOCTaTOHHO OCTPHM, H BHOJIHe HpHeMJieMHM flJIH nenaTH.

OrpaHHHHMCH npH M epoM , b k o to p o m b in yT K y 6h jio o S p a m e n o HOHHMaHHe BTOpOrO CMHCJia CJIOBa.

B M a ra 3 H H e a 6 h j i CBHfleTeJieM c j ie ^ y i o m e r o p a 3 T 0 B 0 p a :— y Bac ecTB K o p n n ;a ?— He 6nBaeT.— A r#e 0HBaeT?— y n a c .— B h » e CKa3aJiH — He 0H B aeT!— He 0HBaeT — 3HaHHT, pe^KO 0HBaeT.3 f le c B n p o fla B iH H p a pa3T>HCHHJia H O K yn aT eJiio S e n e c o B C K y io M O êjiB

HOHHMaHHH CMHCJia $ p a 3 H «H e 6H B a e T » , KOTfta OHa npOH3HOCHTCH b M a ra 3 H H e .

B en ecoB C K an MoêJiB M om eT o 6b h c h h tb MexaHH3M HOHHMaHHH «HenoJiHBix» $ p a 3 . PaccMOTpHM b KanecTBe n pH M epa flBe TaKHe n acTo ynoT peSjm eM B ie HenojiHBie $ p a 3 H :

K a c c H ^ a j i B E e r o c a e n o b a h a a.y j i B T p a < | ) H O J i e T O B H H c a e K T p o r p a $ .n e p B a H H 3 HHX O0HHHO 0 H B a e T H an H C aH a K p y n H H M H SyKBaMH

n a 3flaH H H X B 0K 3aji0B . B e e HOHHMaiOT e e c m h c ji, x o t h , c i p o r o r o - B o p n , OHa H e n p a B O M ep H a H 3 -3 a C B oeft n e n o jiH O T H . H c h o , h to K accH caM H n o c e 6 e H H K y ^ a n o o fiip e H e c jie ^ y iO T . n p a B H jiB H O H a n H c a H H a a $ p a 3a ROJUKHa 5 HJIa 3 B y n a T B npH M epH O T a K : « K a c c a j ;jih npoâjK H

87

SaJieTO B n a c c a w a p a M .g a J ib H ero cjie ,gO B aH H H ». H o T a K a n 3 a n n c B B oenpB H H M aeT C H K aK a p e 3 M e p H 0 r p 0 M 0 3 g K a n . B T o p a n $ p a 3 a h o c t o - h h h o y n o T p e 6 jiHeTCH b H ayaH O H J iH T e p a T y p e n o c n e K T p o c K o n H H . C i p o r o r O B o p a , e e H a ^ o 6h j i o 6h H H T e p n p e T n p o B a T B T aK : n e p e ^ HaMH cn eK T p orp a< | ) y jib T p a $ H O J ie T O B o r o p B e T a . H o 3T 0 H B n a n H eJie- n o c T b , x o t h aH aaorH K H O n o c T p o e H H y r o $ p a 3 y «B eJ iH H c n e K T p o r p a $ » m h H H T ep n p eT H p oB aJ iH 6h K aK c n e K T p o r p a < $ 6 e J io r o p B e T a . n o r iH M a - HHe CMHCJia H e n o jiH H x $ p a 3 3a,gaeTCH 6 enecoB C K H M wreH H eM . ^ j i h c jiO B a «cn eK T p orp a < | )» y H a c e c T b ^ocT aT O K H O 6 o r a T a n a n p H o p n a a <j)yiiKpHH p a c n p e a e J ie H H H C M b ic jiO B oro c o f le p a m H iia . C o a e T a H H e 3 T o r o c jiO B a c o cn oB a M H «yjibTpai|)H O JieTO B biH » ^ a e T b o 3 m o jk h o c t b n o c T p o H T b $ y H K n ;H io p a c n p e f l e J ie m ia p ( y / p ) , A e n c T B y r o m y io K aK HeKHH < £ h jib tp , k o t o p h h B H fleJ iaeT H3 a n p a o p H O H $ y H K p H H p a cn p e ^ e J ie H H H c m h c j i o - B o r o c o p e p jK a H H a p (p .) c j i o B a «cn eK T p orp a < | )» n p n eM JieM H H ji;jih n a c c m h c ji . E c j i h 6 bi n e p e p ; h b m h 6 b u ia , C K aa ieM , T a K a a $ p a a a : « y j i b T p a - $H OJieTOBbiH o c e J i» , t o c m lic ji e e o c T a j i c a 6bi p ;jih H a c i le a c i iH M , x o t h rp a M M a T iia e cK H o h b n o c T p o e H a T aK jk b , K aK n $ p a 3 a , p a ccM O T p e H H a a B H in e . M h b h p ;h m , h t o c m eic ji H e n o .T im x $ p a 3 p a c i< p H B a e T C a o t h io j ib H e h x rpa M M aT H a ecK O H C T p y K T y p o n , a 6 en ecoB C K O H n p o p e ^ y p o n n e p e x o ^ a o t m n p o K o r o c m h c j i o b o t o MHOJKCCTBa 3H aaeH H H c jio B a K H eK O T op oM y e r o nop;M H o>KeCTBy. 3 t o no^M HOJKecTBO CTairoBH TCa T e n e p b TeM HOJieM 3J ieM eH T apH H x c o 6h t h h , n a k o t o p o m n e p e p a c n p e - fleJIHeTCH BepOHTHOCTb OCMblCJIHBairHH CMblCJia CJIOBa B flaiiH O M KOH- TeKCTe. JIjoSoH H T H O OTMeTHTb, HTO B 0O Jiee C T apoM anrJIHHCKOM H3bIKe C e r o BHCOKOpa3BHTbIM nOJIHMOp<|)H3MOM CJIOB HeHOJIHbie $ p a 3 L I B C Tpe- HaroTCH, H ecoM iieH H O , n a m e , t o m b cpaB H H T eJibH O m o jio h o m p y ccK O M H3 H K e, rp ;e 3 0 n e ^ a B H e r o BpeM eH H 6 b u ia H B H aa T e H fle m jH a k n o c T p o e - h h h ) p a 3 B ep H y T H X $ p a 3 . O T C ioA a , k c t b t h , c j ie ^ y e T h t o t x o p o m oH 3 BeCTHHH (JaK T, HTO H pH H ep eB O fle C ailrJIHHCKOrO H 3bIK a n a pyC CK H H TeKCT B c e r ^ a y p jiH H a eT C H , ecJin e r o op eH H B a T B n o n n c j i y n e n a T H H x 3 H a K 0 B. BnpoTOM, 3T a n p o g jie M a n oftJ iea fflT c n e p n a J ib H O M y H 3 y n e H H io .

nOHCHHM 3H eCb C K a3aH H O e OflHHM IipH M epO M . H a 3 B a H H e aHTJIHH- c k o h K H H rn «The New English Bible» H e B H 3H B aeT K a K o r o -J in S o H enOH HM aH HH y an rjiH T O H H H a — a n p n o p H a a (JyH K ip iH p a c n p e p ;e jie - h h h 3 JIH c jio B a «Bible» T aK O B a, h t o b c o T O T a m iH c o c jio b o m «New» 3T0 H a 3BaH H e MOHieT o 6o 3H a n a T b t o j i b k o h o b h h n e p e B o ,g B h S j ih h . H o 3 JIH p y c c K o r o H H T a T ejia , .g a m e 3 H a io in ;ero b K a K o n -T o CTeneH H aHrJIHHCKHH H 3 H K , 3TO H a3B aH H e KHH rH BBI30BeT H e ^ o y M e H H e — corJiacH O T p a ^ n p H H p y c c K o f i JieKCHKH c m h c ji 3 t o h <£pa3Bi Hy>KHO 6h j i o 6h H H T e p n p e T n p o B a T B T a it : «M bi H M eew ^ eJio c K a K o n -T o h o b o h , H a 3T0T p a 3 aHrJiHHCKOH, 6n 6jiH eH ». A T a K a a H H T e p n p e T a p n a n p o T H - B o p en H T a n p n o p H O M y CMHCJiy CJioBa « 6h 6j i h h » . H a p y c c K H H H3H K H a 3BaH H e y n o M H H y T o i B H m e KHH rH H a ^ o 6h j i o 6 h Bee Hie n e p e B e c T H T a K : « H o b h h anrJiHH CKHH n ep eB o p ; B h 6jihh>>,

88

B anrjiHHCKOM H3H K e, h o c m o t p h Ha b c i o CTporocTB rpaMMaTHKH aTOro H3biKa, ônycK aeTC H cymeCTBOBaHHe (JopMaJiBHO H enpaB H jiB - nbix <J»pa3 . H a n p H M e p , h 3 h k o b h m KJinme c t h j i h $ p a 3bi T aK oro r a n a « I t is th e la s t tr a m h u t o n e , th e la s t o n e w i l l g o in an h o u r» . E c j i h CJiOBy « la s t » n p H n n caT b aT oiiapH biS ToneHHHH c m h c j i , t o <$pa3y n p n - êTCH n p H 3HaTb JiornnecKH HenpaBOMepHOH, TaK KaK T or^ a n p n - n u io c b 6bi npH 3H aTb h 6 b o 3 m o jk h h m cym,ecTBOBanHe b H3biKe <$pa3eo- j io r n 3MOB. E c j i h jn e CHHTaTB, h t o c j i o b o im eeT pa3M H T 0e 3HaneHHe, BKJHOHaiomee He t o j i b k o h t o - t o 6e3ycjiOBHO n o c jie^ H ee b o BpeiueHHdM pH fly COSblTHH, HO HeHTO CTOHIH,ee 0JIH3KO K KOHH,y HOCJieflOBaTeJIB- h o c t h , T o r^ a h c h o , h t o cjioBOcoHeTaiiHe « b u t on e » H03B0JineT H3 p a 3MbiToro h o j i h 3HaneHHH cn oB a « la s t» b h ^ c j i h t b t o e ro h o p ;m h o - jKecTBO 3HaneHHH, KOTopoe BocnpHHHMaeTCH KaK «npe,gnocjie,gHHH».

PaccMOTpnM TenepB npoSjieMy nepeBop;a. ,H,onycTHM, hto HaM Haô nepeBecTH KaKOH-TO tbkct c p-H3HKa Ha 7]-h3hk. Ohht nepeBOp;a noKa3MBaeT, hto Ka*flOMy co,n;ep}KaTejiBHOMy CJiOBy p-H3biKa mojkho HOCTaBHTB B COOTBeTCTBHe HeCKOJIBKO Ha HepBblH B3rjIH/i; 3KBHBaJieHT- HHX CJIOB Ha VJ-H3HKe. 3tO 3HHHHT, HTO paccMaTpHBaeMoe CJIOBO HMeeT HOJie CMHCJIOBbIX 3HaHeHHH, KOTOpOe HOJIHOCTBH) HJIH XOTH 6h b Sojibmen CBoen nacra nepeceKaeTcn co cmhcjiobhmh hojihmh HeKo- Toporo &-no,gMHO>KecTBa i\%, . . i\K cjiob r]-H3HKa. OTdop;a,Ka3aJiocb 6bi, mojkho 6hjio p;aTB cjieflyromyio peKOMeH,gaipiio: BH0paTB H3 A-HOflMHOJKeCTBa TO CJIOBO, KOTOpoe HMBeT HaHSoJIBIHHH paHrOBblft Koa<|)$Hn;HeHT KoppejmpHH co cjiobom p; . Ho 3Ta peKOMeH/âqnn Ha caMOM êjie ne npaBOMepHa. Mojkct 0Ka3aTbc«, hto $pa3a Ha p- H3biKe nocTpoena TaK, hto b cJiOBe p,- HcnojiB3yeTc« Ta XBOCTOBan nacTB $yHKpHH pacnpe,gejieHHH CMbicjioBoro coêpjKaHHH, kotopoh HeT b cnoBax /t'-no,T,MHo>i;ccTBa rrH3biKa. Hto6h y6ep;HTBCH b btom, Ha,go Bocnojib30BaTBCH SeSecoBCKHM HTenneM. A p;ajiBine hohbjihiotch /IBe B03M0/KH0CTH. HepBaH — 3TO HOfloSpaTb Ha Yj-H3bIKe cjiobo, b kotopom hefiecoBCKii noHHToe (flJiH p-«3biKa) cMHCJioBoe cop;ep>Ka~ HHe BXOflHJIO 6bl C MaKCHMaJIBHOH BepOHTHOCTbK) (3TO CJIOBO MOJKeT y>Ke OKa3aTbca naxoflHipHMCH BHe &-no,gMHOjKecTBa). TaKOH nepeBop; 6ygeT npeflCTaBHHTbCH TonopHbiM nepejio/KeHiieM TeKCTa. Btopoh nyTb — 3to noCTpoHTb Ha vj-H3HKe $pa3y TaK, hto6h ^jih nepep;aHH cMHCJia, npoHHTaiiHoro na p-H3biKe, mojkho 6hjio 6h TaKJKe hchojib- 30BaTb TOJIBKO XBOCTOByiO HaCTb CMblCJIOBOrO COflepJKaHHH HeKOTOpOrO Y]-cjioBa. 3to 6yêT nepeBo^, oTpajKaroipHH He tojibko cmhcji $pa3H, ho h cnocoS ero npenoflneceHHH. TenepB npe^CTaBBTe ce6e 3ap;aHy flHajiora nenoBeKa c 3BM. JIorHKa pa3rOBopa ôjuKHa 6htb ycTpoeHa TaK, hto6h Mamnna noHHMajia bcio tohkoctb HejioBenecKOH penn, a .gajiBine nepeBO^HJia p;jih ce6« TeKCT Ha HeKOTopHH rpy0HH H3HK, Ha HeM «syMajia» h Ha HeM jne OTBenajia coSeceflHHKy. 3to MO/jejiB Hamero pa3roBopa c HHocTpaHpaMH — ohh, pa3roBapHBa« c hhmh,

89

HcH0JiB3yi0T Bee MHoroo6pa3He cBoero H3HKa, u u nomiMaeM hx, HO, OTBOHafl HM Ha HX H3UK6, H0JIB3yeMCH TOJIBKO HpHMHTHBHHMH $pa3aMH, Oiciofla napa/jOKC — Ha HHOCTpaHHOM H3HKe jierae t o b o - pHTB, neM ero noHHMaTB: noHHMaHHe Tpe6yeT BJiaêHHH Bccii c j i o j k - HOCTBK) H 3 H K a . TeXHHHeCKH, HO-BHflHMOMy, JICrHe C03flaTB nporpaMMH ffna flHanora HejiOBeKa c MainHHOH, HeM ,hjih xopomero nepeBO/i;a.

IlepeHfleM TenepB k oScyjKêHHio caMoro HHTepecHOro Bonpoca — o HOCTpOeHHH CHCTeMH JIOTHHeCKH CBH3aHHHX CyjKfteHHH Ha MHO- HtecTBe 3H3K0B nojmMopifiHoro H3HKa. KaK BOo6m;e MOJKHO CTpOHTB JfOrHHeCKIie KOHCTpyKipiH, eCJIH CJIOBa HMeiOT MHO/KeCTBO 3Ha!ieHHII?

C ththcthk, BHCKa3BiBan KaKHe-Jin6o cyjKêHHn o cjiynaHHHX BejiHHHHax, 3aflaeT $yHKn;HH h h x pacnpeflejieHHH napaMeTpaMH: MaTeMaTHnecKHM ojKHâHHeM, flHcnepcnefi, acHMMeTpneft, aKcijeccoM; npaBfla, He B cerâ HyjKHH Bee 3th napaMeTpH, nacTO jjocTaTOHHO HMeTB p;ejio c oflHHM H3 h h x — MaTeMaTH'iecKHM ojKH/âHHeM, onpe- ênHiomHM cpeflHee 3HaneHHe cjiynaHHoS BejfflHHHH. B HarneM pene- BOM HOBefleHHH HpH HOCTpOeHHH JIOTHHeCKHX KOHCTpyKpHH MH 3aâeM $yHKn1HH pacrrpejjejieHiiH HeKOTOpHMH ycpe/yiemiiJMH 3Ha!ie- HHHMH, KOTOpHe 0603HaHaK>TCH TeM HJIH HHHM CJIOBOM. 3 t O yCpefl- HeHHoe 3HaneHHe m o jk h o paccMaTpHBaTB KaK ceMaHTHnecKHH h h b 3 - pnaHT cjiOBa. JIornnecKHe KOHCTpyKpHH MoryT 6 h t b nocTpoeHH n a p a 3H0M ypOBHe a 6cTpaKpHH. H a h h 3 i h h x ypoBHHx aScTpaKipin ycpeAseHHoe CMHCJiOBoe 3HaHemie o h c h b cymecTBeHHO. H a caMHx BepXHHX ypOBHHX MH OHepHpyeM CO CJIOBaMH npoCTO KaK CO 3HaKaMH, 3a6H B aa 06 h x ycpe/pieHHOM c m h c j i o b o m 3HaneHHH. CjiOBa b TaKofi aGcTpaKTHO nocipoeHHOH $ p a 3 e nrpaiOT p o j i b «jiorHHecKHx nepeMeH- HHX». H pn ogflyMHBaHHH BHCKa3HBaHHH, 3a«aHH 0r0 3TOH $pa30H , m h HHTaeMCn ^ b t b cMHCJiOByio HHTepnpeTaipno cjiOBaM, o 6pam ancB K TOMy MexaHH3My, KOTOpHH 3a«aeTCH anpHopHOH (fiyHKipieH p a c- npe/i;ejieHHH h TeopeMOH B e ie c a . CTporo roBOpH, HenocpeflcTBeHHO JIOrHKa MOJKeT HMeTB ftejio TOJIBKO CO 3HaKaMH H TOJIBKO Hepe3 HHX — onocpea;oBaHHO — c h x 3HaneHHHMH h j i h c m h c j ib m h .

« B jiorH H ecK O M c H H T a K cn ce 3H aH eH H e 3H aK a H e j j o j i j k h o n r p a T B HHKaKOH p o j i n : ÔJiJKHa 6 h t b B03M 0?KH a p a 3 p a 6 o T K a J io r H H e cK o r o CHHTaKCHca 6 e 3 b c h k o t o yn oM H iiaH H H 0 3 H m e n u u 3 H a K a » [2 2 ] (h 3 n a p a ftO K c a 3 . 3 3 ) . 3 T y C H T y a p n io H e p p n [9 7 ] H J u n o c T p n p y e T c j i e p y r o -m;HM CHJIJI0rH3M0M.-

B e e r y ^ J iH h b j ih io t c h C H yp jjaM H .3 t o t r a 6y j i n B jin e T C n r y ^ j io M .C jieA O B aT ejiB H O , o h H B jm eTCH C H ypflO M .

3 t o t npHMep h o h h t h o t o HaM He^yKTHBHoro BHBojja, nocTpoeHHoro Haff HHnero He o6o3Ha!iaroiu;HMH CJIOBaMH (ajih h h x y Hac h o t anpnop-

90

h h x $yHKn;HH p acnpe^ejieH H H c m h c j i o b o t o c o a g p / K o h i i h ) . H en oH H T - H u e cjioB a aT oro CHJiJiorH3Ma m h BoenpHHHMaeM KaK aScTpaKTH H e c h m b o j i h , OTAaBaH c e 6e o t t o t b t o m , h t o KaK t o j i b k o S y p e r a » hKJIIOH K HX HOHHMaHHH), TaK BeCb CHJIJI0rH3M MTHOBeHHO S y^eT HH- T e p n p e ra p o B a i i .

I l p o r p e c c jio r H H e c K o r o M H injieH H H CBH3aH c n e p e x o p O M k o Bee 6 o J ie e h 6 o j i e e rJ iyS oK O H CHM B0JiH 3apHH, K O T o p y io m h h p h b h k j i h H a3H B aT B a S c T p a K p n e H . H 3 h k CTaHOBHTCH n o M e H b in e i M e p e A B y x - CTyneH H aTBiM . H a o a h o h C T yn eH H c t p o h t c h j io r n n e c K H e B H C K a3 H B a- HHH H ap aScT paK T H H M H CHMBOJiaMH. H a A P y r o S C T yneH H npOHCXOAHT H H T ep n p eT a p H H - o t h x c h m b o j i o b . H a n 6 o j i e e n p K O 3T a A ^ y x - h A a * e M iio r o c T y n e H H a T a n C T p y K T y p a H 3H K a n poH B Jin eT C H n p n on H ca H H H $H 3HHeCKH X HBJieHHH H a H 3H K e M aTeM aTH KH. B H IH e M H y jK e TOBOpHJIH o r a y S o K o S c b h 3 H M eiK p y j i o t h k o h h M aT eM aT H K ofi. n p H H p H n n a jib H o j i io 6 H e o c M H cjie H H H e BH CK a3H BaH H H M o r y T 6 h t b 3 a n n c a H H H a M aT e- M aTH necK O M H 3 H K e, a jir o f iH e M aT eM aT H necK H e BH CKa3H BaH H H M o ry T 0H TB H IIT ep n p eT H pO B a H H K aK OCM HCJieHHHe, HO HpaKTHHeCKH 9 T 0 , KOHeHHO, OTOHb T pyA H O ASJiaTB. BH CKa3BIBaH H H 0 <$H3HHeCKHX HBJie- H H H X H a H 3H K e M aTeM aTH KH — 3TO H p H M ep MaTeMKTHHeCKOH 3anH CH ocM H C J ie iiH H x (n oH H M a eM H x ) B H C K a3H B aH H H . C h m b o j ih , K O T o p n e n p n 3T0M H C H 0jIB 3yi0TC H , HMeHJT OHpeAOJieHHHH $H3HHeCKH H CMHCJI, HO H e CTOJIB HeTKHH, K aK 3TOTO XOTeJIH H O T p eS oB aT B H e0H03H TH BHCTH. Ha pailH B M 3 T a n e pa3BH TH H $H3HHeCKHH CMHCJI CHMBOJIOB HTpaJI o n e H b 6 o j i b i n y i o p o j i b b n p o p e c c e n o c T p o e H H H M aT eM a T H n ecK ofi T eop H H $H 3H H ecK H X HBJieHHH. Ho n o cT e n e H H O , n o M e p e n p o r p e c c a $H 3H H ecK H X 3H3HHH, a6 cT p a K T H 0 C T b npeA CTaBJieH H H C T a jia y r jiy S jiH T B C H . n o c j i e TOTO KaK H aA COOTHOineHHHMH, HOCTpOeHHHMH H3 a S cT pa K T H H X CHMBOJIOB, n p 0 H 3 B eA 0 H H H eK O T O pH e, HOAHaC BeCBM a CJIOJKHHe J io r n - n e cK H e o n e p a p H H , 3 a n n c a H H H e H a M aTeM aTH necK O M H 3H K e, m h n o - j iy n a e M HOBBie c o o T H o m e H H H , H y jK A a to ip H ecH b H H T ep n p eT a q H H n a oSblAOHHOM H 3H K e.

M o iK e T 6 h t b n o c T a B jie H o a h h o t o h b H H T ep ecH H H B o n p o c : neM OTJiHnaeTCH co B p e M e H H a n T eH A enpH H k M aTeM aTH 3an;HH 3HaHHH o t n p o r p a M M H H eono3H TH BH C TO B ? B o 6 o h x c j i y n a n x p e n b HAeT K aK 6y A T o 6 h 06 o a h o m h t o m m e — 06 ycHJieniiH p o j in «BH H H CJiH Tejib- h o t o » h «H CHH CJieHH ecKoro» a n n a p a T a b c b m h x p a 3 H O O 0 p a 3 H H X p a 3 A e J ia x 3HBHHH . O K a 3 H B a e T C H , a-11*1 peraeH H H 3 t o h 3aA aH H b y n o - M H H yT bix A B y x c j i y n a n x n p eA J ia raioT C H coB ep raeH H O pa3JiH H H H e h o a - X O A H . JIorH H eC K H e HO3HTHBHCTBI XOTeJIH HOCTpOHTB HOBHH «C O B ep m eH - HHH» H 3H K — CO CTpOTO 0A H 03H aH H H M 3H aH 6H H eM CJIOB. C O B peM eH H aH TeHAOHpHH k M aT eM aT H 3apH H 3H aH H H H a n p a B J ieH a H a n o c T p o e H H e a n n a p a T O B o n ep H p o B a H H H c CHMBOJiaMH, 0 CM H C jie k o t o p h x o c o 6o r o Secn oK O H C T B a H e n p o H B jin e T C H . ^ o n y c K a e T C H b o 3 m o j k h o c t b n e K O T o p o fi $ o p M a jiH 3 a n ;H H an aH H H n p n c o x p a H e iiH H cjio jK H B ineH C H c T p y K T y p n

91

H3HKa HayKH. CTporo roBopa, b 9tom cayaae bboahtch flBa aauKa. OflHH H8 HHX — H3MK MaTeMaTHKH, Ha KOTOpOM CTpOHTCH CHCTeMaBHBOflOB Hafl aScTpaKTHUMH CHMBoaaMH. ^ p y r o f i — oSM flem itiH n o -HHMOp(J)HBffl H3HK H ayK II, Ha KOTOpOM HHTepHpeTIipyiOTCH BBICKa- 3BIBaHHH, nOJiyHCHflUC B CHMBOJIIIHecKOH (JopMe.

B e p o H T H o c T H a a M O fleab H3i>iKa MOJKeT o 6 t > h c h h t b n e u o T o p B ie o co S e H H o c T H p e a e B o r o n o B e f le iiH a n cH X H a ecK H S o j ib h b ix jH O flefi — H a 9 t o o S p a m n M oe BH H M aH ne ncHxo<|)H 3 H o a o r H . M . c p e i ir e H S e p r . M o > k h o n o a a r a T b , h t o y J iio fle f i, S o a b H B ix HiH30<J)peHiieH, a n p n o p n a a <J)yHKpna p a c n p e A e a e H H a C M b ic jiO B oro coA ep a ta H H H c a o B a HM eeT 3 H a a n T e a b H o S o a e e n o a o r n H x a p a K T e p , a eM y 3 A o p o B b ix a r o f le f i , a H iio r f la o n a H fleT , MO/KeT S l i t b , h n p o c T O h o h t h n a p a a a e a b n o o c h a S c p n c c . B o b c h k o m c a y a a e , T e 3H aaeH H H C M B ica o B o ro coA ep ?K a n H H c a o B a , K O T op b ie y 3 A o p O B o r o a e a o B e K a n a x o f lH T c a r fle -T O b fla aeK O H x b o c t o b o h a a c r a (jby iiK p iiH p a c n p e f l e j i e i m a , y 6 o .n b i io r o B 03H H K ai0T B C03HaHHH C TaKOH /K e BepOHTHOCTBIO, K aK H TJiaBHBie CMBICaOBBie c o cT a B a a io n ^ H e c a o B a , n a p y in a e T c a n e a o r i m a , a ceM a iiT H K a p e a n . C K a a teM , n a p n e i iT y 3 a fla io T B o n p o c — (A I t o o S ip e r o M e>Kfly p e K o i h a a ca M H ?» . O h O T B eaaeT — « H b p e ic e h b a a c a x e c T b K aM H ii» . Hjih f l p y r o i B o n p o c — « xI t o o 6 r p e r o m g jk a y K epocH H O M h CHM<J)OHHeH?» O T B eT — « E c a n b SnflO H e p a n K e p o c u n a c p e a a T b flb rp K y , t o K e p o c u H n o T e a e T h S y p e T M e a o f lH a » . T a n n e O T B e ™ f la io T c a c o B e p m e u H o c e p b - e3 H o — 6 0 3 b c h k o t o O T T eiiK a r o M o p a . E o jib H b ie c T aK iiM peaeB B iM H O B efleH neM B o o S ip e n e B ocnpH H H M aiO T r o M o p a , k o t o p h h , K aK m bi y>Ke r o B o p n a n BHme, C B H 3an c neojK H AaH H B iM H cn o jib 3 0 B a H H e M 3iraaeH H H C M b ic jiO B oro c o f le p a ta H H a c a o B a . Y S o a b H B ix <J)yHKn;HH a n p n o p n o r o p a c n p e f l e a e r a i a C M B icaa c a o B a y c T p o e n a T aK , h t o H eo jK iiflaH H ocT H n p o c T o n e MO/KeT S b it b .

no MHeHHio H. M. cD efireiiS epra , H a p y m e n n a h c h x h k h T aK oro p o p a — 9 to H a p y m eu H e BepoH TH ocTiion ynopH poaeH H ocT H b K ap T o- TeKe naMHTH. B n cn xH aT p H ii H3BecTiio o a en b H H T epecnoe, h o p ep K oe H B aenne «BTopofi jk h 3 h h » n ap n eH T a . B B i3flopaB an B aH , SoabiiO H B 03- Bpam;aeTCH k H o p M a a b H o i >kh 3h h , h o n p n btom o h H 36n p a eT HOByio H H T eaaeK T yaab n o M enee cno>KHyio npocjbeccnio. n p n btom 0K a3biB a- 6t c h , h to o h n e 3 a6b ia cb oii n p e /K im e snaH UH — o h ii y n e ro n p ocT o BepoH TH ocTno p a a y n o p H A o a n a n c b .

H. M. O e i r e n S e p r pasBH BaeT o a e n b H H Tepecnyio K O H penpnio BepoH TnocTH oro n p on io3H poB aH H H b noBepeHHH aJopeH (c m ., n a n p n - M ep, e ro K irary [ 1 9 9 ] ) . ITpepcTaBbTe c e 6e , h to bbi n a x o p iiT e cb n a BO K 3aae, rp e paflH O H H ^opM apnH paSoT aeT n a o x o . H Bee >kg bbi H eM epaenH o p a c n o 3 iia e T e , K orp a h p o h 3 h o c h tc h n oM ep H yacn oro BaM n o e 3 fla . 3 t o 6eiiecoBCKoe y 3iia B aiin e . A n a a o r n a i io , K orp a m h cayniaeM p a flH o n e p e p a a y n a p op n oM H3HKe, t o n on roiaeM CMbica TeKCTa pa>Ke n p n oaeH b S o a b m o fi 3arayM aeH H ocTH , a noHHMaHHe

92

TeKCTa, npoH3HOCHMoro Ha miocTpaHHOM H3MKe, TpeGyei' y>«e oaeiib BHCOKoro KanecTBa n epep aan . B nocaepneM c a y a a e y3HaBaHHe 3a- TpyflHeHO, TaK KaK b namsM co3HaHnn ne n oaB n aeT ca c pocTaTOHHoii SucTpoTOH, ynpeaipaiomeH TeMn nepepaBaeMofi p ean , aabTepnaTHB- HHH HaSop CJIOB, H3 KOTOpMX OflHO MM flOflJKHH pacn03HaTb B Hepe- flaBaeMOM TeKCTe. K o rp a , p ery jin p y a npneMHHK, nonapaem b na h h o - CTpaHHyio n ep ep aay , t o npeatpe Bcero xoaeT ca porapaT bca, o aeM BooSipe HpeT TaM peab. KaK t o j i b k o s t o ypaeTca cpeaaTb, TaK n aan - iiaeT paSoTaTb, x o t b b KaKOH-TO cTenenn, MexaHH3M SenecoBCKoro y 3HaBanHa. BepoaTHOCTHoe nporH03iipoBanHe xoponio HaaiocTpH- pyeTca n 3BecTiibiM o h b i t o m IIIapnaHTbe. IIpeflCTaBbTe c e 6e, h t o nepep BaMH flBa npepMeTa opiraaKOBoro Beca, h o cyipecTBeHiio pa3Horo oSbeMa h cpeaaiiN o h h KaK SypTO 6b i h 3 opHoro h t o t o ikc M aTepnaaa. 3popoBbiH aeaoBeK, b 3 h b b pyKn 9 t h npepMeTH, neMepaenHO cKaateT, HTO MeilbHIHH H3 HHX THHiejiee — 9TO HIOKOBaa peaKpHH, Beflb HO BHemHeMy Bnpy o h nporH 03iipoBaa MeiibinHH Bee y Menbinero npep- MeTa. E c a n t o a<e caMoe cpeaaTb c 3aKpbiTHMn raa3aMH h nopHHMaTb npepMeTH 3a npHBH3aiiHbie k h h m BepeBOHKH, t o Beca SypyT Bocnpn- HHMaTbca KaK paBim e — b o t o m c a y a a e BepoaTHOCTHoe nporH03H- poBaiiHe oTcyTCTByeT. OTcyTCTByeT o h o h y 6 o j i b h m x mH30$penHeH — o h h lie cKaatyT, h t o M a m t npepMeT Tanteaee, e can paate h b h p h t npepMeTH nepep TeM, KaK b 3 h t b h x b pyKH.

C H03HHIIH p a3B H T bIX BBIHie H pepCTaB H eH H H o a e i l b HHTepeCHO p a ccM O T p e T b c T p y K T y p y J K a p r o m ib ix h 3 i> ik ob .

B HeKOTOpHX MHKpOKOaaeKTHBaX OHH HCHOHb3yiOTCH HOBCe- flneBH o, 3aM eH aa oSH peiiH bra H3i>iK. 3 t o o a e n b HHTepecHHH $eHOM eH, h o h , KO H eano, pocTOHH m y S o K o r o h B cecTopoH H ero H3yaeHHH . 3 p e c b mm orpam iaH M CH a n n ib OTpeabHHMH BHCKa3HBaHHHMH no 9T0M y B o n p o c y .

C a o B a jK a p r o H H H x h 3 i,i k o b a n m e H H ceaeK T H B H O H a n p n o p H O H (JiyiiKpHH p a c n p e p e a e H H a . 3 t h c a o B a , C T p o r o r o B o p a , u n a e r o He o 6 o 3 H a a a iO T n a n o 6 o 3 H a a a iO T B e e , h t o y r o p n o . B B M C K a3H B a H H a x, n o c T p o e i iH b ix n a p o t h m h c a o B a M H , h x n p a M o f i c m h c h He HM eeT 3 H a - a e n H a — o h n p u p a e T t o h b k o o c T p o a M o n p io H a a b H b m o r r e n o K B c e ii p e a n . Ho e c a n 9t o t o t t c h o k ca H T a T b n e c y m e c T B e m iH M , a o h b c e M a n - TH aecKOM C M b ica e p e itcT B H T e a b H o n e c y m e c T B e n , t o c a o B a jK a p r o n n o r o H 3biK a m o ik iio o b ia o 5 i>i a a M eiu tT b h i o o h m ii p p y r m i H ca oB a M H -cn M B O - a a M H , o6o3 H a a a io in ;H M H c op im a K O B O H B e p o a T H o c T b io B e e , h t o y r o p n o .

P asroB op na TaKoM a3MKe HMeeT, ecTecTBeimo, oaenb SepHyio ceMaHTHKy. JIiopH, Bepa Secepy n a inaproHHOM a3HKe, ne Hcnoab3yioT Bcero SoraTCTBa CBoero 3iiaiiHa o MHpe, 3aKopHpoBamioro b an pn op - h h x $yHKii;Hax p acnp ep eaeim a CMbicaoBoro copepiK anna caoB o 6 h - peHHOH peHH. H3MK0Bbie Hrpbl B oSblHHOM HX HOHHMaHHH O K a 3 H B a - lOTCH HeB03M0>KHMMH Ha HiaprOHHOM a3HKe,

93

H o b hom >ne Torfla ero npHBJieKaTejibHOCTb? O im opb He tojibko b 3Moii;HOHaJibHo0 oKpacKe BMCKasMBaeMoro. OKa3H BaeTca, h to Ha JKaprOHHOM H3HKe MOJKHO BeCTH COBCeM OCOSbie H, BHflHMO, T8K>Ke BecBMa yBJieKaTejibHbie H3MKOBMe nrpbi. Mojkho ynaaaTb x o th 6m Ha flBe cocTaBJiaiomHe th k h x n rp . IlepBoe — 9to yraflbiBaHHe Toro CMMCJia, KOTOpHH CoSeCeflHHK B HeKOTOpOH CHTyapHH XOHeT BJIOHIHTb b cjioBa TaKoro H3HKa. BTopoe — h 9 to , naBepnoe, nanSojiee HHTe- pecuo — HeoSMHairaaa bo3mo>khoctb cjioBOTBopnecTBa: o6pa30BaHHe HOBHX, HOflHaC COBCeM IieOJKHflaHHHX CJIOB H3 OflHOrO KOpHH.

OcTaHOBHMCH Ha 9TOM BOHpOCe HOflpoSnee. B 03M0>KH0CTb CJIOBO- o6pa30BaHHH nyTeM miipoKoro ncnoJib30BaHHH cy(|)(|)HKC0B h npe- $h k co b — oflna H3 ocoSeHHOCTeS p yccK oro H3HKa, flejiaioipaH ero no-HacTOHipeMy onenb 6oraTMM. Bo3bMHTe cjiobo «aom». O t Hero MOJKHO npOH3BeCTH.' flOMHK, flOMHHIKO, flOMHHeK, flOMOK, flOMyiHKO. . . B anrjiHHCKOM H3biKe Taicoe cji0B006p a30BaHHe HeB03M0>KH0. B o (JipaHpyacKOM — ecjin h bo3Mojkho, to b oneiib cjia 6o i CTeneiiH. (H a 9Ty ocoSeniiocTb p y ccn o ro H3biKa npn conocTaBJienm i ero c anrjiHHCKHM noaeMy-To He oS p araji BHiiMaHHH B. HaSoKOB, cpaBHH- BaH pyCCKHH H3MK C aHTJIHHCKHM; nOflpoSnee 06 9TOM CpaBHeHHH cm. n a c. 146.) no-nacTOHipeMy 9Ty y/iiiBiiTeiiLHyio cji0B 006p a30B a- Tejibnyio ch ocoS h octb pyccK oro H3HKa cyMen BbiHBHTb HeoSwiaHHO TaJiailTJIHBblH pyCCKIIH H09T BejieMHp XjieSHHKOB. BoT OflHO H3 ero CTHxoTBopeHHH, noKa3MBaK>in,ee Bee MHoroo6pa3He bbtbjighuh cjioBa «CMex»:

0 , p a c c M e H T e c b , C M e x a n n !0 , 8 a c M e 0 T e c b , c M e x a n n !H to CMeioTca CMexaMH, hto cMeancTByioT cMeajibHO.0 , 3 a c M e iT e c b y c M e a jib H o !0 , paccMenmm; naflCMeajibHbix — cMex ycMemiMx CMexanea!0 , H c c M e a c a p a c c M ea J ib H O , C M ex H a flC M e iiib ix C M eaH ea!CMeieBO, CMeneBO,YcMea, ocMefi, c M e m H K ii, cM eu iH K H ,CMeiOHHHKH, CMeiOHHHKH.0 , paccMeHTecb, CMexann!0 , 3 a c M e iT e c b , C M e x a n n !

H to 9 to TaKoe? 3 t o raiieij, cjiob, phtm , b kotopom ohh H3rn6aioTCH, H3BHBai0Tca, ofleBaiOT ce6a b noKpHBajio, coTKamroe H3 cyi|)(()HKC0B h npe$HKCOB, nepeofleBaiOTCH n a naniHx r jia 3 a x h chobb 0Ka3biBa- io tch o 6HaateHHMMH. P h tm 9Toro Tanpa-M acKapapa yBJieKaeT 3a C060H CMMCJIOBMe HOJIH T3KHX HpOCTMX CHOB, KaK «CMex», «CMeHTbCH», «3acMeaTbCH», «paccMeHTbca». . . Ho rjiaBHoe 3pecb He cmmcji, oh He yTOHHaeTca pthm MacKapa^oM. TaaBHoe — p im i, a oh a 6coaioTHo

94

h 6 nepeB O ^aM h h Ha o a h h f lp y r o i h 3 h k , b tom a n c a e fla m e a Ha iio n b - CKHH, HeCMOTpH Ha BCH5 6JIH30CTB ero K pyCCKOMy H 3M Ky.

T p yflH O , HO HpHXOflHTCH H pH 3H aTb, HTO 3HaMeHHTOe BH CKa3H Ba- HHe BiTTreumTOHiia o to m , h to cm h cji c jio b 3aflaeTCH h x ynompe6jie- HueM, C Tporo r o B o p a , omnocumca mojibno k m a p r o iiim M H3HKaM T aK oro T H n a , KaK H3HK M aTa.

B o b c h k o m c a y a a e , 3 a T p o n y T b ie 3 f le c b B o n p o c H a o c t o h h h , K aK HaM K a m e T c a , c a M o r o c e p b e 3 H o r o a n a jiH 3 a . H 3 y a e H H e h x h o 3b o jih ot HaM n y a m e h o h h t b o c o S e m io c T H n a m e r o H 3 H K a.

3aK aH H H B aa 9 t o t n a p a rp a ij) , x o a e T c a cK a saT b , h to H a m a M Ofleab H3H Ka 1 HBJiaeTca fla jibH ein iH M 3aBepm eH H eM h jih pa3BHTneM nrnpoKO npHHHTOH B 3apy6eHCHOH HHHrBHCTHHeCKOH JiHTepaType MOflejIH a e p n a K a [ 9 9 ] . C orjiacH O 9t o h MOflean m oikho roB opH Tb n p em fle B cero o K O H p en pn a cooTHeceHHH (re fe re n c e ) . C jio b o c o o t h o c h t c h c o n p e fle - JieHHHM oS'beKTOM HJIH C HeCKOJIbKHMH oSbeK TaM H . 9 t O CBOHCTBO cjioB a on p efleJiaeT ca S o a e e h jih M enee H e ra o . C ooT H eceH ae co3flaeT HHHIb SeflHHH H3HK — HIOflH HflyT flaHbHie H npHHHCHBalOT CHOBaM o c o S h h c m h c h (m e a n in g ) . y T B e p m fla e T c a , h to cm h c ji cn o B a a e p n a - eT ca H 3H yTpn co3HaHHH a e a o B e K a . CaoBO ecTb HeKHH «a e p n a K » , eflHHbifi f la a B c e x , h o y p a3 H H x aioflen coflepm H M O e, saa ep n H B a eM oe 9th m aepn aK O M , 0 K a3H B aeT ca fla aeK o n e OflHHaKOBHM. B [ 9 9 ] n p a - BOflHTca T aK oa n pH M ep: npeflCTaBbTe c e 6e , h t o k t o - t o c o S n p a e T c a b TeaT p, a e ro cnyT H H pa b 9 to BpeMH roB opH T : «IIofloatflH Te M HHy- T oa K y». B 9 to h $ p a 3 e caoB O «MHHyTOHKa» HMeeT BecbM a oTflaaeH H oe OTHomeHHe k acTpoHOM HaecKOM y h o h h th io «M HHyTa». H b 3aB H ca- MOCTH OT 06 cTaH0BKH H x a p a K T e p a CnyTHHH,H OflHH p a 3 9TO CaOBO MoateT 03H aaaT b , aTO cnem H T b T en ep b n e H y m n o — Bee paBHO n p n - fleT ca p ;oaro atflaTb, b f lp y r o i p a 3 9 to M om eT o 6 o 3 H a a a T b , aTO y m e fle&CTBHTeabHO BCe TOTOBO K TOMy, HT06h BHXOflHTb H3 flOMa.

M h 6h c K a 3 a a n , aTO OTH ecem ie k c a o B y H eK O Toporo 3HaaeHHH aKBHBaaeHTHo n am eM y npeflCTaBaeHH io o neK oeM y c p e fln e m io M ero cM bicae h noTOMy o h o neH36e/KHO O K a3H B aeTca SeflHHM. 3 a a e p n n - BaHHe r a y S o K o r o co fle p m a m iH aK B H BaaeH rao n a m eM y npeflCTaBaeHH io o M exaiiH 3M e S eie co B C K o ro a T e n n a . B c a y a a e ecT ecT B em ioro H 3H Ka o S h h iio 6 e c n o a e 3 H o ncK aTb KaKOH-TO 6e3ycaoB H H H 0flH 03H aaH H ft CMHca b o $ p a 3 a x . «J Iy a m e roB opH Tb 06 ocM bicaeH iiocTH $ p a 3 H , aeM o ee cM bicae» — 9Ta H3Hm;HaH (JbopMynnpoBKa X aT T eH a [1 0 0 ] HaxoflHT cB oe oSocHOBaHHe b n a m e S M Oflean.

H a M x o T e a o c b 6h em;e npoTH BonocTaBH Tb n a m n o flx o fl mBeflcKOH aeKCHKO-ciaTHCTHaecKOH in K o a e , B 03H H K m ei b 5 0 -x r o fla x , h e e HOBOMy OTBeTBaeHHio, cfJiopM yanpoB aH iioM y y m e coBceM HeflaBHo

1 B n e p B w e 3 T a M O flen b a .-iu K a 6 i .u ia HaM H itp aT K O c $ o p M y n a p o B a H a b p a 6 o T e [ 9 8 ] n p n a a y a e H H H a a u K a a 6cT paK T H O H iK ir e o n n c H .

95

G 3 h k o $ $ o m t l O l i . IIo-B H ^flM O M y, 9Ta niKOJia B c x o ^ h t h s ynoM H H aB- xnerocfl npeflcTaBJieHHH jiorn n ecK H X h o 3 h t h b h c t o b o JiornHecKOM aTOMH8M e. Bo b c h k o m c jiy n a e , p a 3BHBaeM aa h m h KOHi^eni^HH o n n p a - o t c h Ha n ocT yjiaT o cymecTBOBaHHH H eK O Toporo M H om ecTBa 3H a- h b h h h . B oOmeM c jiy n a e s t o npocTO HeKHH aHajiHTHnecKHH k o h c t - p y K T . B nacTHOM c jiy n a e — n p n H3yneHHH T ex h j i h h h h x ecTecTBeH- HHX H3HK0B — 3T0 MHOJKeCTBO MOJKeT 6HTb HOCTpOeHO 9MnHpHHeCKH, H cxoflH Ha aH ajiH 3a nacTOTHHX K pnB H X yn oT peS jien H H c j i o b . B n e p - BOHanaJibHHX $ o p M y jiH p o B K a x iHBeflCKOH h i k o j i h fla m e yT B ep m fla jiocb , HTO MOJKHO BHflejIHTb OKOJIO 2 0 0 yHHBepCaJIBHHX CMUCJIOBHX 3H a- HeHHH, He 3aBHCHmHX OT OCoSeHHOCTeH TOH HJIH h h o h K y jib T y p H ; n p aB fla , y C9HKO$<j>a o t o t n ocT yjiaT y>Ke O K a3ajica o n y m e m iH M . JJajiee paccM aTpH B aeiC H CTOxacTHnecKHH n p o ije c c , aaflaiom H H $J iyK - TyaiJHH B BepOHTHOCTH yHOTpeSjieHHH CJIOB flJIH BHpajKBHHH TOTOh jih h h o t o 8HaneHHH. 9 to flH^)(J)y3HOHHHH n p o ije c c c H yjieBH M n e p e - h o c o m — b n p ocT en in eM c jiy n a e 9to SpoyHOBCKHH n p o ije c c .

HTaK, MH BHflHM, HTO npH HOCTpoeHHH BepOHTHOCTHOH MOflejIH H3HKB MOJKeT 6UTb flBa KaK OyflTO 6h H He CHJIbHO OTJIHHaKJIflHXCH noflxofla, h o npuBOflamux, KaK 0Ka3UBaeTCH, k cymecTBeHHO paaJiHHHHM nocTpoeHHHM. B HameM cJiyHae CTpoHTCH lyHKH.HH pacnpe- flejieHHH a;jih cMHCJia, BKjiaflHBaeMoro b cjioBa, h 9to flaeT b o 3 m ojk - h o c t b Hcnojib30BaTb TeopeMy Beneca, BBecTH npeflCTaBjieHHe o c y O n - eKTHBHHX BepOHTHOCTHX H HOJiyHHTb BCe H3JI0JKeHHHe BHHIe pe3yjlb- TaTH, OTHOCHIflHeCH K HOHHMaHHIO TOTO, KaK HeJIOBeK BOCHpHHHMaeT HHTaeMoe. B flpyroM cjiynae — b mBeflCKoi jieKCHKo-rpa^HnecKOH niKOJie — H8ynaeTCH <J>jiyKTyaflHH cjiob okojio jiornnecKHx aTOMOB, 3T0 flaeT B03M0JKH0CTB HOHHTb HeKOTOpbie JieKCHKO-CTBTHCTHHeCKHe HBJieHHH, CKBJKeM, xopomo H3BeCTHHH JIHHTBHCTaM 3HKOH U,HH$a, xapaKTepH3yioii],HH pacnpeflejienne c jio b , ynopHfloneHHHx no nacTOTe h x BCTpenaeMocTH b TeKCTax.

K naraen KOHpenflHH, mojkot 6 h t h , 6JiH>Ke c t o h t neBepoHTHOCTHHH HOflXOfl K HOCTpoeHHK) KOJIHHeCTBeHHOH CeMBHTHKH paCHJIHBHaTOTOCMHCJia c jio b , pa3pa6aT H B aeM H H 3 a fle [2 0 0 ] Ha ocnoB anH H n p e fljio -JKeHHOH HM KOHpeHflHH paCHJIHBHaTHX MHOJKeCTB H JIOTHKH HeHeTKHX npeflHKaTOB. Ho b o t o h cncTeM e npeflCTaBJieHHH, nacKOJibKo naM H3BBCTHO, He yflajIOCb HOCTpOHTb MOfleJIH KOMMyHHKaflHH, o T p a m a - rom en ocoSeHHOCTH ceMaHTHHecKOH HacTpoeHHocTH npneM H H K a.

4. PoJIb npOTHBOpeHHBWX BbICR’a3b IB aH IIli

K a K 9T 0 HH CTpaH H O, M H OHeHb M 8JI0 HTO MOJKeM C K a3 aT b 0 POJIH npO TH B O peH H B H X B H C K a3H BaH H H . H aCK OJIbKO HaM H3BeCTHO, C 0 0 - meJIHHTBHCTHHeCKHX H03HU;HH HHKTO CHCTeMBTHHeCKH H e 3aHHMaJICH H8yneHHeM 3 t o t o B o n p o c a , x o t h , K a 3 a j i o c b 6 b i, h c h o , h t o npeflMeT

96

HccJle/toBflHflH 3 # e cb H ajiH p o: npOTHBOpenHBoe n o cB oeM y x a p a K T e p y M H im ieH ne nejiO BeK a aojijkh o n ax o flH T b CBoe OTpameHHe b H3HKe.

BHireHiHTeHH — n o K p a l n e l M epe b nepBOM n e p n o f le C B o e l A eH TenbH ocTn — 6 e3 y c jioB H o B ep n ji b j i o r n n e c K y io C T p yK T y p y H3HKa H CHHTaJI, HTO HpOTHBOpeHHBHe B JIOTHHeCKOM CMHCJie CyjKfleHHH npocT O He M oryT cym ,ecTBOBaTb. B o t o a h o H3 e r o BHCKa3HBaHHi b «T p aK T aT e»:

H 3 o 6p a 3HTb b H3biKe HeHTO, «n p oT H B op en a m ee JiorH K e», neB 03- m o jk h o , KaK H ejib3H b re o M e T p n n nocpep;cTBO M ee K oopflH H aT H 3 o 6 p a - 3HTb (J m ry p y , n p o T H B o p e n a m y io 3aK onaM npocT paH C T B a, h jih p;aTb K oopflH H aTH n e cy m e cT B y io m e H T0HKe [22] (n a p a p ;oK c 3002).

H flajibme:. . .BojibniH H CTBo npep;jio>KeHHH h BonpocoB, BbicKa3aHHbix no

n o B O fly $ h j i o c o ( ] ) c k h x npoSjieM, ne jiomHbi, a SeccM H C Jieim H .

H b K anecT B e T a K oro S eccM bicjieH H oro npeAJiom eH H H o h npHBOflHT c j ie f ly io m n n n pH M ep:

. . .HBJiaeTCH jih f lo S p o S o jie e hjih MeHee TontflecTBeHHbiM, HeM K p a coT a ( h 3 n ap a flO K ca 4003).

no3/piee, b «Hccjiep;oBaHHHX» [37] oh nwnrer:500. K o rp ;a n p e fljio m e n H e H a3H BaioT SeccM HCJiem iHM , sto He 3Ha-

HHT, HTO COHeTaHHe CJIOB HCKJIIOHeHO H3 H3bIKa, H3BHT0 H3 o6p a n ],e - HHH.

B t o me BpeMH jiorHKH (a Beflb aBTop npHBefleHHHx c j io b Tome 6m ji j io t h k o m !) co BpeMeH ^peBHei TpepHH H30ippHJiHCb b ijbopMyjiH- poBKe JiornnecKHx h ceMaHTHHecKHx napaflOKCOB. Muorne H3 h h x BocnpHHHMajiHCb TparanecKH, TaK me, KaK TparnnecKH BoenpHHH- MaiOTCH cennac cepbe3HHe npoTHBopeHHH b TeopnHx. Il3BecTHO, nanpHMep [102], h t o cppere 3a nocjieflHHe flBaflpaTb JieT cBoen jk h 3 h h He onySjiHKOBaji h h oahoh Kpynnofi paSora h o jiornKe. 3 t o npo- H3onuio nocJie Toro, KaK Pacceji nameji Hepa3peinHMoe nporaBopeHHe b nepBOM TOMe ero (JiyHflaMeHTajibiioro Tpyfla «OcHOBHbie 3aKOHbi apH(])MeTHKH».

H o Bee 3TO OTHOCIITCH K rp yS b lM npOTHBOpeHHHM, BM3MBaiOipHM pa3A pam eH H e. M n o r n e 113 o t h x npoTH BopeH H H , a M om eT S h t b h B ee, CHHM3I0TCH n p n BHHMaTeJIbHOM paCCMOTpeilHH, eCJIH y H ac XB3THT CMeJIOCTH OTKa3aTbCH OT CJIHIHKOM y3K O ro HOHHMaHIIH $OpMajIbHOH jiorn K H . B b iiiie mm y m e r o B o p n jiH , h t o M H orne npoTH BopeH H H B03- HHKaioT t o j ib k o H 3-3a re ie p o re H H o cT H n a m e r o H3HKa: b oSHfleHHOM H3HKe m h cM emHBaeM cym fleH U H , BHCKa3aHHHe Ha H3M Ke-o6i>eKTe c cy>KA6HHHMH, BHCKa3aHHHMH Ha MeTaH3HKe. ^ p y r n e npoTHBopeHHH

7 B. B. HajTMMOB lJ7

BOSHHKaiOT H 3-3a IipHHHCBIBanHH CJXOBa.M CJIHIHKOM JKeCTKOrO CMMCJIO- B o ro a n a H e im a . 3 t h r p y S u e npoTH B opcH H a ucM eflJiem io H ca eau yT , KaK TOJIBKO MH oSpaTHMCH K BOpOHTIIOCTHOH MOfleHH H 3H Ka. P aC - cm o tp h m K jiaccH K ecK n ii n ap a flO K c o a a te p e 1. O h M oateT 6 h t b c<J)op- M yjiH p oB an TaK: «H jiHieu; m o jk o t co3iiaTBCH b to m , h t o o h J iatep . T o r f la o h SyfleT roB op n T B n p a B fly . Ho t o t , k t o roB op H T n p a B fly , n e ecT b Jiateu;, c jie flO B aT ejiB iio , b o s m o ik h o , h t o aiKen; n e e c i b Ji>Ken;». C BepoH TH ocTH bix no3HH,HH 3 fle cb n p o c T o HeT H H K aK oro n ap a flO K ca . Bee f le jio b to m , h t o a a ie p o M S y fle r H a3biB aT bca t o t , y K o r o n p a B flii- Bbie BbicKa3MBaHHa BCTpenaiOTca c M a a ofi B ep oa T H ocT b io . 3 t o t n a p a - flOKC n o T e p a e T c b o io n ap a flO K ca jibH ocT L , e c a n m h n o floS fleM k e r o a n a a H 3 y h c f lp y r n x h o 3 h d ;h h : npn3H aH H e n w e p a b to m , h t o o h rOBOpHT aOJKb, HyjKHO paCCM aTpiIBaTb KaK MGTaBbICKa3HBaHHe. l ln o r f l a n ap a flO K c o a a x ep e (JjopM yanpyiO T TaK: K p h t h h h h 3naM H - HHfl cK a 3 a a : « B c e KpHTHiie naiepLP ). Ho 3nHMHHHfl caM k p h t h h h h , h , cjieflO BaTejibH O , o h T aron e a>KeT. KaKOB m e S ypeT h c t h h h h h c m h c ji BbICKa33HH0H HM (J)pa3bl?

3flecb y>Ke coB epraeH H o OTHeTanBO b i ia h o , KaK CM enniB aioTca BHCKa3HBaHHH Ha H3LIKe~o6'beKTe C BUCKa3bIBaHHHMH Ha MeTaH3bIKe. E ch h 6 h n a H3HK S bih o iiaaO rK eno TpeSoBaH H e roMoreHHOCTH, t o 3nHMHHHfl, SyflyHH caM k p h th h h h o m , He HMea 6 u n p a B a BbicKa3i>iBaTb K a K n e -a iio o cyaiflC H H a 0 6 h c t h i i i i o c t h h jih h o jk h o c t h BbicKa3HBaiiHHKpHTHH.

npeflC T aB bT e c e 6 e T e n e p b T aK yio c ir r y a p H io : k t o - t o t o b o p h t : «H a r y » . H t o 9 to 3iiaHHT? E c h h n e p e p TeM o h r o B o p n a h t o - t o f lp y - r o e — cK aaieM flOKa3H Baa T e o p e n y n a n n p oB O fliia H H ca e m iu e b h - K aaflKH , — TO Mbi HCHO HOHHMaeM, HTO OH, npOH3HOCH 3Ty <J)pa3y, cooG ip aeT naM 0 t o m , h t o caM iia m e a on ra S K y b c b o h x a orn n ecK H X HOCTpOeHHHX HHH BblHHCaeHHHX. B 3T0M CHyHae HOaHMOp(J)HOe CHOBO « a r a T b » n p n o S p e T a e T o f ln o 113 M iioiK ecTBa c b o h x 3iiaHeiiHH. Ho b o t flonycT H M , h t o Sbina cK a 3 a n a B c e r o t o h b k o o fln a n pH B efleH naa BHiue (J)pa3a 11 6 o a b in e im n e r o . T o r f la ee H H T epiipeT npoB aT b n p o c T o n e a b 3 a . C (jbopM aabH o-aorH H ecK iix h o3 h d ;h h 9Ta rpaM M aTiinecK H npaBHabH O n o cT p o e iiH a a (jbpa3a n e ce T b c e 6 e B H yT p em iee npO TH B opeH ne: H en3Be- CTHO, HTO, COScTBeilHO, TOBOpHT BbICKa3MBaiOIH;HHCH — HOIKB HHH n p a B fly . f l i i a a on iK O B o t o n enccaK aeM biH i i c t o h h h k pa3MbiHuieHHH h yTOHHeiiHBix n o c T p o e i io H . G iianiH X H03Hri;nH 3 flecb HeT n ap a flO K ca — n p o c T o x o p o r n a a H a a io cT p a p H a HOBefleiiHa B epoaT H ocT H oii M Oflean H3MKa. E y fleM h c x o a h t b 113 r o r o , h t o r a a r o a «a r a T b » — o n e iib n o a n -

1 C 3THM napafloifcoM CBH3aiiM iiHTepecime npeflamia, noKasHBaiomne, KaK Tpa- niHecKH oh BocnpiiHHMancH. rpeaecKHii (Jffljiocod) fliioflop Kponoc, yQefliiBiniicb, hto He mo/Kot pa3peimiTi> otot napaflOKc, y.uep ot oropneHiiH, a HeKiii <{)itao- co$ Ohjiiit Kocckiih noKOHHiia ca.MoyCiiiicTBO.M; ({mhocosJi-ctohk XpH-aimn hocbhtiiji oTOiiy napaflOKcy Tpu khiitii [102],

98

Mop(J)Hoe cjiobo. Ecjiii (Jpasa c o c to h t scero 113 pByx cjiob h He HMeeT KaKoro-Jin6o p p yroro cJiOBecHoro oKpyateiiHa, to mh c nojiHM op$H3- MOM 9TOTO CJIOBa CnpaBIITBCH lie MO/KeM H BHHyJKfleHH npHHHCaTb eMy KaKoe-TO opuo, CTporo (ftnKcupoBamioe, 6e3ycjiOBiioe 3HanenHe; ananoriJHHaa ciiryaiTiia b npiiniiCBiBaiiMH H eiiyaesoH BepoHTiiocTU TonennoMy snaHenino pesyjitTaTOB H3MepeiiHH nenpeptiBHOH c a y - HaHHOH BeaHHHlILI. H 9T0 IieH36e;KHO poaiKHO npHBeCTH K HeJienoCTH.

M o a t a o , ko h ch iio , non H T aT B C H n p i iB e p e im y io B tirn e (jbp a3y toji- KOBaTb p a c H m p ir r e jib H O , n o a a r a a , hto B BiCK a3B iBaiom ;H H ca r o B o p H T c e f in a c n p a B p y , y T s e p a t p a a , hto 011, B o o G ip e r o B o p a , t . e. naipe B c e r o , a a te T . IT p n TaKOM p a c n iT ip e im o M T O jiK O B aH tm (J>pa3a c p a 3 y □ p n o G p e T a e T cmbicji, c o r a a c y i o i i p i i i c a c BepoHTHOCTHbiM n p e p c T a B - jie n n e M 0 C M bicjie c n o B a «J ira T b » . H o see a t e 0110 B p a p jih n p a B O M e p n o .

C a M a n p o S jie M a h cth iiiioctii, k o to p o h 6h h o y p e a e H O ctojib m iioto BIIHMaHHH B COBpeMeHHOH JIOTHKe, T e p a e T CBOH Iiep B O H a H ajlb H H H CMBICJI, eCJIH CJIOBaM, C HOMOipblO KOTOpBIX (JlOpM yjIH pyiOTCfl BblCKa* 3 H B a iiH H , n p m iH C L iB aeT C H n o n e 3iiaH eiiH H .

BepOHTHOCTIiaH MOpOJIB H3BIKa paeT TiaM B03M0JKH0CTB IIOHHTb, KaK b BHCKa3biBaiiiifl bbophtch TOHKne npoTHBopenHH, o6oram;aioni,i'ie penb, npeBpaipaioipHe ee b nerepeaeBCKyio cucTeMy. H poncxopH T 3to npeatpe Bcero 11a ypoBHo HHTepnpeTapHH, Korpa n pn HTeHHH cjiob $pa3Bi b h h x BKaapwBaeTca anpaopH aa H H ^opM apna, npHBO- paipaa k aoniHecKH koih![)Jih k t h o h CHTyapira, k CToaKnoBeiiHio npeii. G (iopMa.HBHBix nosHpiiH sto MoateT BBi3BaTb pasppaatenne n BocnpHHHMaeTca paate Kan SeccM H canpa. C om aeM ca 3pecn na h h - TepecHyio 3aMeTKy K ). B . ^ a H o a n a [1 0 3 ]. O h paccMaTpHBaeT n p o - TiiBopeHna h TaBToaoniH b a3HKe npoGaeM ncnxo(|>H3HoaorHHecKoro cop ep atan na. npoTHBopeHiiaMH ^ a n o a ii cniiTaeT GnnapHoe coaeTa- im e h o h h t h h , npoTHBonoaoaiHLTx no cM ucjiy , n axop aip H xca b ot- iioincHHH BKaiOHenna. n o p npoTiiBOnoaoatHBiMH noHaraaM H n op - pa3yMeBaiOTca ne npocTO aiiTOiiHMBi, a «ponoanHTeaBHBie» KOMno- iienTBi KaaccHHecKOH piiJieMMbi. O h yTBepatpaeT, hto «. . .H3 piiaeMMBi «<])H3HHecKoe — ncnxHHecKoe» caepyeT, hto «(J)n3HHecKoe nciixH nec- Koro» — npoTHBopeHiie, H3 pnaeMMBi «MexaiiH3M — peab» caepyeT , hto «Mexanii3M pean » — npoTHBopenne, h t . p .» T o rp a npoTHBope- h h b h m ii 0Ka3Linai0TCH TaKiie BBicKa3biBaiina:

1 . M b i ne 3iiaeM ^ihshhcckoh ochobbi MbiinaeHiia.2 . KaKOBa ([)H3iiHecKaa ocuoBa naMHTii?3 . H e Hsynena (jfm3i iTiecK aa ocHOBa pacno3iiaBaiiH a.HHBapnaHTaMH B c e x OTHX BBICKa3BTBaiIIlM OKa3BIBaeTCH n pO T H B O -

p e n H B o e ca o B O C o n e T a iiH e «(| )ii3 iiH ecK oe n c H X H H e c K o r o » . K TaK O M y a te Tnny npoTHBOpeHHH oth och tch , no ^ a n o a n y , h cToan parabie B HanieM p O B p eM en n oM asB iK e B B icK a3B iB aiiH a T a K o r o r a n a :

Mm pe anaoM MoxntiH.aMri MHnwerwH.

I t 09

2. KaKOB M exaH H 3M p a c n o 3 H a B a H H a ?3. He H 3 y a e H M exaH H 3M B c n o M H H a im a .3 p e c b c jio b o «M e x a iiH 3 M » H H T e p n p e T H p y e T c a K aK « o p y p H e » , t . e.

K aK cp e p c T B O p ocT H H ien H H p e jiH , a p e j i b — 9To M b in u ie im e , p a c n o 3 - H a B a H n e , B c n o M im a H H e . H n B a p n a H T O M T p e x n o c a e p i iH x B b ip a m eH H ii 6 y p e T n p o T H B o p e a i iB o e B t ic K a a b iB a m ie «n e x a iiH 3 M p e j i n » h jih « c p e p - c t b o p e jiH » .

H a M n p e p cT a B J ia e T C H , h t o e c j i n t k k o h a n a jiH 3 n p o p o j im H T b , t o iip o T H B o p e H H a n o p o 6 H o r o p o p a m o ik h o n a iiT H b jiio Go h nayH H O H n y G jiH K ap H H h b jiio 6 o h S e c e p e . K a K o S e p ir a j iH 6 m m m H a m h 3m k , e c j in 6 m n p n 3 i ia j iH B bicK a3H B aH H H T a K o r o p o p a iie p o n y cT H M b iM n !

H n T e p e c H o o 6 p a T H T b B iiH M airae n a t o , h t o b n a m e M H3M Ke c y - ip e c T B y e T o c o 6 m h M exaH H 3M p a n B B e p e im a b n e r o t o i i k h x n p o T H B O p e - h h h . 3 t o t M exaH H 3M 3apaeT C H y n o T p e 6 jie H n e M .M e T a iJ o p . T p y p n o p a T b x o p o m e e o n p e p e j i e i m e 9T 0M y h o h h t h i o . C j io b o ' M e T a $ o p a n p o - H c x o p H T o t r p e n e c K o r o c j io B a psToctpopa — n e p e H O c , b n e p e n o c i i o M CMMCJie. B « H o b o m oKci|>oppcKO M c jiO B a p e » p a e T c a y a t e T a K o e o n p e - p e j i e i r a e 9T 0M y n o i ia T H io : « . . .(J iopM a B b ip a m e iiH H , b K O T o p o n h m h r u in p e cK p u n T o p T iM H T e p M im n o iiH M a e T c a K aK n e n T o OTJiHH iioe o t c s o e r o n p a M o r o 3H aH enH H , h o a n a J io n iH H o e TOM y, k n e M y o h o n p n - jio >k h m o » . n o M eTKOM y B b ip a m eH H io B a p $ H J ip a , y n o T p e 6 jiH H M eT a- ijp op y , « m h r o B o p H M o p n o , a noH H M aeM p p y r o e » (p H T H p y eM n o [ 2 ] ) . B n a m e f i H iiT e p n p e T a p H H p e n b , c o p e p m a m a a M eT a fJ iop y , c t p o h t c h c jie p y io ip H M o 6 p a 3 0 M : b <J)pa3y h jih b 0 T p e 3 0 K (jbpa3H b b o p h t c h c jio b o c m n p o K O H a n p n o p H O H (jb y H K p n e i p a c n p e p e j ie H H H c m h c j io b o t o c o - p ep iK a H H H , n p n o t o m o p n a n a c T b c m m c j io b o t o c o p e p m a H H a c j io B a 0 K a 3 M B a e T ca b c o r a a c i i H c o cT a jib iib iM H cJiOBaM ii $ p a 3 b i , p p y r a a — b n p o T H B o p e n H H . T a K , b p e n b B B o p H T ca TO H K oe n p o T H B o p e a n e , p e - j i a i o ip e e ee H 3 a ip n o H h n o p n a c H 3 b icK a iiH 0 H . B p e a n , 6 o r a T o i M eTa- $ o p a M H , n p o H c x o p H T n e p e n o c c M b ic j io B o r o 3 H a n eH H a , o c n o B a n H M H n e T oa b K O H a c x o p c T B e , h o h n a K o i iT p a c T e . C jio B a y n o T p e 6 a a iO T C H b h o b o m , n o p n a c o m e jiO M jia io ip e M 3H aneH H H , b o t o p n o H3 t h k h x m o K H p y io ip H x c a o B O c o n e T a iiH H : « . . . c a n o r n BCM H TKy».

B n a m e M r ip e p c T a s jie H H H M eT asJiopH H ecK aa p e n b n p e H tp e B c e r o O K a 3 b iB a eT ca cB H 3 a H iio ii c n o 9 3 i ie H . B o t i i e c K o j ib K o r ip iiM ep O B : « . . . r o B o p b o j i i i » , « . . . C K a p p b i c o a n p a » h a h cJ iO B O coH eT a m ia b c j i e p y i o ip n x c r p o H K a x 113 C T H xoi’B opeH H H C . E c e i iH i ia :

t 1t o a? t l i CMOTpuinb TaK ciiiiiim h op tw raM H ?. . .

B ee paBiio jnoGiiMaa oTipiCTCT n epeM yxofi. . .

M h n e M oaseM c i jb o p M y a H p o B a T b n e iK H X K p iiT e p n e B , K o i o p H e h o 3 b o j i h j i h 6m oTH H H aTb M e T a $ o p y o t n o 9 T H H e c K o r o o6pa3a.

M o /KHO a a , H anpH M ep, cuiiTaTb MeTatJiopauecKHMir caepyBO inae CTpoKH, B3HTH6 OHHTb-TaKH H3 CTHXOTBOpeHHH G . E ceH H H a:

Cjjow ro h BeceHHefi ryjiitott pam>io IlpOCKaKajI Ha p030B0M KOHe. . .

H e atajieio, He aoBy, He HJiauy,Bee npoHfleT, KaK c 6enux h6 jiohb j w m . . .

H o b o t h t o B a/K H o OTMeTHTb: H a m a H O B ceflH eB H aa peaoBaa p e n b h H a m a H a y a n a a p e n b — B ee d t o H a n o jm e n o M eT a iJop aM H . B ot H e c K o a b K o n p H M e p o B H3 f l e a o B o f p e a n :

M o f l j iw i i p a a g e a a n a im a .H n T e a a e K T y a a b i io e n o a e .B M C K a 3 H B a H iia , o p T o r o n a a b H H e k . . .T o d e b u g — B tia B H T b o ih h Gk h . H o B o e c a o B O a M e p a K a H C K o ro

f l e a o B o r o c a e u r a S y K B a a b H o o 6 o 3 H a a a e T «yHHHTOJKHTb K a o n a » . C a oB O b u g HM eeT a g p y r a e M e T a ^ o p n n e c K H e 3 H a n e H a a : T e x H a n e - c k h h fle(J)eKT, G eayM H a a a p e a , n o M em a T ea b C T B O . . .

K a n a a H 3 y MeTafJmp b H ayn n oM a3H K e m h B e p H ea ca H H w e. b ra aB e o a 3U K e n ay K H . C e a n a c , 3aKaH UHBaa s t o t K paT K afi p a a - roB op o MeTacjbope, otm b th m T o a b K o , h to b 3anH caH H H x B u m e M eTa- $ o p a x ecTb TaK ne m e n p o T H B o p e a n a , K an h b npH BegeH H H x BH ine np H M ep ax H3 p aS oT H 1 0 . B . ^ a H o a n a . ^ eficT B H T eab H o, 3HaHHa — 9 to iieaTo ce p b e 3iio e h n p o T H B o n o a o a m o e to m y , h to npH H aTo x a p a K - TepH30BaTb caoBOM «MOfla»; HHTeaaeKT — a io HeaTo c o S p a m io e , p e a e H a n p a B a e im o e , a o rH u a o e — Bee 9 to n p o T H B o n o a o m n o H am eM y npeflCTaBaeHHjo o n o a e , KaK o ueM -To o S n m p n o M , pa3M H T0M h n a B e p - HHKa y m e a im e m iO M b c h k o to H H TeaaeK Ta, a H am e npegC T aB aeH ae o BH CK a3biBairaax h h k u k n e yB H 3H B aeTca c n p eflcT aB aen aeM o BeK- T o p a x . X o t h m h 3HaeM , h t o e c a n BeKTopH o p T o ro n a a b H H , t o 9 to 3HaHHT, HTO OHH HIIHeHHO Iie3aBHCHMbI, H MH nOHHMaeM, HTO 3fleCb peHb HfleT o TaKOM BHCKa3HBaHHa, KOTopoe HHKaK n e coraacyeT C H c KaKHMH-TO flpyrH M H , p a n e e cfleaan iiH M H . A p a 3gaBHTb K a o n a — 9 to n p o p e c c b k u k o m -to cM H ca e , K o n e n n o , nanoMHHaion^HH n p o - p e p y p y H cn p a B a e H a a oih h G k h , h o opnoBpeM eH H o h coBceM He n o - xostH H n a n e e . H e c a e p y e T a n H3 B cero 9T o ro , h to M e T a ^ o p n — n e KaKan-TO o c o S a a K a T e ro p a a n a m e r o oGbipeHHoro a a H K a , a cK o p e e , n p ocT o n a n G o a ee a p n o e n p o a B a e n n e t o t o M exaH H 3M a, k o t o p h b b t o h n a n h h o h C Tenena n p n ey m ; B ca K o a p e a n . B H a aG o aee a p n o a $ o p M e M6T a $ o p a n p o H B a a e T ca b yc T H oa p e u n , rp e p a a 9Toro ecTb p o n o a - H H TeabH ne cpepcT B a — a p r a K y a a p a a r o a o c a , a H H orpa em e a jk o c t h . E a ^ K [21 npH B opaT T a K o a n p a M e p : H e p n a a a b BCB oefi agBecTHOH $ p a s e

101

H a 3 B a ji M y c c o jiH H H t h e u t e n s i l , h t o 3 H a w r n o - p y c c K H n p o c T O . . . y T B a p B , n o c y p a . H t o j i b k o t o h r o j i o c a , cJ iO B ecH oe O K p y jK eH H e, h c t o - p n n e C K n e h o c h j i k h , h o h h t h h o t o j i b k o p j ih mmejiem p a i m o n C T p a H H ,— jin m B B e e 9 t o B M ecT e p a j i o a H rjin u a H a M b o 3 m o > k h o c tb h o h h t b c m b ic j i M e T a $ o p B i. C (J o p M a jiB H O -jio n r a e c K H x h o 3h p h h n p H M e H e m ie M eT a- $ O p — 3TO 0T K 33 OT OpHOTO H3 OCHOBHHX 3 8 KOHOB JIOrHKH — 3aKOH a H C K Jirou eH H oro T p e T B e r o , k o t o p h h m o jk c t 6 h t b 3 a n n c a H T aK : A ecT B j i h 6 o B , j i h S o H e B .

IIoCM O TpH M T e n e p B , K aK OTHOCHTCH K TOHKHM npOTHBOpeUHHM H a y K a . B B ira e m h y a t e r o B o p n jm , b t o K a p H a n n p ep jio> K H J i o t 6 p o c h t b « T p a K T a T » [2 2 1 K aK n p o H 3 B e p e H H e , n o J iH o e H e j ie n o c T e n . H o B e e jn e h h k t o 3 T o r o H e c p e j i a j i . H B p n p jih K T O -H H 6ypB CMOJKeT O T pn p aT B H H T eju ieK T y a J iB H y io CHJiy 3T O ro n p oH 3 B ep eH H H , x o t h M H O rne b b ic k b - 33H H H e TaM C yjK peH H H M O ryT BH 3B3TB CaMBie CHJIBHBie B 03pa?K eH H H . C n j ia 3 T o r o n p oH 3 B ep eH H H K aK p a 3 h 3a paeT C H e r o n a p a p o K c a j iB H o - CTBIO; OTpCJIBHBIC BBlCKa3BIB3HHH B KaKOM-TO CMHCJie IiaXOpHTCH b n p oT H B op eH H H p p y r c p p y r o M , x o t h b h h x h ecT B H e K a n B H y T p eH - h h h c o r j ia c o B a H H o c T B . H t o j ib k o 3Ta n r p a H a c o r a a c o B a H n o c T H h n p oT H B op eu H B O C T H p a e T b o 3 m o j k h o c t b a B T o p y « T p a K T a T a » B H pa3H TB CBOe CJIO/KHOe M H p 0 B 0 3 3 p eH H e , K O T O poe B p n p JIH ypaJIOCB 6 h BMeCTHTB B paM K H B H yT peH H e H enpOTH BOpeBH BBIX BH C K a3H B 3H H H .

3 p e c B HaM x ou eT C H o 6 paTH TB BHHM aHHe H a on eH B H H T e p e c H y io , h o M a jio H 3B eC T H yio n y S j iH K a p n io $ h 3 h k o b M . H . n o p r o p e p K o r o H H . A . CM OpOflHHCKOrO [ 1 0 4 ] 0 6 aKCHOMaTHHeCKOM n o c T p o e H H H $H 3H B eC K H X TeO pH H . H o HX H pepCTaBJieH H H M , $H 3H H eCK H e T eopH H co3p a iO T C H b p B a 3 T a n a . n e p B H H 3 T a n — jioK a jiB H B ie T eop H H c o c k p b i - THMH npO TH BO peBH H M H , BTOpOH 3 T a n — BBIHBJieHHe HpOTHBOpeHHH n p n B C T p eu e jio K a jiB H H x r n n o T e 3 . n p e o p o j i e H H e 3 t h x n p oT H B op eH H H 0K 33H B aeT C H OTHpaBHOH TOHKOH H O C JiepyiO iperO pa3BH TH H $H 3H K H . X o T e j i o c B 6 b i b h h c h h t b , K a K n e H3BiKOBBie n p n eM B i H cn ojiB 3y iO T C H Ha n ep B O M 3 T a n e — n p n co3 p a H H H j i o k b j i b h b i x T eop H H ; B epB s t h n p oT H B op eH H H jje iicT B H T ejiB H o B H a n a jie p o j i j k h h S b it b x o p o n i o c k p b i t b i , H H ane p a S o T a n p o c T O H e M o r j ia 6 b i 6 h t b on y O jiH K O B a H a .

J^aiKe Ha 3aBepniaioipeM a iane — n p n nocTpoeHHH oOoOipaioipHX KOHpeHpH0 MHKpOMHpa — npHXOpHTCH pOnyCKaTB npoTHBopeHHH. K jiaccHuecKaH J io rm ta OKa3HBaeTCH HepoCTaTOHHoS p jih onncaHHH BHeniHero Mnpa. nB rrancB b to o c m h c jih tb <£hjioco$ckh, B o p c ijo p - M y jin p o B a ji cboh 3iiaMeHHTBiH npuHifun donojiHumejibHocmu, coraacH o KOTOpOMy pJIH BOCnpOH3BepeHHH B 3HaKOBOS CHCTeMe pejIOCTHOrO HBJieHHH HeoSxOpHMBI BSailMOHCKJTlOHaiOiplIC, donOJlHUmejlbKbie KJiaCCH nOHHTHS. 3 tO Tpe6oB3HHe 3KBHBajieHTHO paCHIHpeHHIO JIOrHHeCKOH CTpyKTypH H3HKH $H 3HKH. B o p HCPOJIB3yeT, Ka3ajIOCB 0BI, OHeHB npocToe epepcTBo: npH 3HaeTCH ponycraM H M B3aHMOHCKJHOBaioipee y n p T p e S p e p r o j i p y x h 3b ikob, pa jK pw ft H3 K o T o p w x 6 a 3 iip y e T C H pa

103

o 6 b ih h o h j io r H K e . O h h o n n c B iB a io T H C K jnoH aroipH e p p y r p p y r a <])h - 3HHeCKHe HBJieHHH, H a n p H M ep H en pepH B H O C T B H 3TOMH3M CBeTOBbIX HBJieHHH h t . n . I f a o r p a n p H H p n n flon ojiH H T ejiB H O C T H p a c c M a T p H B a - ' eTCH K aK o6 o6 in ;eH H e n p H H p n n a H e o n p e p e jie H iio c T H r e f i 3 e H 6 e p r a . B o p ca M x o p o m o n oH H M aji M e T o p o j io r H n e c K o e 3H aneH H e c<|)opM yjiH - p o B a H H o r o h m n p H H p n n a : « . . .p e jiocT H O C T B j k h b h x opraH H 3M O B h xa p a K T ep H C T H K a jn o p e i i , o S j ia p a io ip H x C 03H aH H eM , a TaKJKe h n e j i o - B e n e cK H x K y jiB T y p n p e p c T a B J ia io T n e p T H p e jiocT H O C T H , O T o6pa>K eH H e k o t o p b i x T p e 6 y e T t h h h h h o p o n o jiH H T e jiB H o r o c n o c o 6 a o n n c a H H H » [105]. B H a m e fi ^ h h o c o ^ c k o h J iH T e p a T y p e n p H H ip in p o n o jiH H T e jiB - h o c t h B H a n a jie Obiji B C T peneH c Oo j ib h io h H a cT op oiK eH H O C T B io , h o c e f iH a c , e c jiH c y p n T B n o M a T e p n a jia M O O h h h c k o h KOH$epeH H,HH [106], o h n pH B JieK 6 o j iB in o e BH H M aH ne h n o j i y n n j i p a c n r a p e H H o e TOJiKOBaHHe B npH M eH eH H H He TOJIBKO K $ H 3 H K e , HO H K flp y r H M p a 3 p ;e jia M 3H 3HHH . IIpH H ipH n pOHOJIHHTejIBHOCTH — 3TO, CoOcTBeH H O, H pH 3H 3H H e TOTO, h t o neTK O J io r n n e cK H n o c T p o e H H B ie T eopH H p e ficT B y iO T K aK M e T a ^ o p a : o h h 3apa iO T M o p e jm , K O T opB ie B e p y T c e 6 a h K aK BHeniHHH M n p h He T aK . O pH O H JIOTHHeCKOH K O H CTpyK pH H OKa3BIBaeTCH HepOCTaTOHHO p j i a on H ca H H H B e e n c j io j k h o c t h M H K p oM n p a . T p e O o B a H n e H a p y n iH T B o6 in ;en p H H H T y io j io r H K y n p n n o c T p o e H H H K apT H H H M n p a c o B e e n OHeBHflHOCTBK) B n ep B B ie HOHBHJIOCB B KBaHTOBOH M exaH H K e — H b 3t o m e e o c o O o e (|)HJioco(|)CKoe 3H aneH H e.

H H T e p e c i io 3 p e c B n p H B ecT H B H C K a3 H B aiiH e r e f i 3 e H 6 e p r a — o p H o r o H3 OCHOBOHOJIOVKHHKOB K B3H T0B0H M ex a ilH K H : «A6cOJIIOTH Oe BHHOJI- HeHHe T p eS oB a iiH H C T p o r o f i jio r n n e c K O H h c h o c t h , B epoH T H O , He HM eeT M ecT a h h b o p h o h H a y K e » [107],

HaKOHep, caMoe BaiKnoe: o npoTHBopenHnx b MaTeMaraKe. M o jk h o pyMaTB, h t o h TaM MHCTiinecKHH CTpax nepep npoTHBopennHMH no- CTeneHHO OTCTynHJi Ha 3apHHH njiaH. IIpo6jieMa noTepnjia c b o i o ocTpoTy, pa, MOJKeT O b itb , h t c t k o c t b . OneHB HHTepeciiHMH iiaM npepcTaBJiHioTCfl BHCKa3BiBaHHH Xao BaH [108] — H3BecTHoro cne- pnajiHCTa no aKCHOMaTHnecKOH TeopHH m h o jk o c t b :

23. H t o K acaeT C H c o B p e M e H H o r o c o c t o h h i i h M aTeM aTH KH , t o paC C y/K peH H H O npOTHBOpeHHBOCTH CHCTeM h b j i h i o t c h p o b o j i b h o 6 e c - nJIOpHBIMH. H h OpH a H3 $O pM ajIB IIB IX CHCTeM, HIHpOKO HCHOJIB3yeM HX c e r o p i m , H e H axopH T C H n o p o n e iiB cepB e3H B iM n o p o 3 p e H n e M 0 K a 3 a T B c a npOTHBOpeHHBOH . BajKHOCTB TeOpeTHKO-M IIOHieCTBeHHBIX npO TH B O - peHHH H H o rp a c h j i b h o n p e y B e jiH n e H a . . . O p H aK O 6 o j i e e coB peM eH H B ie HOHCKH p oK a3a T ejIB C T B a HenpOTHBOpeHHBOCTH MOTHBHpyiOTCH p a 3 - j ih h h o h HMeiOT 6 o j i e e cep B e3 H B ie p e j i n , neM H36e>KaH H e n p o T H B o p e - h h h . O h h c jiy jK a T jiy n m e M y y a c H e H H io h o h h t h h h M eTO poB .

T p y p H o b K p a T K H x c jiO B a x n e p e p a T B B e e c o p e p a t a H H e on eH B HHTepeCHOH CT3TBH X a O Bail, HO BOT HTO B3JKH0 — o n a O K a 3 H B a -

103

eTca oneHb yMHpoTBopeHHofi b oTHoineHHH npoOjieMH HenpoTHBope- HHBOCTH. Oh TOBOpHT, HTO HpOTHBOpeHHH HaCTO OHeHb HHTepeCHhB, XOTH OHH HHKOrfla He HBJIHIOTCH pejIbH) H HHKTO He OypeT peKOMeH- POBaTb MeTOfl Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, HTO OH 30CT3T0HH0 CHJieH, HT0 6h paBaTb npoTHBopeHHH. H b to me BpeMH Xao BaH ponycKaeT bo3- MOJKHOCTb CymCCTBOBailHH M3TeMaTHHeCK0H CTpyKTypH C HpOTHBO- peHHHMH. Ecjih b CHCTeMe SypyT oSHapymeHH neKOTopi.ic npoTHBO- penHH, to OTCiofla He 6ypeT cjiepoBaTb iicnpnropHOCTb bhbo^ob, nojiyneHHHx jiornnecKH H3 3toh chctcmh, h6o cjtcpctbhh MoryT H He HCH0JIb30BaTb BCeTO, HTO 3aJIO>KeHO B HCXOpHOH CTpyKType. A ecjiH, npopojimaex oh, tobophtb o npaKTHnecKHx 3apaHax, CKa- ?KeM O CTpOHTejIbCTBe MOCTOB, TO COBCeM He o6H3aTeJIBHO (JopMaJIH- 30BBTB MaTeMBTHKy H flOKa3HBaTb 6e HenpOTHBOpeHHBOCTb, — TaM nafiflCTCH h mhoto ppynix 6ojiee Ba;i;nHx h Bnojinc peajitHHx npo- QjieM. HaM npepcTaBJineTcn, hto BHCKa3HB3HHH Xoa BaH b 3HaHH- TejibHoS CTeneHH OTpamaioT B3rjiHflH Tex, kto Tenepb 3aHHMaeTCH BOnpOCaMH o6oCHOBaHHH M3T6MaTHKH.

BepHeMcn Tenepb k HanieMy oSbipcunoMy H3HKy. Biinie mh yme roBopnJiH, hto oh HeceT b ce6e 3JieMeHTH $opMajibHOH jiorHKn: ee ycBaHBaioT c peTCTBa, oOynancb H3HKy. H b to me BpeMH Hame o6bi3 CHHoe pencBoc noBcpciiHc iiHKorpa He 6HBaeT 3 0 Konpa jiothhhhm. nonpoSyHTe BpyMaTbcn b (|)pa3i,i 6erjiHx 6 0 0 0 3 , b MHoroHncjieH- HHe o6T>HBJieHHH h HHCTpyKpHH — noHTH BC3pe bh oOHapymnTe ajiorHHHOCTH. Bojiee toto, ecjin kto-jih6o HHTaeTcn b noBcejpicBHOM pCHCBOM noBCflCHHH 6htb 6e3ycJioBHO jiothhhhm, to ero HCMcpjicnno npHHHCJIHIOT K pa3pH3y IHH30(|)peHHK0B. TaK, npeJieCTb CK33KH JI. Kapojuia «Ajinca b CTpaHe Hypeoi, no KpanHen Mepe pjin B3poc- JIHX, 3aKJIIOHaeTCH KaK pa3 B TOM, HTO HHTaTeJIb BBOflHTCH B MHp Hejieno CTporofi JiorHHHOCTH. ^encTBHTejibHO, Bepb cjiobo «yjm6Ka»— cyipecTBHTejibHoe, h, cjiepoBaTejibHO, HeT HHnero HejiornnHoro, ecjin yjin6Ka HeninpcKoro KOTa MomeT nonBJiHTbcn h 6e3 KOTa.

JIloSoHHTHO 3pCCb 0 6 paTHTb BHHM3HHe H CipC Ha OpiIO oOCTOHTeJIb- CTBO. nCHXHaTpbl XOpOHIO 3HaiOT, HTO 6oJIbHHe CO CHHJKeHHOH HH- TejuieKTyajibHOH penTejibHOCTbio nepecTaiOT noHHMaTb MeTaiJopH — o h h BocnpHHHMaiOT TOJibKO h x 6yKBajibHHH c m h c j i . CKameM, npo- CTan MeTai|)opa «30Ji0THe pyKH» BH3HBaeT TOJibKo 6yKBajibHHe h , c no3HpHH 3p;opoBoro HejiOBeKa, coBceM Hejienne TOJiKOBaHHH. OflHHM H3 flHarHOCTHHecKHX npH3H3KOB B HCHXH3TPHH HBJIHeTCH HeBocnpHHHMaeMOCTb napneHTOM h o c j i o b h h ; . G ppyron c t o p o h h , cipe 0 3 HHM npH3HaKOM CHnmeHHofi HHTejuieKTyajibHoii p c h t c j t b h o c t h HBJineTCH rpy6oe HapyraeHne j i o t h k h . 3 t o pnarHocTHpyeTcn cjiepy- roipHM o6pa30M: napneHTa npoCHT pacTOJiKOBaTb c m h c j i 3aBepoMo Hejiennx KapraHOK, h , 0Ka3HBaeTCH, o h He MomeT o6HapymHTb TaM rpy6ofi HejienocTH. H j ih ero npocHT pa3JiomHTb b jiornnecKOH no-

104

CJIGJJOB&TGJIbHOCTH CGpHH) C B H 3 3 H H H X M G /K fly C O S o ft K a p T H H O K , H OH HG MOJK6T 3TOTO CACJI3TB, 3 H IH 30(|)pG H H K H , GCJIH 3TO H flG JiaiO T , TO B HGJIGHO n p H H y flJ IH B O ft $ O p M C . O ^IIO B pC M G H H O B pGH H S o jIB H H X HpOHBJIHGTCH yJKG B 6C B M 3 H pOH 3BOJIBH OG yH O T p oO jIG H H G CJIOB. B o3- H H K aiO T M 6 T a $ O p H , HOHHTHBIG TOJIBKO HM ORHHM (H 0 A P 0 5 h G 6 C M ., H a n p H M G p , [ 1 0 9 ] ) . ()K a3I>IB aC T C H , HTO HHT6JLH6KT H O p M a jIB IIO rO HGJIO- B G K a JI6JKHT T A e-T O B OH6HB y 3 K O H H H H I6, O rp aH H H G H H O ft, C OAHOH C T O p O H H , HGHOHHMaHHGM M G Ta([)O p — TOH K H X aJIOTHHHOCTGH, C A P Y ' r o f i c t o p o h h , r p y S a i M H a p y n ie i iH e M j i o t h k h .

5. CeMaHTHHGCKaa imcaiia h 3 b i k o b

R jia C C H (| )H K a p H H HBJIGHHH — 3TO OflHH H 3 C H O C o 6 o B OH H CaH H H CJIOJK- HBIX C H CTeM . M O JK H O , BG pO H TH O , HpGAJIOJKHTB MHOTO CHOCOgOB K J ia C - CH(|)HKan;HH h 3 h k o b b i x c h c t g m . M h 3 a g c b o c T a n o B i iM C H n o A p o S n o TOJIBKO H a OAHOM H 3 H H X — H a HOCTpOGH H H CGMaHTHHGCKOH H IK a jIH H 3 H K O B . 9 T a CHCTGMa K JiaC C H fjlH K apH H 5 y A 6 T p a 3 M 6 in ;a T B H 3 H K H H a HIKaJlG B COOTBGTCTBHH C TOH pO JIB K ), K O T O p y iO H T p a G T B H H X B G pO H T - H O C T H aa C T p y K T y p a c m h c j i o b o t o 3 H 3 h g h h h .

IIpGACTaBBTG C g 6 g HIKaJiy, Ha OAHOM KOHIJG KOTOpOH HaxOAHTCH COBC6M JK6CTKH6 H3HKH, CK3JKCM H3HKH HporpaMMHpOBaHHH,' 3AGCB KaJKAOMy 3HaKy COBGpniGHHO 0AH03H3HH0 npHHHCHBaeTCH H6TKO OnpGAGJIGHHBIH CMHCJI — KaKaH-JTH6o OAHa MaTGMaTHHGCKaa HJIH JIO- rHHGCKaa onopapHH. B 3Ty jk g nacTB niKaJiH nonaAyT m h o t o h h c j i g h h h gAH3JIGKTH H3HK3 HHCTOH M3TeMaTHKH H M3T6MaTHH6CK0H JIOTHKH, TAG CHMBOJIH HCHOJIB3yiOTCH C3MH HO CG6g, 0CT3BaHCB HGHOCpGACTBGHHO HG CBH33HHHMH C HBJIGHHHMH BHGHIHGrO MHp3 . . CMHCJI CHMBOJIOB OnpGAGJIHGTCH HpH HX BBGAGHHH HJIH CT3H0BHTCH HOHHTHHM HOCJIG TOTO, KaK H3 HHX (|)OpMyjIHpyK)TCH KaKHG-HH6yAB BHCKa3HBaHHH, CK3JK6M aKCHOMH. B HGKOTOpBIX CJiyHaHX, HanpHMGp B MaTCMaTHHe- CKOH JIOTHKG H B TGOpHH TaK H33HB3GMHX KOHTGKCTHO-CB060AHHX H3HKOB, 0 KOTOPOH MBI GipG SyAGM TOBOpHTB HHJK6 , CHMB0JI3M HHK3- Koro cnGpnaJiBiioro CMHCJia, OTHOcmpGrocn k BHGiHHGMy MHpy, BOoSipG HG npHHHCBIBaGTCH.

r Ha A P y r o M k o h p g 3 t o h niKajin 6 y A y T h 3 x o a h t b c h c o b c g m m h t k h g

H3HKH, B KOTOpHX BGp0HTH0CTH3H CTpyKTypa CMHCJIOBOTO COpGpjKa- HHH HpOHBJIHGTCH B H3h60JIGG HOJIHOH (JopMG. IIpHMGpOM TaKOTO H3HK3 MOJKeT StlTB H3BIK aSCTpaKTHOH JKHBOHHCH. HnjKe MBI HOCBH- THM OTAGJIBHyiO TJiaBy 3TOMy H3HKy H HOKajKGM TaM, HTO 3HaK0B3H CHCTGMa 3 6CTp3KTH0H JKHBOHHCH AeHCTBHTGJIBHO MOJKGT paCCMaTpH- BaTBCH KaK H3HK. COHHaC, 3a6GraH BHepeAi CKaJKGM TOJIBKO, HTO CO 3H3KOBOH CHCTGMOH 3TOrO H3HK3 CBH33HH anpHOpHHG (JiyHKpHH paCHpGAGJIGHHH, HOCHipHG TJiySoKO Cy6BGKTHBHHfi XapaKTGp. 3a6CB TpyAHO npocjiGAHTB Ty corjiacoBaHHQCTB, KOTopan HaSjiiOAaGTCH a ^ h

10

a n p n o p H i i x ( J iy H K ip i i i p a c n p e ^ e j ie H H H C M H c a o B o r o c o ^ e p H O H U H o 6 i >i -

fleHHOrO H 3 H K a . B 9 TO M C M H C Jie H 3 H K a 6 C T p a K T H O H JK H B O H H C H O K a -

3 B iB a e TC H B H p o J K ^ e H H H M — b H e M jjo K p a H H e f i C T e n e H H flO B e fle H a ra T e H ^ e H p H H , K O T o p a a H a S jir o ^ a e T C H b H a rn e M o S n f le H H O M H 3 B iK e .

Ham o S h ^ c h h i .ih h 3h k , a t 3K>k c H3HKH HayKH nonajjaiOT Kyâ-TO Ha cepejpray 3t o h mKajiH h 3aHHMaiOT TaM mnpoKHH HHTepBaji. B h h x anpnopHne $yHKpmi pacnpeêaemiH CMHcaoBoro coflep>KaHHH CJIOB B KaKOH-TO CTeneHH 0Ka3HB3H)TCH COrJiaCOBaHHHMH, OCo6eHHO flJIH JIHn; OflHHaKOBOH HHTeJIJieKTyaJIBHOH HaCTpoeHHOCTH. Ho CTeneHB 3 t o h corjiacoBaHHocTH oaeHB c h j ib h o BapBHpyeT npn nepexop;e o t oflHoro pa3êjia 3H 3 h h h k ^pyroMy. MeHee Bcero 3Ta corjiacoBaHHOCTB npoHBJiaeTCH, noataayH, b H3HKe MHoroo6pa3HBix $ h j io c o (|)c k h x HanpaBJieHHH Ha 3anafle ( b npnMeHeHHH k k o t o p b im h b o 3 h h k a$o- PH3M: «$>HJIOCO$HH — 3TO naTOJIOTHH H3BIKa»). CoBceM 0p;H03HaHHHH: xapaKTep h o c h t HeKOTopBie unaaeKTH H3BiKa x h m h h , npejKne Bcero H3BIK XHMHHeCKHX (|)OpMyiI. EcjIH, CK3/KCM, MH TflC-TO B XHMHHCCKOM TeKCTe HaxoflHM c h m b o j i Na, t o 3 t o o6o3HaaaeT t o j ib k o MeTajui HaT- pHH h HHnero 6ojiBnie, x o t h , npaBâ, b 3anncH NaCl c h m b o j i Na ywe o6o3HaHaeT h o h HaTpnn. B t o ate BpeMH b H3Bme HayKH m b i BCTpe- HaeMCH H C pe3KO BHpaiKeHHHM HOaHMOp$H3MOM, KOTOpHH TaM OKa3BiBaeTCH, noâac, 6ojiee c h j ib h b im , aeM b o6BifleHHOM H3HKe; k o6cy>KfleHHio 3Toro Bonpoca m h BepHeMca HHiKe ( c m . pa3fl. 1 b rji. III). Cefiaac 3aMeTHM j ih h i b , o h h t b - t 3 k h 3a6eraa Bne- pe^, HTO H a3HK MaTeMBTHKH, KOTfla OH HpHMeHaeTCH p;Jia OHHCaHHH aBJieHHH BHeniHero Mnpa, npno6peTaeT noaHMop$H3M.

CoBceM oco6oe nojioiKeHHe Ha ceMaHTHaecKon mKajie 3aHHMaeT H3HK ,HpeBHeHHJJHHCKOH (|)HaOCO$HH. TaM HpH3HaeTCH 3a CJIOBaMH npaBO 6h tb noaynycToii $ 0PM0®> b tc k c th TaM otkpbito bbojjhtch npoTHBopeana — Bee 3to 3acTaBaaeT Hac homocthtb Ha ceMaHTH- aecKofi nmaae a3HK ^peBHeHHflHHCKOH $naoco(|)HH rjje-TO 3a HaniHM oSHêHHBIM H3BIKOM, SjIHJKe K H3BIKy aScTpaKTHOH JKHBOHHCH. H o 3Jp- Hee m h eipe BepHeMca k onncaHHio 3Toro a3HKa. CeSaac HaM xo- aeTca ToaBKO o6paTHTB BHHMaHHe Ha to , hto c Haninx ho3hh;hh KaaccH$HKapHio h3hkob npn nrapoKofi nocTaHOBKe 3toh 3aâaH Haflo npoBOjjHTB He no HapoâM, a no 3noxaM KyaBTyp: Torâ Ha ce- MaHTHaecKofi niKaae He 6y^yT 3aHHM3TB pa3anaHHe MecTa h3hkh flByx HapoÔB, cKameM aHranScKoro h $paHn;y3CKoro, npHHaâe- jKaipne cefiaac oahoh KyaBType.

CeMaHTHaecKyio niKaay m o jk h o TaKJKe npe^cTaBHTB b BHê OTKpn- t o h npHMofi, noaaraa, aTO MarKne h3hkh yCTpeMaaiOTCH Ha Hefi b ojjHy CTopoHy, JKecTKne — b flpyryro. Torâ H3 TonoaornaecKHx coo6pa>KeHHH 6yêT caeôBaTB, h t o flo6aBaeHHe o ^ h o h BHenraefi TOHKH H03B0aaeT 33MKHyTB HpHMyiO B OKpyjKHOCTB. TaKOH OTêaBHO OTCTOHipeS TOaKOH OKa3HBaeTCH H3HK peailriI03H0-(J)Ha0C0(J)CK0H

106

c a c t e M M d33H — 3Toro CBoeo6pa3Horo a n o H C K o r o oT B eT B jieiiH H 6 y;j;- AH 3M a , H M e io ip e ro y jK e coBceM Majio o O m e r o co c b o h m i t g p b o h c t o h -HHKOM . f l 3H K A 33H _ COBCeM 0C06h H , yH H KajIBH BIH H 3H K a S c y p flH H X B H C K aS H B aH H H . Bl>ICKa3I>IBaiTHH CTpOHTCH B BHflC ajIOTH HH HX n p e A -aojK eH H H — k o a h , c o A e p jK a m H x jih ih b K a K o fi-T o H a M eK . 3 t o 3 a - ra A K H , jiH ineH H B ie paijH O H ajiB H O H O T raflK H . A ^ e n T a s b h o b c k o t o m o - HaCTBipH AOJIHteH n o rp y 3 H T B C H B MCAIITaiI,IIIO, h t o S b i p aC K p H T B CMHCJI, CTpaH H H M o 6 p a 3 0 M 3aK O A H pO B aH H H H B HCoSl.IHHOM HpeAJlOJKeHHH.Ha 3t o MoryT S b itb n o T p a H c iiH MecHH,H, a HHorAa h t o a h . Bot He-CKOJIBKO IipH M epO B T aK O rO p o ^ a B H C K a3H B aH H H ( o h h 3aH M CTBOBaH H h 3m h H3 A H e c e p T a p H H [ 110 ] ) :

OSjiaflacT jih nec npnpoAOH ByAAH? H hhto!X j io h o k AByx jiaAonien H3AaeT 3ByK; a h t o Tanoe 3ByK o a h o h

jia A o n in ?Korfla MHoroe c b c a c iio k OflHOMy, k HCMy m o j k h o c b o c t h o a h o ? Ha30BHTe 3 t o najiKofi — h b h yTBep>KAaeT6 , He Ha3HBanTe —

H B H OTpHH,aeT6 . H T a K , He yTBepjKAaH H He OTpHH,aH, KaK B H 3TO na30BeTe? ToBopnTe! ToBopHTe!

3 t h yTBepiKAOHHH HeJIb3H H33BaTB JIOTHHeCKH HpOTHBOpeHHBHMH. E c j i h nojiB30BaTBCH TepMHHOJiorneH «TpaKTaTa» [22], t o h x , Ka3a- j io c b 6h , m o jk h o Ha3B3TB OeccMHCJieHHHMH, h j i h , em;e Jiynnie, — 3 anpcmcnni.iMH c h o 3 h h ;h h Hamero o6HAeHHoro H3HKa. H o Ha caMOM Aejie 3 t o H3HK, nepcAaiom;HH KaKOH-TO o c o O h h , rjiySoKHH c m h c j i . KorAa KoaH pemeH, t o aAenTy c t 3 h o b h t c h h o h h t h h m , h t o 3TO npo- CToe, HCHoe h h o h t h oneBHAHoe yTBepjKAeHne, CAejiaHHoe yHHTejieM B COCTOHHHH HpOCBeTJieHHH. HoCTpOeHHeM HIOKHpyiOIAHX BHCKa3H- B3HHH yaHTCJiB CTHMyjiHpyeT JKejiaHHe yaciiHKa a o c t h h b TaKoro JKe npocBeTJieHHoro c o c t o h h h h .

^33h, KOHeHHo, He tojibko Ha6op KoaH, 3to HenTO 6ojiBniee — 3to MHpoco3epu,aHHe, 0Ka3aBniee rjiy6oKoe bjihhhho na bcio KyjiB- Typy Hhohhh (noApo6Hee cm. 0 6 3tom b CTaTBe T. TpHropBeBOH [111]). Jlerao npocjieiKHBaeTCH bjihhhho asbh h Ha KyjiBTypy 3anaAa, Ha T3KHX XyAOJKHHKOB, KaK BaH-For H AHpH MaTHCC, Ha HHCaTeJIH C3jiHHAJKepa, a b CBoen ByjiBrapHofi (fiopMe — n na aMepmiaHCKHx Ohthhkob, hto Hanuio CBoe BHpaJKeHne y repoeB ,fl[jKepoMa /( . Ke- pyana. Bee bto xopoino H3JiojKeHO y E. B. 3aBaACKOH [112]. Ho 3AecB Hac HHTepecyeT APyroe — THnojiorHHecKaa o6hi;hoctb HBJieHHH b KyjiBTypax 3anaAa h BocTOKa, B03HHKniaH iie3aBHCHMHM, BHeK0HT3KTHHM CHOCOOOM, — eCJIH H0JIB30BaTBCH TepMHHOJIOTHeHH . H . KoHpaAa [113]. HaM npeA C T aB J iaeT C H , hto b H 3H K e 3an aA H O HK y jIB T y p H M H MOJKeM npOCJieAHTB T6 T eH A eH pH H , K O T O p n e B CB06H H a n S o jie e a p K o f i (JopM e h p o h b h j i h c b b H3BiKe a 3 3 h . n p e J K A e B c e r o 3 t o M6Tai|)opH H a u ie r o H 3B iK a, o h h b h o c h t b H a n iy peH B TOT JKe

107

moKHpyiomnH OTTeHoK H3-3a HecoBMectiiMocTH BBicna3aHHoro, KOTopuH b CBoefi paiJnmnpoBaHHOH ifiopMe npoHBJineTCH b Koanax. ,D[ajii>rae mojkho ynaaaTB Ha HeKOTOpue noroBopKH, hocjiobhijh, KapHKaTypu h ho^hhch k hhm, aHeK OTH, oco6eHHO a6cTpaKTHHe. B COBCeM rpOTeCKHOH (|)OpMC 3TO npOHB.'XHCTCH B JKHBOHHCH CIOppeaJIH- CTHnecKoro HanpaBJieHHH. Bot Ha KapxHHe CaJiBBaôpa ,D[aJiH «H3o- 6peTeHne HyflOBHm;» (h3 HimarcKoro My3cn) cnpaBa — ropaipaH jKnpaâ, b peHTpe — ctoji, Ha kotopom noMemena CKyjiBnTypa jioniaflHHofi tojiobh c jKeHCKOH rpy^Bio, okojio CTOJia noHTH nejiOBe- necKan (fmrypa c KpuuiHinKaMH, b npaBOM BepxHeM yrjiy — o6Ha- JKGHHBie $HrypH B HeJieHHX H03ax, B HHJKHOM JieBOM yrjiy — CTpaH- Han rpynna Jno eH c 3aroBopmHpKHM bhôm, b hhjkhom npaBOM yrjiy — necHK. KajKân H3 komho3hh;hohhhx cocTaBJimomHx H30- 6pa>KeHa b peajmcTHHecKoii: MaHepe — Bnojrae «peajiBHH» KaK jkh- paifia, TaK h ofohb, kotophm OHa ropHT. Bch komho3hh;hh b pejioM — 3to 3araflKa, no,rjo6HaH KoaHaM: moKnpyeT 3p;ecB HecoBMecTHMOCTB H3o6pa>KeHHoro.

KoaHBi oneHB HanoMHHaiOT no CBoen JiorHHecKofi CTpyKType h aHTHHBecH 3. HoHecKo h C. EeKKeTa (HeKOTopoe npe,n;cTaBJieHHe 0 HHX MOJKHO HOJiyHHTB HO CTKTBe H. KyJIHKOBa [114]). 3fleCB, KaK H B CIOppeaJIHCTHHeCKHX KapTHHKX, HCHOJIB3yeTCH TO, HTO HHOTfla Ha3HBaiOT «o6paTHOS CTOpOHOH JIOTHKH».

HTaK, Hama ceMaHTHnecKan niKana 3aMHKaeTCH Ha Ty TOHKy, b KOTOpyro nonaâeT H3HK ^33h — caMBifi hoo6hhhhh h3 h3bocthhx HaM h3hkob HejiOBenecKoro o6m;ecTBa. H, hto HaM KajKeTCH oco6emio HHTepeCHHM, B 3TOM H3HKe B HanSoJiee HpKOH (JopMe npOHBJIHIOTCH Te TeHfleHpHH, KOTopne b toh hjih hhoh cTeneHH, HHorp;a oneHB BBinyKJio, npOHBJIHIOTCH h b BHpa3HTejiBHHx cpe^CTBax flpyTHX KyjIBTyp.

6 . 0 H eK O T op M x M eT oa oJ iorn H ecK H X n p e a n o c B u iK a x BepOHTHOCTHOH MORCJIH H3BIKa

Pa3BHBaeMan hbmh BepoHTHOCTHan Mop;ejiB H3BiKa onnpaeTCH Ha yTBepJK eHHe o tom, hto Ham h3hk p;oJUKeH 6htb npnroêH p;jih BHtpa- JKeHHH HenpepHBHO pa3BHBaK>m;HXCH H yCJIOJKHHK>m;HXCH 3H3HHH0 MHpe. IIpH 3TOM, ORHaKO, HeT Heo6xOfl;HMOCTH BHCKa3BIBaTB KaKHe- jihSo 6ecnpeKocjiOBHHe cyjKêHHH o MexaiiH3Me MBrauieiiHH. Hanpn- Mep, mojkho p;onycTHTB cym;ecTBOBaHHe HeKOTopon «nepapxHH» ypoBHefi MBimjieHHH: 1) o6pa3Horo «ôjiorHHecKoro» MBinmeHHH 2) jiorHHecKoro MHnuieiiHH; 3) MHnuieHHH, «HaflCTpaHBaiom;erocH» Hafl jiornnecKHM h Bonjiom;aioin;ero HeJioBenecKHe CBOHCTBa HHTyn- h;hh h TBopnecTBa; MexaHH3M HHTynpHH h TBopnecTBa noKa najieKO

1 CBoftcTBeHHoro npeiMymecTBeHHO im pboOhthmm unmrjiiiaaniiiim [ 2 0 3 ] .

108

H8 GOHfitT. B pJiSJHtHHUG MOMeHTltf JIIO^H MOryT HSXO^HTbCH H& p S 3-* h h x ypoB H H X n ep a p xH H MHirnienHH. OpHaKO KOMMyHHKapHH, o c o - 6eHHO H a y T O a a , BepeTCH npenM yrpecTBeHHO Ha jiornnecK O M yp o B H e. ^e^yK T H B H aH jio rn K a — 3t o b SojiB nieii CTeneHH cpepCTBO KOM M ynn- K ap n H , neM cpeflCTBO mbihi jt e h h h . 3 aA ana j io t h k h — p a 3BHTne Tex

K O Topne b o k s t o m h noTOM y He BnoJine h o h h th o m Biipe y a te copepataTCH b h c x o p h h x riocBiJiKax. 3 t o o c o 6 eHHo x o p o ra o npoH BJin- e x c a b H3 HKe MaTeMaTHKH, rp e pepyK TH B iian c ip y K T y p a nocTpoeH H H cyJK^eHHH a e r n e B cero npocjieaiH B aeTC H . 3 ^;ecb naM x o h c t c h n p n - BecTH BBicKa3biBaHHH H3BecTH oro (J p a n p y sc K o ro (|)H3HKa J ly n pe BpoHJiH [115]:

B C H Jiy C B O e a C TpOTOH p e p y K T H B H O C T H M aT eM aT H H eC K H H H 3H K H 0 3 B 0 JiH eT p e T a jiB H O o n n c a T b y> K e n o j i y n e i i H B ie H i iT e ju ie K T y a jiB i iB ie p eH H O C T H ; h o o h H e n o 3 B O J if le T n o j i y n n T B h t o - j i h 6 o H O B o e . H t 8k , H e H H c r a e p ep yn q H H , a C M e jiB ie H i ip y K p H H h o p n r H H a j iB H B ie n p e p c T a B - jieH H H h b jih io tc h h c to h h h k o m B e J iH K o r o n p o r p e c c a B n a y i i e .

E c jih JiornKa — b to cpepcTBO KOMMyHHKapHH, t o noJiHMop(|)n3M H3H K 3 — 3t o , C K opee, n p e o p o jie iin e T py/p iocT eH b JiornnecKH h o c t - poeH H oii CHCTeMe KOM M yiniKapriti, a He b caM oii CHCTeMe MBinuieiiHH. BepoHTHOCTHan MopejiB H3tiK a — npocTO opH o H3 b o 3m o>kh h x p a 3i>- HCHeHHH t o t o , KaK 3Ta Tpyp;HOCTi> npeoflOJieBaeTCH.

XoneTCH o 5 paTHTb BHHMaHne Ha HeKOTopyio n a p a ju ie jib M e a s ly p 33BHTHeM $ H 3HKH H H3BIKO3HaH0 H. npepcTaBJieH H e 0 6 aTOMapiIOM CMHCJie c jio b , n p y i p e e , m o>kct 6b itb , em ;e o t JIeH 6 HHpa (h jih em e paHBnie — o t K a 6 6 ajiBi), n o jiy n n jio CBoe ce p B e 3Hoe nop K p em ieH H e y $ > p ere , P a c c e jia h paH H ero BnTreH niTeH H a KaK p a 3 b t o BpeMH, K o rp a , K a 3ajiocB 6 h , oKQiinaTejiBHO y K p e n n jio cB npepcTaBJieHne o neTKo JioKajiH3yeMOM b npocTpaH CTBe h BpeMeHH aTOMapHOM cT p o e - HHH MaTepHH. CeHHaC p 33BHTHe KBaHTOBOH MexaHHKH BBeJIO n p e p - CTaBJieHne o p a 3MBiTOM x a p a K T ep e c y 5 aTOMapHBix HacTHn;. B o t KaK HHTaeTCH COBCeM KpaTKO CyMMHpOB3TB 3TO HpepCTaBJieHHe (|)H3HK <P. K a n p a b CBoefi p a 5 oTe, nocBHm;eHHOH conocTaBJieiiHio H pen c o B p e- MeHHOH (|)H3HKH C ppeBHeBOCTOHHHM MHponOHHMaHHeM [249]:

OftHO H3 OCHQBHHX npepCTaBJieHHH KBaHTOBOH TeopHH 3aKJIIO- HaeTCH B n p H 3HaiIHH TOTO, HTO BepOHTHOCTB HBJIH6TCH (JyHpaMeH- TajIBHHM CBOHCTBOM aTOMapHO npOHBJIHIOmeilCH peaJIBHOCTH H y n p a B - jineT BceMH n p op ecca M H , EKJironaH c a n o cym ecT uouaH H e MaTepHH. C y 5 aTOMHHe nacTHqBi n e cyipecTByiOT 6e 3ycjiO B iio b o n p ep ejiem iB ix M ecT ax, a C K opee, o 6 jia,n;aioT, n o BBipa>K6HHio r e i i 3eii5e p ra (1963), ((TCHflCHipieH k cyin;ecTBOBaiinio». Ha y p o u n e aTOMOB co S b ith h n e c j iy - naioTCH c 5e 3ycjiOBHocTBio b o n p e p e jie m io e BpeMH, a C K opee, h m ciot ((TeHflCHpHIO HpOHCXOpHTB». TeH pH C T3HH (1971) IIOpnepKHBaJI, HTO 3TH TeHpeHpHH h jih BepoHTiiocTH He ecTB BopoHTiiocTH «Bein;eH»,

109

a cKopee, BepoHTHocra «B3aHMocBH3eH». «JIk>6oh na6jH0AaeMBiH «o6,BeKT» aTOMHoro arapa co3p;aeT npoMeJKywmyio CHCTeMy, CBH3yio- m,yio nop;roTOBKy BKcnepinvieHTa h nocjieAyioin,He ii3MepeHHH. Oh Ha- HHHaeT cyipeCTBOBaTB h noJiynaei cmbicji tojibko b otom KOiiTeKCTe — He naK H30JiHpoBaHiiaH cymnocTb, a KaK B3aiiMO ;eHCTBHe MeacAy npon,eccaMH hoatotobkh 3KcnepHMeaTa n ii3MepemiH. CBOHCTBa o6i>eKTa He MoryT 6bitb onpep;ejienti ne3aBHCHMo ot otiix npon,eccoB. Ecjih npon,ecc hoatotobkh hjih H3MepeHHH MOîHjimiipyeTCH, to ii CBOHCTBa o6i>eKTa TaKJKe noABeprHyTCH H3Meneiiiiio (c. 22).

B BepOHTHOCTHOH MOêJIH H3HK3 (JyHAaMeHTaJIBllBIM OKa3HBaeTCH BepoHTHocTHoe 3ap;aHHe cMticjia TeKCTa. AnpnopnaH <J)yHKii;HH pac- npeêJieHHH CMticJia cjioBa p (p.) — 3to, ecjin xoTicre, tojibko «TeHp,eH- h;hh k ocymecTBJieHiiio CMBicjia cjioBa», bto naK 6bi noAroTOBKa k He- KoeMy SKcnepHMeiiTy, ocymecTBjiHOMOMy b peneuOM iiobcaoiihii nyTeM nocTpoeHHH HeKon KOHKpeTiiofi $pa3H . <PyiiKH,iiH npaBAonoAO- 6 hh p(y/p•), B03HHKaiom;aH npn htoiihh $pa3M , Kait mbi y>Ke 06 btom roBopnjiH BHine (cm. c. 79), — npHMofi anajior H3MepenHio b (|)H3HKe. Cmbicji TeKCTa B03HHKaeT io k BepoHTiiocTiioe onncaHiie B3aHMOAeii- ctbhh «H0Ar0T0BJieHH0CTH k noHHMaHMio» ii «peHeBoro 3KcnepHMeHTa», iia-npaBJieHiioro 11a noHHMaHiie. AnajiornH OKa3BiBaeTCH rjiy6oKOH, MOJKeT 6BITB, MOJKHO TOBOpHTB 0 TOM, HTO B BepOHTHOCTHOH MOfleJIH H3HKa npoHBHJiocB napaAHTMnnecKoe AaBJieHiie coBpeMeHHOH (Jh- 3HKH. 0K33BIBaeTCH, HTO KaK npeACTaBJieHHe 0 AUCKpeTHBIX — cy6- aTOMapHHx nacTHii;ax b (|)H3HKe, TaK h AiicitpeTHBie cjioBa Hainero H3HKa — bto tojibko ycjioBHoe o6o3HaneHHe to to , hto npoHBJineTCH B KOHTeKCTe, KOTOpHH OAHII pa3 3aAaeTCH (|)H3HHeCKHM SKCnepHMeil- tom, Apyrofi pa3 — b o6bihhoh $pa3e Haniero noBceAHeBHoro pa3- roBopa.

Bo3MOH<Ha h AaJItIieSinaH anajioniH npn coiiocTaBJieHHH cjiob c aApoHaMH — chjibho b3ahmOACiiCTByioia,h.mh nacnmaMii, nopojKAaio- IH,HMII HOHTH BCe H3BeCTHBie CeHHaC Cy5aTOMIIBte HaCTPIABI. B ot ohhtbAHTaTa H3 CT3TBH Kanpa [249]:

HoBLIM BajKHBIM nOIIHTHeM B TeopHH S-MaTpHH,H HBJIHeTCH nepe- MenjeHHe yAapeiiHH c o6i>eKTOB Ha co6bithh. CorjiacHO 3rroMy npeA- CTaBJieHHio HanGojiBniee 3naHeHiie hmciot He HacTnpn, a hx peampiH. H eo 6xoAHMocTB TaKoro nepepacnpeAejieHHH yAapeHHH Sauia o6ycJioB- JieHa Tpe60BaHHHMII KBailTOBOM TeopHH H TeopHH OTIIOCHTeJIBHOCTH. KBaHTOBaH TeopHH, C OAHOH CTOpOIIH, HOKa3ajia, HTO CySaTOMIiaH HaCTHH,a MOJKeT 6htB riOHHTa TOJIBKO KaK npOHBJieHHe B3ailMOA6MCTBHH MeJKAy pa3JIHHHMMH HpopOCCaMH H3MepeiIHH. OHa eCTB He H30JIHp0- BaHHHH o6i>eKT, a CKopee, HBJieHHe hjih co6h th c , KOTopoe onpeAejieH- hbim cnoco6oM CBH3HBaeT Apyrne co6bithh. Teopnn othochtcjibhocth, c APyroS CTopoiiH, 3acTaBHJia nac pa3MBiiH.iiHTB 0 HacTHn;ax b TepMH-

110

H a x n p o c T p a H C T B e i i i i o - B p e M e m n i x K a T e r o p a a , p a c c M a T p a B a a h x K a K

a e T H p e x M e p H B i e c o c t o h h i x h , K a K a p o q e c c M , a H e o S t e K T H . I I oaxoa C H 0 3 H P H H / S - M a T p H p H o 6 l > e A H H a e T B C e 3 T H T O H K H 3 p e i I H H . H c n O H B 3 y a

H e T H p e x M e p H H H M a x e M a T i i a e c K H H < J > o p M a jiH 3 M T e o p a n O T a o c a T e a B -

h o c t h , O H a n o 3 B O J iH e T onaciiiB aT B B e e c b o h c t b 3 a A p on oB b T ep w aH ax B C p O H T H O C T C H B 3 a H M O fle H C T B H H H T e M C a M H M yC T aiiaB JT E T B JIC T B a y T p e n -

H io H ) C B H 3 B M e a t f l y a a c T a q a M H a n p o p e c c a M B . K a a t A a a p e a K q n a B O B J ie - K a e T a a c T a p w , K O T o p ia e c o e p a H H i O T ee c p p y r a M a p e a K q a a M a a T a K H M

o 5 p a 3 0 M B B i C T p a a u a i O T q e a y i o c e T B n p o q e c c o B ( c . 2 8 ).

n p e q cT a B a e H a e o a q p o H a x , (J o p M y a a p y e M o e M oq ea a M a « B o o t - s t r a p » 1 ,aacT O (| )op M yaH p yeT caT aK O H np oB on ;n pyion ];eH <J>pa3oa: « K a w - p a a a a c T a q a c o c t o h t ii3 B ce x p p y r a x a a c T a q » . 3 x o , o q iia K o , l ie cjie- ^ y eT noHHMaTB TaK, h t o na>KflBTn a p p o n c o q e p a a iT s e e q p y r a e b K Jiac- caaecK O M CTaTHaecKOM cm b ic jic . A q p o in .i He coq ep a x a T , a C K opee, BOBaeKaroT q p y r q p y r a b qanaM aaecK O M a BepoaTHOCTHOM cM Bicae T e o p n a iS-M aTpaqBi; K a m p ala a p p o n a p ep cT a B jia eT c o 6o a c o c T o a a a e noT eH qaaaB H H X CBH3ea B c e r o M iiom ecTB a a a c T a q , c n o c o 6nBix B 3aaM o- qeacTBOBaTB p p y r c p p y r o M , h t o 6bi paHHBia a p p oH o6pa30B aT B . B 3to m CM H cae Bee appoH B i a p e p cT a B J ia io r c o 6 o a c jio /K h b ic c x p y K x y p t i , KOMnoHeHTaMH k o t o p h x h b j ih io t c h TaKH<e aqpoH B i, a H a o p a ii H3 h h x He S o a e e BJieMeHTapeH (n e p B a a e H ), aeM p p y r n e . CBH3yioin;He ch jib i, y p e p m a B a K a p a e CTpyKTypBi b oSBepaHeHHOM c o c T o a H n a , npoaB JiaiO T c e 6a n ocpeqcT B O M oSM eHa a a c T a q , a b th , yaacTBOBaBniH e b oS M eae a a c T a q n , cu o B a CTaHOBaTca a p p o tia M a . C jiepoB aTejiB H Q , K am p aia ap p oH aM eeT T p a ^ y i iK q a a : o n ecTB CJioiKHaa C T p yK T ypa , o h m o jk c t 6u t b co cT a B H oa aaCTBio p p y r o r o a p p o a a , o h nopjTOKiiT B3aaMHOMy ofiM Ciiy M O icqy p p y r a M a cocT aB irijM ii aacTH M a a TeM caMBiM coCTaB- jiaeT aaCTB c a n , ypep>K H BaioiqH x C T p yK T y p y b o 6i>epHHeHHOM c o c t o h - HHH ( c . 3 6 ) .

A n a a o r a a n o b a 3 H K e : c a o B a b c a o B a p a x o S b h c h h i o t c h a e p e 3 p p y -

r a e c a o B a , h o 3 t o H e 3 a a a a T , a x o C M B ic a K a m p o r o c a o B a c o c t o h t

h3 C M B ic a a T e x p p y r a x c a o B , a e p e 3 K O T O p B ie e r o n i iT a iO T C H o 6 i > a c -

h h t b ; i}> p a rsh r c o c t o h t h 3 c a o B , B e p o a T H O C T i i o n a n a M o p e a c t h y i o i p i i x

p p y r c p p y r o M — 3 t o c x p y K T y p a $ p a 3 B i , n o p o > K p a i o i q a H t o t h o b b i h

C M B ic a , k o t o p b t h B i i e ee i i e o 6 i i a p y > K H B a e T c a b K a m p o M h 3 c o c T a B J i a i o -

r q a x e e caoB, x o t h s t o t c m h c j i b i i h x B e e m e 6 b i j i a a K a i o a e n .

7 . 3aK H ioH H T eaB H B ie 3 a M e a a a a a

3 a K a H a a B a a a r y r a a B y , H ast x o a e T c a B B icK a3aT B c jie p y io ip e e y T B e p m - A e n a e : a e a o B o a e c x B o , b iip h m o , n c e r p a c o 3 i i a B a a o n e A O C T a T o a n o c T B

C B o a x cpeqC T B K O M iiy im K a q m i. Mbrauienae a e a o e e K a a — 6o a e e

1 «CTnrniiannn»: strap — nonoca a j i h naoTHoro cTarnuaHiia.

111

ranpoKo — ero BHyTpeHHHH * h 3 h b , no-BHflHMOMy, noTeHpHajiBHo Sorane, to m h 3 b i k . 3 Ta m h c jib HeopnoKpaTHo h n o -p a 3HOMy Sauia b h - parneiia MuorHMH. B c h o m h h m , HanpHMep, c jie fly io rp y io CTpony H3 c t h x o - TBopeHHH TioTTOBa « S ile n tiu m » : «M b ic jib HspenennaH e c T B jio >k b ». y A. Bjiona:

«Bco, h t o He CKaatemi, cjiobom, y3H an h b o6nHKe tb o 6m».

y A. Ily n iK H iia : «Bjia>K eii k to m ojito 6 biji n o 9T . . .» , y A. O eT a: « K a K 6eseH H am H3B ik !» (cm . p a 6oTy .ZJ. B n a r o r o [ 5 2 ] ) . B m oho- rp a $ H H E . B . 3aBap;cK O H [ 112] npHBopHTCH cjiO Ba yHHTeJiHA. M a T H e ca : «CMOTpHTe n a jk h b o h h c b KaK H a CTpaCTHoe m o ji to h h o i . B c h o m h h m h o «6JiaropopH O M m o ji to h h h B y p p i,i» , k o to p b im o h o t b c t o j i n a TpyflHBie B o n p o c H . H 3B ecT H o n p ep cT a B Jie H n e 06 orpaHHTOHHoCTH c n o B a b «TeopHH MOJmaHHH» B m y a H -p s H — o p n o r o H3 o cn o B a T e Jie fi p ao cH 3M a, K p y n H e fim e ro t c t o h h h flpeBHeKHTaHCKOH c ()h jio c o $ h h . y ry a n B -n ;3 B i: « 3 B y K H e n p o H 3n eceH H o ro cjiO Ba rpoM TO, to m p a c n a T rp o M a h jih 6o h 6 a p a 6a n a » [214]. H cK jnonH T ejiB H o S o j ib i to h p o jib m o jito h h k ) o t b o p h t c h b p e jiH rn o 3HOH $ h jio co (| )h h H o r n [116]: « B c Jiy m H - BaH TecB b TOHKne, e n e cjiH m H H ie r o J io c a m o ji to h h h » ; «CH Jia m o ji to h h h G c c k o h c h h o n p eiio cxo flH T CHJiy j ic k p h h , p a 3 ro B o p o B , BHCTynjieHHH h ^H C K yccH H . . .» ; « H 3h k m o jito h h h — h 3h k B o r a . . .» .

y H lo n e n ra ya p a HHTaeM [210]:

CoScTBeHHan >k h 3 h b m h c jih fljiHTCH t o jib k o po BonnoipeHHH ee b cjioBe: TyT ona oKaMeneBaeT h ocTaeTCHBHpepBMepTBa,h o h c h c t o s h o - BeHHa, nopo6na OKaMenejiHM jk h b o t h b im h pacTeHHHM nepBoSBiT- Horo MHpa. Ee MrnoBeHHyio * H 3HB m o jk h o T a K *e cpaBHHTB c KpH- CTajinoM b MOMeHT ero o5pa30BaHHH.

K o jib cKopo HMeHHo Hama m hc jib o6pe jia c jiobo , ona ynte TepneT ceppemiocTB h r j i y 6oKyio BamnocTB. H annnaH cyipecTBOBaTB p jm p p y - r n x , ona nepecTaeT jk h tb b nac caM nx; KaK peSenoK oTpejineTCH o t MaTepH, BCTynan b co6cTBenHoe cyipecTBOBaHHe (c. 74— 75).

y J[>KOHa P e cK H H a :

P a3BHCHHTB — 3H3HHT, papOM TpaTHTB BpeMH. B^JIOBeK, R H T T H -

rtTTTTT h c h o , noHHMaeT c HaMeKa; t o jio b c k me, nenpaBHjiBHo b h a h ih h h , ne noHMeT h H3 p e jio i: pema (h;h t . no [211] , c. 191).

y X a n p e rre p a :

«IIopjIH HHI>IH» TOJIOBeK TOBOpHT «n op jIH H H O ». JIHmB KOI’fla OH MOJI- HHT (pHT. HO [ 2 1 2 ] , C. 4 3 ) .

112

y K . T . iO H ra [2 1 3 ] :O fln a H 3 c a M H X S o jib ih h x o ih h S o k H araefi K yjIB T yp H — . . . c h jib -

HaH B epa b cjiO Ba h H3Jio>KeHHe, 6e3MepHan nepeopeHKa oSyneHHH C JIO B 3 M H H M C TO p a M H (c. 87).

THJiJienB, n ep coH a jK p oM a n a TycTaBa M efipH H K a « r o jie M » [117], n p o H 3H ociiT c j ie p y r o ip n e cjiO B a: «H e y a :e j iH bb i p y M aeT e, h t o H am a eB- peiicK H e K H iirii c jiy n a n H o H aiiH caiiH o p h h m h corjia ciiH M H 6 yK- B8MH? KaJKpOMy npeflOCTaBJIHeTCH B03M0JKH0CTB BCTaBJIHTB B HHX Te rnacH B ie, KoTOpBie cyMeiOT pacK pH T B T a l l i n n cm b ic ji, H pepH aSH aneH - h h S flJifl H ero o p H o r o , — m ia n e nrnB oe c j i o b o p o j i jk h o 6 h j io 6 h n p e B p a - t h t b c h b M epTB yio p o r M y » .

OcoSeH HO HpKO HpOHBHJIOCB COMHeHHe B CHJie CJIOBa B H3HKe P3 3H. B H aine BpeMH 3Ta m bicjib o t h o t j ih b o c^ o p M y jra p o B a H a h h p h h - CKHM MHCJIHTejieM KpHHIHaM ypTH: «IIoHHMaHHO He HpHXOflHT c o aiia- HHeM. O h o n p n x op H T b H H TepBajie M e * p y c j io b b m h , M e * p y m h c jih m h , b t o t HHTepBan — 6e3MOJiBHe, He H ap ym eH H oe 3HaHHeM; o h o o t k p h t o , HeyJioBHM o, BH yTpeH ne h o j ih o » [118]. B [22] m h HHTaeM: «0 HeM He- B0 3M0 IKH0 roB opH T B , o to m c iie p y e T M ojm aTB » (n a p a p oK C 7), — 3TO nocjiepH H H , saKJHOHHTejiBHBin n ap a flO K c «T p a K T aT a ». H Bee nee jn o p n Bee BpeMH H ipyT h o b H e h 3 h k h . H oB B ie h 3 h k h — 3 t o c o n p e p e jie H - H oS TOHKH 3peHHH HOBHe K yjIB T yp H . H HaM KaJKeTCH BHOJIHe n paB O - MepHHM BHCKa3BIBaHHe O TOM, HTO HCTOpHH HejIOBeHeCKOH K y jIB T yp H — 9TO TaKffie H HCTOpHH 3H8KOBHX CHCTeM.

Pa3BHTHe HayKH H axopH T CBoe 0 T p a *eH H e b pa3BHTHH ee H3HKa. no on p ep en eH H io X a T T e n a [100], «H a y n a n p ep cT a B jin eT c o 6 o h Jim irBH- CTHHeCKoe HJIH CHMBOJIHHecKOe ITpepCTaBJIeHHe OHHTa». nO H TH TO JK6 caM oe roB op H T n . B. K o h h h h [1]: «H 3 b ik — $ o p M a cyipecTBOBaHHH 3H8HHH B BHfle CHCTeMBI 3HaKOB». Y J Ia H rep HHTaeM: «3paHHe H en o- B en ecK oro 3HaiiHH BCTaeT n e p e p h bm h He KaK oS m n p H a fl K ojuieK pH H onHcaHHH nyBCTBeHHoro on H T a , a nan H eK OTopan C T pyK T ypa f ia n m o e , K o m o p u e sie.isimmcsi s h o x o m u , u 3 c l k o h o 8 , n o m o p u e sieAsiiomcsi u x 3 u a -

neHitsiMW> [6 3 ].B. H . B o j io h ih h o b b CBoen KHHre «MapKCH3M h $ h j i o c o $ h h H3HKa»

[1 1 9 ] $ o p M y jin p y e T e ip e 6 o n e e cn jiB H oe yT B epntpeH H e: « B c e n p e o j io - rH H ecKoe o l j ia p a e T sn a n en u eM : o h o n p ep cT a B jm eT , H 3o6pa jK aeT ,3aMem;aeT BHe e r o H a x o p n ip e e c f l , t . e . h b j ih o t c h 3 h o k o m . t d e u em 3n a n a — m aM n em u udeo.ioBuu>>.

H y $ h 3h k o b m h T a K * e MOJKeM BCTpeTHTb H ia jio S n Ha HepOCTa- to h h o c t b coB p eM em iH x H3HKOBHX cp ep cT B . H a n p H M e p , re H 3 e H 6 e p r , OHHCHBan 6 y p H y io p e a K p n io n a pa3BHTHe coB p eM eH H oI $ h 3h k h , roB opH T c j ie p y io ip e e [107]:

. . . s t o 0 3 H a n a e T , n o f f i a j i y i , h t o , h t o eipe H e n a i i p e n n p a B H j iB H H f i

H 3 H K , H a K O T O p O M M 05KH 0 T O B O p H T b 0 H OB O M H O JIO JK e H H H f le jl , H H TO

8 B. B. HamjMOB

HeTOHHHe h oT^acTH n en p aB H jitH M e yTBepJKfleHHH, BH CKa3am iLie b pHAe CJiynaeB b n n a y BOOAyraeBJieHna h o b h m h o t k p h t h h m h , b h - 3BaJiH n oH B J ieH n e b c h k o t o p o A a H e A o p a a y M e H n n . 3 a c c b p e a a h a g t b caMOM A^Jie o T p y A so p a 3pemHMOH n p H n p H n H a jitn o ii n p o 6acM C. ycoB epraeH C T B O B annaa B K cn e p H M o n T a jitn a a TexHHKa n a m e ro Bpe- MeHH B Beaa b n o n e 3penHH ecTecTB03HaHHH coB ep m en n o n oB H e c t o - P o h h H BnennH n p n p o A H , CToponBi, K O Topne He M oryT 6 h t b o n n c a iiB i c noMortHBio h o h h t h h noBceAHGBHoS j k h s h h h j ih t o j i b k o c h om o ih ;b k ) h o h h t h h npeA m ecTB yiom eH $ h 3h k h . H o b TaKOM c n y n a e , k h k h m h 3h - k o m o h h a o h i k h h 6 h t b o n n ca H H ? . . Ho e c jin roBopH TB o c h m h x BTOMHHX HaCTHH;aX, TO HeoSxOAHMO HHH HCH0HB30BaTB (K aK AOHOJIHe- HHe k oSiiHHOM y H3H K y ) t o j i b k o MaTCMaTHHCCKyio cxeM y, h j i h k o m 6 h - HHpoBaTB ee c h 3 h k o m , KOTopBin y n o T p e S a n e T H3MeHeHHyio n o rn K y , n a n Boo6m e n e n o a B 30BaTBca H HKaKofi p a 3yMHo o n p e A e a e H H o i a o -THKOH.

H a n S o a e e a p K o o 6 h h k K ya B T yp H 3an eaa T a eB aeT ca b H 3H Ke ee a p x ro e K T y p H . 3A aH H a — $ p a 3 H 3 t o t o H 3H K a, nocT poem iB ie H3 o t - AeaBH H X KOHCTpyKTHBHHX aaeMeHTOB — 3HaKOB, o6p a3yio in ;H x c a o - BapB H 3H K a. AHCaM 6aH 3AaHHH — TeKCTH 3TOTO H 3H K 8. 3 fleC B n p o - c a e *H B a e T C a H e p a p x m e c K a a C T pyK Typa H 3H Ka a p x H T eK T y p n . B n p o - h c m , TeKCTH B apxH T eK T ype HHorAa M oryT BnpoiKAaTBCH b m yMBi, KaK 3 t o aacTO 6HBaeT b coBpeMeHHBix o a h o t h h i i h x 3 a c T p o n K a x . Ho T orAa y * e H eaB 3a roBopHTB 06 a p x m e K T y p e : n o onpeAeaeH H io K o p 6 i0 3 B e , ap xH T eK T yp a — s t o h o p h a o k .

JIlOAH BC6 B p e M a H m y T HOBHX $ O p M AJIH BHpaJKOHHH H HHOTAa H a xoA H T T a K n e n eoS H H H H e a j i h s a c n y T H , KaK A 33H . H 3 h k , n o a y a n B T o a a o K k C B oeM y c y m e cT B O B a H H io , H a n n n a e T p a 3 B H B a T B ca K aK c a M o - o p r a H H 3 y io m ,a n c n c T e M a , 0K a 3 H B a K )m ;a a b h h h h h 6 H a M H m aeH H e a e a o B e K a . n o -B H A H M O M y, H e HM eeT C M B icaa o S cy jK A a T B 3 a c c b B o n p o c , h t o n ep B H H H o, h t o B T o p H a H o ; (JeH oM eH O H orH H ecK H m h MOJKeM H a6 m o - AaTB h a H a a H 3 H p oB a T B T o a B K o h 3 h k , n o s T O M y HaM y A o S n e e ro B o p H T B 0 6 o a h o h CHCTeMe — o a 3 H K e K y a B T y p H , o e e 3H aK O B ofi c n c T e M e . 3 A e c B x o a e T c a n p H B ecT H B H C K aaBTBanne: « r p a n H ii ;H M o e r o H 3H K a 0 3 H a a a i0 T rpa H H n ;H M o e r o M H p a» [2 2 ] (n ap aA O K C 5 , 6 ) * . B n p o a e M , M H oro p a H B m e h o h t h T y * e M n c a B B H C K a 3 a a T y M 6 oa B A T , yT B ep > K A aa , HTO p a 3 HHHHe B H 3H K 8X — 3TO b O H peA eaeH H O M CMBICae p a3a H H H e b o B3 r a a A e H a M H p. H h o h t h TaK >Ke 3B yaH T B H C K a3H B aH n e Y o p $ a O TOM, HTO M H BOCHpHHHMaeM H pH pO A Y T aK , K aK OHa B H p a * e n a

1 9 t o BHCKa3tiBaHiie oobi'iho pacc.waTpiiBaeTcn KaK CBnjiOTCabCTBO cyoteKTHBn- c tck o h nacTpoeHHOCTH ero aBTopa. ViiecTHO, opiraKo, s a iie n m ,, w o itphbo;(it- Moe BHCKa3UBaHiie noAAaexcji Bnoane papnonantHOMy HCTOaKOBaHiiio, mo/Kct, BonpeKn TOMy, h to «Ha caMo&i aen e* a y n a a BHTrem nTeiig,

114

b H a m e M p o ^ H O M H 3 H K e . E c j i h flam e B C T a T b n a T O H K y a p e n H H JIeS6- H H p a H C H H T a T b , H TO C y i f le C T B y iO T I I C O f jx O f lH M H e — .T O rH H eC K M C — H C T H H B I, O C T a iO m H G C H H C T H H H H M I1 BO B C e X M H C J IH M H X M H p ft X , TO O H H

H e n e c y T H H K a K o i im $ o p iia H ,H H o n a rn e M M iip e n o t o m , K a n m h e r o B o c n p H H H M a e M . O c T a e T C H M a J io H c c jie f lO B a n iiH M B o n p o c o t o m , K a K

H B K a K O TI CTeneH H flJIH H O C H T e jIf l f la H H O H K y j I b T y p H n O H H T H H H 3 H K H

f l p y r n x K y j i b T y p (c K a m e M , K a K m b i n o iiH M a e M — h n o H H M a e M j i h

B o o 6 m ;e — H 3 H K f lp e B H e m if lH H C K O H (Jh i h o c o ^ h h i j i h T e M 6 o jie e H 3 H K

f l3 3 ii ) . H e o 6 x o f lH M O C T b b o 6 o ra m ;e H H H K y j i b T y p H h o b h m h H fle H M H o ip y m a e T C H h o c t o h h h o — O TC iO fla H H T e p e c k f lp y r H M K y j i n r y p a M h

H 3 t iK a M , b k o t o p m x H o c H T e jiB f la H H O H K y j i b T y p H B c e rf la n a f if le T H H T e p e c H o e a j i h c e 6 n .

sfc *

Bee mh 3naeM flpeBiniH boctohiiuh chmboji MyflpocTii: 3Meio, K y- caiomyio ce6a 3a xboct. 3 t o KoaH. H Bee CKa3aHHoe BHnie ecTb hHTepnpeTaij,hh oxoro KoaHa. MyflpocTb qenoBeKa — b cm hk8hhh ce- MaHTHHeCKOH HIKajIH, CMHK3HH H 6e3rpaHIIHHOH pa3MHTOCTH CJIOB C JKeCTKOCTbK) JlOrHKH. 9tO MyflpOCTb HHCTO HCJIOBOHcc.KaH, IieflOCTynHaH HCKyccTBeHHOMy HHTejiJieKTy.

Iguana T p e T t a

H3LIK HayKH

1 . T ep M H H M b H a yK e

B 9 t o m naparpacjie m h nonHTaeMCH paccMOTpeTB H eK O Topne M eTa- JiHHrBHCTH’iecKH e n p o 6jieMH H3HKa H ayK H . H a M npe>Kfle B cero xo- HeTCH OTBeTHTB Ha CJieflyKHpHH B o n p o c : KaK B03HHKai0T H 9 b o jh o d ;h o - HHpyiOT H aynH H e TepMHHH, n on eM y h KaK m h h x noBHM aeM ? KaK 3 t o HH CTpaHHO, TOBOpHTB 06 8TOM COBCeM He HpOCTO. Go IHKOJIBHHX JieT naM BHyniaeTCH HJuiK>3opHoe npeppTaBjieHHe o HeKofi 6 e3yc jioB H o n CTporoCTH H TOHHOCTH CyjKfleHHH B H ayK e. OTCIOfla K a *e T C H , HTO B H ayK e MH flOJIJKHH 6h JIH 6 h CTOJIKHyTBCH C TeM, HTO TepMHHH, HJIH XOTH 6h HaCTB H3 HHX, HOHBJIHIOTCH He TaK, KaK HOHBHHIOTCH HOBHe cjioB a b oSnfleHHOM H 3H K e. fl,o c h x n o p n rap oK o p a cn p o cT p a H e n o npe^CTaBJieHHe o t o m , h t o TepMHHaM HyJKHo flaBaTB onpeflejieH H H B CTporOM JIOTHKO-JIHHrBHCTHHeCKOM CMBICJie 9TOPO CJIOBa. 9 t O 03H a - n ajio 6 b i, h t o K orfla b b o a h t c h h o b h h TeopeTHnecKHH TepMHH, t o 3a h h m p a 3 h H aB cerâ 3aKpenjiHeTCH neTKoe cM n cjioB oe coflepjK aH H e, B H p a- JKeHHoe onpeflen H iom eH e ro $ p a 3 0 H ( h j i h $ p a 3aM H). B fleHCTBHrejiB-HOCTH 3TO, KOHeHHO, COBCeM He TaK. H H3Hin;HHe KOHH;eni],HH CeM3HTHKH H3HKa HayKH (K a p H a n a h ^ p .) cT ponjiH C B n e HHflyKTHBHo, He KaK T eopHH, HHTaiOmaHCfl OCMHCJIHTB H CHCTeMaTH3HpOBaTB p ea jiB H o H aS jiio - HaeM He $aK T H , a êp;y k t h b h o , KaK HeKOTOpan HfleaHH3Hp0BaHHaH, H ornn ecK H coB ep m eH H afl c x e n a — n p orp a M M a flJiH O y fly ip e r o . E c jih k t o - t o Bee * e 3 a x on eT nocM O TpeTB, KaK c $opM ajiB H o-JiorH H ecK H x H03HHHH MOJKHO HOflOHTH K aHaJIH3y HayHHOH TepMHHOJIOTHH, TO eM y m h peK OM enflyeM o6paTHTBCH k oneHB x o p o in o HanncaHHOH, p a n e e y * e ynoM HH aBH iencH KHHre X aT T eH a « H 3 h k coB peM eH H on $ h 3 h k h » [1 0 0 ] .

3H aH H T ejiB H O 6oJiee m iT ep ecH B iM H aM KajKCTCH ,p ;p y ro n , h h c t o 9M HHpHHeCKHH HOflXOp; — BCeCTOpOHHHH, H e H peflB 3H T H H B T e o p e T H - n e c K o M oT H onieH H H a H a jiH 3 B c e r o ceM a H T H H ecK o ro M H o r o o 6 p a 3 H H HayH H OH TepM H HOJIorHH . G 9THX H 03H H H H H aH H C aH a HCflailHO B H in e fl- n ian KHHra AnnHCTeHHa [5 1 ] . BcTaB n a b t o t n yT B , m o jk h o cêjiaTB M H O ro H H T ep eC H H X , K aK H aM KaJKeTCH, H aSjIIOfleH H H , HO H 3fleCB B pH fl j ih m o jk h o HaÔHTBCH, h t o y flacT C H n o cT p o H T B K aK y io-jraS o

116

floc'raToteo o6myio TGopuio, oSBHCHHiomyK) Bee MHoroo6pa3He na6jiio- flaeMHX HBJieHHH.

n p H B e ^ e M H e C K O JIB K O H p H M e p O B , H J IJ I IO C T p H p y iO m H X BCIO C JIO JK -

H O C TB M e X a H H 3 M a o 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H H a y H H L IX H O H H T H H . A b t o p K H H T H [51] n p e jK p e B c e r o o o p a m a c T B H H M a H H e H a t o , h t o n e K O T o p B ie T e p M H H H , T a K H e , K a K « M e T a j n i » , « M e T a j u io H p » , « n o j i y n p o B O f lH H K » , « j i a -

T y H B » , « 6 p o H 3 a » , « c n n a B » h t . p . , M o r y T p a c c M a T p H B a T B C H K a K H e -

K O T O p w e T a K c o H B i — a jie M e H T H , n o J iy n e H H H e b p e 3 y j i b T a T e K J i a c c n -

<|)H K apH H , n p o B e ^ e H H o n n a H e K o e M M H o r o M e p n o M n p o c T p a H C T B e n p n -

3 H a K O B . 8 t h H p H 3 H a K H M O T y T H e 6 h T B H e o S x O f lH M H M H : M e Ta JIJI p T y T B

n p n o 6 h h h o h T e M n e p a T y p e — j k h a k o c t b , x o t h o p H M H 3 n p n 3 H a K O B

M e T a ju ia h b j i h g t c h T B e p p o c T B . O h h M o r y T n e 6 h t b h p o c T a T O H H H M H :

o flH H H 3 n p H 3 H a K o B M e flH — ee T e M n e p a T y p a H J ia B J ie H H H 1082° —

n e H B JIH e TC H flO C Ta TO H H B iM , T a K y i o H ie T e M n e p a T y p y H J ia B J ie H H H H M e iO T

n e K O T o p B ie c n n a B H . I I o M e p e p a 3 B H T H H H a y K H h o h b j i h i o t c h H O B B ie

n p H 3 H a K H H C T a p H e K Jia C C H (| )H K a n ;H O H H H e C X e M H O K a 3 H B a iO T C H H e -

ftO C Ta TO H H B IM H . I IC f lO C T a T O H U B IM O K a 3 a JIO C B T p a f lH IJH O H H O H p H H H T O e

b x h m h h f le j ie n n e s jie M e H TO B n a M e T a j u m h M e T a j iJ io n p H , n o c j i e t o t o K a K n o H B H jio c B o T H e T J iH B o e n p e A C T a B J ie H H e o n o j i y n p o B o p i i H K a x .

n p a B ^ a , n o c jie p n e e y * e C B H 3 a n o c $ h 3 h h c c k h m h , a n e c x h m m h 6 c k h m h

C B 0 H C TB 3 M H B e ip e C T B a . H o M H H e 3 H a e M X O p o m e H B K O , K H K H e H 3 C B O H C TB

H B JIH IO TC fl (f)H 3M H C CK H M H , a K n K H C X H M H H e C K H M H . B o o S i p e H e C O BCeM

H C H O , K a K H p O B e C T H p a S JIH H H C M C /K fly « $ H 3 H K O H » H « X H M H e H » , X O T H

n e T K o e p a 3 r p a H H H e H H e 3 t h x T e p M H H O B H M e e T o n e H B B a w H o e n p a r a a -

TH H e c K o e S H a H e n H c . B p e ^ a K p H H x p e ^ e p a T H B H H x H iy p n a j io B h o c t o h h h o

B 0 3 H H K a K )T H e p a 3 p e iH H M B ie C H O p B I, K y ^ a O T H e C T H T y H JIH H H y iO

c T a T B io — k $ H 3 H K e h j i h k x h m h h , a n o c j i e C M e H H B e p y ip e r o y n e -

h o t o — (fjHSH ica h j i h x h m h k b — H e H 3 o e > K H o M e H H iO TC H p y S p H K a p H H

C O O T B e T C T B y ro m H X B H H y C K O B .n p H H O C T p O e H H H C H C T e M H H a y H H O H T e p M H H O JIO T H H M H C T 8 J IK H -

B a e M C H C T e M H * e T p y f lH O C T H M H , H TO H B o S h H H H X C T a T H C T H H O C K H X

3 a ^ a H a x M H o r o M e p H o n k j i a c c h (Jjh k a h h h . B c T a T H C T H n e c K H x M e T o p a x

K jia c C H ([)H K a n ;H H e c T B m h o j k c c t b o n p n e M O B , n p H B o p H ip H X k c y i p e c T -

B e m io p a 3 JiH H H B iM p e 3 y j iB T a T a M . f l n n K a n if lo r o h s s t h x n p n e M O B

a a fla e TC H j i h h i b n p o p e p y p a k n a c c h $ h p h p o b a h h h , h o H e y K a 3 H B a e T C H

H p a B H JIO flJIH O C T a H O B K H , BO B C H K O M C J iy H a e , H e T K p H T e p H H , H 0 3 B 0 -

H H io m e r o y T B e p H ip a T B , h t o p a j iB H e m n e e p a 3 p e jie H H e H e n p H B o p H T

k n o jiy n e H H io p e i ic T B H T e j ib h o h o b h x T a K c o n o B . Bee p e 3 y J i B T a T H K J ia c c H ^ H K a p H H M o r y T 6 h t b c y ip e c T iie H H o H 3 M e H e H H , e c j i n H e K O T O -

P h m o 6 p a 3 0 M H 3 M e H H T B M e T p H K y n p o c T p a H C T B a n e p e M e H H H x , B H a - m e M c j iy n a e b t o 6 y p e T O K iim ia j ie n T H o n p H p a iiH io T e x h j i h h h h x b o c o b O T p e jiB H H M n p H 3 H a K a M . I l a p o T a K H ie o T p a B a T B c e 6 e o t h o t b t o m , H TO T 8 K C 0 H 0 M H H — BTO 3 a p a H a B 3 H a H H Te J IB H O H M e p e C e M a H T H H e C K a H .

H e p e p n o T p y p H o K o p p e K T H o n o c T a B H T B B o n p o c , K a K n e peajiBHOCTH

117

cooT B 6 T C T B y ioT T a K c o fia M . B o bchKom c a y a a e , « B c e o 6 m ;e r o » K p n x e p H a ffJiH p e m e H H a B o n p o c o B Tanoro p o ^ a nocxpoHTB hchbsh.

K o h o h h o , b n a y r a o M H 3H K e e c x t h x e p M H u u , n o f l a a i o m n e c a h g t - KOM y o n p e fle J ie H H io , CKaJKeM «a x o M B o p a » , « n e p H o e T e a o » , « f lB y x - a x o M H a a M o a e K y a a » , — b t o n p n M e p n , B3HTBie o h h t b H3 k e e t h [ 5 1 ] . Ho a a c t o o n p e ,a e jie H H H , B M r jia flH iiy ie c a o r H H e c K n x no3H n;H H B i io jm e p e c n e K x a S e jiB H o , O K a3M BaK>Tca ne,aocTaTOH H M M H — o h h oxB aT H B aiO T CHHniKOM n ra p oK H H K p y r B e m e n . Tan n o a y H n a o c B c TepM HHOM «flO - K y M e H x ». E r o m o jk h o S b ij io 6h o n p e ^ e jiH T B c j ie f ly io m a M o 6 p a 3 o M : « floK y M eH T O M H a3H B aeT C H H K )6oH M aTepH aH B H H H HOCHTeHB, H a KOTO- p o M s a K p e m ie H a H e K O T o p a a H H iJ iop M aip ia , B H p a J K e m ia a n a hk>6om a 3 H K e » . E c j i h n p H u a x B T a n o e o n p e f l e a e H n e , t o 3 a 6 o p , H a K o x o p o M h t o - h h 6o H a n n c a H o , H eM e^ a eH H o n p e B p a n ja e T c a b floK y M eH T , x o t h 9TO HBHO H e COOTBeTCTByeT HaiHHM H peflC T aB aeH H H M O TOM, HTO eCTB flO K yM eH T . M o jk h o n o n H T a T B c a c n a c T H H o n o J K e n n e , B B e fla a o h o h h h - TenBHO p a f l onepaiûoHnux x a p a K T e p n c T H K , n o T p e S o B a B , h t o 6h flO K y - MeHTOM H a 3 H B a a c a H e b c h k h h H ocH T ea B H H $op M au;H H , a t o h b k o t o t , K O T opH H b m h o j i h h c t o n p e f l e a e H im e , noflji;a iO H i;H eca n c p c H H c n c u H io $ y H K q H H . B o m h o t h x c j iy n a H x BBCfleiiHC on ep au ;H O H H H X x a p a K T e p H - c t h k c y m e c T B e H H o n o M o r a e T . Ho b n a n ie M n p H M e p e c ôK yM eH TO M a x o t o h b k o / j e a a c T B e e em ,e 6 o a e e an eK ôT H H H H M : 0 K a 3 B iB a eT ca — HO H 3B6CTH 0M y M eTK OM y 3aM eHaHHK) — HTO CHOH, nOMCII];eHHBIH b 3 0 o n a p K , — b t o flO K yM eH T , a n p o n n e c h o h h — n e T . H b t o JKe B p e M a m h h o t k o 3H aeM , h t o T a K o e flO K yM eH T . E o n e e T o r o , c y n je c T B y e T H a y n - H a a flH C ijH njiH H a «flO K yM en T a aH C T H K a », H 3 fla iO T ca J K y p n a a a i , b H a - 3BaH HHX KOTO pH X COflepJKHTCH CJIOBO «flO K yM CH T», B K p y H H H X C T p a - H a x /JO KyM eH TaailCTH KOH K aK HayHHOH flHCBjHHHHHOH 3aHHMaiOTCH M u o r n e ^ eca T K H t h c h h a io ^ e a :.

B e p o a T H O , H e HM eeT C M H ca a f la a B in e p a ccM a T p H B a T B B ee b o 3 m o jk - H u e n y T H n o a B a e iiH H TepMHHOB b n a y ic e . npH B C flC iiH B ie B B iine n p n - M ep H flOCTaTOHHH flHH T O ro , HT06h H 0 K a 3 a T B , C K3KHMH TpyflHOCTHM H npHXOflH TCH CTaJIKHBaTBCH H pH HOHHTKe HeTKO OHpejjeJIH TB rpaH H JJH TepM H H a.

C e n a a c m h n e c K o j iB K o n o f lp o S H e e o c T a n o B H M c a n a f lp y r o M b o - n p o c e — H a a n a a H 3 e n e K O T o p H x H B aen H H , c n e p H ^ H a e c K H x f l j i a a 3 H K a H a yK H b u;ejiOM . 3 f le c B m h 6yp;eM r o B o p H T B o r n y S o K o f i c b h 3 h T epM H - HOB C TeopeTH H eCK H M H H peflC TaB aeH H H M H B H a y K e , 06 HX KOflOBOM x a p a K T e p e , o p o a n M e T a $ o p b o6 p a 3 0 B a H H H n a y H H H x c a o B h 0 b o 3 - MOJKHOCTH H CH 0aB 30BaH H H BeCBM a aSC T paK T H H X HOHHTHH C HeOflHO- 3H 8HHHM HX TOHKOBaHHeM H a H 3H K 6 KOHKpeTHBIX H p e^ C T aB aeH H H .

CBH3B TepMHHOB C TeOpHCH. TepMHHH HayKH raySoKO CBH3aHHc e e TeopeTHHeCKHMH KouijenpHHMH [ 1 2 0 ] . Ha nepBHH B3raa;i Ka- jKeTca, h t o MHorne TepMHHH HBaaiOTca npocTO Ha3BaiiHHMH HeKo- xopHX Bemefi Haa HBaeHnn; cnaJKeM, KoM6HHan;HOHHoe pacceaHHe118

( h j i h , H H a n e , p a M a H - 9 $ $ e K T ) e c T B , K a 3 a j i o c B 6 h , n p o c T O H a 3 B a i m e

H e K O T o p o r o $ H 3 H H e c K H HaSniOflaeMoro h b j i c h h h . H o H a c b m o m pejie C M H C JI 3 T O r O T e p M H H a C T a H O B H T C H H O H H T H H M H e H 3 H p O C T O r O y K 8 3 a - h h h H a t o , h t o o h o 6 o 3 H a n a e T , h H e H 3 H e n o e r o c e M a H T H H e c K o r o o n p e -

f l e j i e H H H , a H 3 n o H H M a H H H T e o p n n a T o r o h b j i c h h h . T o m e c a M o e

O T H O C H T C H K T 8 K H M T e p M H H a M , K a K « a T O M » , « 3 J i e K T p O H » H T. f l . y T O H H K

c p e p H e f i ih k o j ib i B K j i a f l H B a e T b s t h c j i o B a h h o h c m h c j i , n e M $ h 3 h k . C m h c j i c j i o b M e H fle T C H c o B p e M e n e M n o M e p e t o t o , K a K p a 3 B H B a iO T C H H a n i H T ia y H T iL ie K o n p e n p H H . B o b c h k o m c j i y n a e , c m h c j i , B K j i a p B i n a e -

M BIH H 3 M H B CJIOBO « a T O M » , C y ip e C T B e H H O O T J IH H a eT C H H O T T O T O , K O T O -

p H H n p n p a B a j m e n y p p e B H H e r p e K H , h p a * e o t t o t o , k o t o p h h 6 h j i b n a n a j i e H a m e r o B e K a .

H o b o t h t o HHTepecHo: oflHOBpeMeHHo b HayKe m o jk c t cyipecTBO- BaTB HecKOJiBKo KOHKypHpyioipHx rnnoTea, b h h x MoryT ynoTpeS- JIHTBCH OpHH H Te Hie TepMHHH, HO C HeCKOJIBKO pa3HHM CMHCJIOM. M oryT cyipecTBOBaTB h TeopHH, CTOHipne opHa Hap p p yron h j i h b k j i i o - HaK>m,He opna p p yryio , KaK, HanpHMep, TeopHH o t h o c h t c j i b h o c t h h KJiaccHHecKan MexaHHKa, h o h h MoryT ynoTpeSjiHTB opHH h Te * e TepMHHH B CymeCTBeHHO pa3JIHHHOM 3HaHCHHH. KaK B KJiacCHHeCKOH MexaHHKe, TaK h b TeopHH o t h o c h t c j i b h o c t h ynoTpe6jiHK>TCH TaKne TepMHHBi, KaK «Macca» h «p;iHHa», h o o h h HHTepnpeTHpyiOTCH n o -p a3- HOMy. K o rp a m h roBopHM b $H3HKe o npocTpaHCTBe, t o m o jk c m h m c t b b BHfly npocTpancTBo KaK c eBKjiHflOBOH, TaK h c HeeBKJiHflOBofi re o - MeTpHen. H b o t h t o y p h b h t c j i b h o — b HayKe o 6 h h h o He BoaHHKaeT H3-3a Bcero 3Toro S o j ib h ih x HenpHHTHOCTen, t b k h x , KaK b $ h j i o c o - $ h h . yneHHe MoryT b c c t h cn op , ocTaBancB npHBep*eHpaMH pa3HHx TeopHH H HCnOJIB3yH OpHH H T6 Hie CJIOBa C pa3HHM HX HOHHMaHHeM. C H03HpHH JIOTHHeCKOH CeMaHTHKH 3TO HpepCTaBJIHOTCH HpOCTO HCB03- MOJKHHM [121], IIpaKTHHeCKH BTO CTaHOBHTCH B03M0JKHHM, KOrpa co c j i o b o m CBH3aHa (JiyHKpHH pacnpepejieHHH CMHCJiOBoro c o p e p * a - h h h , 3apaBaeMaH b HayHHon TepMHHOJiorHH HayHHoi KOHpenpneH. Pa3HHe HayHHBie KOHpenpHH 6y p y r npmtopHTB k pa3JiHHHHM, h o KoppejinpoBaHHBiM ^yHKpHHM pacnpepejieHHH cMBicjioBoro c o p e p * a - H H H . C CeMaHTHHeCKHX H03HpHH HayHHaH pHCKyCCHH HaCTO MO/K0T paccMaTpHBaTBCH KaK HeKan n p op ep yp a, HanpaBjieHHaH Ha t o , h t o 6 h yjiynniHTB CTeneHB corjiacoBaHHocTH anpnopHHX ^yH K p n l p acn p epejieHHH cMBicnoBoro copcpiKaiiHH TepMHHa.

McTaAopiiHccKaH cTpyKTypa h 3 w k s HayKH. E c jin , h h t an HayHHHH TeKCT, m h Ha MHHyTy ocTaHOBHMCH h 3apyMaeMCH Hap xapaKTepoM TepMHHOB, nonaBHiHx b nam e nojie 3peHHH, t o ySepHMCH b t o m , h t o OHH MeTa^OpHHHBI. M h HaCTOJIBKO HpHBHKJIH K MeTa$OpaM B HaHieM HayHHOM H3HKe, h t o p a * e He 3aMenaeM 3Toro. n ep ep h b m h h o c t o h h h o Tanne c j i o b o c o h c t a h it h , KaK «TeHCHiie BpeMeHH», «nojie c h j i » , «TeMnepa- TypHoe nojie», «JiornKa 3KcnepHMeHTa», «naMHTB MamHHM», KOTopne

119

T103B0JIHI0T BHpajKaTB HOBH0 HpeflCTaBJieHHH Hepe3 HeCKOJIBKO He' oShHHOO COHBTaHHe CTapBIX, H3BeCTHHX paHee H HpHBHHHHX COHCTa- HHii. YneH H e, npnanaB npaBO Ha cyipecTBOBaHHe MeTa$op b H3Hice HayKH, flaJIH T0M CBMHM B03M0JKH0CTB BHOCHTB B CTapBie TepMHHH HeCKOJIBKO HHOH CMHCJI HpH HOHBJieHHH HOBBIX TeopeTHHeCKHX Hpefl- CTaBJieHHH. T eo p n n b H ayne HenpeparBHo H3 MeHHK)TCH, h o b t o He n p n - BOflHT k KacK a^y h o b b i x c j i o b . H oB oe oSBHCHHeTCH nepe3 CTapoe, y * e 3HaKOMoe, nepe3 CTapne cjiOBa, a j i h k o t o p h x j ih ih b cjierna, h o HenpepHBHO MenaeTCH a n p n op n aa (JyiiKpna pacnpcflCJiciiHa CMMCJioBoro coflepjKaHHH. B t o - t o ocTaeTCH npeaiHHM, h o TenepB ym e npH o6peTaeT m o h b h ih h Bee, h t o - t o noaBJiaeTca HOBoe, oTjiHHnoe h âm e b KaK0H-T0 CTeneHH npoTHBopeaaipee npejKUCMy cMHCJiOBOMy 3HaHeHHK) CJIOBa.

P o j i b M eTa$op b H3HKe nayKH TenepB yjKe xopom o noHHTa, oco- SeHHo h 3 h h i;h o b t o H3JiojKeno b p a 6 oTe [1 2 2 ], HnTepeceH npHBOflH- MHH TaM npHMep (CO CCHJIKOH Ha [1 23 ]) C TepMHHOM «CHJia» — OflHIM H3 OCHOBHBIX TepMHHOB $H3HKH. Bo3HHKHyB H3 HpeflCTaBJieHHH O He- jioBenecKOH cmrie, o h npom eji fljranHyio h c t o p h i o o t neonjiaTOHOBCKoi $ h j i o c o $ h h , qepe3 K em iep a h HBiOTona flo coBpeMennoH $ h 3 h k h , h h pa3y He nojiyHHB CTpororo onpefleneHHH, ocTaBaacB Bee BpeMH Ha ypoBHe M6T a$opH . H b o t h t o j i k > 6 o h h t h o : h o a h h e h h c b KaKOMy-TO Heoco3HaHHOMy BHyTpeHHeMy flaBJieunio, yncuH c h coBceM HOBBie TepMHHH BBOflflT B HayKy B BHfle MeTa$Op. B MaTeMaTHKe CpaBHH- TeJiBHO HeâBHO b o 3 h h k j i h TaKHe MeTa$opHHecKHe no CBoeMy nponc- xomfleHHK) TepMHHH, KaK «rp y n n a », «Tejio», « k o j ib h ;o » , «perpec- c h h » h «perpeccnoHHHH aHajiH3» (SyKiiajiBHHH c m h c j i cjiOBa regress — ynaflOK), «MaTeMaTHnecKoe o>KHflaHHe», x o t h h o t o m o h h h nojiynnjra CTporoe onpeêjieHHe.

OcTaHOBHMca HecKOJiBKO noflpoSHee Ha cMHCjie nocjieflnero H3 h h x . B oSHfleHHOH peHH c j i o b o «oJKHflaHne» HMeeT onpeflejieniiyio MoâjiB- h o c t b h y n o T p e S j ia e T c a T o r ^ a , K o r ^ a h t o - t o o * H fla e T C H , t . e . h o j d k h o np0H30HTH, HO MOJKeT H He HpOH30HTH. M h MOJK6M OJKHflaTB 3aBTpa x o p o m e l noro^H h j i h npne3fla flp y ra , h o ecjin ceroflna nflTHHpa, t o m h HHKorâ He cKameM, h t o 3 aBTpa omHâeTCH cy66oT a. K o r /ja me MH rOBOpHM O MaTeMaTHHeCKOM OJKHflaHHH CJiynaHHOH BeJIHHHHH, t o HMeeM b BHfly t o ee cpe^Hee 3HaneHHe, KOTopoe o6H3aTejiBno SyijeT HMeTB MeCTO, eCJIH MH npOH3Befl6M yCpeflHCHHC HO SeCKOHeHHO 6 o j i b - m oM y HHCJiy iiaOjiiofleiiHH, o6pa3yiom;HX TaK na3HBaeMyio renepajiB - Hyio COBOKyHHOCTB. MoflajIBHOCTB CJIOBa «0>KHflaHHC» 3flCCB H3MeHH- jiacB, h b t o H3MeHenHe jiornnecKH He oSycjioBneno floSaBJienneM b t o - poro cjiOBa. IIpocTO b onpeêJieHHOM, ^HKcnpoBaHHOM coneTanHH flByX JIOrHHeCKH HeCOBMeCTHMHX CJIOB MH npHTjaGM BTOMy CJlOBOCOHGTa- h h k ) coBceM o c o 6 h h c m h c j i . «H oBoe conocTaBjieHHe c j i o b a o j d k h o co3«aBaTB Hanpam enH e h j i h aScypflnocTB. E c j i h M eTaôpa ne npoBO'

120

i^npyeT m lic j ik , t o oxicX 0 K a3H BaeTCa, c K o p e e , c h m b o J io M , MeTa- $ o p o n » [1 2 2 ] . M eT a$opH H ecK aa CTpyKTypa H3MKa êjiaeT ero He t o j i b k o nojiH M op^H LiM , HO em;e h , TaK CKa3 aTB, HanpHJKeHHHM. B u m e m h yaie ro B op n jiH , h t o n o naSjnofleH H K), C flen an n oM y M . H . IIoflrop eq K H M h H . A . CMOpOflHHCKHM [ 1 0 4 ] , HOBaH aKCHOMaTHKa B $ H 3 HKe B0 3 HH- KaeT n o c n e t o t o , KaK b h h b j i h i o t c h CKpHTHe n p oT H B open n a b paH ee onySjiHKOBaHHHX p a o o T a x . 9 t h n p oT H B op en n a KaKoe-TO BpeMH ocTaiOTCH HeaaMeneHUHMH, no-BHflHMOMy, KaK p a 3 b CHJiy M e T a ^ o p n - qeCKOH C TpyK TypH H3H K a , XOTH 9TOT B o n p o c , KOHGHHO, ny>K/?aeTCH b fla .TtneiinieM yTOHiieiiHH. H o b o t h t o m o jk h o 3 aM eTH Tt: yH eira e , BBOflfl HOBH6 CJI0 B8 , HaCTO HOflflaiOTCfl CK opee HCHXOHOrHHeCKOMy, n eM j i orHHGCKOM y B 0 3 fle iic T B H io . H o t o j i c t k o o S b h c h h t b . n e p e ^ a n a m h c j ih n p o H 3 BOflHTCH n a HornnecKOM yp O B n e, n o b b o c h p h h t h h ee n rpaioT G ojiBinyio p o j i b e m e KaKne-TO n e flo K o n p a noH HTHe h c h x o - jiorH H ecKne $ a K T o p H . M h c j i b Jierne BocnpnHHMaeTCH, ecjin OHa n p o H 3 - BOflHT m o K H p y iom ee BneHaTJienne, c o 3âeT HiiTenjieKTyaJiBHoe H a- npflJKeHne. X o p o n ia H H ayn n aH paGoTa flonncna G h t b H an n caH a H e- CKOJIBKO nenOHHTHO, TOJIBKO HeKOTOpaH HeflOTOBOpeHHOCTB H0 3 BOHJieT nepeâT B TOHKne orreH K H M H CJiei. C jih h ik o m noHHTHHe paG oTH K a- jK yTcn iiH(f)aiiTH.i b h h m h . HenoH H TH ocTB c o 3 flaeTCH Ham,e B cero H a p o - HHTHM H3HKOBHM HOCTpoeHHeM, KOTOpoe CTOJIB HaCTO TepHeTCH HpH n ep eB oê p a G o r a Ha f l p y r o i h 3 h k : m h nacT o He y 3HaeM n e p e B o ^ H c b o h x CTaTen — flo t o t o o h h CTaHOBHTCH CKyHHHMH. M eT a$o p H H ecK a fl CTpyK Typa H3H K a — b t o t o j i b k o o ^ h h H3 npneMOB c o 3flaHHH HHTeji- jieKTyajiBHOH iianpaJK em iocT H . CosflaTCJin icyjiB TypH fl39H, b h ^ h m o , o c o o c h h o x o p o m o h o h h j i h 9Ty n cnxoJiorH H ecK yio ocoG euiiocTB M e x a -HH 3M 8 BOCHpHHTHH CJIOJKHHX K O H H eilpiIH H flOBC.TH e e H CH 0JIB30BaH H 6f l o K p a i i i i H X r p a i i H n , b i i g ^ h k o b h h K a K o c o G B i e a J i o r H n e c K n e $ o p M H

n e p e ^ a H H m h c j i c h .

I I o jI H M O p ^ )H 3 M H a y H H H X TepM H H OB. T e p M H H H H a y K H o S j i a ^ a i O T

e i p e G o j i b i h h m h o j i h m o p $ h 3 m o m , n e M c j i o B a o G H f l e H H o r o n 3 H K a .

H 9T O H O H H T H O — B H H X B K J ia f lB I B a e T C f l G o J I B H ie e C M H C J I0 B 0 6 C O f l e p j K a -

H H e , H e M B C J IO B a o G B Ifle H H O T O H 3 H K 3 . M o J K H O H p H B e C T H C K O JIB y r O f lH O

M H O TO H p H M e p O B , H n n i O C T p H p y i O m H X M H 0 T 0 3 H a H H 0 C T B H a y H H H X T e p

M H H O B . B 9 t o h K H n r e m b i n e c K O J i B K o p a 3 o 6 p a m ; a j i H C B k T e p M H H y

« a n p n o p H a H H H ( ] > o p M a i p f H » . H a n o M H H M , h t o b n p e ^ C T a i i J i e i iH H C T a -

T H C T H K O B 9 T O H II ( f)O p M a ii ;H H , C O flC p J K a ip a H C H B Tl H e p B H X 9 K C H C p H M C H -

T a x n o o T H o m e H H i o k n o c j i e ^ y i o m e M y ( n - f l ) - M y 9 K c n e p H M e H T y .

B n a c T H O M c j i y n a e m o j k o t 6 h t b n = 0 , h T o r ^ a T e p M H H « a n p n o p H a H

H H $ ° p M a n ;H H » G y flC T 0 6 0 3 H a H a T B TO 3 H a H H f l , K O T O p H O G h j i h n o j i y -

H e H H H C C J ie f lO B a T e j ie M flO 9 T O H C e p H H o n H T O B , H 3 K a K H X - T O C O B C eM

f l p y r n x 9 K C H e p H M e H T O B , H M e iO m H X TO H JIH H H O e , M O J K eT Gh t b , h c o -

B c e M K O C B e H H o e o T H o i n e H H e k p a c c M a T p H B a c M o f t n p o G j i e M e . H o n p e f l - C T a B B T e c e G e , h t o b a y ^ H T o p n n , r ^ e ^ e j i a e T ^ o K j i a f l c t b t h c t h k , c h ^ h t

121

4>h.hoco<J>. Oh MOJKex oihhSohho peniMTb, hto 3fleci> peHb Hflei' o B0 3 - po>KfleHHH KaHraaHCTBa. H AeScTBHTejibHO, TepMHH «anpHopiibie cyjK#eHHH» BBeji Kairr, nporaBonocTaBHB ero TepMHHy «anociepHop- HHe cy>KfleHHH» h noHHMan non nepBUMH cyjKnemiH, He 3aBKCHin,He hh ot KaKoro onbiTa. GeSnac jpiH Bcex Hac — He<|>HJioco<|>oB — raoceo- JIOTHHeCKHH CMHCJI 3TOTO TepMHHa OTO BHHyjICH Kyfla-TO flajieKO Ha 3aj HHH HJiaH, HO npH HTeHHH HeKOTOpHX TeKCTOB OH HeMeflJieHHO B03poJK,naeTCH. Ecjih mh b HamHx TeKCTax cêjiaeM cneii,HaJibHyio oroBopKy o HeKaHTOBCKOM hohhmbhhh TepMHHa «anpnopHaH HHiJtopMa- h;hh», to 3to Bee paBHo He cnejiaeT ero 6e3ycjioBHo tohhhm. H b jiHTepa- Type no MareMaTHHecKoii craTHCTHKe HMeeTCH MHoro OTieiiKOB b no- HHMauuii 3Toro TepMHiia, HHor.ua naiKe nejiaioTCH hohhtkh hx Kjiac- CH HKai HH, ho 6e3ycnemHHe. Hejib3H JKe BBecTH bmccto o/uioro hih- pOKorO HOHHTHH MHOJKeCTBO y3KHX — 3T0 3arp0M03flHT H yCJIOJKHHT Harny penb.

G HMeHeM Kama CBH3aHo h nBa npyrax TepMHHa: «aHajiHTHHecKHe cyjKêHHH* h «cHHTeTHHecKne cyjKfleHHH», rnnpoKo npHMenneMHe B co- BpeMeHHOH JiorHKe x. Ohh hphmchhiotch Tenepb He b raoceojiorHHe- CKOM, a TOJIBKO B HHCTO JIOTHHeCKOM CMHCJie. OflHa h Ta me (|)pa3a B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT BHJia HBaeMOTO B Hee CMHCJia MO/iiex paCCMaTpH- BaTBCH oflHH paa KaK anaJiHTHHecKoe cyiKneHHe, npyroii pa3 KaK CHHTeTHnecKoe. H Bee m e ociaeTCH KaKan-To jierKan, e#Ba yjioBH- MaH CBH3B 3THX TepMHHOB C KaHTOBCKHMH HpeflCTaBJieHHHMH. 3ia CBH3B — BHyTpeHHHH HpeeMCTBeHHOCTb MHCJIH. H OflHa H3 <|>yHKI],HH HaynHOH TepMHHOJiorHH — coxpaHeHHe TaKOH npeeMCTBeHHocTH b He- KOH CKpHTOH, HeHaBH3HHB0H <J)OpMe. Pa3BHBaH HOBbie KOHD,enH|HH, MH HX BCe BpeMH H eC K O JIbK O HpOTHBOHOCTaBJIHeM CTapHM, XOpoHIO 3H3K0MHM HOCTpoeHHHM H TeM CBMHM HpHâeM HOBHM CyjKHCHHHM H3- BeCTHyiO KOHTpaCTHOCTb.

IIojihmop4>h3m HeKOTopnx HayHHHx TepMHHOB noflBeprajica cne- i HajibHOMy H3yneHHio. TaKofi Hecra ynocTonjica onenb moahlih ceiinac TepMHH «MOflejib» — ero H3yneHHio nocBHin,eHa cthtbh HiKao lOaHb- jKeHH [125]. Oh npHBOflHT chhcok 30 chhohhmob, hjih xapaKTepncTHK,«M O êjIH » H 9 HeCHHOHHMOB — HOHHTHH, HpOTHBOHOCTaBJIHeMHX M0-

1 B TpaHciieHjieHTajibHOH jiorHKe Kama cimTCTHTecKmui anpiiopHHMii cyjKne- HHHMH Ha3HBaiOTCH TaKHG CyjKAeHHH, KOTOptJC HBJIHIOTCH anpHOpHMMII, T. e . BHeonuTHHMH, HecMOTpH Ha to t t o b h h x jiorinecK oe cKa3yeMoe He .'iaKaioaeuo b n03Jie;Kaiu,e.\i, — 3 to b HeKOTopoM CMi.icjie npo>K,T;ennrje cy>i;,T;onii>L. B cob- peMeHHOH jiorHKe cuiiTeTii'iecKiiini o6i.irm o caHTaioTca Te cyjKaemiH, KOTopue HecyT onpeHejienni.ie cBeêHiia o BHenmeM Miipe, hm upoTHBouocTaaiiHioTCH aHaJiHTHaecKHe cyjfcneiiHH — TaBTOJionm, h ctiih h octb k o to p h x ho 3aBiiciiT o t CBB3H c BHemHHM MHpoM. jJ,cjienn() cyjKjjeHHH Ha anajiirniTecKiie h CHHTe- T H iecK H e, HecMOTpa Ha bcio ero yc.iOBnocTB, Bee ace 0Ka3i.iBacTca o 'le n t no- H63HHM h npn jiornaecKOM anajni3e n ayam .ix TeKCTOB. rioTpooiiee oo stom cm. cTaTbio E. Cmhphoboii [124].

122

fle a H . M h BIlflHM , HTO CJIOBa, CHHOHHMHBHHe C OflHHM H TeM Hte CJXO- b o m , H e B c e r ^ a c h h o h h m h h h b i M e>Kjiy c o 6o f i , a im o r j i a o j i i i o h t o j k b

c j i o b o ^ a a t e H e c h h o h h m h b h o ca M o M y c e 6e . H H T e p e c H a H C T o p a n p a 3 - BHTHH CMHCJIOBOTO COACpjKaHHH CJIOBa «M O fleJIb». B anrjIIIH CKOM H3H K e o h o o 6o 3i ia a a e T HeaTO o 6 p a 3 p o B o e h j i h H fle a jib H o e . B M aT eM a- t h k v c j i o b o «M 0ric J iB » S t j j i o BBC^eno, no-B H flH M O M y, K j i c h h o m (70-e t o a h X IX b . ) , a 3aTeM P a c c e j r o M . O a h o h 3 n p a M eiieH H H 3 t o t o n oH H - t h h b M aT enaT H K e CBH3aH0 c K O H A en p a eH o T H o c H T e jib H o a H en p oT H B O -peHHBOCTH.

B m n e m b i y a c e r o B o p H J in , K aK H O B aa c n c T e M a a K c n o M , C K aaieM aKCHOMbi reoM eT p H H P i iM a iia , M O A e jin p y e T c a H a n o B e p x n o c T H c<]>epbi B T pexM ep H O M eBKJIHAOBOM n p oC T p a H C T B e. T aK H M O 0pa3O M , aKCHOMbi P n M a H a n p e B p a ip a io T C H b T e o p e M H reoM eT p H H E B K jiH A a , h O T cioA a cJ ieA y eT , h t o n o c T y jia T H P n M a H a H e n p o T H B o p e a H B H , e c j i n H e n p o T H B o - peH H Ba eBKJiHAOBa reoM eT p H H , a n o c T y jia T H E b k j i h a 8 , K aK H O K a3aji T n j ib S e p T , b h h o j i h h i o t c h H a H eK O T o p o fi a j ir e S p a n n e c K O H m o a c jih h , c jieA O B aT ejib H O , H e n p o T H B o p e a H B H , e c j i n H e n p o T H B o p e a H B a a j i r e S p a .B 9t o m c M b ic j ie M O A ejib 0K a 3H B a e T c a m h o /k c c t b o m B e m e n , b K O T o p n e BKJiaAHBaiOTCH CBOHCTBa H OTHOHieHHH, 3 a A a B a eM H e HeKOTOpOH T e o - p a e n , — t o h T e o p n e t , K O T o p a a M O A e J ia p y e T c fl. I l p a 3 to m OAHa h Ta ?Ke T e o p a a m o jk c t M O A e jin p o B a T b c a H a p a 3 H H x o S b e K T a x .

M a c T o c o B ce M h h o h c m h c j i BKJiaAH BaeM m h c e f i a a c b TepM HH «M aT e- M aT H H ecK oe M O A e jr iip o B a m ie » , n oH H M a a h o a 3 th m H eK O T op oe y n p o i p e n - H o e h B ecb M a n p a S jiH J K eH H oe M a a eM a T H a ecK oe o n n c a H H e c j i o j k h o h c n cT e M H [ 8 1 ] . C j i o b o «MOACJib» b s t o m c J iy a a e n p o T H B o n o c r a B J ia e T c a 3aK O H y H a y K H , oTH O C H TejibH o K o T o p o r o n p e A n o a a r a e T c a , h t o o h onH C H B aeT H B aeH H a n p n p o A H H eK O TopbiM « 6 e 3 y c a o B iiH M » o 6 p a 3 0 M . O A n a a T a JKe c a o J K H a a c n c T e M a M om eT o n a c H B a T b c a pa3H H M H M OAe- a a i r a , K a a tA a a H3 h h x o T p a a c a e T T o a b K o K a n y io -T o C T o p o H y H 3 y a a e - m o h c n c T e M H . 3 t o , e c a H y r o A H o , B 3 r a a A H a c a o a o i y i o CHCTeMy b H eKO - T o p o M o n p e A e a e H H o M a 3aB eA O M o y 3K0M p a K y p c e . B 9t o m c a y a a e , e c T e c T B e m io , a H e B 03H H K aeT 3 a A a a a AHCKpHM HHapHH — p a 3 a a a H H e M O A eaa M o ry T HM eTb n p a B o H a oA H O B peM eH H oe c y m e c T B O B a H a e . Mo- A e a b b 9 to m HOHHMaHHH B eA eT c e 6a b K aK 0M -T0 C M bicae TaK JKe, K aK o n a c b iB a e M a a e io c n c T e M a , a b K aK O M -To A p y r o M c M H c a e — H H a a e , h 6o M O A ea t n e HAeHTHHHa o n a c b iB a e M o a cu cT G M e. I I o a b 3y a c b jiH H rB H - C T H aecK oft T e p M H iio a o r a e n , m h a o .u k t im S h j ih 6h c K a 3a T b , h t o M am e- MomuuecKasi .wode.ib e c T b n p o c T o Mema0opa. 3 T a H H T e p e cH a a m h c j i b 1 6h j i a B b ic a a s a H a X a T T e n o M [1 0 0 1 .

C e a a a c m o jk h o n o cT a B H T b B o n p o c : n o a e M y M a T e M a T a a e c K o e MOAe^ a a p o B a n a e c j i o j k h h x c a c T e M , r a a a x , c k o t o p h m h m h crajiK H B aeM C H B npOH 3BOACTBeH HbIX yCJIOBHHX HJIH B SaOJIOTHaeCKHX HJIH COAHOJIOrH- a e c K H x H ecjieA O B aH H H X , C T ajio b o 3 m o jk h h m ji a n i b c o B c e M H eAaBH O? Bpa*> 3a iJocjieAHee ppeMH ne noHBHJiocb K a K a x - jr a C o npHHunnHaJibHO

m

h o b h x , p a H e e H e H 3B ecT H H X M a ieM a T H n ecK H x H fle n . O t b c t n a o t o t B o n p o c o n e H b n p o C T o i i : H 3 M eH H jia cb n c i ix o n o r H H H c c jie flO B a x e jiH , n o H H 3 ii j i i ic b T p e S o B a n H H , n p e flb H B JiH eM bie k M aT eM aTH necK O M y o n u c a - h h k ) H B JieH iiii B H e n iH e ro M iip a . H 3 C T a T y ca «3 aK O H a » o h o n e p e n u i o B C TaTyC «M e T a $ O p H » . A K B03M 0W H 0CTH H Cn0JIb30BaH H H M eTai|)op b H a y K e n c n x o j io r n H e c K H m h x o p o m o n o flroT O B J ieH H . Bee c n o p HO B 03M 0W H 0CTH HJIH H 6B03M 0W H 0CTH npH M eH eH H H MaTCMaTHHCCKHX M e- TOflOB B COflHOJIOrHH CBOflHTCH TOJIbKO K HOHHMaHHIO CMHCJia CJIOBa «M O fleJ ib». E c jih e e n oH H M aT b K aK h t o - t o aH aJiorH H H oe 3 a K o n y n p n - p o f lH , t o H H n ero c f le n a T b H e jib 3 H , e c jiH w e e e n oH H M aT b K aK M eT a- < £ o p y , t o B e e B 0 3 p a w e H H H c p a 3 y CHHMaioTCH.

B epH eM C H e m e p a 3 k c o n o cT a B J ie H H io f lB y x o c h o b h h x n o f lx o f lO B K HOHHMaHHK) M OflejIH B M aTeM aTH K e. B M aTeMaTHHeCKOH JIOTHKe «MO- f l e j ib » — 3t o H H T ep n p eT a p H H T e o p n n H a H eK O T opoM M iio w e c T B e oS b eK T O B . O flH a h T a w e T eop H H M o w e T , K aK m b i y w e t o b o p h j ih B H m e , 6 h t b M O fle jin p o B a H a H a p a 3 H H x o S b e K T a x . 3 f l e c b e c T b M H ow ecT B eH - HOCTb B H H T ep n p eT a flH H OflHOH KaKOH-TO T eop H H , HO 9Ta M H O W eCTBeil- H o c T b H e h o c h t M e ia c J o p H H e c K o r o x a p a K T e p a . B npnK JiaflH O H M aTeM aTH K e «M O fle jib » — s t o n e K O T o p a n T eop H H c j io w h o h c h c t c m t j , b h - p a w e H H a n H a M a T eM a ra H ecK oM H 3 H K e. 3 f l e c b y w e OflHa CHCTeMa M Ofle- J ln pyeT C H pa3H U M H MOfleJIHMH — T eopH H M H , H 9TH MOfleJIH B e fly T c e 0 H K aK M e T a $ O p H . Pa3JIH H H e B HOHHMaHHH TepM HH OB, K aK M H BHflHM, 0K a3H B aeT C H o n e H b r jiy S o K H M .

H H o r f la b OflHOH h t o h w e o S j i a c r a 3H 3 h h h h f l a w e b o a h h x h T e x w e TeKCTaX npHXOflH TCH H 0JIb30B aTbC H TepMHHOM «M O fle jIb », B K JiaflH B aH B H e r o COBCeM p a3H H H CMHCJI.

H H T epeC H H M OKa3aJIOCb pa3H O H TeH H e B HOHHMaHHH TepMHHH «MO- f le j ib » b M aTeMaTHraecKOH JiHHrBHCTHKe. I In T a H C b BH ecTH c T p o r y i o h 6 e 3 y K o p H 3 H e H H y io h c h o c t b b c y w fle H H H , 10. A. I l l p e n f l e p 14] floSaB H Ji k 9TOM y T epM H H y rp H H H fleK ca « m » , « ji» h « k » . T epM H H «M O fle jib M» cooT B eT C T B y eT y H e r o t o h h o on p e fleJ ieH H O M y h o h h t h io M OflejIH b M aTeM aTH Ke — 9t o , r p y 6 o r o B o p n , H H T e p n p e T a p n H T eop H H . T ep M H H « m o - f le j lb ,) ) eCTb TO, HTO HOHHMaeTCH HOfl CJIOBOM «M O fle jIb» B JiH H rBH CTH Ke,— 9t o e c T b ca M a T eop H H , t . e . H eK O T op oe rn n o T e T H H e cK o e H a y H H oe n o - c T p o e H n e . O K a 3 a j i o c b , h t o « . . . o T H o m e iiH e « 6 h t b M O fle j ib io ,» o S p a T H o K OTHOHieHHK) « 6 h TB M O flejIbIO M» » . H a K O Iie fl , TepM H H «M O fle jIbI,» eCTb K H S ep H eT H H ecK oe HOHHM aHne 9 T o r o c j i o B a . O K a 3H B aeT C H , h t o

M OfleJIbt = M O fle jIbM flJlH MOflejIH^,

t . e. «MOflejibt» HeKOToporo peajibHoro oSbeKTa ecTb MaTeMaTHHecKan MOfleJIb («MOflejIb,,») HeKOTOpOH TeopHH («MOfleJIH1») 9TOro oSbCKTH [4]. Befla b tom, hto ecJiH h BceM flpyrnM bobmowhhm 3HaneHHHM CMHCJia cjioBa «M0flejib» npHHHcaTb cboh HHfleKCH, to ywe naBepHHKa hhkto He cMOwe? HOJibSOBaxbcH othm cjiobom, B CBoeii penn, ocoSemio b jio-

124

K Jia#ax h jie K p n a x , m h h o c to h iih o H cnojib3yeM cjio b o «M o#ejtb» b p a 3 - h h x CMHCJiax. H cJiym aTenH b to noHHMaioT. H o B p a # jih o h h h t o -j ih 6o noH M yT, e c jin p en b , cKajKCM, 6y#eT c t p o h t l c h TaK : «n ocT p o H B M o#ejib B HHTHaflpaTOM CMHCJie 3TOTO CJIOBa. . . MH npHHIJIH K HOHHMaHHIO c jio b b «M o#ejib» b ee #B a#p aT b ce#bMOM 3HaHeHHn. . .» H Bee Hte aH a- j ih 3 CMHCJia cu o B a , aHajiorHHHHH TOMy, KaK 3t o c # e jia a 1 0 . A . I H p e i - # e p , n o # n a c 6biBaeT on eiib nojie3H H M .

B KOHpe iia m efi KHHrn b npHJioHteHHH I npH Be#eH c h h c o k b h c k 3 - 3H B 3HHH o TepMiiHe «CTaTHCTHKa». O h HHTepeceH npejK fle B cero TeM, h to n oK a3H B aeT , KaK b n p o p e c c e pa3BHTHH iiayK H p a c n r a p a jic a h o 6o r a - ip a jic n cm h cji 9Toro c jio B a . B n ep B bie c jio b o « s ta t is t » m h H axo#H M b xynoH tecTBeH H on j im e p a T y p e [ 1 2 6 ] : b «raM JieTe» (1 6 0 2 r . , aKT 5 , cp eiia 2 ) , b «L(HM6ejinH e» (1 6 1 0 h 1 6 1 1 r r . , aKT 2 , c p e iia 4 ) h b « B o 3 - BpaipeHHOM p a e » (1 7 1 0 r . , KHHra 4 ) , h cm h cji 9 t o t o cjioB a TaM He oneiibnOHHTeH. no-BH flH M OM y, OHO HpOHCXO#HT OT JIHTHHCKOrO CJIOBa Sta- tu s , h to o6o3H an aeT nojiH TH necKoe cocTOHHne. 3aT eM TepMHH «c T a ra - cTHKa» noHBJiaeTCH h b H a yK e . T p y 6o r o B o p a , m ojkho HaMeTHTb TpH o c h o b h h x 9T ana b 9bojiioh;hh e ro cM n c a o B o ro co#epjK aH H H . B H a n a a e 9 to S h jio y n e n n e 06 9kohom hh 6C kom c o c to h h h h r o c y # a p c T B a , o c h o - BaHHoe Ha aHaJiH3e Tex 9 k o h o m h h 6c k h x $ a K T o p o B , KOTopHe B H p a - 3HMH KOHHHeCTBeHHO. B03M 0JKH 0, HTO B TaKOM 3HaneHHH 9TOT TepMHH yjK e 0K a 3a jic a CBH3an co cjiobom S t a a t , h to no-H eM epK H 3H a- h h t rocyflap C T B o. H a b to p o m 9Tane p a 3BHTHa n o # TepMHHOM «CTaTH- CTHKa» CTaan noiiHMaTb oS p aS oT K y jh o S ijx KOJiHHecTBemio n pe#C T aB - jih o m u x # a n n u x , r # e 6u o h h h h 5 h jih n o a y H e iiH — b H ayK e h jih b K aK O H -jm So flp y r o fi c<|>epe # ea T ea b H 0 CTH jn o # e 0 . H a 9to m 9TaneCTaTHCTHKH He SeCHOKOHJIHCb O TOM, KaK H 3aHeM 9TH #aHHbie 6bIJIH noayneHH. H HaKOHep, b Hame BpeMa TepMHH «cTaTHCTHKa» HHor#a onpe#ejiaioT oneHb nrapoKo — KaK MeTaHayKy.

OSbeKTOM 9toh HayKH 0Ka3HBaK)Tca aornKa h M eTopoaoraa # p y - ra x HayK, norniia npHHaraa pemeHHH b # p y rn x HayKax, norHiia 9KcnepHMeiiTa. H o cto jib nm poKoe noHHMaHHe oTHK>#b He HBjiaeTca oSipenpHHaTbiM. H b H am i #hh mojkho ycauinaTb paccyjK#eHHH o tom, HTO MeTO#aMH CTaTHCTHKH Ha#0 H0ab30BaTbCH C OCTOpOJKHOCTbK), He 3a6HBaa o npiiMaie KanecTBeiiHoro Ha# KOJiHHecTBeHHHM. E cjih 0#IIH CTaTHCTHKH CHHTaiOT SeCCMHCJieHHblM #ejIHTb CTaTHCTHKy Ha MaTeMaTiiaccKyro CTaTHCTHKy h npocTO CTaTHCTHKy KaK HeKyio o 6ipe- CTBeHHyio #HCHHnjiHny, to # p y n ie CHHTaiOT 9t o 6e3ycjioBHo Heo6- xo#HMbiM. M ojkho BCTpeTHTb h yTBep>K#eHHH, h to sa#ana cTaracTH- kh ■ 9to npiiHHTiie peraemiH b ycjiOBiiax neonpe#eaeHHOCTH. 3 t o onpe#eaenne b KaKOM-To CMweae yjne, neM onpepenem ie CTaTHCTHKH KaK MeTaHayKH, — 0ho He BKJHonaeT b paccMOTpeHne Bcex BonpocoB, cBa3aHHbix c aornKOH Tex HayK, KOTopue hbjih iotch oSbeKTOM MeTa- TeopHH, HO b to jKe BpeMa oho h n ra p e , TaK KaK #ojijkho BKJHonaTb

125

b c e 6 n h n p o S jie M H T eop H H H r p , h 3 a p a n n h p h h h t h h p em eH H H b p e n o - b o h c $ e p e (b KOM M eppH H h y n p a B jie H H H n p ep n p H H T H H M n ). X o n e T C H a p e c B n o p n e p K H y T b , h t o o S c y jK p e H H e c m h c ji a T epM H H a «M aTeM aTHM e- c K a n CTaTHCTHKa» — H e n p o c T O p a 3 r o B o p o r p a H H p a x t o h h j i h h i io h HayHHOH p u c m in jiH H L r , a nenT O r o p a 3 p o S o j ib iu e e : o t o o S c y jK p e H n e OpHOH H3 n p o S jie M (|)HJIOCO(|)HH H a y K H . B CHOP O CMHCJie, B K JiapH - BaeMOM B TepM HH «CTaTH CTH Ka», BHJIHJiaCb flHCKyCCHH 0 POJIH B epO H T- HOCTHOTO H O pX O pa B oSoCH OBaH H H MeTOpOJIOTHH H ayM H H X H C C Jiepo- BaHHH.

B 3 to m oT H o m eH H H o c o S e H H o H iiT e p e c H o p e 3 K o e p a c x o H ip e H H e b o p e H K e p o j i h 3aK O H a 6o j ib h ih x n n c e ji b o ftjiacT H c o p n a J iB H H x HBJieHHH, n p oH B H B H ieecH b c t h t b h x n o cTaTH CTH K e, n o m eip eiiH L IX B « O i i - JIOCO$CKOH 3H pH K JIonepH H » H B «BoJIBHIOH COBeTCKOH 9HpHKJIOHepHH»(c m . c . 2 9 4 ) . 3 t o y a i e H e n p o c T O p a c x o j K p e m i e b m h g h h h x p B y x aB - T o p o B , h o H en T o r o p a 3 p o S o j ib m e e — p a c x o iK p e H H e b o p e H K e aaKOHa SoJIBHIHX HH CejI, paH H O e B p B y X B e p y ip H X COBeTCKHX 9HpHKJIOHepHHX. IIpH M eH aT ejIbH O H TO, HTO COOTBeTCTByiOipHe TOMa 9HpHKJIOHepHH BHHIJIH B OpHH H TOT JKe TOp.

C t o j i b JKe H H T e p e cH o fi M orJ ia 6bi S b itb K O JiJieKpnH o n p e p e jie H H ii PJIH TepM H H a «HH(|>OpMapHH» — OpiIOTO H 3 OCHOBHHX HOHHTHH KH -SepH eT H K H . M h o r p h h h h h m c h 3p e c b TeM , h t o n p H B e p e M t o j i b k o H e- K O T O pH e H3 h h x :

H . B H H E P [3 8 ]

H H $ o p M a p H H — 9 t o o 6 o 3H a H eH H e c o p e p jK a H H H , n o j iy n e i iH o r o H3 B H e n ra e r o M H p a b n p o p e c c e H a m e r o n p H c n o c o S jie H H H k n e M y h n p n - c n o c o S j ie i in H k H6M y n a im i x nyB C T B ,

H . H . K O H f l A K O B [1 0 2 ]

I lH $ O p M a p H H . . . — OPHO H3 CBOHCTB H pepM eT O B , HBJieHHH, H pO - peCCOB oSbeK TH B H O H peHCTBHTejIBHOCTH, C 0 3p a H IIH X HeJIOBeKOM y n p a B - J iH ioip n x M an iH H , 3 a K jiio H a io ip e e c H b c h o c o S h o c t h B o cn p n H H M a T B B H y T p eH H ee c o c T o H H n e h B 0 3 p e n c T B H e O K p y jK a io ip e H c p e p H h c o x p a - h h t b o n p e p e jie H H o e B peM H p e 3 y jiB T a T H e r o ; n e p e p a B a T B CBepeHHH o B H yT peH H eM c o c t o h h h h h n a K o n jie H H b ie paH H B ie p p y n i M n p e p M e r a M , HBJieHHHM h n p o p e c c a M .

A . H . M H X A H J I O B , A . H . B E P H B I f i , P . C . r H J I H P E B C K H H [ 1 2 7 1

H H $ O p M a p H H — oSbeK T H B H O e COpepJKaH H e CBH3H M e jK p y B 3aH M O - peH CTByiOipH M H MaTCpiia.TBTILIMH o S b e K T a M H , HpOHBJIHIOipeeCH B II3- M epeH H H COCTOHHHH 9THX o 6T.eKTOBs

r. r. B O P O E b E B [128]HH$opMau,HH — 9to (JmnocoiJjcKaH KaTeropHH, paccMaTpnBae-

Man Hapnffy c TaKHMH hohhthhmii, uait npocTpaHCTBo, BpeMH, MaTe- pHH. B caMOM oSipeM Biifle HHiJtopMapHio mojkho npe^CTaBHTb KaK cooSnjeHHe, t . e. <|>opMy cbh3h «MejKfly hctohhhkom, nepeâion^HM coo6m;eHHe, h npneMHHKOM, ero npHHHMaion],HM».

0 . C. A X M A H O B A [129]

. . . HH$opMau;HH (anrji. inform ation).CBeêHHH, coflepjKam,HecH b ânnoM peneBOM cooSmeunn h pac-

CMaTpHBaeMHe KaK oSbeKT nepe#aHH, xpaHeunn h nepepaSoTKH.

X A T T E H [130]

. . . HHi|)opMaqHH o6o3HaxiaeT nopHôK; KOMMyHHKapnH ecTb co- 3flanne nopa/pta H3 SecnopaflKa hjih no KpanHen Mepe yBejmaeHHe CTeneHH toh ynopnfloneHHocTii, KOTopan cymecTBOBajia nojiynehhh coo6m,eHHH.

a . a . y p c y j i [131]. . . H H $op M an ;H H b caM O M o S n je M c a y a a e — 3 t o p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 H e ,

K O T o p o e oflH H o S b e K T c o ^ e p m H T o f lp y r o M , 3 t o B 3 a n M H o e , O T H ocH T en b - n o e p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 n e . G h o 3 h ii ,h h T e o p n n o T p a m e H H H HH<|)opMapHH m o - jKeT SbiTb n p e ^ c T a B jie H a K aK O T p ajK eH H oe p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 H e , K aK p a 3 i i o - o 6 p a 3 n e , K O T o p o e o T p a iK a io m H H o S b e K T co /ie p jK H T 06 o T p a m eH H O M .

Aam e 3Ta coBceM He6ojibmaa nojjSopKa onpeêjieHHH hohhthh «HHi|)opMai],HH» noKa3HBaeT, ckojib nojiHMopiJmo no CBoeMy cmhcjio- BOMy 3HaneHHio 3to cjiobo. 3flecb pa3BHTne nojiHMop<|>H3Ma cBH3aHo iipemfle Bcero c TeM, n o h h o ^ h o m3 onpejjejieHHH He oTBeaaeT HamnM HHTynTHBHbiM npeflCTaBJieHHHM o CMbtcjie 9Toro cjioBa. H BCHKan nonuTKa onpeflejieiinn npHnncbiBaer BTOMy cnoBy KaKne-TO coBep- meHHo HOBue Hepm, oTHioflb He pacKpuBaioipHe, a cyjKaronpie h TeM caMMM 3aTeMHmoHi;He ero cmhcji h yjKe 6e3ycjioBHo yBenHHH- Baiomne ceMaHTHnecKHH hojihmop(|)H3m 3Toro CJioBa. HanpnMep, onpeêjieHHe A . H . MnxafijioBa h np. mecTKo cBH3HBaeT qtot Tep- mhh c MaTepnanbHbiMH o 6beKTaMH h TaKHM o6pa3oM HCKJiroaaeT H3 hohhthh «Hin|)opMaii;HH» Harne npe^CTaBjieHHe o TeopeMax b MaTeMa- THKe, npn flOKa3aTenbCTBe KOTopwx ym , KOHeano, He npoHcxoflHT B3aHMOflencTBHH MaTepnaJibHbix oSbeKTOB. IIpeflCTaBjieHHe o6 hh-(|)OpMaqHH KaK 06 oSbeKTHBHOM COêpjKaHHH CBH3H Meffi^y B3aHMOflefi- cTByiomHMH MaTepnajibiiuMH oGbeKTaMH 3acTaBjineT Hac hckjiio- HHTb H3 3TOH KaTeropHH II My3HKaJIbHbie npOH3BefleHHH, H0O BpHfl JIH ohh HMeioT oSbeKTHBHHH xapaKTep. JKenaHHe paccMaTpnBaTb HHi|)opMai^HK) npejKfle Bcero KaK $H.noco<|>cKyio KaTeropnio, aHano-

127

BHHHyio, ckajKeH, npocipaHCTBy h BpeMenn, oTfjpaciifiaeT h Bc Haaap, ko BpeMeHH, Kor.ua npocTpaHCTBo h BpeMH He Sh j ih eipe npep- MeTOM KoHKpeTHoro HayHHoro HccjiepoBaHHH. B onpepejieHHH0 . G. AxMaHOBOH MempyHapopHoe c jiobo «HH<|>opMapHH» npocTO 3aMeHHeTCH pyCCKHM CJIOBOM «CBepeHHH», CMHCJI KOTOporO AaJIBme HHrpe He pa3T>HCHHeTCH. Ha c jiobo «CBepeuHH» h b k j iapHBaeTcn c h jib - Hoe orpaHHHeHHe: 0Ka3HBaeTcn, h to HHijopMapHeH h b jih io tc h He Bee cBepeHHH, a to j ib k o Te, KOTopHe copepmaTcn b paHHOM peneBoM co- oSmeHHH. HepeneBtie cBepeiiHH, cuameM pe3ynBTaTH uaGjnopenHH, 3aniicaHHHe b BHpe k p h b h x h j ih p ii c k p e t h h m kopom Ha MarHHTHOH jieHTe, yme 0Ka3HBai0TCH ncKJiioHeiiHMMH H3 h o h h th h HHi|)opMan;HH. H3 Bcex npHBepeiiHux BHCKa3HBaHHH npHHTHee Bcero 3BynHT onpe- pejieHHe, paHHoe $h3hkom XaTTeHOM. O ho He oxBaTHBaeT Been rJiy- 6H H H Tex Hpe CTaBJieHHH, KOTopHe CBH3aHH C 3THM TepMHHOM, HO, bo bchkom cjiynae, oho oTpamaeT to copepmaHne, KOTopoe BKjrapH- BaiOT B Hero $h3H kh h , nomajiyH, cnepnajraCTH no KnSepHeTHKe. JIloSoHHTHO OTMeTHTB, HTO 9T0 OHpCpCJieHHe 0Ka3HBaeTCH C03ByHHHM caMOMy CTapoMy npepcTaBJieiiino 0 p o jih cjioBa b MMpoapaiiiiH. B EBaHrejiHH o t HoaHHa cKa3aHo: «BHanajie Sbijio C jiobo . . . H 603 Hero h h h to He nanajio 6h tb , h to nanajio 6h tb » 1. CjioBy 3peci> npH- HHCHBaeTCH C03HflaTejiBHaH, ynopnpoHHBaioipaH poJiB. B t b k o m me CMHCJie xoneTCH celnac noHHMaTB TepMHH «HH<]>opMapHH».

H H T ep ecH O o S p a r a T B B H iiM a n iie H a c y p i> 6 y h o h h th h «HH<|)opMa- pH H » b «®hjioco(J)Ckoh 3 H p H K Jion ep H H ». B TOMe 2 H a n H ca H o C J ie p y io - m ,ee : «IlH <|)opM apH fl ( o t j i a n i n c K o r o i n f o r m a t i a — o c B e p o M J ie n iie ) — cm. Teopua uu0opMai}um>. A b TOMe 5 , b cT a T B e J I . (P a T K im a « T e o - pH H H H $op M an ;H H » [132 ], to b o p h tc h y m e 0 tom , neM 3a H H M aeT cn 3Ta T eop H H , h p aioT C H pa3JiH HHBie npeflC T aB JieH H H 0 K oJiH H ecT B em ioH o p e H K e H H ^ op M a p H H K aK M ep H n o p n p K a : n o X a p T jr a h I I I e m io H y ; n o P . <J?H inepy h A . H . K o J iM o r o p o B y ; n o H . P araeB C K O M y; n o P . K a p - H a n y h H . B a p - X n j u i e j i y , h , H aK O H ep , n o 1 0 . A . I H p e n p e p y . A e $ H-HHpHH )Ke TOTO, HTO, CoScTBeH H O , 3H3HHT TepM HH «HH(|)OpM apHH», n p o c T O H e paeT C H .

HaM KanteTCH, h to np iiB cpennH x BHme npHMepoB pocTaTonno p jiH Toro , h to 6h nopKpenHTB npaBOMepHocTB Ham ero Te3Hca o ra y - 0OKOM H0JIHM0p$H3Me H3HK3 HayKH.

1 B n e p n o p 9 J i jm n ii3 i ia 11 b n o c j i e p o B a B m y i o 3a h u m a n o x y p a H H e r o x p u c T i ia n c T B a ( b rH 0 C T H p ii3M e) H CK JiioH H TenbH O C o j i i - r a o e 3H aH eH iie n p n p a B a j i o c t p o j iH c jiO B a - H o r o c a b M H p o3 p a H H H . H a 8 T y T e n y c e i iH a c H 3B ecT H 0 i r a o r o B H cK a 3 H B a H H fi. E c j i h x o T H T e , b t o m o jk h o p a ccM a T p H B a T B K aK c i i y T n o e p o H a y H H o e n p e p n y B - cT B H e T o r o , h t o h o t o m n oJ iyH H J io p a a m iT i ie b K n S e p n c T H K e h ceM H O TH K e. M 3 B c e r o MHOJKeCTBa 8TH X BBICK a3bIBanHH M H H pHBOpHM 3 p e c b TOJIBKO OPHO, B 3H T 06 H3 E B a H re jiH H o t H o a H H a . 8 t o t h c t o h h h k x o p o m o H 3 B ecT eH , h b H eM P o H p e n p H H 0 p o j iH c j i O B a - j i o r o c a c ^ o p M y j i n p o B a H a c h c k j h o h b t o j i b h o h h g t - KOCTBIO H KpaTKOCTBK) •

128

ti(W IHM 0 plJ)H8M B H9 bIKe H ayK H HpoHBJlHeTCH HpHG, HCM B HftHieM o 6 HfleHHOM H3H K e. IIpH H H H a 3 T 0 r 0 3aKJII0HaeTCH B TOM, HTO CJIOBaMH 3f l6C b K O flH pyioT C H p e n t i e K O H pen pH H . H a y n n u e K O H pen pH H M o r y T 6 t iT b o n e H b p a 3 MbiTHMH h M H ororp aH H biM H . P a 3 H H M y H eiib iM , K aK HpaBHJIO, O K a3HBalOTCH flOCTyHHHMH TOJIbKO O T ^ eJIbH u e r p a H H CJIOJK- h o h CHCTeM u n p e^ C T a B Jie iiH H . I Ip H B e ^ e H H u e B u m e B H C K a3 biB auii)T o c m h c j i e c j i o s a «HH<JiopMaii;HH» e c T b n p o c T o K O JuieK piiH cy jK ^ eH H H0 p a 3 HH X rp a H H X t o h c j i o j k h o h K O H pen pH H , K O T o p a n b n o c J ie p H e e B peM H B H K p H C T a ju iH 3 0 B a jia cb b o T fle jib H o e H a yH H oe H a n p a B jie H H e — Kn6epHeTHKy. To >Ke c a M o e m o jk h o C K a3 a T b h o TepM H H e «M a T e M a ra - n e c K a n CTaTHCTHKa», a b n ecK O J ib K o M eH bm eH CTeneH H — h o TepM H H e « M o p e jib » h « a n p H o p n a H B epoH T H O C T b». /J,Ba n o c j ie ^ H H x TepM H H a K O ^ n p yiO T ym e H e o p H y S o j i b m y i o , a HecKOJiBKO M a jio n e p e c e K a io - ih ;h x c h KOHi^em^HH. H p a jK e , K a 3 a j io c b 6 h , c o b c c m n p o c T H e <|>H3H- n ecK H e h o h h t h h , T aK H e, K aK M a c c a , c n n a , y jK e e c T b H eK O T op H e k o h - p e n p i iH . C on u ieM C H a p e c b H a B H C K a3HBaHHH 3H H niT eH H a h M iH fie jib jia [133]: «H3HKa (JjaKTirnecKH n a H im a e T c B B epeiiH H h o h h t h h m h c c h , CHJIH H H H eppnaJIbH O H CHCTeMH. B e e 3TH TpH HOHHTHH C yT b C B o S o fl- H H e H 3 o6p eT eH H H » 1.

K o n p e n p H H H ejib 3 H o n p e p e jiH T b , h x n a n o p a3b H C H H T b, K o n p e r r - TyaJIbH H H X a p a K T e p TepMHHOB C03,HaeT HOBbIHieHHbIH H 0JIH M 0p$H 3M H 3H K a H a y K H . H eM r J iy S jK e h c j io jK H e e K o H p e n p H H , K o p n p y e M a H T e p - m h h o m , TeM S o H b m e e r o h o h h m o p $ h 3m .

3 p e c b m o jk h o 3 a ^ a T b p i i t o p h H e c K i i i i B o n p o c : e c jiH h o j ih m o p $ h 3 m H 3H K a K aK b H a y K e , T aK h b o S u f le n n o H p e n n p a c T e T b o B peM eH H , t o H e n p H B efleT j i h b t o r p e - T o b S y p y ip e M k TO M y, h t o H 3H K B H p o - P h t c h , — K a ;K # o e n o H H r a e 6 y p e T B u p a jK a T b B e e , h t o m o jk h o B H p a - 3HTb H a 3TOM H 3 H K e, H BCe HOHHTHH T O rp a 6 y f ly T B b ip a jK a T b OflHO h t o )K e? AcHM HTOTH HecKH 3 t o , ^eH C TB H TejiB H o, b H a m e S M O pejIH flOJIJKHO B birJIH fleTb T aK . Ho H 3H K M H y )K e flOrOBOpHJIHCb p a cC M a T p H - B aT b K aK JKHBOH 0 p ra H H 3 M , H K aK BCHKHH o p ra H H 3 M , C T ap eH , OH poJUKeH y c T y n a T b M ecTO p p y r o M y . A C T a p e H n e — b t o n p o c T o e c T e - CTBeHHHH n p o p e c c n a K o n j ie m iH H H iJtopM apHH, M e m a io ip e i i p a j ib i ie H - H ieM y pa3BH TH K ). P oC T HOJIHMOp<J)H3Ma CJIOB npOHCXOflH T H e TJia^KO. E c j i h c m h c j i o b o c c o p e p jK a m ie c jiO B a n p ep cT a B J iH T b c e 6 e b B n p e h c k o t o - p o r o H e n p e p H B H o p a c n r a p n io m e r o c H h o j i h , t o b o n p e p e jie H H b ie m o - MeHTH HaCTb 3TOrO HOJIH MOJKeT yT paH H B aT bC H — 3a 0H B aT bC H . C jiO B a npO XO flH T CJIOJKHUH n y T b pa3B H TH H , H H TepeC H H e H p H M ep H CeM aHTH- H e cK o fi h c t o p h h c j i o b n p n B e p e H H b K H H re P. A. B y p a r o B a [134].

1 H a3H B aH 3TH HOHHTHH «CBo6oHHHMH H3o6peTeHHHMH», SnHIHTeHH H H H $eH bA XOTHT CKa3aTL, HTO 3TH HOHHTHH — CyTb KOnH,eiIH,HH, He HBJIHKHpieCH HpHMHM, H enocpejiCTBeHHHM oC oCm eim e.M j ia n n u x na6 jiiop ;en iri:i , h to o h h B03HHKai0T KaK p e 3 y «b T a T T B op n ecK on jjeH T ejib h o c t h HejiOBenecKOH m h c jih b ee p a d o T e n o T e o - peiHHOCKOMy OCMHCJI6HHK) M H pa.

9 B. B. HajiHMOB 129

1?o B o p f l o T epM H H ax B H a y K e , H yH uao o 6 p a T H T b BH H M aH fie eB je Ha o flH y hx o c o S e u H o C T b . B n p o q e c c e pa3B H TH H H a yK H e e c j io B a H p n o S p e T a io T npecmuoic. T o me n p o H C x o ^ H T , B n p o n e M , h b o 6 m ,e c T B e n - HOH JKH3HH, HO 3 ^ eC b MH OTpaHHHHMCH aH aJIH30M TOJIbKO HayHHOH TepM H H OJiorH H . K o r ^ a y n e iiH H B U ^ B iira e T i io B y io K O H q e n ip a io , oh x o n e T bjiojkhtb e e b C T a p u e c j i o B a . Ecjih sto y flaeT C H c ^ e j ia T b , to H OBan T eopH H c p a 3 y n p n o S p e T a e T tot n p ecT H JK , kotophh y * e p a H e e 3 aB 0 e B a .n 1 9th c j i o B a . G e n n a c , C K am eM , cobccm hobhh cmhcji n p H - n a e x c n M areM a T H H ecK oii cTaTH CTH Ke: o H a p a c c M a T p H B a e T c n K aK M eT a H a y K a , h 3tot hobhh cmhcji B iu ia ^ b iB a e r c H b C T a p o e cjiobo «CTaTHCTHKa» — b to cjiobo, K O T o p o e y m e 3 a B o e B a J io , o coS eH H O b 3 a - na^H O H E B p o n e h CIIIA, o n e H b bhcokhh n p ecT H JK . IIp e ^ C T a B b T e T e n e p b , hto y n e H H H , p a 3 B H B a n H O B yio K O H q e n q n io , bjiojkht e e b ho- B bie c j i o B a . 8 to 6y .n eT p a B H o c n jib H o B H x o ^ y 0 3 6opb6h. E r o 6 o j i e e K O H cepB aT H B H bie K O JiJiern 33hbht: «Oh r o B o p H T 0 n eM -T o c o B c e M n p y - tom, H e H M erom eM k HaM oT H om eH H H ». J K e j ia a H 3 6 e m a T b y n p y n a i o m u x CHOPOB, MH npenJIO/KHJIH H H oe HOHHMaHHe CTaTHCTHKH H a3B aT b HO- BHM TepMHHOM — «M aTeM aTHHeCKaH T eopH H 3K C n epH M eH T a».

G n o p 0 cjioBax b HayKe, ctojib pa3flpajKaK)in,HH MHornx, — sto, noHHac, cobcom He nycTon pa3roBop.

Cneu,H(J)HHecKHe h3wkh HayKH, hx cjienroBwii xapaKTep. H3hkh HayKH b KaKOH-To CTeneHH opraHH30BaHbi TaK me, KaK maproH. B o6ohx CJiynanx HCH0Jib3yi0TCH cjioBa h rpaMMaTHKa o6unenHoro H3biKa, jiHHib b He6oJibHioH CTeneHH bbohhtch HOBbie cnen;H(|)HHecKHe TepMHHH. 3th HOBbie TepMHHH H HOBHH CMHCJI, HpHHHCHBaeMHH HeKOTOpHM CTHpHM CJIOBaM, B3HTHM H3 CJIOBapH o6H eHHOrO H3HK3, npHâiOT cjieHroBHM H3HKaM 330TepnHecKHH xapaKTep — ohh oKa- 3HBaK>TCH HOHHTHHMH JIHHIb flJIH rpyHHH nOCBHIH;eHHHX. H Bee me, KOHenHo, cxoflCTBo H3HKa HayKH co cjieHroM tojibko BHemHee, no- 3TOMy Jiynme tobophtb 0 cneiûtpimecnux aaunax naynu.

H ju i io c T p H p y e M H a rn e n p e^ cT a B J ieH H e 0 cneipn|)H H ecK O M x a p a K T e p e H 3H K a H ayK H oflHHM n p H M e p o M . K a K -T o n o c j i e ^ o K J ia ^ a n o M a ie M a - THHeCKOH CTaTHCTHKe flJIfl H H /KeH epH O-TeXH H H eCK H X p a 6 oTHHKOB B 0 6 - jia cT H M e T a ju iy p r H H h M eT ajiJ ioB eêH H H o#hh H3 c j i y m a T e j i e f i 3aH B H ji, HTO B e e 3TO, KOHeHHO, H H TepeCH O , HO, K COHOJieHHIO, MaJIOHOHHTHO. H y m e c hckotophm p a 3 f lp a m e iiH e M f l o 6 aBHJi: « A n o n e M y oh H e 3 a - M eHHTb T aK H e HeHOHHTHHe TepM H H H , K aK «p e rp e C C H H », «K 0 ppeJIHD.MH» , «3 H CH epCH H », npOCTH M H pyCCKHMH CJIOBaMH?» Ô K Jia^H H K OTBeTHJII <vH,aBaHTe T or.u a oT K am eM C H ot thkhx x o p o m o H 3 B ecT H H x a y jihtophh TepM HH OB, K aK «M apT eH C H T », «TpOCTH T», «K p H C T o6 aJIHT», H 33MeHHM hx TaKHMH n p o cT H M H c jio B a M H , K aK «K p ecT H K H », «ra jio H K H », « n e p - TOHKH», «TOHeHKH» B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeM , HTO M H BHTJHM, pa3T JIH flH - B a n n o f l mhkpockohom M eTaju iorpa<|>H H ecK H e h neT porpa<|>H H ecK H e ihjih(J)h». 3 to n p e f l j io m e H H e c p a 3 y B H 3 B a n o C T p a n m o e B 03M ym ,eH H e

130

c p e flH c jiy r a a T e jie f i . I I h o t i j t t h o n o a e M y : p e n o H e b t o m , h t o «n e p jiH T » h ji h «M apTeH CH T» — H e p y c c K n e c j io B a . T p y p H o c T B c o B c e M b p p y r o M — 9THMH CJIOBaMH 3aKOpH pOBaH BI CJIO/KHUe M eTaJIJIOBepneCKHe K O H - T T P n T T IT IT H eCJIH O TKa3aTbCH OT 9TOH CHCTeMH KOftOB H H epeH T H K H p O - H3B0JIbHH M , HO BH eiHH e 0OJiee HOHHTHHM CJIOBaM, TO H pH peTC H B p a 3 - r o B o p e 3aHOBO H 3J ia raT b B ee K O H p e n p n n . T o h h o T aK m e b M a T e M a r a - TjecK oii CTaTHCTHKe T epM H H H « p H c n e p c H H » , « p e r p e c c n H » K o p u p y io T p ejiB ie H ayH H bie K o n p e n p n H , h b c h T p yp H o C T b p j i h jie K T o p a 3 a K jn o - HaeTCH B TOM, H ToSbl B HOHyJIHpHOH $ O p M e o S ’BHCHHTB H X H paJIBHie H0JIb30BaTbCH HMH pJIH pa3B H T H H T e x HpeiJ, K O T O pH e e M y XOTeJIOCb B H C K a3aT b B CBOefi J ieK pH H . H eCJIH K T O -H H 0 y # b , HHTaH C ep b e 3 H y iO CTHTblO HO M aTeM aTH HOCK OH CTaTHCTHKe, BCTpeTHT H e3H aK O M bie e M y TepM H H H h 3 a x o H e T B 0c n 0 J ib 3 0 B a T b C H c n e q n a jib H H M t o j i k o b h m c j i o - B a p eM TepM H H O B, t o 3 t o n e n p H H e c e T e M y 6o j ib ih o h h o j i b 3 h , h o - CKOJIBKy BaJKHO 3H 3TB H e HpoCTO CTpOTOe O H p ep ejieH H e T epM H H a (ecjiH o h o c y ip e c T B y e T ) , h o h B ee T e K O H p e n p n n , K O T o p n e c h h m c b h - 3 a H H . T a K H M o 6 p a 3 0 M , 9TOT H 3H K O B H H 6a p b e p MO/KHO H a 3 B a T b , e c jiH y r o p n o , h k o ti p e n t y a .:i b h h m S a p b e p o M . B OTJiirane o t o S n p e H - HOTO H 3H K a JHO^eH H 3H K H a y K H HOCHT 3HaHHTejIBHO S oJ iee p e3K O B H - paiK eH H H H K O f l O B B I H 1 x a p a K T e p . T jiy S H H a K O pH pO B aH H H , HJIH,H H an e, n H $ o p M a p H O H H a n c m k o c t b h o h h t h h , p a c T e T b o B peM eH H n o M e p e pa3B H T H H H a y H H H x K O H p e n p n H . Bee y c y r y S jin e T C H e ip e h T eM , HTO C n epH ^H H eC K H e H3BIKH HaCTO HCHOJIB3yK)T CJIOBa O 0H peH H O rO H 3 H K a , n p n p a B a n h m o c o S b ih c m h c j i . H a n p n M e p , B ceM x o p o n i o H 3 B e - cTeH o S ip e y n o T p e S H T e jiB H H H c m h c ji c jio B a « p e n jiH K a » , 3aH M CTBOBaH - H H H H a m H M H 3H K O M H 3 (|)paH n;y3C K orO . B M aTeMHTHHecKOH CTaTHCTHKe ecT b h o h h t h h « p e n jiH K a » , « p p o 6n a ;i p e n jiH K a » , « p e r y j iH p n a f l p e n jin K a » , K O TO pH e HMeiOT y m e o c o S b ih c m b ic ji . « ^ p o 6H a n pen J iH K a» o 6 o 3 H a - n a eT H eK O T o p y io c n e p n a jiB H O B H S p a m iy io n a cT B o t h o j i h o t o $ a K T o p - h o t o 9 K c n e p n M eH T a — p p o 0 H o e , t . e. H en oJ iH o e e r o n o B T o p e H n e . C m h c ji 9T o r o h o h h t h h h o j i h o c t b i o CTaHOBHTCH h c h h m t o j i b k o n o c j i e oS c T O H T ejib H o ro 03H a K 0M jieH H H c K O H p e n p iie ii nJiaH H poB aH H H b k c - H epH M eH T a. H H a K O H ep , b o n T H K e « p e n jiH K a » — 9t o c n e p n a jiB H H M o 6 p a 3 0 M n pn roT O B J ieH H aH K o m a n pnifipaK pH O H H O H p e m e T K H . Bee b t h TpH pa3JIH H H H X HO CBOeM y COpepHtaHHIO HOHHTHH H p0H 30H IJIH OT o p H o r o (| )p a H p y 3 C K o r) c jio B a replique, K O T o p o e b c j io B a p e K. H . T a H - ih h h o h n ep eB o p H T C H T a K : « . . . o t b c t , o t b c t H a o t b c t , B o sp a a c e H H C ,

M h He 6ypon 3 p e cb paBaTB oupepejieniin TepMHHa «K op». O SpaT iiM jm m k b h h - MaHHe H a t o , h t o n p e p cT a B jie m ie o Kope B03HHKaeT B c e ip a , K o r p a m h t o b o p h mo p s y x JIOCTaTOHHO JKeCTKO CBH3aHHHX MejKHy C060H H3HK8X. OflHH 113 HHX, nanoon ee cxeMaTnnecKnii h opH oo6pa3H H i, m h Ha3HBaeM k o p o m . CKaaceM, a3oyKa M op3e 6 yp eT k o h o m n o oTH om eH H io k ajnfiaflirry H am ero oSi.ipeHnoro

9* 131

penjiHKa; m y 3 . — noBToperae ocHOBHoro mothbb; kohhh Kap- THHH».

CjieHroBBiH xapaKTep pean npoHBJiaeTCH ne tojibko b tohhbix h ecTecTiiemiBix HayKax, ho h b ryMaHHTapHBix. B ot hcckojibko OTpBIBKOB H3 BBICTynaeHHH Ha OflHOH H3 BOCTOKOBeflHeCKHX KOH(j)e- peHpHfi:

. . . BaniH BBICKa3BIBaHHH HMHJIHUHpOIiaHBI B flliyX pa3HHX HHO- CTacax. . . MouojiornaecKoe oSBacueHHe hhoSbithh. . . hohhh. . . xapaKTepncTHaecKaa npoaBjieHHOCTB pmyajiBHofi napa^HrMBi. . . peHHOcraaa onpefleaeHiiocTB He MoateT Sbitb 3KcnjiHpnpoBaHa. . . nepecTpyKTypnpoBaHHe. . . KoppeanT 3HaKa. . . 3uaK o tk p h to h 0 6 m - hocth. . . nepecTpyKTypHpyioipaa (fiyiiKpHH. . . ripen o3MoaieHHe ca y - HanHocTH b oS’BeKTHBHofi 3eHaTypaan3apHH. . . nycTOTa HyjieBoro nepexo.ua. . . KOHCTpyKTHBHaa êaTejiBuocTB npeflCTaiuiaeTca npoeK- thbhoh. . . peHHOCTHaa pefJuieKcna. . . cno6o;i;a BBiaHin;aTB 3hbk. . . HfleajiBHHH copnyM. . . npoiJmnHaecKHH ypoBeHt. . . KauoHHaecKHH Kopnyc. . . HounaecKaa nponeaeiiTHKa KaK pHTyajiBHBii pa3roBop aejioBeKa c caMHM coSoh. . . TpHHHTapHOCTt. . . npoeKpHH co3Ha- HHfl C OTpHpaTejIBHBIM 3H3K0M. . . HOHHTHHHHH aHHapaT, B03HHK- IHHH HpH OHOCpeflOBaHHH. . .

HyjKHO oSpaTHTB BHHMaHHe Ha TO oSCTOHTeatCTBO, HTO cnepn- (|)HHeCKHe H3HKH HayKH HenpepBIBHO H3MeHHH)TCH BO BpeMeHH. floHBJiaioTca iioiiBie KOHpenpHH, a CTapBiM hohhthhm aacTO npnâeTCH BCe HOBHH H HOBBIH CMBICJI. CaeflHTB 3a HenpepBIBHO MeHHK>m;HMCH H3HKOM HayKH MOHteT TOJIBKO TOT, KTO paSoTaeT B 3TOH OSjiaCTH, T. e. TOT, KTO HenpepBIBHO B3aHMOfle0CTByeT C HH$OpMapHOHHHMH hotokbmh HayKH. BnpoaeM, to ate HBaeHne, ho tojibko b MeHBineii CTeneHH HaSaioâeTCa h b ecTecTBeHHOM H3HKe aeaoseKa. Ilon p o- SyfiTe flaTB HHOCTpamiy, âimo atHBym;eMy, CKaateM, b Cobotckom Coio3e, fljia nepeBOfla atypHaa o6m;ero xapaKTepa, hanncbiihbih Ha ero poflHOM H3BiKe. O h SyêT aenco nepeno^HTB o6bihhbih reKCT, ho ueMeâeuHO cnoTKiieTca b nepenofle hobhx caeuroiiBix BHpaate- hhh, h yate coBceM Tpyjpio eMy 6y.neT nepeno^HTB hohhhch no# Kapn- KBTypBMH — OHH, KaK npaBHBO, OCHOBaHH Ha HeKOTOpBIX TOHKO- cthx TeKymeft hih3hh, 3aKo#HpoBaHHBix b cnennaaBHBix caoBax. H CKoaBKO 6bi mh hh H3yaaan aHranncKHH h3hk , mh HHKor#a H e ocbohm ero TaK, htoSbi cyMeTB nepeBecra no#HHCB no# aioSoii Kapn- KaTypoft b TaKOM, cKaweM, HHTeaanreHTHO-pecneKTaSeaBHOM aMepn- BaHCKOM atypHaae, KaK «The New Yorker»,

132

2 . B aBH JioiicK H e TpypH ocTH b H ayKe

IIo Mepe p a 3BHTHH H ayKH co3paeTCH Bee 6o jiB in e h S o jitra e OTpejiBHBix, HeTKO BHKpHCTaJIJIH30BaBIHHXCH CHepH(]>HHeCKHX H3HKOB H ayK H . 9 t o o S jie rn a e T o 6\ieH H H ^ o p M a p n e n b n p e p e n a x y 3 K n x o S jia cT e S 3HaHH&, ho sa T p y p itn e T B3aHMHoe noHHMaHHe b CM e/K im x p a ape jt a x HayKH . E c j i h n o 3BOJieHO Sbitb He oneHB cep B ea m iM , to m ojktio c K a - 33TB, HTO COSpaeTCH CHTyapHH CTpOHTejIBCTBa BaBHJIOHCKOH 6aiHHH.

B jiH T ep aT y p e h o c t o h h h o B03HHKai0T ocTpBie p H C K y ccn n o t o m ,MOJKHO JIH CHHTBTB TOT HJIH HHOH p a 3 p e jl 3HHHHH CaMOCTOHTejIBHOH pHCpHHJIEHOH. 0 6 c y jK p a H 9TOT BOHpOC, HHTaiOTCH OHHpaTbCH IT a pHp KpH TepneB. O pHH H3 h h x — 3to yTBepjKpeHHe o tom , h to K a jK p an caMOCTOHTejiBHaH H a y n n a fl p n cp H n jiH H a p o jijK H a oSnapaT B cbohm MeTopoM h ccjiep o B aH H H . H a M npepcT aB JineT Cfl, h to , h c x o p h H3 b h - CKa33HHBIX BHHie COoSpajKeHHH, MOJKHO HpepjIOJKHTB COBCeM npOCTOH KpnTepH H . M b i 6ypeT yTBepjKpaTB, h to noHBjieHHe h o b o h caMOCTOH- TejIBHOH HayHHOH pHCpHHJIHHH pOJIJKHO COHpOBOHipaTBCH H HOHBJie- HneM h o b o to cnepH (|)HH ecKoro H ayH H oro H3BiKa. BosHHKTioneHHe cyipecTBeH Ho h o b h x np oS jieM HeMepjieHHO npnB opH T h k h o h b jig h h io TOTO HOBOTO H 3H K a, Ha KOTOpOM OHH 0 ScyJKpaiOTCH. Co3paH H e HOBOH HayHHOH pHCpHHJIHHBI He 06fl3aTejIB H 0 COnpOBO/KpaeTCH C03paHHeM h o b b ix MeTopoB H ccjiepoBaH H H, o c o S e m o TenepB, K o rp a M H orne HOBtie p a3p ejiB i 3HaHHH B03HHKaioT Ha nepeceneH H H paH ee c y ip e - CTUyiOipHX H HCHOJIB3yH)T HX MeTOpbl HCCJiepOBaHHH.

noHCHHM 3to yTB epjK penH e npHM epoM . n jia H H p o B aH H e O KcnepH- MeHTa — n o p p a 3 p e ji M aTeMaTHnecKofi c t h t h c t h k h — ecTB, n o H am eM y MHeHHio, H on an caM ocTOHTejiBHan n a y H H a a pH CiptnjiH H a. B n p o p e c c e CBoero pa3BHTHH, p ein aH c b o h cnepHtJiHHecKHe npoS jieM bi, 3Ta p n c - p n n jiH H a p a 3 p a 6 o T a jia cb o h cnen;H<]>HHecKHH H 3H K . 9 t o t h 3 b ik b h - 3HBaeT pa3ppa>KeHHe y cnepnajiH CTO B no MaTeMaTnnecKOH cTaTHCTHKe, eCJIH OHH OpHOBpeMeHHO He HBJIHIOTCH H CHepHajIHCTaMH HO HJiaHH- poBaHHio 3KcnepH M eH Ta. B t o )Ke BpeMH 3Ta n o n a a p n c p H n jim ia He HMeeT c b o h x o c o S h x MeTopoB. O Ha H cn o jiB 3y e T oSipenpHHHTbie b MaTeMaTHKe MeTopBi: jiHHeHHyio a jire S p y , KOM Sm iaTopHbiH aH aJiH 3 , HHCjieHHBie MeTopBi aH ajiH 3a, a b H an S o jiee t o h k h x c b o h x n p o H B jie - HHHX — H MeTOpBI (JiyHKpHOHaJIBHOTO a iia jIH 3 a , TeopHH MHOJKeCTB, aScTpaKTHOH a jir e 6pM. B n c K a 3 a H H H e 3pecB cooSpajK eHH H n e p e K jin - KaioTCH c cyjKpeHHHMH K ) . A . IH p e n p e p a [1 3 5 ], k o t o p h h , p acn iH pH H cboto T e 3 a y p y c n y io K o irp e n p in o ceMaHTHHecKOH HH<])opMapHH [1 9 8 ], yTBepjKpaeT, h to m h p o jijk h b i npnnH CH B aTB H a n S o jiB in y io co p e p jK a - TejIBHOCTB TeM HCTHHHM, KOTOpBie B HanSojIBHieH CTeneHH MeHHIOT0 SipeHejiOBeHecKHH T e 3 a y p y c

1 PaccMOTpeHHHii apecb KpHTepiiii paSoTaeT to jib k o b o p n y CTOpOHy: ecjin b K a- k om -to paapejie 3Hanmi hohbiijich h o b h h cnepniJiiriecKiin h3i.ik, t o s t o , 6 e 3 y c -

133

C e fiH a c n a c T o n p n x o ^ H T C H c jiB im a T B BH CK a3biBaH H H o ,a;H$<|>epeH- pHan;HH h H H T erp a p H H H a y K H . I l p o p e c c flH $ $ ep eH n ;H a p H H J ie rK o n p o - cjtejK H B aeT CH n o noH B JieH H io h o b b ix jioK aJ iB H B ix , cnen;H(f>HHecKHX H 3 b ik o b H a y K H . t I t o K acaeT C H H H T erp a p H H H a yK H , t o b t o , c K o p e e , n o> K e jia H H e , n eM p e a j i t H o n a S ji io A a e M o e H B jieH H e. E c j i h 6 b i b t o t n p o - n ;e c c H M eji M e cT o , t o m h a o j i j k h h 6 h j i h 6 h 3aM eTHTB x o t h K a n n e -J ii in o C M yTH H e np H 3 H aK H HOHBJieHHH H yiKH OrO flJIH BTOrO H 3 H K a. A K aK JKe MOJKHO TOBOpHTb 0 C yipeC T B OB aHHH KaKOTO-TO OCOSOTO H pOH BJie- HHH HayHHOH MBICJIH, eCJIH HeT H 3 H K a, H a KOTOPOM OHa M o r n a 6 h 6 h t b n eT K o h k o p o t k o i iu p a /K e H a ? E flH H C T B e r a o e , h t o m h c e f in a c MOJKeM H a6jIH )p ;aT b, — 3TO B03H H K H 0BeH H e HOBHX o S jia C T e n 3HBHHH n a n ep eceH eH H H H e K O T o p n x y n t e c y m e c T B y io m H x h flaJieK O o t c t o h - h i;h x A p y r o t A p y r a a h c p h h j i h h . H o o t o H e H H T erp a p H H , a A aJiB H en - irraH A H 'M e p e H ip ia p w H 3H aHHH .

K a>K A aH H3 TaKH X BHOBb C03A aH H H X AHCUHH.tiHH 3aM H K aeTCH B p a M K a X BHOBB C 0 3 A a B a eM 0 r0 H 3 H K a. 3 A eC B OnH Tb MOJKHO COCJiaTBCH H a n p H M e p c B03H H KH 0BeH H eM H O B oro p a 3 A e J ia 3 h b h h h — n j ia H H p o - BaHEH a K cn ep H M eH T a . O h b o 3h h k H a n e p e c e H e m in m h o f h x p a 3A e jio B M aTeM aTH KH , h o H e n p H B e n k h x H H T erp a p H H . M eT a M a T eM aT H K y — H a y K y , 3a H H M a ion i;y iocH o c h o b 3 h h h m h M aTeM aTH KH, — H ejiB 3H p a c - C M aTpH BaTB K aK A H C u H iu iH H y, B 0 3 H H K in y io b p e 3 y jiB T a T e H H T e r p a - pH H M aTeM aTHHeCKHX 3HaHHH. 9 t O npOCTO HOBHH pa3A eJI M aTeM aTH KH CO CBOHMH CJIOJKHHMH K O H penpH H M H H CBOHM OC06HM CHepH(|)HHeCKHM H 3H K 0M , H a KOTOpOM OHH 3aK O A H pO B aH H . ^ J IH H peA C T aB H T ejieH Apy- THX p a3A ejIO B M aTeM aTH KH — 3TO HyiKABIH HM p a 3 A e jI 3H aHHH . T o h h o TaK * e co B p e M e H H y io J io r n K y H e jit3 H p a c c M a T p H B a T t K aK p e 3 y jiB T a T H H T erp a p H H H a y K . E e H 3H K c t o j i b K e cnen;H(|> i in e n , c k o j i b h h 3 h k h A p y r n x p a 3 A e jiO B 3H aHHH , h TaK JKe M a jio n oH H T eH a^ ** n r a p o K o r o K O ju ieK T H B a y n e H H x .

C n e p H ^ H H e cK H e H3H KH H a yK H b h h o j ih h io t em ;e O AH y rJiyH K n m o. O K a3B iB aeT C H , h t o H 3 H C K a m ia H yT O H ne^H O CT b H3BiKa — b t o <|>opMa H a y H H o r o a p n cT O K p a T H 3 M a , n p n 3 H a K npiiT iaA JiejK H O C Tu k o n p e A e J ie H - HOM y H ayH H O M y K jia H y , aH ajiorH H H O TO M y, K aK b C T a p o n P o c c h h p a 3 r o B o p H a x o p o r a e M <|>paimy3CKOM H 3H K e 6 h j i npH 3H aK O M n p n -

JIOBHO, y K a 3 H B a e T H a B 03H H K H 0B 6H H e HOBOH H ayH H O H AHCAHHJIHHH, HO H a y K O - 0 6 p a 3 H M 0 H 3H K H M OTyT B03H H K H yT B n p H H O C TpoeH H H K8KOH-TO CHCTOMM I ip e g - CTaBJieHHH h b o6.7iaC T ii, A a J ie K o fi o t H a y K H . I Ip H M e p — K O H p en p H H ® p e i i / r a ; O Ha H M eeT c b o h B n o jr a e H a y K O o 6 p a 3 H H H h s h k , h o , C T p o r o r o u o p a , o t o H e H a y n - H a a K O n p e m in a — O Ha c $ o p M y j in p o B a n a T a K , h t o H e m o jk b t 6mti> n o j iB e p r n v T a B ep H $ H K a n ;H H . O T C io a a H e c .n e n y e T , h t o n / j e n (P p e M p a H e a a c j iy a c i iB a io T H 3 y n e - h h h h y n e T a ( c p . MHGHHe A. A. J la n y i iO B a [139]), h o , c g p y r o f i c T o p o n w , HaM K aateT C H , h t o H e h v jk h o b c io H H T eJ iJ ieK T ya jiB H yio A e a T e n i .n o c T i) jn o f l e f i c b o a h t b k H ayH H O H . f l a n H a y K H x a p a K T e p H H M n p H 3 H 8 K 0 M H B jiaeT C H B ep n i])]in ,iip veM O C T i, ee r H n o T 6 3 , x o t h , C T p o r o r o s o p a , c e itH a c ip y a H O a b t b neT K O e o n p e A e J ie n n e t o t o , h t o m h HOHHMaeM n o g TepM H H OM « B e p n (| n iin p y e M O C T t» .

134

h b a j i G i k h o c t h k ^ B O p n u c T i i y . A n p e f l C T a B H T e j iK u e K O T o p w x o g j i a c T e S

3 H B H H H , O C 0 6 G H H O , C K a J K e M , M a T G M a T H K H , H JIH X O T H 6 b i H G K O T O p L lG

h 3 h h x B c e r n a C H H T a j in , h t o o h h H a x o A H T C H H a O j i H M n e H a y K H .

M o j i O f l O M y M a T e M a T H K y K a n t e T C H , h t o , B y j i B r a p H 3 H p y H c b o h h 3 h k ,

O H H 3 M e H H e T TO H y T O H H e H H O C T H , K O T O p O H e T O o S y H a j I H , H , C J ie f lO -

B a T e j i t H O , T e p n e T n p a B o n p H H a A J i e w a T t k T O M y H a y n H O M y K O J u i e K -

T H B y , b k o t o p h h e M y T a K T p y f l H O S h j i o n o n a c T B [ 8 5 ] . 9 t o t a p n c T O -

K p a T H 3 M , K a K H H C T p a H H O , K a K H M -T O M a J IO H O H H T H H M o 6 p a 3 0 M H e -

p e r jK O B O C H H T H B a e T C H H B H a iH H X y H H B e p C H T e T a X . H a C T O n p H X O f lH T C H ,

K C O H ta J ie H H H ), B H ^ e T b , K a K M O J IO flH e M a T e M K T H K H O C K O p S jIH IO T C B O H M

H aAM eH H H M H 3H K O B H M H O B eA eH neM coS eceA H H K O B — n p eA C T a B H T ejien A p y r n x p a 3 A e j i O B 3 H a H H H , K O T o p n e n p n i n J i H k h h m rjih K O H C y j iB T a -

p H H .y T O H H e H H O C T b C H e p H (])H H e C K O rO H 3 H K a n p O H 3 B O A H T H O A H a C n a p y -

io in;ee B n e H a r a e H H e H a c j iy m a T e j i e H . K a K -T O H a C H M n o 3 n y M e b o c t o k o -

BeA O B O A H H H 3 A O K Jia A H H K O B H O H H T a J IC H p a C C K a 3 a T B 0 <]>HJIOCO(f>CKHX

n p e A C T a B J ie H H H X A P eB H e ii H h a h h H a t o m cn e p H < ])H H e c K O M pa<]>H HH -

p O B B H H O M H 3 H K e , K O T O p B IH C H H T a e T C H C eH H aC a p H C T O K p a T H H e C K H M

c p e A H o n p e A e jie H H o r o K p y r a n p e A C T a B H T e jie H r y M a i i H T a p i iB i x n a y i t .

^ O K J ia A H H K H H K a K H e M O T y JTO JK H T B C H B O TB e A e H H O e e M y B p e M H , 3TO

S e c n o K O H jio n p e A c e A a T e j iH , h o a y A H T o p n n T p e S o B a jia H e o r p a H H n e H -

h o t o A 0 n 0 J I H H T e j I I >H 0 r 0 B p e M e H H . I Ip e A c e A a T e j i b , H a K O H e n ;, n o n p o - c h j i A O K Jia A H H K a c < ]> o p M y jiH p o B a T B c b o h m h c j i h K p a T K O . Ho A O K J ia A -

h h k H e c m o t 3 T o r o C A e jia T B — o h r o B o p H j i o 6 m ;e H 3 B e c T H H e B e rn ;0 ,

n p a B A a , H a o c o S o m , H 3 H C K a H H O -a p n c T O K p a T H H e c K O M H 3 H K e .

3. UpoojieMa CTaHAapTH3au,iiH HayHiioii TepMHHOJiorHH

H a M H e x o T e j i o c b 6 h , h t o S h y H H T a T e j iH c j i o j k h j i o c b B n e n a T J i e H H e ,

5 y A T O m h B H C T y n a e M n p o T H B h g o S x o a h m o c t h y n o p f l A O H e H H H n a y n -

H O H T e p M H H O J IO T H H . H 3 H p e A C T a B J ie H H H 0 T O M , H TO H O J IH M O p (])H 3 M

H 3 H K a A e n a e T e r o n o - H a c T O H m ;e M y c h j i b h b i m c p e A C T B O M K O M M y H H K a -

p H H , e m ;e H e c n e A y e T , h t o b H a y H H O M H 3 H K e m o j k h o A o n y c K a T t t o

n o A H a c c o B c e M 5 e c H H C J ie H H o e M H o r o o 5 p a 3 H e T e p M H H O B , K O T o p o e m b i H epeAK O H a S jiio A a e M .

B p a S o T e [136] h p h b o a h t c h H H T e p e c H H e A a H H H e n o n a c T O T e h c -

H 0 J I B 3 0 B a H H H T e p M H H O B M a T e M a T H H e C K O H C T 3 T H C T H K H B H y 6 jI H K a i i ;H H X

H O B M H C C H O H H O M y C H e K T p a J I B H O M y a H a J I H 3 y H a H a jIH T H H e C K O H X H M H H .

O A H a H 3 H O C T p o e H H B I X T a M T H C T O r p a M M B O C n p O H 3 B O A H T C H H a p n c . 5 .

T p a ^ H K H T a K o r o T H n a H H T e p e c H H b a b Y x O T H o m e H H H x . I I p e j K A e B c e r o

0 H H ^ H 0 3 B 0 J I H I 0 T C y A H T B 0 T O M , B K a K O H C T e n e H H M eT O A B I M a T e M a T H H e

C K O H C T a T H C T H K H H p O H H K a iO T B T y H JIH H H y iO o S j i a C T B 3 H K H H H . 3 A e C B

m b i b h a h m , h t o c e p B e 3 H H e H p e A C T a B J ie H H H M a T e M a T H H e C K O H c t h t h -

C T H K H , C B H 3 a H H H e C T a K H M H T e p M H H a M H , K a K « p e r p e C H O H H H H a H a J I H 3 » ,

135

P h c . 5 . PacnpefleaeHHe TepMHHOB M a T eM a T H n ecK oft c t 8 t h c t h k h n o n a - CTOTe h x n oH B jieH H H b n y 6 jiH K a n ;H H X > K y p H a n a «3 a B O A C K a a j ia S o p a T O p n a * [1 3 6 ]

1 — om n S K a; 2 — to bh o c ti> ; 3 — n o - rpeniHOCTb; 4 — OTKjiOHemie; 5 — b o c - npOH3BOflHMOCTb; 6 — AHcnepcHH; 7 — HOBepHTeJibHbifl H H iepB aji; s — KoaiJ)- ({(HPHeHT B ap n am ra ; 9 — p a c x o w n e im e ; 10 — KpHTepira; 11 — paoceHHHe; i s — p acn p ea e jie in ie ; 13 — KoppeJiapHOHHHit aH ajiH 3; 14 — Mexop [laHMeiibinux KBan- P S to b ; I S — m c to h h MaTeMaTH'tecKoit CTaTHCTHKHj IS — perpeecHOHHHii aH a"JIH3

«M eTOfl H aH M eH B inH x K B aflp a T O B », «pacnpep;e,TieuHe», em;e oneHB Majio npoHHKjin b ncc.ne/^yeMyio oSnacTB suaunii. ^ a n e e , H3 b to to rpa$HKaM H BHflHM, HTO ffJIH 0603HaHeHHH oflH oro h t o t o Hte h o h h th h «oinH 6Ka» HCHOJIB3yeTCH MHO/KeCTBO CHHOHHMH- necKH X TepMHHOB: «oraH6K a », « to h - h o c t b » , «OTKJioneHHe», «n o r p e in - HOCTB», «B0Cnp0H3B0flHM 0CTB», «paC - xo/KTi;eHHe». K apTH H a CTaHeT erpe S ojiee n ecT p o fi, ecJin m h oSpaTHM BHHMaHHe Ha CJIOBOCOHeTaHHH: «TOH- h o c tb aHaJiH3a», «norpem H OCTB aH a- jiH 3a», «om H 6Ka b o c h p o h 3 b o a h m o - c t h aH ajiH 3a», «oTKJioH0HHe p e 3 y jiB - TaTOB aH ajiH 3a», «,n;ocTOBepHocTB aH ajiH 3a», «opeH K a H orpeniH ocTH », «on;eHKa ,a;ocTOBepHOCTH», «CTaTH- CTHHeCKaH flOCTOBepHOCTB aHaJIH3a», «OTHOCHTejiBHoe p a cx ow fleH H e aH a- JIH3a», «CpeflHHH OTHOCHTeJIBHaH OIHH6K a », «OTHOCHTejIBHaH OIHH6K a», «CJiyHaHHaH o m H 6K a » , «CTaTHCTH ne- CKaH OIHH6K a », ((OTKJIOHeHHe OT h c t h h h o t o pe3yJiBTaTa», « o t h o c h - TeJiBHoe cTaH,o;apTHoe OTKHOHeHHe», «OTHOCHTeJIBHaH TOHHOCTB», «OTHO- CHTejIBHaH BejIHHHHa flHCnepCHH» (cjioBOConeTaHHe h b h o SeccM H CjieH- H oe), «OTHOCHTejiBHoe pacxo/KTi;eHHe», «CpeAHHH CTaTHCTHHeCKaH OHtH6K a», «OTHOCHTejIBHaH CTaTHCTHHeCKaH onraSK a K ajK A oro H3MepeHHH», «Be- poH TH an cnynaH H aH o n m 6K a».

Bee 3TH TepMHHH, o6p a 3 0B a H - HHe coneTaH neM a b Y x h h h T p e xCJIOB, C H H O H H M H H H B I B TO M C M H C J ie ,

HTO O H H A O JIJK H H O p e H H T B C T e n e H B

HeonpeAejieHHOCTH, cBH3aHHyro c pe-3 y j iB T a T O M a H a j iH 3 a . E c T e c T B e H H O ,

HTO aB T O p H B c e x npO C M O T peH H H X n y S j i H K a p H H C T a p a n n c B n p e f lC T a B H T B

CBO H p e 3 y j IB T a T H T a K , h t o S h h x

m o jk h o Sh j i o conocTaBHTB c pe3ynBTaTaM H f lp y r n x aB TopoB . Ho JJOCTHTJIH JIH OHH CBOGH X^GJIH, eCJIH HCH0JIB30BaJIH CTOJIB HeCTpyH) H jjajieK o He B cerfla noHHTHyro cncT eM y TepMHHOB?

H eflaB H o Sbiji H3,n;an h o b h h T O G T 1 6 2 6 3 — 7 0 « r ocyjjap cT B eim aH CHCTeMa oSecn en eiiH n eflHHCTBa H3MepeHHH. M e T p o jio r n n . TepM H H H h onpe,nejieHHH », h T an npe^jiaraeT C H b KanecTBe CTaHjjapTHoro T epMHH «norpentHOCTB». Bpnji; j ih o h n p n B b o t c h — H3 rp a $ H K a Ha p n c . 5 cjierjyeT, h t o o t o t TepMHH, n o K paihteH M epe y cnen;HajiHCTOB, p a 6o - Taronpix b oSaacT H aH ajiH 3a Bem;ecTBa, npnMenHeTCH b m ecTB p a3 p en te, neM He penoMeHflyeMBiH o t h m CTaujjapTOM TepMHH «o n ra 6Ka H3MepeHHH». H a aH ajiH3e o t o t o T O G T a HMeeT c m h c j i ocTaHOBHTBcn n o^ p oS H ee — o to o^H a H3 n ep B H X b H araen CTpaHe h o h h t o k ,o;eKpe- TBpOBaTB H3HK HayKH B TOH eTO oSjiaCTH, C KOTOpOH HpHXOflHTCHHMeTB aejio BceM oKcnepnMenTaTopaM. B npe^ncJiOBHH k CTaHâpTycK a3aH o:

TepMHHH, ycTaHOBJieHHBie HacTOHnjHM CTanâpTOM, peKOMeimy- io tc h 3 j ih npHMeHeHHH b flOKyMeHTaunn, Bcex BHflax yneSHHKOB, yneSHBix hocoS hhx, TexHHnecKOH h cnpaBOHHOH JinTepaType.

G T a H fla p T p a 3 p a 6 o T a H aB TopH T eTH H M H H ayH H H M H ynpeJK fleH H H M H : BceCOH)3HBIM HayHHO-HCCJI ejJOBHTejI BCKHM HHCTHTyTOM MeTpOJIOTHH h m . 11. M eH flejreeiia h B cecoio3H H M HayHno-HCCJieÔBaTejiBCKHM HHCTHTyTOM TeXHHHeCKOH HH(|)OpMan;HH, KJlaCCH(|)HKaHHH H KOflHpO- BaHHH, — H Bee Hte B HeM MH HaXOflHM COBCeM CTpaHHHe peKOMeH- âqH H . O flH a H3 h h x — bto npoT H B on ocT aB jien n e TepMHHOB «H a6jiio - TjeHHe» h «H 3M epeH ne». 9 to 3anncbiiiaeTCH TaK:

P e3yjiB TaT iia5jTio,neHHH. S naH enH e BejiHHHHH, n o jiy n a e M o e n p n OTflejIBHOM HaSjHOfleHHH.

P e3yjiB TaT H3MepeHHH. 3H aH eiin e BejiHHHHH, H afiêH H oe nyTeM ee H3MepeHHH.

^ a j i e e bbo,h;htch em,e ,o;Ba h o h h th h : «cpe,o;Hee KBa,npaTHHHoe o tk j io - HeHHe p e 3yjiBTaTa H a6jno,neHHH» h ttcpejpiee KBa^paTHHHoe o tk j io - HeHHe pe3yjiB T aT a H3MepeHHH». B p n ^ j ih k to - j ih 6o MOHteT h o h h tb , KOrfla H KaKOH H3 3THX TepMHHOB HyHtHO yHOTpeSjIHTB.

Gtojib Hte CTpaHHHM npe^cTaBjiHeTCH b btom cTaH,o;apTe OTCyT- CTBHe HpOTHBOHOCTaBJieHHH TepMHHOB «TOHHOCTB H3MepeHHH» H «H p a- bhjibhoctb H3MepeHHH». T aM flaHH cjien yiom H e onperjeJieHnH:

T o h h o c t b ii33iepeH iiH . K anecTB O H3MepeHHH, oT p an taiom ee 6 j ih - 30CTB HX pe3yjIBTaTOB K HCTHHHOMy 3HaHeiIHIO H3MepHeMOH BeJIHHHHBI.

n p H M e n a H H H :

1. BblCOKaH TOHHOCTB H3MepeHHH COOTBeTCTByeT MajIBIM norpeni- HOCTHM Bcex BHflOB, KaK CHCTeMaTHHeCKHX, TaK H CJiyHafiHHX.

137

2 . K o jiH H ecT B eH H o t o h h o c t b M oateT 6h t b B H p a jK e H a oSparaoH BeUHHHHOH MOAyJIH OTHOCHTejIBHOH H OrpeiHH OCTH.

IIpaBHJibHocTb H3MepeHHH. KanecTBo H3MepeHHH, OTpa/Karomee 6 jih3 o c t b k Hyjiio CHCTeMaTHHecKHX norperaHocTeH b h x pe3yjiBTaTax.

3 fle c b Bee BM3HBaeT H efloyM eu n e. K a K M oryT cyrpecTBOnaTB flna paafle.TibHHx TepMHHa, e c jia o a h h h 3 h h x — «npaBHJiBHOCTB» — 3 a - flaeTCH BXotKfleHHeM b ,npyroH TepMHH — « to h h o c tb » . B a m v io -a M e- pHKaHCKofi jiH T epaT ype o S h h h o h p o b o a h t c h neTKoe npoTH B onocTaB - jieHHe A B yx TepMHHOB — p r e c is io n h a c c u r a c y : c nepB H M H3 h h x CBHOHBaeTCH cjiyn aH H an on raS K a, co b to p h m — CHCTeMaTHnecKaa. J^Ba h o h h t h h — CJiynaHHan h CHCTeMaTHuecKan o h ih S k h — jro rn - necKH o t h o c h t c h k HOHHTHHM p a 3Hbix th h o b (b cmbicji e P a c c e jia ) , h CTpoHTB 3A ecb o 6T>eAHHHioni;ee noHHTHe TaK Hte c t p k h h o , KaK cK a- 3aTb, h to y MeHH n ep eA r j ia 3aMH ABe BenjH — CTyji h Me6e j i t . C o b - ceM CTpaHHHM npeACTaBJineTCH yTBepntAeHHe o to m , h to H3MepeHHH HMeiOT K anecTBa, KOTopwe onpeAejiHH)TCH KOJiHHecTBeHHBiMH x a p a K - TepncTHKaMH. He onpeAejieH H tiM b oa h om H3 yKa3aH H Bix B u m e o n p e - A ejie m ra O K a3ajiocb npeA C T aB jieim e 06 h c th h h o m 3HaneHHH H 3M epne- MOH BeJIHHHHH — HHrA® B CTBHAapTe 3TO CMyTHOe, (|lHJIOCO(|)CKH O K pa- m eH H oe noHHTHe He pa3T>HCHHeTCH. H c t o jib Hte CTpaHHO, h to 06a HOHHTHH — «TOHHOCTB» H «HpaBHJIBHOCTB» — OTHOCHTCH TOJIBKO K H 3- MepeHHHM, HO HHKHK He K H a6jIH)AeHHHM, XOTH H3 TOrO Hte CT3H- AapTa CHeAyeT, h to HaSjiiOAeHHfl TaKHte BBipantaioTCH KojiHnecTBeHHo.

H a 3tom n pH M epe c TepM nuojiornH ecK H M CTaHAapTOM m h ocT a- h o b h jih c b c t o jib h o a P o S h o aJIk T o ro , h to S b i HOKa3aTB, KaK H e n p o - Ha3HH TpyAHOCTH, C KOTOpHMH HpHXOAHTCH CTaJIKHBaTBCH HpH HO- HHTKe oneHB HtecTKoro ynopHAOHHBaHHH HayHHOH TepMHHOJiornn. B pH A jih ynoM H HyTHH BH ine CTaHAapT n p m ie c e T n o jib 3 y H am eH H ayK e. Ho, bo b ch kom c jiy n a e , ce n n a c H anancH jh o S o h h t h h h aK cnepH M eirr: yneHBiM b «AeKpeTHOM» nopH AK e peKOMeHAyeTCH t o , h to He BHAepntH- BaeT KpHTHKH C H03HIJHH JIOrHHeCKOrO aH ajIH 3a H BPHA JIH COOTBeT- CTByeT HCTOpHHeCKH CJIO/KHBIHHMCH HayHHBIM TpaAHIpIHM. H H Te- pecHO — KaKOB 6yAeT pe3ynB TaT ?

MontHO BHCKa3 aTB CJieAyiomee, AOCTaTOHuo o6m;ee yTBep/KAenne: neM ranpe HayHHoe noHHTHe, TeM TpyAnee o h o noAAaeTCH onpeAejie- HHK). B o T OAHH H3 HpHMepOB. B «<J>HHOCO(|)CKOH 3HpHKJIOHeAHH» [137] aoho cjieAyioipee onpeAeneHHe TepMHHa «3KcnepHMeHT»:

3K cn epiiM eH T . . . — HyBCTBeuHO-npeAMeTuaH AeHTeJiBHocTBb H a y K e , o c y m e c T B j in e M a H T e o p e T H n e c K H n o 3 H a H H B i.M ii c p e A C T B a M H .

n p e A C T a B B T e c e 6e T e n e p t , h t o c t b b h t c h 3 K cn e p H M e H T , b k o t o p o m p e rH C T p n p y e T C H H H ^ p a K p a c H o e H 3 A y n e H H e , p e 3 y n b T a T H 3aT eM n o -

138

CTynaiOT b 9BM h BBipaioTCH nocjiepoBaTeJiBHO b Bnpe KaKon-TO 3a- HHCH Ha MaTeMaTHHeCKOM H3HKe. H to 3peCB HBJIHeTCH HyBCTIieHHO- npepMeTHOH peHTejiBHOCTBio — nojiyneHHe HH(|)paKpacHoro cnoKTpa, KOTopHH mh l ie BoenpHHHMaeM HaniHMH HyBCTBaMH? Mojkho jih chhtb tb , h to cneK T porpa#, reHepaTop cneKTpa h ycTponcTBO pun p ern - CTpapHH cneKTpa h bjihiotch TeopeTiinecKH no3HaHHHMH cpepCTBaMH? CoBpeMeHHan MaTeMaTiinecKaH TeopHH aKcnepHMeHTa h cx o p h t KaK p a3 H3 npoTHBonojiojKHOH npepnocBuiKH. TaM yTBepjKpaeTCH, HTO aKcnepHMeHT BepeTCH TeopeTHHecKH He no3HaHHHMH cpepCTBaMH. H, HCXOpH H3 3TOTO yTBepjKpeHHH, peKOMeHpyeTCH yCHOBHH npOBe- peHHH OKCnepHMeHTa paHpOMH3HpOBaTB C TeM, HToSh H36aBHTBCH OT B03M0JKHHX CHCTeMaTHHeCKHX OIHhSoK. PaHpOMH3apHH SHJia 6h He HyJKiia, ecjin 6bi 3KcnepHMeHT ocyipecTBjiHJiCH TeopeTHHecKH no3HaH- hhm h cpepCTBaMH. E c jih onnpaTBCH Ha npHBepeHHoe BHine onpepe- jieHHe, to SojiBinaH nacTB HayHHBix aKcnepHMeHTOB pojuKHa 6h tb npH3HaHa He nayHUOH peHTeHBHOCTBH).

TpypHO cra b ynopnpoHeHHH HayHHOH TepMmojiorHH npepCTaB- h h iotch HenoMepHHMH. H Bee jKe yneitHe h to -to x o t h t 3pecB cpejiaTB. Ho peHTejiBHOCTB 3Ta pojintHa 6h tb oneHB octop ojk h oh . HaM npep- CTaBJIHeTCH, HTO TepMHHBI HapO CKOpee pa3T>HCHHTB, HeM CTporo on pe- pejIHTB. G KaJKpBIM HOHHTHeM B HayKe, KaK npaBHJIO, CBH3aHO HOJie 3HaHeHHH, cjiojKHBineecH HCTopHHecKH. BcHKan nonHTKa onpepejie- HHH CBH3aHa C OrpaHHHeHHHMH, HaKJiapHBaeMHMH Ha 9TO HOJie. Gjiepyn CnHH03e, mojkho CKa3aTB, h to onpepejiem ie ecTB OTpnpa- Hne — b HarneM cjiynae OTpnpaHne to h naCTH cm hcjioboto hojih , KOTopoe He nonajio b paMKH onpepeneHHH. H ap o jih HaKJiapHBaTB Ha CMHCJioBBie hojih cto h b SojiBHiHe orpaHHHeHHH, KaK 3 to Sbijio cpe- jiaHO b npHBepeHHOM Btirae npnMepe c TepMHHOM «9KcnepHMeHT» hjih eipe paHBine, b npnMepe c TepMHHOM «HH<|)opMapHH»?

TepMHHH b HayKe po jijk h h cJiyjKHTB He tojibko pun Toro, htoSh c h x noMonjBio Sh jih BHpajKeHH paHee co3paHHHe KOHpenipan, hoH PJIH <]>opMyJIHpOBKH KaKHX-TO CyJKpeHHH B SypyipeM. noaTOMy TepMHHH HayKH pojijkhh 6h tb omnpumuMU. ^ a n te b MaTeMaTHKe, KaK 3 to xop om o noKa3aji Ha opHOM npnMepe JIaK aToc [ 1 3 8 ] , KpHTHKa paHee BBiCKa3aHHHX hojiojkghhh npHBopHT k pacmnpeHHio CMHCJiaH O H H T H H .

H yjK, b o b c h k o m c j iy n a e , h c h o , h t o j i i o S h m T e p M H H O jio r H n e c K H M

p e K O M e H p a p H H M p o ji jK e H n p e p m e c T B O B a T B o S c t o h t o j i b h h h j i o r n K o -

J IH H rB H C T H H e C K H H a H a JIH 3 B C e rO M H 0 r 0 0 6 p a 3 H H p e a H B H H X H a y H H H X TeKCTOB.

r n a B a H e x s e p T a fl

M a T e M a T H K a i ; a i ; h 3 b i k

1 . OcoSeHHOCTH H3MKa MaTeMaTHKH B TeKCTaX «HHCTOH» MaTeMaTHKH

Hto ecTb MaTeMaTHKa? HBJIHeTCH jih MaTeMaTHKa, npepcTaBjineMan bo BCeM ee cOBpeMeHHOM MHoroo6pa3HH, epnHOH HayKOH? Ha otot neTKO nocTaBJieHHHH Bonpoc nonuTaJiHCb paTB OTBeT (jfjpaHnyacKne MaTeMaTHKH, nySjiHKyroipHe cboh paSoTbi nop; ricenpoHHMOM H. Byp- SaKH. B hx CTaTte «ApxHTeKTypa maTeMaTHKH», KOTopan Ha pycckom H3HKe SHJia onySjiHKOBaHa b npnjiojKeHHH k TOMHKy «Hcto- pHH MaTeMaTHKH» 1 [82], yTiiep/KflaeTcn, hto MaTeMaTHKa (a pent npeT, KoneHHO, tojibko o hhctoh MaTeMaTHKe) ecTB epHHan HayKa. Ee epHHCTBO 3apaeTCH CHCTeMOH ee JioranecKHX nocTpoeHHH. XapaK- TepHOH OCoSeHHOCTblO MaTeMaTHKH HBJIHeTCH neTKHH aKCHOMHTHHeCKH pepyKTHBHHH MeTop nocTpoeHHH CHCTeM cyjKpeHHH (hjih, Tonnee, 8 0 3 M 0 3 K H 0 C m b HpHMeHeHHH TaKOTO MeTOpa). JlroSaH MaTeMaTHHeCKaH paSoTa OTjiiraaeTCH npentpe Bcero TeM, hto copepntHT pJiHHnyio pent jiorHHecKHX 3aKJHOHeHHH. Ho, 3aMeHaroT BypSaKH, naHH3biBaHne yM03aKJIH)HeHHH eCTb TOJIBKO TpaHC(|>OpMHpyiOIH;HH MeXaHH3M. O h MO/KeT Sbitb npHMeHeH k jiioSoh cncTeMe nocBijioK. 9to jihtiib BHemHHH npH3HaK cHCTeMH — ee opeaipa, oh eipe He BCKpBiiiaeT cbmoh chctcmbi JiorHHecKHX nocTpoeHHH, 3apaBaeMBix nocTyjiaTaMH.

CncTeMa nocTyjiaTOB b MaTeMaTHKe — 3 t o o t h i o p b He necTpan M03aHKa OTpeJIBHBIX HCXOpHBIX BBICKa3BIBaHHH. OcoSeHHOCTBH) MaTeMaTHKH HBjineTCH t o , h t o cHCTeMa nocTyjiaTOB o6pa3yeT CBOeoS- pa3HHe KOHpenpnn — MameMamunecKue cmpynmypu, SoraT ue TeMH JlOTHHeCKHMH CJiepCTBHHMH, KOTOpue H3 HHX MOTyT 6h T B BMBOpOHM pepyKTHBHO. MaTeMaTHKa OKa3HBaeTCH b npHHpnne aKCH0MaTH3H- pyeMOH oSjiaCTBIO 3HaHHH, H B 3T0M HMeHHO CMHCJie OHa HBJIHeTCH epHHOH HayKOH. Ee epHHCTBo 3apaeTCH ocoSennocTBio ee. JiorHHecKon CTpyKTypH — 3 t o peHTpajiBHaH m h c j ib BypSaKH, OTpaH?aioni;aH tty M aT eM a T H H ecK oe M H p o B 0 3 3 p e H H e .

1 3 to o flira H3 t o m o b yH H K ajiB H oro p jih H a m e ro BpeMeHH T p a K r a ia «3ne.M enTM MaTeMaTHKH^, k o t o pw it 6 u j i 3apyM aH TaK, h t o 6 h paTi> a u ia T e a io n o a H o e u p e p - CTaBjieHHe o coB peM eH H ofi MaTeMaTHKe, H 3JiaraeM oe c n 0 3 n p n ii o p n o i i H3 K p y n - h h x coBpeMeHHi>ix mKOJi b 3t o h H ayK e.

140

l l o n p o 6yeM T e n e p t flaTb HeKOTopoe npe^CTaBJieHne o h 3bikg M a- TGMaTHKH, TOHH66, 06 HAGHJIG 3TOTO H3BIKa: GG H3HK npGflCTftBJIHGT C060H HGKOTOpyiO CHCTGMy HpaBHJI OnGpHpOBaHHH CO 3HaKaMH. p T o S H I 3ap,aTB «HCHHCJI6HH6», HaflO IIOCTpOHTB aJI(])aBHT HGpBHHHBIX OTGMGH- IT0B __ 3HBKOB, 3aflaTb HaHaJIBHBIG CJIOBa HCHHCJI6HHH H HOCTpOHTB jnpaBHJia noJiynGHHH h o b b ix c j i o b H3 HanajiBHBix c j i o b . O h h CTpo- HTCH Ha MHOJK6CTB6 3JI6M6HTOB, $H3HH6CKaH HpnpO^a KOTOpHX HG npHHHMaGTCH BO BHHMBHHG 1. 4 to 6 b i 3a,naTB CTpyKTypy, flOCTaTOHHO OnpGflGJIHTB OTHOHIGHHG MGJKfly 9THMH 3JIGMGHTaMH B HGKOTOpOH CH- CTGMG aKCHOM. CHCTGMa CyjKflGHHH CTpOHTCH B MBTGMaTHKG 6 g 3 aHGJI- JIHPHH K HGHBHO HOflpa3yMGIiaGMBIM flOHyipGHHHM, 3flpaBOMy CMBICJiy HJIH CBOSoflHHM aCCOpHapHHM. 3aflaHa 3aKJII0Ha6TCH B npOBGpKG TOrO, HTO HOJiyHGHHBIG pG3yjIBTaTBl flGHCTBHTGJIBHO CJIGflylOT H3 Ha- naJiBHHX 3 onym;GHHH. B g c c m b i c j i g h h o h h b j i h g t c h caMa nocTaHOBKa Bonpoca O npOBGpKG npaBHJIBHOCTH HCXOflHBIX aKCHOM B KaKOM-TO «<])H3HH6CKOM» CMBICJIG. MaTGMaTHKOB SgCHOKOHT TOJIBKO JIOTHHGCKaH COCTOHTejIBHOCTB aKCHOM — OHH ^OJIHIHH 6h T B BHyTpGHHG HGHpOTH- BOP6HHBBIMH. H o , HOBTOpHGM GipG p a3, CHCTGMa aKCHOM, SarjaiOmaH MaTGMaTHHGCKHG CTpyKTypBi, flOJi/KHa O b itb nocTpoGHa TaK, h t o S b i OHa SBiJia 6oraT a j i o t h h g c k h m h c j i g ^ c t b h k m h .

HflGH yHHBGpCaJIBHOH CHMBOJIHKH H JIOTHHGCKOrO HCHHCJI6HHH BOCXOflHT Gipe K JIghShH U Y, XOTH C0BP6M6HH06 HOHHMaHHG MBTGMa- THKH KaK <|)0pMaJIH3y6M0r0 HCHHCJI6HHH (cOBOKyHHOCTH HCHHCJI6HHH) CTajio bo3momkhhm to jib k o h o c jig paSoT cDporG, PaccGJia H rn jiB S o p T a . y K jih h h [7 0 ] m h HaxoflHM CJiGflyioniiyio xap aK T op n cT H K y npH H - pHHHaJIBHHX yCTaHOBOK rn jiB S o p T a :

. . . CHMBOJIH H T. H. CaMH HO Cg6g HBJIHIOTCH OKOHHaTGJIBHHMH HpGflMGTaMH H HG flOJI/KHBI HCH0JIB30BaTBCH flJIH o6o3HaHGHHH HGrO- JIH6 0 , OTJIHHHOrO OT HHX CaMHX. MaTGMaTHK CMOTpHT Ha HHX, a HG H6pe3 HHX H HG Ha TO, HTO 3 a HHMHJ TBKHM o 6 p a 3 0 M , OHH HBJIHIOTCH npGfflMGTaMH 6 63 HHTGpnpGTapHH HJIH 3HaHGHHH.

HaCTO H r p y b ra a X M a ra paccMaTpHBaiOT KaK m o ,o;gjib MaTGMaTHKH [1 4 1 ] h j ih , gcjih x o t h t g , KaK n apoflH io Ha MaTGMaTHKy. B m a x M a T a x (])HrypH H HOJIH Ha A ° C K 6 — 3TO 3HaKH CHCTGMH, flOHyCTHMHG n p a - BHjia H rpH — npaB H jia BBiBOAa, HCxoflnaH h o 3h ijh h napTHH — CHCTGMa aKCHOM, HOCJIGflyiOmHG H03HpHH — <]>OpMyjIH, BHBOflHMBIG H3 aKCHOM. H c x o flH a n h o 3hh ;h h h npaB H jia n r p H OKa3HBaiOTCH hg - o Sh h b h h o SoraTHM H — o h h b yMGJiHX p y n a x nopoH iflaioT m h o jkg c tb o h h t g p g c h h x napTH H . E cjih hgjibio m axMaTHOH napTH H h b jih g tc h CAe-

1 KpO M e h x CBOHCTBa 6 h t b «>koctkhmii>> — h b t k o on03H aBaeM H M H ( t . e . pa3Jin- aaeM HMH h OTOiKRecTBjiaeMMMii) o6i.eK TaM H , Cm. c t b t b i o C. A . H h o b c k o h [140].

141

j i a T b M a T n p o T H B H H K y , to p e j i t i o M a i e M a T i r a e c K H x j i ,0 K a 3 a T e J iL C T B

H B J IH eT C H n o j i y n e H H e H e K O T o p u x T e o p e M . B o6ohx c j i y n a a x B a > K H o

H e n p O C T O flO C T H H B p e j I H , H O C f le J ia T B 3 T O H 3 H IP H O H , K O H e H H O , 6 e 3

n p o T H B o p e H H H — b M a T e M a T H K e H e K O T o p u e C H T y a p H H 6yp,yi p a c c M a T -

P H B B T B C H K a K H p O T H B O p e H H B H e , T a K H t e , K a K , C K a H t e M , H a jI H H H e f l e - chth $ e p 3 e f i o f l H o r o p B e i a 6 y j i , e T n p o T H B o p e H H T B « m a x M a T H O M y

H C H H C J ie H H K )» . H o c a M o e H H T e p e c H o e b T a K O M c o n o c i a B J i e H H H — 3to to, hto J i o r H H e c K H e o n e p a i p a H 3 # e c B ( K a K h n p n < £ o p M a jiB H O M f lO K a -

3 a T e J iB C T B e T e o p e M b M a T e M a T H K e ) hpoh3Boahtch 6 e 3 K a K o f i - J i n S o

H H T e p n p e T a p H H b T e p M H H a x H B J i e H H i B H e n r a e r o M H p a : ajih H a c , c n a -

H te M , c o B c e M H e B a > K H O , n e M y c o o T B e T C T B y i o T n e m r a b p e a j i B H o

H a S j i r o a a e M O M M H p e h p a 3 y M H H hh T e o r p a H H H e H H H , K O T o p H e H a j r o - w e H H H a n p a B H j i a ^ e H C T B H H c hhmh.

H Bee ace HejiB3H yTBepjKflaTB, hto MaTeMaraKa — hohhoctbio $opMajiH30BaHHan BeTBB 3HaniiH. OKOHHHJiacB HeyaaHefi nonHTKa TnJiBSepTa hoctpohtb CTporo $opMajrH30BaHHyro CHCTeMy AOKa3a- TeJIBCTB aScOJIIOTHOH HenpOTHBOpeHHBOCTH apH^MeTHKH. Hepa3pe- HreilHLIMH OKa3aJIHCB HeKOTOpne npOTHBOpeHHH B TeopHH MHOJKeCTB, HrpaiomeH ctojib SoJiBmyio pojib b MaTeMaTHKe. HMeiOTCH TpyflHocTH c <£opMajiBHHM onpeaeJieHHeM hohhthh «AOKa3aTeJiBCTBO» b MaTeMaTHKe Boo6m;e.

B n p o p e c c e p a 3 B H T H H M a T e M a T H K H hohbjihiotch H O B L ie , p a H e e

H e n p e A y C M O T p e H H i a e n p n e M H A O K a 3 a T e J iB C T B 1. Kjihhh b y n o M H H a B -

m e f i C H K H H r e [70] $ o p M y j i n p y e T 3 T y mhchb c j r e a y i o m H M o 6 p a 3 0 M :

. . . n p e f l d a B H M c e 6 e B c e 3 H a i o m e r o a p H ^ M e T H K a . C j i e a o B a j i o 6bi O J K H fla T B , H TO e r O CHOCoShOCTB y C M B T p H B a T B c p a 3 y S e C K O H e H H O M H O rO

(JaKTopoB AaJia 6bi eMy bo3mo>khoctb ySe^HTBCH b cnpaBeAHHBocTH H e K O T O p B I X n p a B H J I B H B O f la , K O T O p B ie M H H e M O rJ IH o 6 H a p y > K H T B .

H o B c e - T a K H J i r o S a n K O H K p e T H a n $ o p M a j i B H a n c n c T e M a . . . K O T o p y r o

oh noHtejiaJi 6h coo6hi;htb HaM, oSbhchhb, KaK OHa paSoTaeT (h He o6bhchhb, n o n e M y O H a p a S o T a e T hmchho T a n ) , S H J ia 6h H e n o j r a o f i .

H H o r A a y T B e p > K ,n ;a K )T , hto B e e M a T e M a T H H e c K H e 3 H a H H H hmhjihh;h- p O B a i lB I B T e x K p a T K H X B H C K a 3 H B a H H H X , K O T O p H e H p H H H T O H a 3 H -

B B T B M a T e M B T H H e C K H M H C T p y K T y p a M H , a A O K a 3 a T e J IB C T B O T e o p e M —

9to j i H m B 3 K C n J iH K a n ;H H T o r o , hto c o a e p H C H T C H b C T p y K T y p a x . 9to y T B e p > K A e H H e 6hjio 6h B n o j i H e n p a B O M e p H H M , e c j i n 6h n p o p e c c A O K a 3 a T e J iB C T B a 6hji C T p o r o < £ o p M a j iH 3 0 B a H . H o e c j i H 3to H e T a K , to h A O K a 3 a T e j iB C T B a T e o p e M cbmh ho c e 6 e c o ,n ;e p } K a T y a c e H e K O T o p y i o

c y m e c T B e H H O H O B y r o H H ^ o p M a p H i o , H e 3 a J io > K e H H y K ) b T e x C T p y K T y p a x ,

f lJ IH p a 3 T > H C H e H H H K O T O p H X O H H C J Iy H ta T .

1 O T C io a a , b nacT H O C T H , c j i e n y e T H enpaB O M epH O C T B B H C K a 3 H B a m iH o t o m , h t o flO K a a a ie jifcC T B O j i i o 6 h x T e o p e M m o s i c t 6 h t b n o j r a o c T b i o n ep e ,n a H O 9BM.

142

H eJ ib 3H roBopHTB o h o jih o h $ o p M a n H 3an;HH MaTeMaTHKH eipe h h o - TOMy, HTO b H en H a p a fly c fleflyKTHBHBiMH cyatfleHHHMH H cnoJiB 3y- jo tc h em;e h npaBflonofloftHBie (iiHflyitTHBHBie) paccyatfleH H H b cMHCJie I lo n a [142], H an p aM ep 3aKJiroHeHHH, n o c T p o e m m e Ha ocHOBaHHH aH aJiornn. IIp a B fla , h h k t o He MoateT Bee ace opeHHTB, c k o jib 6ojn>myro POJIB OHH HrpaiOT B HOCTpOeHHH MaTeMBTHHeCKHX cyatfleH H H . H H a - KOHen;, n o c jie fln ee aaMenaHHe — MaTeMaTHnecKne p a C o r a Bce-TaKH He M oryT o 6x o p ;h tb c h 6 e3 HCnoJiB30BaHHH o S H fle m io ro H 3H Ka KaK HeKO Toporo BCnoMoraTeJiBHoro cpeflCTBa.

2 . M aT eiw aT H H ecK aH T eop H H H 3B iK a —K O H pen pH H KOHTeK CTH O-CBoSoflH BIX H3BIKOB

AMepHKaHCKHH JIHIITBHCT XOMCKHH BO BTOpofi HOJIOBHHe 5 0 -X rOflOBX X b . noHHTaJiCH noCTpoHTB MaxeMaTHHecKyio MOfleJiB ecTecTBeH-TTT.TX H3HKOB. fDopM a.TBHaa rpaMMBTHKB KOHTeKCTHO-CBOSoflHBIX H 3H - KOB CTpOHTCH KaK HCHHCJieHHe flJIH HOpOHtfleHHH MHOateCTBa npaBHJIB- h h x npeflJioaceHHH ecTecTBeH Horo H 3H K a. K a K h b o b ch k o m h c h h c - jieHHH, 3p;ecB penB HfleT o rp aM M araK e, K O Topan flOJiatHa c o c t o h tb H3 H eK O Toporo KOHenHoro an^aB H T a — M HoatecTBa h c x o a h h x ch m - b o jio b , H eK O Toporo KOHenHoro MHoatecTBa npaBHJi BHBOfla, n o p o a c - flaronpix n;enoHKH, h HanaJiBHHx p en o n eK — aKCHOM. U jenonKH , n o - poatflaeM H e npaBHJiaMH BHBOfla, HHTepnpeTHpyiOTCH KaK npeflJioace- HHH. B e e MHOHteCTBO npeflJIOateHHH Ha3BIBaeTCH 3fleCB H3HKOM. TpaM M aTHKa, ecjiH OHa flOJiatHHM o 6 p a 3 0M c<[)opMyJiHpoBaHa, flOJiatHa op;H03HaHHo onpep;eJiHTB Bee MHoateCTBO npaBHJiBHHX npefljioateH H H H 3H K a. CHHTaKCHnecKoe onH caH H e 3p;ecB Bep;eTCH b TepM HHax TaK H a3H B aeM oro aHaJiH3a n o Henocpep;CTBeHHHM cocTaBJiHronptM. I lp e fl - JiojKeHHH a p o 6h t c h Ha Bee 6o n e e h 6ojiee MejiKHe cocTaBJiaioiflHe, b h jio tb a o caM H X MeJiKHX [143],

TeopHH K0HTeKCTH0-CB060flHHX H3BIKOB, KaK 3T0 yate BHflHO H3 CaMOH HOCTaHOBKH 3aflaHH, CTpOHTCH KaK HHCTO MaTeMaTHHecKaH flHcpHHJiHHa. T jiy6oKaH c b h 3b 0Ka3aJiacB Meatfly Hero h Teopnen KOHeHHBix aBTOMaTOB. B Hamen KHHre m h He MoateM ocTaHaBjiHBaTBca Ha H3JIOHteHHH TeopHH KOHTeKCTHO-CBo6oflHBIX H3HKOB, HHane HaM npnnuioCB 6h HanncaTB flaHHuz n a p a rp a $ Ha H3BiKe, o tjih h h o m o t Toro, Ha k o to p o m HanncaHa b c h ocTaJiBHan KHHra. KpaTKoe h oneHB nonynnpH oe H3JioateHHe 3 t o h TeopHH m ohcho HafrrH b 6po- mrope 10. A. IHpenflepa [4], oftcTonrejiBHoe — b MOHorpa^HH [144].

XOMCKHH B OflHOH H3 n ep B H X p a 60T, HOCBHIfleHHHX TCGpHH KOH- TeKCTHO-CBoSoflHHX H 3H K 0B , HHTaeTCH OCMBICJIHTB npaBOMepHOCTB CBoero n o flx o fla . O h $ o p M y jiH p y e T CJieflyronpie B o n p o c n : mohcho jih pa3JIHHHHM o 6 p a 3 0M HOCTpOHTB npOCTBie rpaMMaTHKH flJIH BCeX HHTe- pecyrom ;HX H ac h 3 h k o b ? OftjiaflaroT jih TaKHe rpaMMaTHKH o 6t .h c h h -

143

TejiBHoa chjioh? Ectb jih npepCTaBJinioipHe HHTepec h3bikh, KOTopne HaXOpHTCH BHe oftjiaCTH 9TOH TeopHH? He HBJIHeTCH JIH TaKHM H3HKOM, CKaateM, aHrJiHHCKHH H3HK?

,D(OBOJIBHO 6tICTpO BBIHCHHJIOCB, HTO rpaMMPTHKH KOHTeKCTHO- CBoSopHHX H3BIKOB OKa3BIBaiOTCH OHeHB ypoSlIBIM HHCTpyMeHTOM pjin H3yHeHHn h3mkob nporpaMMHpoBaHHH. Ho HHTepeCHO Bee ® e Bonpoc nocTaBHTB nrape — b KaKon CTeneHH 9Ta TeopHH 0Ka3HBaeTCH nOJie3HOH pjIH OHHCaHHH H IIOHHMaHHH eCTeCTBeHHHX H3HKOB, KOTOpue B OTJIHHHe OT H3BIKOB HpOrpaMMHpOBaHHH BCe JKe HBJIHIOTCH, HO KpanHen Mepe c H a ra n x ho3hh;hh, HerepejieBCKHMH CHCTeMaMH.

Ha 9tot Bonpoc mojkho paTB OTBeT, ecjin BBecTH, KaK 9to cpejiaji XoMCKHH, MHOJKeCTBO rpaMMaTHHeCKHX TpaHC$OpMan;HH, KOTOpue nepeBOflHT npepjiojKeHHH c ophoh CTpyKTypon H3 HenocpepcTBeHHBix coCTaBJiHioin;HX b HOBoe npepjiojKeHHe c ppyron CTpyKTypoS [143].

<J>yH;o;aMeHTaJiBHBiM b KOHnienniHH X o m ck o to hbjih gtch npepcTa- BJieHHe o rJiy 6HHHOH h noBepxHOCTHOH CTpyKTypax npepjiojKeHHH. r J iy 6HHHaH C Tpym ypa — 9 to Henro, JiejKaipee b ocHOBe, Henocpep- CTBeHHO CBH3aHHoe c MBimJieHHeM h no3BOJiHioin;ee paBaTB ceMaHTH- necKyio HHTepnpeTan;HK) npepjiojKeHHH He3aBHCHMO o t ocoSeHHocTeS Toro hjih h h o to H3HKa. TpaHc^opMaBtHOHHHie npaBHJia nepeBopHT npepjioHceHHe H3 rJiyftHHHOH CTpyKTypn b noBepxHOCTHyio, paajiHH- Hyio pjm pa3HBix h3bikob. Ho, KOHeHHo, h pacniHpeHHaH MOpejIB — TpaHC$opMan;HOHHaH rpaMMaTHKa — m ojkct paccMaTpHBaTBCH tojibko KaK MopejiB, HMeioipaH CTaTyc MeTa$opBi, t . e. ecjin ch h tp tb , h to MOpennpyeMaH CHCTeMa — eereCTBeHHHH h3bik — b KaKOM-TO ophom CMHCJie BepeT ce 6n KaK ero MaTeMaTHnecKaH MopejiB, a b KaKOM-TO ppyroM CMBicJie — coBCeM HHane. 0 bjihhhhh Hpefi XoMCKoro h ero nocJiepoBaTepen Ha p a3BHTHe p a 6oT no jiHHTBHCTHKe o6npeHHBix h 3h - KOB (He CBo6opHBIX OT BJIHHHHH KOHTeKCTa Ha CMBICJI (Jpa3) MOJKHO npoHHTaTB b nonyjinpHO HaniicaHHOH KHHre [145].

KoHn;eni];HH X o m ck o to — TeopHH nopojKparonptx rpaMMaraK — ceHnac nocBHipeHa npaKTHnecKH Heo6o3pHMan JiHTepaTypa. MeTopo- jiorHHecKne acneKTBi b to to nopxopa H3Ji0JKeHBi b ero oneHB HHTepeCHO HanncaHHOH KHHre [146], HepaBHO BBimepmeH b pyccKOM nepeBope. H anSonee HHTepecHBie pe3yjiBTaTBi b TeopHH k o h tg k cth o-cb o S op h lix h3hk ob 6bijih nojiyHeHBi npn pemeHHH n p o6jieMBi pacno3HaBaHHH, Korpa HyjKHO y3HaTB, HMeeT jih MecTO paHHoe OTHomeHHe MejKpy TeMH HJIH IIHLIMH H3BIKaMH HJIH MejKpy H3HKOM H HjenOHKOH. PaCH03HaBa- HHe OCyipeCTBJIHeTCH HeKOTOpBIM peTepMHHHpOBaHHBIM yCTpOHCTBOM no KOHeHHOMy HHCJiy h c tk h x npepnHCaHHH, o6pa3yiomHX HeKOTopuH aJiropHTM. E cjih TaKOH pa3pemaioin;HH ajiropHTM cyipecTByeT, to roBopHT, h to n p o 6jieMa aJiropHTMHHecKH pa3pemHMa. AjiropHTMH- necKH pa3pemHMOH OKa3aJiacB npogjieMa npHHapjiejKHoCTH npoH3- BOJIBHO 3apaHHOH IjenOHKH K HeKOTOpOMy npOH3BOJIBHO 3apaHHOMy

144

KOHTeKCTHO-CBo6oflHOMy 5i 3M K y. P em eH H e b t o h n p o 6jieM H HMeeT BaHtHOe npSKTH^GCKOe .'iH;lTIOHITG B MamHHHO-BBIHHCJIHTeJIBHOH T e x - HHKe, rfle n y n m o y M e x t aBTOMaTHHecKH pacno3H aB aTB n p orp a M M H h p em aT B , Ha KaKOM H3 b o 3 m o jk h h x h 3b ik ob 3 a n n c a H a Ta h jih HHan nocuieflOBaTeJiBHOCTB ch m b ojiob . AjiropnTM H H ecK H Hepa3pemHMBiMH OKa3ajiHCB CJiejiyiomHe n p oftjieM H : y3HaTB n o flByM h p o h 3 b o jib h h m KOHTeKCTHO-CBo6ojIHHM TpaMMaTHKaM, HOpOJKflaiOT JIH OHH OflHH h t o t «te H3H K , nepeceKaiOTCH jih nopojK jieH H H e hm h h 3 h k h , cy ip ecT - sy e T jih KOHenHHH n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a T e n B , oToSpaJKaroipHH h 3b ik , n o p o jK - âeMBiH op;hoh rpaMMaTHKOH, Ha H 3H K, Hopo>Kp;aeMBiH p ;pyroH rp a M MaTHKOH. E c jih c TaKHMH gaâHaMH npHXO^HTCn CTaJiKHBaTBCH n p o - rpaMMHCTaM, t o o h h BBmyjKneiiBi b b o jih tb pap; orpaH H neH H fi: p a 6 o - TaTB c H3HKaMH, o th o c h h ih m h c h k H eKOTopoM y cnepH ajiBH O M y nO fl- KJiaCCy H3BIKOB, flJIH KOTOpHX 3TH H p o 6jIeMBI p a 3pemHMBI, HJIH $ O p - MaJiH30BaTB ceMaHTHnecKHe acneK TH h 3b ik ob h t . r . [144].

BepHeMCH TenepB k op;hoh H3 peHTpaJiBHBix n p o 6;ieM ecTecTBeH- HBIX H3HKOB — K BOnpOCy 0 TOM, B03M0JKeH JIH, CTpOTO TOBOpH, nepeBop; c op;Horo H3BiKa Ha flpyron? E c jih k t o - t o 3axoneT o t b o t h t b Ha 3 t o t B onpoc, t o HanaTB o h flOJUKen c t o t o , h t o Herao ero c$opM y- jinpyeT. T o jib k o b paMKax onpep;eJieHHoro $opMaJiH3Ma m ojk h o h o - h h tb t o , h to mbi x o th m cnpocHTB. B 3to m CJiynae ecTecTBeHHO o6pa- THTBCH K MO/ieJIH KOHTeKCTTIO-CBoSo^HBIX H3HKOB. Torfla 9TOT BOnpOC MOHteT 6b itb c$opMyjiHpoBaH KaK noHCK KOHeHHoro npeo6pa30Ba- TeHH jujih OTo6pa>KeHHH H3HKa, nopo>Kp;aeMoro op;hoh rpaMMaTHKofi, Ha H3HK, nopoJKflaeMHH flpyrofi rpaMMaTHKOH, h jih KaK n p o 6;ieMa y3HaBaHHH Toro, h to p;Be rpaMMaTHKH nopo>Kp;aioT op;hh h t o t jne h 3 h k . E c jih âme n pn Tanon a6cTpaKTHOH ôpMyjinpoBKe 3aflaHH OKa3H- BaeTCH, h to OHa Hepa3pemHMa, t o OTCiop;a, bhp;hm o, m ojk h o cp;ejiaTB b h b o h : HMen p;eJio c ecTecTBeHHBiMH H3HKaMH, jiynm e roBopHTB He o nepeBop;e c op;Horo H3BiKa Ha p;pyroH, a 06 UHmepnpemaifuu Ha o^h om H3 H3HKOB Toro, h t o 6bijio paHee BBiCKa3aHO Ha p;pyroM. HaM Ka- jneTCH, h to aScTpaKTHaH MaTeMaTHnecKaH Mop;eJiB m o jk c t 6b itb h c h o jib - 30BaHa flJiH Toro, h t o 6h jiynm e h o h h t b t o t $aKT, h to TpyflH ocm , c k o - TOPHMH MH CTaJIKHBaeMCH npH CpaBHHTeJIBHOM COHOCTaBJieHHH eCTeCTBeHHBIX H3HKOB, HOCHT npHHH|HnHaJIBTIBIH xapaKTep. O h h OKa- 3HBaioTCH 3aJioJKeHHHMH b jiorHHecKOH CTpyKType TOH MOêJIH eCTeCT- BeHHoro H3HKa, KOTopyio m h paccMaTpHBaeM KaK HeKOTopyio npocTeS- m yio cxeM y. OTCiop;a h c h o , noneMy c to jib 6o jib ih o h HHTepec k cpaBHH- TeJIBHOH OpeHKe H3HKOB npOHBJIHIOT He TOJIBKO JIHHTBHCTH-npOêC- CHOHajiH, h o h nncaTejiH, yneHBie h $h jioco <[)h .

npHBep;eM BHCKa3HBaHHH H3BecTHoro $paHn;y3CKoro $H 3HKa Jlyn s e Bpofijin 0 npHcnoco6jieHHocTH pa3HHx HapnoHaJiBHHX h 3h k o b flJIH BHpaJKeHHH HayHHOH m h c jih [115]:

10 B. B. HajiHMOB 145

0 ;o ;h h h 3 m k h o6jiaflaioT CJIOJKHOH TpaMMaTHHeCKOH CTpyKTypoH, h o JierKo p;onycKaioT o6pa30BaHHe c jio jk h b ix c j io b h a h h o b h x npnjia- raTejiBHBix h JierKo BBipaacaioT m lic j ih b Biifle a j ih h h b i x $pa3 c o 6h - JineM b b o ^ h h x npeflJioHceHHH. 9 t h h 3 b ik h oneHB xopom o npncnocoS- JieHH a j ih He oneHB t o h h o t o , h o rJiy6oKoro BBipaaceHHH b c j i h k h x <£hjioco<|)Ckhx ;o;OKTpHH, a TaKate a j i h fleTaJiBHoro pa36opa, HHorfla HeMHo>KKO THHtejioBecHoro, h o 3anacTyK) BecBMa noyHHTeJiBHoro, t o t o h j i h HHoro pa3fleJia HayKH. ^ p y rn e h 3 h k h , c yKoponeHHBiMH rpaMMaTHHeCKHMH $OpMaMH, C OCoSeHHO npOCTBIM CHHTaKCHCOM, HBJiHioni;HeCH cjioBecHHM HHCTpyMeHTOM, C03p;aHHHM HapoflaMH c npar- MaTHHeCKOH CKJIOHHOCTBK) K fleHCTBHIO H fleHCTBeHHOCTH, HpeBOCXOflHO npHCnoco6jieHH a j i h BHpaacemiH HayniiLix H^efi b h c h o m h c h c a to m BHp;e, BBipa6oTKH CTpornx npaBHJi npep;cKa3aHHH h b ji o h h h h B03fleH- c t b h h Ha npnpofly, He ocoSemio 3a6oTHCB npn o to m 0 npoHHKHOBeHHH b o Bee ee TafiHBi.

Cpe.TH 3THX Cpe^CTB BBipaHteHHH MLICJIH ff)paiID;y3CKHH H3BIK 3BHH- MaeT CBoeo6pa3Hoe h b HeKOTopoM pofle npoMeacyTOHHoe nojioaceHHe. E ro B3HCKaTeJiBHaH rpaMMaTHKa, ero flOCTaTOHHO CTpornn CHHTaKCHC 30 HeKOTopoH CTeneHH o6y3flBiBaioT <£aHTa3Hio h Hpe3MepHoe b o o 6- paaceHHe. MeHee t h S k h h , HeM flpyrne h 3 b ik h , o h o t b o a h t cjioBaM BHyTpn $pa3H h o h t h coBepmeHHo onpefleJieHHoe MecTO h c TpyflOM p;onycKaeT HHBepcHH, KOTopne, cftjmacaa HeKOTopne cnoBa h j i h b h - fleJIHH HX, H03BOJIHIOT HOJiyHHTB HeOHtHflaHHBie 3<|><|>eKTBI H flaiOT B He- KOTOpHX H3HKaX, HanpHMep B JlaTHHCKOM, B03M0HCH0CTB flo6HTBCH Heo6nHHHX no KpacoTe KOHTpaCTOB. ^ a n ee , $paHijy3CKOMy H3HKy nyatflBi /iJiHHHLie nepHOflH, neperpyaceHHBie b b o ji,h lim h npefljioate- HHHMH, HTO TaKate JIHHiaeT erO HeKOTOpBIX B03M0>KH0CTeH. . . . Ho ecjin 3TOT H3BIK, MoaceT 6l i t b , MeHee flpyrnx noflxoflHT a j ih BBipaaceHHH, C HOMOIflBIO pa3JIHHHHX HpHeMOB HOCTpOeHHH HpeflJIOateHHH, BOJI- HyKHflHX KOHTpaCTOB HJIH flJIH OCHOBaTejIBHOTO HCCJieflOBaHHH, C HO- MOlflBIO $pa3 C oSHJIHeM HpHflaTOHIIBIX HpeflJIOateHHH, TeMHBIX Jia6n - pHHTOB CJIOHtHOH MBICJIH, OH oftHapyHtHBaeT CBOe HBHOe npeHMyipeCTBO, Korfla HeoftxoflHMO BBipaataTBCH t o h h o , cjieflya npoHHon h h t h j i o t h - necKoro paccyatflemiH, penoHKe h c h k ix h h c t k h x npeflCTaBJieHHH.

npHBep;eM eme MHeHHe 0 cpaBHHTeJiBHofi «CHJie» BBipa3HTeJiBHBix cpep;CTB flByx, Ka3ajiocB 6bi, flOCTaTOHHO 6jih3khx h3hkob — aHrJiHH- CKoro h pyccKoro. 9 th h3hkh 6jih3kh xoth 6h b tom CMHCJie, hto Ha nocjieflHeM 3Tane CBoero pa3BHTHH ohh npncnocaCjiHBaJiHCB k oahoh h toh ate 3anaHe — BLipaateHHio iifleii coBpeMeHHofi «TexHOJioriHie- ckoh» KyjitTypLi. n o MHeHHio HHCaTeJiH, KOTopHH (bo bchkom cjiyHae, Ha ypoBHe xyfloatecTBeHHoro CJiOBa) cboSoaho BJiafleeT oSohmh H3HKaMH, HMeeTCH pa3HHn;a Me>Kp;y mojioabim (He coBpeMeHHHM) PyCCKHM JIHTepaTypHBIM H3BIKOM H 6oJiee CTapBIM ailrJIHHCKHM H3BI- KOM. Oh CHHTaeT, HTO aHrJIHHCKOMy H3BIKy CBOHCTBeHHBI «TOHKHe

146

H eflo roB o p eH H O C T H , n o 9 3 H H m b ic jih , M rH O B eH H aH nepeK JiH H K a Me>K,n;y OTBJieHeHHeHHIHMH HOHHTHHMH, pO eH H e OflHOCJIOJKHBIX 1)11 L1T(3T0B»* BCe

9 t o h B e e oTHOCHipeeCH k T exH H K e h eCTeCTBeHHBiM H a y n a M , a TaKJKe k M o^ a M , c n o p T y n p n n e p e B o ^ e H a p y c c K H H , n o M HeHHio 3Toro n n c a - T e jiH , T e p a e T b CTHJie h pH TM e (H 3 n o c jie c J io B H H k [ 1 4 7 ] ) .

K oH eH H O , 9t o MHeHHe c n e f ly e T p a ccM a T p H B a T B j ih h ib K aK O T p a iK e- HHe j i h h h o t o o n H T a n n c a T e J in — o n H T a B ecB M a op ;H oC T O p oH H ero ( b t o t n n c a T e jiB O T opB aH o t c p e ^ B i H o c H T e n e n p y c c K o r o H 3 H K a ), h o H yH H K aJIBH OrO, HOCKOJIBKy OH HHHieT CBOH npO H 3B efleH H H H a flB y X H3 H K a X ; M HeHHe 9T 0 MOJKHO BOCnpHHHTB K aK H OH H TKy B H pa3H TB Ty xpyflH O C T B , C KOTOpOH HpHXOflHTCH CT3JIKHBaTBCH X yflO JK H H K y, B B inoJiH H ioni;eM y p o j i b n ep eB O n H H K a c b o h x a ce npoH 3B e;o;eH H H .

M o jk h o BH ^BH H yTB r n n o T e 3 y o t o m , h t o nojiHM op<|)H 3M c j i o b b a H r- j ih h c k o m H3BiKe flOHJKeH 6 h t b BBipaJKeH b ft o J iB m e i C TeneH H , HeM b p y c c K O M , x o t h b t o JKe B peM H aHrJiHHCKaH rpa M M aT H K a o ft jia jia e T JIOTHHeCKOH CTporOCTBK). H B03M 0JK H 0, HTO ftOJIBIHOH HOJIHMOp<|)H3M b con eT a H H H c o C T p o r o H rpaM M aTH K O H h n p n ^ a e T aHrJiHHCKOM y H 3 H K y e r o t h 6 k o c t b ; OTCroâ h T p y ^ H o c T H c n ep eB O ^ O M , 3aji;aH H H e pa3JiH H - h o h ceM aH TH H ecK O H C T p y K T y p o H f lB y x h 3 h k o b . H a m e H 3 yn eH H e $ y H K - TTwn p a c n p e f le n e H H H c j i o b n o n n c j i y C B H 3aH H tix c h h m h c h h o h h m o b (cm . c . 85) H e ;o;a jio HaM b o 3 m o j k h o c t h no,n;TBep;[i;HTB H a n iy rH H 0 T e 3 y , h o 9 t o H a c H e o S e c K y p a jK H B a e T , noC K O JiB K y c h h o h h m h o t h k ^ b He e^H H CTBeH H oe h H e c a M o e CHJiBHoe n p oH B J ieH H e nojiH M opi| )H 3M a. T py S oK aH eC T B eH H aH o p e H K a flB yH 3H H H H X c j i O B a p e i B ee >Ke fla e T HaM ocH O B aH H e n o flflep jK H B a T B r n n o T e 3 y o 6 o jiB m e M nojiH M op<|)H 3M e a H r - JIHHCKOrO H 3 H K a.

E m e 6 o j iB m e e pa3JiH H H e b H 3 H K a x m bi o6H ap y> K H M , e c j i n 6y;o;eM cpaB H H B aT B H 3H KH p a 3 H B ix K y jiB T y p , CKajKeM e B p o n e n c K O H h a ;p eB H e- HHflHHCKOH.

E c j i h TenepB noCMOTpeTB Ha npoftjieMy nepeB oâ h c x o ^ h H3 k o h - penpHH XoMCKoro o cyrpeCTBOBannH «yHHBepcaJiBHoi rpaMMaTHKH», CTOHin;eH a a BCeM MHoroo6pa3HeM h 3 b ik o b , h H3 ero npeflCTaBJieHHH o rpaMMaTHKe KaK 06 aJiropHTMe, nopojKâiomeM Bee B03MojKHBie $p a3H H3BIKa, TO, Ka3aJIOCB 6bl, npHHpHHHaJIBHBIX TpynHOCTeH 3fleCB He flOJiJKHO 6 h j i o 6 h S b i t b , ecjin #ajKe nepeBOfl êjiaTB c noMoipBK) BBIHHCJIHTeJIBHHX MaiHHH. OjtHaKO npaKTHHeCKH HHTepeCHBIX pe3yJiB- TaTOB c MamiiHHLiM nepeBOflOM noKa He noJiyHHJiocB. IIocTpoeHHe fleCKpHHTHBHO aêKBaTHBIX rpaMMBTHK flJIH KOHTeKCTTIO-TieCBo6o,THBIX H3BIKOB (b KOTOpBEX HHTepnpeTaipIH CMBICJia $p a3H lie CBo6oflHa OT KOHTeKCTa) o6epHyjiocB oneiiB c j i o j k h o h 3aflaneH.

K TOM y JKe n p n n i j i o c B n p H 3 H 3T B ( c m . , H a n p H M e p , c t 3 t b io B o T T a b [ 1 4 5 ] ) , h t o H e jioB eK n p n H H T ep n p eT a p H H H e o flH 0 3 H a H H oro KOHTeKCTa H C n o jiB 3 y e T B e e c b o h 3H 3h h h o B H em H eM M H p e, h ocT aeT C H h o h c h h m , K aK 3 a n p o r p a M M n p o B a T B 9 t h a H ip iK J ion e flH H ecK H e CBeêH H H . B H am eM

10* 147

npeACTaBJieHHH 9th aiin;HKJione/i,HHecKHe 3H9hhh saKOflHpoBaHH b no- JIHM0P(|)H3MG H3HKa, KOTOpHH paCKOflHpyeTCH TeM MGXaHHSMOM, KO- TopHH mh nHTaJiHCB onHcaTB c noMom;BH) TeopeMH Eeneca. Ilpe^,- CTaBBTe ce6e, hto hojihmop<|>hhh h3hk 6hji 6h 3aMeHeH mohomop<|)hhm h 3hkom, coctohib;hm H3 oji;ho3HaHHo 3a,aaBaeMHX cjiob. Mojkho no- HHTaTBCH xoth 6h coBceM rp y 6o on;eHHTB rp0M03flK0CTB TaKoro H3HKa — OHa HaBepHHKa 6yji,eT blixoji,htl 3a npeêjm B03M0jKH0CTen HeJioBenecKOH naMHTH. H k TOMy jKe, HaKjiaflHBan Ha mohomop<|)hhh H3HK HteCTKHe rpaMMaTHHeCKHe OrpaHHHeHHH, M H HeMe^JieHHO CTOJIK-HeMCH c reêjieBCKOH TpynHOCTBio.

M o jk h o 3a,n;aTB B o n p o c : H 03B 0JiH eT j i h C en ecoB C K H H n o f lx o f l n p e - oji;oJieTB x o t h 6h b K a K o fi-T O CTeneH H T py^H O C T H , C B H 3aH H n e c M a - ih h h h h m n ep eB O flO M , f ln a jio r o M neJiO B eK a c M an iH H o fi h h p o h h m h n o ji;o6HH M H 3 a fla n a M H ? O t b b t h t b H a b t o t B o n p o c c e n n a c H e jiB 3 H , h o npe^C T aB JiH eT C H 3aM aH H H B H M H an aT B c e p B e3H O paftoT aT B b b to m H a n p a B J ieH H H . Bo b c h k o m c j i y n a e , p a 3B H B a eM H H h h m h n oflxo ,n ; n o 3B o - JIHeT HeTKO OCMHCJIHTB B03HHKHIHe 3fle cB TpyflH O C TH .

3aKaHHHBan b t o t naparpa<|>, HanoMHHM, h t o m h jk h b g m b MHpe m h o t h x cym;ecTBeHHO pa3HHX h 3 h k o b , KOTopne coxpaHHioT c b o io HHflHBHflyaJIBHOCTB, flajKe eCJIH HM npHXOHHTCH HpHCHOCa6jIHBaTBCH K BHHOJIHeHHK) OflHHX H TeX JKe 3aflaH. Pa3JIHHHe B HapHOHajIBIIHX H3HKax — a yneHOMy Bcerâ h p h x o a h t c h BJiaêTB h o c k o jib k h m h H3 HHX — 9T0 TOJIBKO OflHH H3 HpHMepOB HamerO pa3H0H3HHHH. H am a HHTejuieKTyaJiBHan êHTejiBHocTB HaxoflHT CBoe BnpajKeHHe B pa3HHX H3HKBX H BO MHOTOM CBOflHTCH K HHTepnpeTaipIH — K HO- HHTKe BHpa3HTB Ha OflHOM H3 H3HKOB TO, HTO 6h J I0 CKa3aH0 paHee noHeMy-JinSo Ha apyroM H3HKe. TeopHH KOHTeKCTHo-CBo6oa;HHX h 3 h - KOB H03B0JIHeT HaM C COBepmeHHO ÔpMaJIBHHX h o 3 h h ;h h HOHHTB Ha nepBHH B3rJiHfl, Ka3aJiocB 6h , CTpaHHoe yTBepjKêHHe o t o m , h t o MHoroH3HHHe o6oram;aeT Hac. H o t o j i b k o Bcera;a j ih 9t o TaK? HHorfla o h o npeBpam;aeTCH h b nperpany. BaBHJioHCKne Tpy^HoCTH b HayKe XOpomO OTpaJKaiOT 06e CTOpOHH 9TOrO HBJieHHH.

3. MaTeMaraKa Kan h3wk jhshkh

H 3 H K y $ H 3H K H HOCBHHieHH flB e HHTepeCHO H a n H C aH H H e KHHTH aH rJIH H - C K o r o tJ)H3HKa X a T T e H a [100, 130]. M h H anH eM b t o t n a p a r p a c j) c H 3 - JIOJKeHHH H eK O T O pH X erO B H C K a3H B aH H H .

n p H H O H H TK e HpOH 3BeCTH JIOTHHeCKyK) peKOHCTpyKH;HIO T o r o h j i h h h o t o p a3a ;eJ ia 3H aH H H H yjK H O , ro B o p H T X a T T e H [100], pa3JiH naT B T p n C T yn eH H <J>opMaJiH3an;HH.

nepBan CTyneHB — 9 t o M a m eM a m u 3 a ifu a . HeKOTopne b h c k 33h - BaHHH, HOHBHHK)in;HeCH B TeopHH, 3anHCHBai0TCH B BHfle ypaBHeHHH. MaTeMaraKa Ha b t o h CTyneHH $opMaJiH3an;HH HCnosB3yeTCH npocTO

148

KaK H3BIK. BHCKa3tIBaHHH, CfleJiaHHBie Ha H3HK6 MaTeMaTHKH, 3 « e c b eme He o 6pa3yioT KOMnaKTHBtx, BHyTpeHHe HenpoTHBopeHHBBix jio rn - HeCKHX CHCTeM, aHaJIOTHHHHX CTpyKTypaM HHCTOH MaTeMaTHKH.

BTopaH CTyneHB — bto ancuoM amu3aiûn. H a 3tom ypoBHe <£op- MaJIH3apHH OCHOBHHe HOCBIJIKH TeopHH flOJIJKHBI 6htB C$OpMyjIHpO- BaHH b BHfle aKCHOM. Bee MHoroo6pa3He 3HaHiiii CBepTBiBaeTCH b oneHB KOMnaKTHBie <£opMyjiHpoBKH. Bee nacTHBie pe3yjiBTaTi>i TeopHH, ckojib 6 h MHoroo6pa3HH ohh hh 6bijih, nojiynaioTCH KaK TeopeMu, cjieflyroiflHe H3 och ob h lix tiocbijiok, 3ap;aHHHX homhothmh ([jyHfla- MeHTaJIBHBIMH <£pa3aMH. Bee 3HaHHe HMnJIIipHpOBailO B KOMnaKTHBIX CTpyKTypax, TeopeMH CJiyacaT jihihb ajih hx 9KcnJiHKan;HH. Tanoe nocTpoeHHe TeopHH, ecjin 6 h to jib k o oho 6bijio bo3m ojkho, npeflCTa- BJineTCH HueaJiBHHM. KaK JierKO 6bijio 6 h b btom cjiynae nncaTB m oho- rpa$HH h ynHTB CTyji,eHTOB! H o ocymecTBHMa jih 3Ta MenTa?

HaKOHen;, TpeTBH CTyneHB — 3to nocTpoeHHe npaew i unm epnpe- maiûu. KpoMe aKCHOM h cHHTaKTHKH — npaBHJi BHBOfla, mbi po jijkh h em,e hmotb npaBHJia HHTepnpeTapHH nojiyneHHHX pe3yjiBTaTOB b Tep- MHHax aKcnepHMeHTa. 9 t o 3aBepniaion];HH 3Tan <£opMaJiH3an;HH.

E cjih , roBopHT flaJiee XaTTeH, nocMOTpeTB Ha $H3HKy c oth x h o- 3hh;hh, t o npnp;eTCH npH3HaTB, h to ee <£opMaJiH3an;HH orpaHHHHBaeTCH nepBHM 3TanoM — MaTeMaTH3an;HeH. M Horo 6 h jio h o h h to k aKcno- MaTH3npoBaTB $H3HHecKHe TeopHH, h o Bceo6m;ee npii3HaHiie nojiynHJia to jib k o aKCH0MaTH3an;HH K apaTeoflopn ajih nepB oro h BToporo 3aKo- hob TepMonHHaMHKH. H e yâjiocB aKCHOMaTH3HpoBaTB flame Mexa- HHKy HbioTOHa. H to KacaeTCH npaBHJi HHTepnpeTapHH, t o , CTporo TOBOPH, HX HeT, XOTH B $H3HKe BCe ® e CyipeCTByiOT HeKHe MOCTBI, KOTopne nepe6paCHBaiOTCH o t $opMaJiBHoro onncaHHH k aKcnepn- M eH T y.

Bo BTopoi CBoen KHHre XaTTeH [130] pa3BHCHHeT CTaBmee TenepB CTepeoTHHHHM yTBepmfleHHe o tom , h to HayKa no Mepe e e coBepmeHCT- BOBaHHH MaTeMaTH3HpyeTCH. MaTeMaTHKa, roBopHT oh , BancHa, CKopee, TeM, h to OHa b h och t CHCTeMy yHHBepcajiBHHX chm bojiob, HeM TeM, HTO OHa HBJIHeTCH CpeflCTBOM KOJIHHeCTBeHHHX cymfleHHH. npoBepKa rHnoTe3, npoflOJimaeT XaTTeH, — 3to He npocTO Bonpoc HHCJIOBOrO COOTBeTCTBHH. 3fleCB npOHBJIHeTCH HeHTO 6 ojIBmee — 9TO HHTepnpeTapHH MaTeMaTHHecKoro $opMaJiH3Ma, b kotopom bbi- pajKaeTCH papnoHajiBHoe noBefleHHe Jiroên. MaTeMaTHHecKHe ypaB- HeHHH caMH no ce6e eme He co3flaioT MOfleJiH. MaTeMaTHKa,HCnojiB3o- BaHHaH flJIH OHHCaHHH peaJIBHOCTH, Hy>Kp;aeTCH B HHTepnpeTapHH, H 9TO OCyipeCTBJIHeTCH C HOMOHl,BK) MOflejIH. B HOflTBep>KfleHHe 9TOH HfleH OH npHBOflHT npHMep C peJIHTHBHCTCKHM BOJIHOBHM ypaBHeHHeM. O ho HMeeT flBa 9KBHBaJieHTHBix pemeHHH: oflHO ajih noJioHarrejiBHOH, Spyroe ajih OTpnpaTejiBHOH 9HeprHH. A h tjih h ck h h <£h3hk flnpaK HHTepnpeTHpoBaji peraeHHe ajih OTpnpaTejiBHBix 3HepriiH KaK aHTH-

149

H a c T H p ii. 9 t o n p H M e p T o r o , K aK c o C c tb O h h o $ H 3O T eC K aH T e o p n fl C03ji;aeTCH H e t o j i b k o h H e c t o j i b k o M aT eM aTH H ecK H $ o p M a J iH 3 0 B a H - h b im h n p o p e ^ y p a M H B i iB o ^ a , c k o j i b k o h x H H T e p n p e T a ip ie H H a H3BiKe 3K c n e p H M e H T a . ^ p y r o S n p H M e p : H a B e p H o e , H e n oK aiK eT C H B y jiB r a p n - 3an;H eH y T B e p jK ^ e H H e , h t o c n e p n a jiB H a H T eo p H H o t h o c h t 6J i l h o c t h B 03H H K Jia n o c j i e T o r o , K a K 9H H iH TeH H cyM eJi flaT B H H T e p n p e T a p H io n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H J I o p e H p a . H r a K , c h o 3 h h ;h h <£h3h k h , M a T e M a r a K a — 3TO TOJIBKO H3BIK. 3 fle C B yM eCTHO BCHOMHHTB H B H C K a3H B aH H H B o p a .O h , o S c y jK f la n n p o ftjieM B i $ h 3h k h , r o B o p n J i o M aT eM aTH K e [ 1 4 8 ] :

. . . m h 6yn;eM CHHTaTB e e CKopee ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHHeM o 6m,ero i3BiKa, ocHamaioipHM ero yuoftmiMH cpe^CTBaMH ji;jih oToOpaiKeHHH jaKHX 3aBHCHMOCTeH, flJIH KOTOpHX oOlIHHOe CJIOBeCHOe BHpaiKeHHe OKa3ajIOCB 6h HeTOHHHM HJIH CJIHIHKOM CJIOJKHHM.

3flecB yMeCTHO nocTaBHTB CJie^yioiniHH B onpoc: b HeM npeHMy- ipecTBo H3HKa MaTeMaTHKH b npHMeHeHHH ee k 3aji;aHaM $ H 3 H k h ? XaTTeH, OTBenan Ha o t o t B onpoc, roBopnT o t o m , h t o HayKa ecTB aScTpaKTHoe npe^CTaBJieHHe o peajiBHocTH. P o c t HayKH, npoj;OJiJKaeT o h , nopojKâeT Bee Sojiee aOcTpaKTHBie TeopHH. HaM npe^CTaBJiHeTCH, HTO 3TH yTBep>KfleHHH XaTTeHa MOJKHO yCHJIHTB, HCXOflH H3 pa3BHBae- MOH HaMII BepOHTHOCTHOH KOHpenpHH H3HKa. A 6CTpaKTH0CTB MaTe- MaTHHeCKOrO H3HKa $H3HKH OnpeêJIHeTCH TeM, HTO B MaTeMaTHHeCKHX <£pa3ax b KaneCTBe 3JieMeHTapHiix 3HaKOB HcnojiB3yiOTCH He CJiOBa H3HKa-3KcnepHMeHTa, a aOcTpaKTHiie c h m b o j ih . JIornnecKHe onepa- pHH, 3anHCHBaeMHe Ha MareMaTHHecKOM H3HKe, coBepmaioTCH He Has cjioBaMH, a Ha,n; aScTpaKTHHMH cHMBOjiaMH. npaB â, 3a c h m b o - jiaMH c t o h t cjioBa, a 3a cjioBaMH — $yHKn;HH pacnpefleJieHHH h x CMHCJioBoro coflepjKaHHH. H a paHHeM 3Tane pa3BHTHH <£h3H K h yneHHe, HOJIB3yHCB H3HKOM MaTeMaTHKH, BCe JKe HOCTOHHHO CJie^HJIH 3a CMBIC- j i o b h m coêpjKaHHeM 3HaKOB. H o nocTeneHHO no Mepe ycjiojKHeHHH TeopeTHHeCKHX HOCTpOeHHH CMHCJIOBOe COflepjKaHHe 3HaKa yXOJiHT Kyâ-To flajieKO h j i h flajKe coBCeM TepneTCH. < D h 3 h k HaHHHaeT m b ic jih tb HOHTH KaK HHCTBIH MaTeMaTHK, He HHTaHCB JKeCTKO CBH3BIBaTB 3HaKH C TOH $H3HHeCKOH peaJIBHOCTBK), KOTOpyiO OHH flOJIJKHH o603Ha- HaTB. (J>H3HHeCKHH CMBICJI TeopHH paCKpiIBaeTCH TOHBKO Ha HOCJiefl- HeM ee 3Tane — npn HHTepnpeTarpn Ha H3BiKe aKcnepHMemra BBicKa- 3BIBaHHH, BBipaJKeHHBIX Ha H3MKe aftCTpaKTHBTX CHMBOJIOB.

3 ^ e c B x o n eT C H oO paTH TB BHHM aHHe H a t o , h t o n p n H H T e p n p e r a p H H a 6c T p a K T H o fi T eo p H H H a H 3 iiK e 3K cn e p H M e H T a HeM e^JieHH O n p o H B - jin eT C H nojiH M opi|)H 3M . B 3 to m O TH om eH H H H H T ep eceH flOKJiaji; A 6e jin ( C I I I A ) H a X I V M e jK ^ y H a p o flH O M K O H r p e c c e $ h j i o c o $ o b b B e H e ( 1 9 6 8 r . ) . J Ik )6o h h t h o y jK e caM O H a 3BaH H e flO K J ia^ a : « H 3h k h 3JieK- T pO H » [ 1 4 9 ] . n O JIH M O p $H 3M B OHHCBHHH HBJieHHH, CBH3aHHBIX C 3JieK- TpOHOM , OKa3aJICH CTOJIB OoJIBIHHM, HTO A 6eJIB CTBBHT B o n p o c :

150

MOHteM JIH MH CKH3STB, HTO MH HTO-TO 3HaeM, eCJIH HamH 3HaHHH MH He MOHteM BHpa3HT£ CJIOBaMH. ,11,JIH HJIJHOCTpail|HH CBOeii MHCJIH OH npHBop;HT oneHL HHTepecHyK) KonneKflHio BHCKa3HBaHHH KpynHeH- TTTW Y $H 3HKOB H $HJIOCO$OB, HHTepnpeTHpyiOipHX (|)H3HKy, 0 eOAHaX eeposmrnocmu — ohtioh H3 och o b h h x KOHijenipiH KBaHTOBOH Mexa- hhk h . M h BocnpoH3Bep;eM ee 3p;ec£ b HecKOJiBKO coKpaipeHHOM BHfle:

£ E E P O H J I BBoJiHa b HacTOHm,ee BpeMH hbjihbtch h h cto CHMBoaHnecKHM h aH a-

JIHTHHeCKHM HpeflCTaBHeHHeM HeKOTOpHX BepOHTHOCTeS, a He $ H 3H - necKHM $eHOMeHOM b CTapoM CMHCJie 3T oro cjiOBa.

E O P H

pKCnepHMeHTH nOKa3HBaK)T, HTO BOJIHH HMeiOT o6EeKTHBHyro peajILHOCTL HOHTH B TOH Hte Mepe, HTO H HaCTHH|H, — MaKCHMyMH HHTep$epeHn;HH bojih MoryT 6h t e C(|)OTorpa$HpoBaHH, KaK h TpeKH H acrnq. . .

r E 0 3 E H B E P rBOJIHH BepOHTHOCTH, HHTeHCHBHOCTE KOTOpHX B KaatflOH TOHKe

on p e^en H eT BepoHTHOCTE norJiorfleiiiiH (hjih HHflypiipoBaHHOH omhc- chh) CBeTOBoro K B a m a aTOMOM b 3 to h TOHKe. . CTpaHHHH bha $ h - 3HnecKOH peaJiEHocTH KaK p a 3 n ocp e^H H e Me>Kp;y bo3mohchocteio h peajiEHOCTEio. . . ; He T pexM epH aH BOJiHa, KaK aJiacTHHHHe b ojihh HJIH paflHOBOJIHEI, a BOJIHH B MHOTOMepHOM KOH(|)HrypaTHBHOM HpO- CTpaHCTBe, h noTOM y 3 to , C K op ee, a 6cTpaKTH oe M aTeM araH ecK oe n p e fl- CTaBJieHHe.

H I P E f t H H r E P

M ei H cn H T H B aeM o C T p y io H y a t f ly b 3t h x c$ e p H H e c K H X B o a H a x K aK peajIB H O CTH X. . . ECTB MHOrO 3K C nepH M eH TO B , K O TO pH e npOCTO H e M o r y T 6 h t e o 6 e h c h 6h h 6 e 3 t o t o , h t o BOJiHa p a ccM a T p H B a e T C a K aK HeHTO fla H H o e , fle n C T B y io if le e O flH O BpeM eH H o n o B e e n o C j i a c r a p a c n p o C T p a H e H H H . . . H h n o H H r a e n a C T H flH , h h h o h h t h o b o h h h H e HBJIHeTCH THHOTeTHHeCKHM. . .

A 9 B H C C O H

OneBHflHOCTE toto, hto aaeKTpom i hbjihiotch BoaiiaMH, nofloSHa OHeBHflHOCTH TOTO, HTO CBeT H peHTTeHOBCKHe JiyHH HBJIHIOTCH BOJI- H&MH.

t e h t j i e p

BoaHOBoe flencTBHe aaeKTpoHa pa3BHBaeTca b npocTpaHCTBe h BpeMeHH TaK ace, KaK h KJiaccHHecKoe noae, t . e. saaEHeranee no-

151

BefleHHe b o j i h h npeqC K a3yeM O . . . H o caM a ee n p n p o q a h ee <$H3H- H ecK an HHTepnpeTan;HH (KaK B epoH T H O craoe p a cn p eqeJ ieH H e) n oK a 3 H - BaiOT, HTO M H HCCJiejjyeM BOBCe He <$H3HHeCKHH o6T>eKT ( b OTJIHHHe OT 9JieKTpOMarHHTHOrO HOJIH B KJiaCCHHeCKOH TeopH H , KOTOpOe fleHCT- BHTejIBHO HBJIHeTCH <$H3HHeCKHM o6T>eKTOM, nOflJjaiOmHMCH H 3M epe- HHK) H HaSjHOJjeHHIO), XOTH OH HeOTqeJIHM OT o6T>eKTa (H anpH M ep, 3JieK TpoH a). E r o n p eq C K a 3y eM oe H anpaB jieH H e pa3BHTHH n p o q o j i - jKaeTCH Ha npoTHJKeHHH B c e r o H aSjiioqeH HH .

E P H ft J K M E H

H e n oqu aiom aH C H aH ajiH 3y BepoHTHOCTB, K O Topyro BOJiHOBan M exaHHKa o n p e q e jin e T KaK H en ro 3JieM eH TapH oe, MOHieT 6 h t b c b o h - CTBOM TOJIBKO MeXaHHHeCKOH MOqejIH, HOTOMy HTO HOHHTHe BepOHT- HOCTH JIOTHHeCKH COBepmeHHO HenpHMeHHMO K KOHKpeTHOH |)H3H- HeCKOH CHCTeMe.

3 H H I H T E H H

B o j ih h BepoHTHOCTH 6 o j i e e a 6 cT p a K T H H , n eM a jie K T p o M a r a H T H o e H rpaB H T apH O H H O e HOJIH. . . EflH H CTBeH H aH <|)H3HHeCKaH 3HBHHMOCTB BOJIH BepOHTHOCTH COCTOHT B TOM, HTO OHH H03B0JIHI0T HaM OTBeTHTB H a p a 3 y M H H e CTaTH CTH H ecKne B o n p o c n b c j i y n a e M H o r n x H aCTHq T aK m e x o p o m o , K aK h b c j i y n a e o f lH o fi .

f lJ K H H C

B o j i h h n e M o r y T cy m ecT B O B a T B h h M a T ep n a jiB H O , h h p ea jiB H O b h o H a c . O h h h b j i h i o t c h H e cocT a B J m iom H M H n p n p o f l H , h o t o j i b k o p e3y jiB T aT O M H a r a n x y c n j i n n h o c t h h b n p n p o q y , KOMHOHeHTaMH yM O - 3 p n T e jiB H O fi K apT H H H , K O T o p y ro m h p H c y e M c e 6 e b H a q e a t q e c q e jia T B HOHHTHHMH MaTeMBTHHeCKHe $ O p M y J IH KBaHTOBOH M eXBHHKH.

9 f l f l H H r T O H

H t o K O H K p e r a o n p e q c T a B J in e T c o 6 o f i H e n a n c y n jH o c T B , K O T o p a n , K aK m h n p e q n o j i a r a e M , B H 6 p n p y e T , K o r q a m h r o B o p n M o B O jra a x b cy 6 3 «| )H p e? O H a o6 o3 H a n a e T C H 6yK B O H « h c h » . . . B epoH T H O C T B n a - CTHIJH HaXOflHTBCH B 3aqaH H O H oS jia C T H npO H O ppH O H aJIB H a KOJIH- n e c T B y « n e H » b b t o h o S jia c T H .

B E f l l J B E K E P

IIO H H T H H H a C T H p H H BO JIHBI, HJIH, TO HHee, K H pO CTpaH CTBeH H O -^ H C K p eT H oe c o 6 H T n e » h « n p o c T p a H C T B e H H o -H e n p e p H B H o e c o 6 H T H e » , npe^CTaB JiH iO TC H , t b k h m o 6 p a 3 0 M , H H T ep n p eT a q n H M H , 3a qaB aeM H M H $ o p m o 3 H a in e r o b o c h p h h t h h n p o q e c c o B , K O T op H e 6 o j i e e H e h b j i h i o t c hH en ocp e flC T B eH H O B O cnpH H H M aeM H M H .

152

P E 0 X E H E A X

C p e a a , n e p e s K O T op y ro n p o x o f lH T K o p n y c K y j iH , o p ra H H S O B a n a T8KHM o 6 p a 3 0 M , HTO HX CTaTHCTHHeCKaH peryJIH pH O C TB OHHCHBaeTCH BOJIHaMH.

<D. (DPAHKB c h n y T a H H p a n p o n c x o f lH T o t T o r o , h t o m h t o b o p h m 06 06 'BeK Te,

a H e 0 c n o c o S a x y n oT p eS J ieH H H H eK O T op H x c j i o b . . . y M 03p H T eJ iB H H H h j ih HAeaJiHCTHHecKHH x a p a K T e p h o b o h M exaH H K H H H o rfla n p o H B jm eT C HB TOM, HTO BOJIHH f le E pOH JIH H 33H B aiO T «B0JIH3M H BepOHTHOCTH». T a K o e o6i>H CH eH H e, k o h o h h o , b b o a h t b 3a 6 jiy > K fleH H e. H o B a n M e x a - HHKa o n n c H B a e T n p o p e H T a jieK T p oH O B , n o n a f la r o m n x b cp e flH e M b 3a - p ;aH H yio o S jia c T B 3 K p a H a . B 3 t o m HeT H H K a K o ro n c n x o j i o r n H e c K o r o M O M e m a . . .

M h HanpaniHBaeMCH Ha HenpHHTHOCTH, 3ap;aBaH Bonpoc 0 t o m , HTO TaKoe peajIBHHe <|)H3HHeCKHe ofjBeKTH B CyfjBTOMHOM CMHCJie. «PeaJIBHH» JIH HaCTHflH HJIH BOJIHH f le EpOHJIH?. . H eCJIH MH TOBOpHM, HTO TBKHe «BOJIHH BepOHTHOCTH» «peaJIBHH», MH ynoTpeSjineM CJIOBO «BOJIHa» B TOM JKe CMHCJie, B KOTOpOM OHO yHOTpeSjieHO B BHpaJKe- h h h x Tnna «BOjiHa caMoy6HHCTB», «BOJiHa 3a6ojieBaHHH». . . Cjiobo «peaJiBHHH» ynOTpeSjieHO HeoSHHHHM oSpaaoM. . .

HaM npe^cTaBJiHeTCH, hto Ha Bonpoc, nocTaBjieHHHH A 6eJieM,MOJKHO fl9TB HOJIOJKHTeJIBHHH OTBeT. O H 3H K H , HeCOMHeHHO, HTO-TO 3HaiOT 0 M H pe BJieKTpOHB, XOTH 3TH 3H9HHH He M O ryT 0H TB 0 flH 03H aH - HHM o 6 p a 3 0 M C«|)OpMyJIHpOBaHH H a H 3H K e a K cn ep H M eH T a .

O K a 3 H B a eT C H , h t o 3 H 9 h h h 0 BH eniH eM M n p e M o r y T 6 h t b n p e flC T a - BJieHH H a H 3H K e c t o j i b a S cT p a K T H H x n o c T p o e H H H , h t o h x H H T e p n p e - T a p n a b T epM H H ax 3 K cn ep H M eH T a jiB H H x npeflC T aB JieH H H 0 K a 3 H B a e T c n 3aTpyflH H TeJIBH OH , — B H a m eM o6H fleH H O M H 3H K e HeT CpeflCTB flJIH TOTO, H T o 6 h B H pa3H T B peaJIBHOCTB HBJieHHH B HeKOTOpOM HOBOM KBaHTOBOM exaHHHeCKOM CMHCJie. H 3H K y-T eopeT H K y, CoSCTBeHHO, H HeT Heo(>XOflHMOCTH B 3TOMI OH BOCHpHHHMaeT H OHHCHBBeT M H p H aH3HKe aScTpaKTHHx KBaHTOBOMexaHHHecKHx npeflCTaBJieHHH. He- H H T ep n p eT n p yeM O C T B T e o p e T n n e c K H X KOH CTpyKflH H H a H 3H K e o 6 H fle H - h h x npeflC T aB JieH H H ecT B H O K a3aT ejiB a6cT p aK T H 0C T H a T o r o H 3 H K a. O h 3 H K B OKa3BIBaeTCH deyH 3blK 060U flHCflHHJIHHOH. O flH a HaCTB «|)H3HKOB n p eH M y m ecT B eH H O HOHHMaeT o a h h H 3H K , f l p y r a n — f l p y r o n . 9 i a A H B ep reH flH H , b h a h m o , y c y r y S j w e T c n b o B peM eH H , B aB H jioH C K n e T p y f l - HOCTH npOHBJIHIOTCH fla jK e B OflHOH oS jiaC T H 3HBHHH. H K aK 6 h C9MH 4 > h 3 h k h h h jK a jioB a jiH C B H a 9 t o flB y n sH H H e h H a B H T e K a io m e e OTCiofla B 3aH M H oe H en oH H M aH H e, B ee JKe h m c h h o t o j i b k o b CHJiy 9 T o r o p a 3 H O - H3HHHH H OKa3ajIOCB B03M 0JKHHM pa3B H T H e COBpeMeHHOH «|)H3HKH. O flH H H3 H3HKOB «|)H3HKH OKa3aJICH H pH CH O CoSjieH H H M flJIH 9K C H epH -

153

M e m a , f t p y r o a — a j i h n o C T p o eH H fl c j i o j k h h x J io r n n e c K n x K O H C T pyK - p n a . C o S cT B eH H o «|)H 3H aecK aa T e o p n a c o 3f la e T c a rA e-T O H a n e p e c e n e - h h h , n p n H H T e p n p e T a p n H J io r n n e c K H x K O H C T p y K p n H H a H e c B o iicT B e H - h o m h m H 3H K e 3 K cn e p H M e H T a jiB H H X HpeACTaBJieH H H . B p e 3 y jiB T a T e <|)H3HHeCKHe T eo p H H B CJIOBeCHOM CBOeM 0<|)OpMJieHHH OKa3HBa3DTCH pa3M bim uM U . 9 t o nyB G T B O B aji, H a B e p H o e , KaJKAHH , k t o m rraJ iC H H 03H aK 0M H TB C H C HH M H, HOJIB3yHCB TOJIBKO OAHHM H 3H K OM — H 3 H -k o m S K c n e p n M e H T a .

CAejiaeM TenepB HeSoJiBinoe oTCTynjieHHe h BepHeMCH k HameMy oSsiAeHHOMy H3HKy. E c j i h mbi conocTaBHM ero c h 3 h k o m $ H 3h k h , TO yBHAHM, HTO 3ACCB HeT KaKOH'TO OCo6eHHO SojIBHIOH, TJiy6oKOH pa3HHpH. B H3HKe <|)H3HKH, B erO ABYa 3HKOBOH CTpyKType npOHB- JIHIOTCH OCOgeHHO HpKO Te HepTH, KOTOpHe B KaKOH-TO CJia60H CTeneHH 3aJiojKeHH yjKe b o S h a o h h o m H3HKe. H am o 6h a 6h h b ih h 3h k HeceT b ce6e aJieMeHTH aScTpaKTHOCTH — cjioBa H3HKa, npeACTaBJieH- HHe b TeKCTe, HyjKA^JOTCH b HHTepnpeTapHH, KOTopan, no HamHM npeACTaBjieHHHM, 3aAaeTCH 6enecoBCKOH m o a c jib io . I I p h h h b 6ene- coBCKyro MOAejiB, m h TeM c b m h m AonycKaeM, h t o o a h o c j io b o HHTep- npeTHpyeTCH nepe3 MHoro c j io b , k o t o p h m h m h pacTOJiKOBHBaeM ero coAcpjKBHHe nocjie Toro, KaK t c k c t npoHHTaH h c m h c ji ero CTaJi no- h h t h h m . n o cymecTBy, h b Hamen o S h a o h h o h penn m h HMeeM AeJi0 c ABy«3HKOBOH KOHCTpyKpneH. MncjieHHO m o jk h o 6h j i o 6h npeACTa- BHTB H3HK C OAHOH3HKOBOH CTpyKTypOH — OH 6hJI 6bI Heo6HHaHHO rp0M03AKHM, 4>Pa3H 0HJIH 6h OHeHB AJIHHHHMH. BHCKa3HBaH h t o - t o , MH TyT JKe H TOJIKOBBJIH 6hl CKa3aHHOe HJIH AOJIJKHH 6hJIH 6h HMeTB HenocTHJKHMo SoraTHH cjioBapB. Ilporpecc cjiOBecHoro MHmjieHHH 3aKJiiOHaeTCH b nepexoAe o t o6pa3Horo MHmjieHHH k JiornnecKOMy. BHemHe 9 t o Hamjio CBoe BHpameHHe b H3HKe, k o t o p b i h , npncnocaSjiH- b b h c b k JiornnecKOMy MHmjieHHio, c t b h o b h t c h Bee 6ojiee h 6oJiee aScTpaKTHHM. JIornnecKHe KOHCTpyKpHH a 0JI5KHH[ 6h t b KOMnam- HHMH, a He pa3MHTHMH, KaK o6pa3H. JIorHHHOCTB MOrJia 6h nOBeCTH K o6eAHeHHK> H3HKa, HO 9TOTO He np0H30IHJI0 B CHJiy pa3BHTHH ABy- h 3 h h h o c t h . CTpeMJieHHe k a6cTpaKTH0CTH HanSojiee HpKoe npoHBJie- Hne Hamjio b n3HKe $ h 3 h k h . HacTO 3aAaioT Bonpoc: KaK HaAO paccMa- TpHBaTB H3HK HayKH — KaK eCTeCTBeHHHH HJIH KaK HCKyCCTBeHHHPI H3HK? HaM KameTCH, HTO 9TO eCTeCTBeHHHH H3HK, — OH p33BHBaJICH nocTeneHHO, h b HeM Hamjin CBoe oTpameHHe Te nepTH, KOTopBie b Ka- k o h - t o eipe HeAopa3BHTOH $opMe HaxoAHT CBoe nponBjieHne h b o 6h - AeHHOM H3HKe.

B h j i o 6h H H T epecH O n p o c jie A H T B 3 a p a 3B H T n eM a 6c T p a K T H 0CTH H 3H K a <|)H3HKH B HCTOpHHeCKOM n jia H e — 3AeCB M H HM eeM a c j i o C H 3 - M eH eH H eM H 3 H K a , K O T o p o e h p o h c x o a h t noH T H H a H a m n x r j i a 3 a x , b o b c h k o m c j i y n a e , o h o H a S jn o A aeT C H b jierK O A O C T yn H H X H aM h c t o h - H H K a x . M h nO H BrrajiH CB 9 t o CAeJiaTB, H a S jH O A a n 3a k o j ih h o c t b o m

154

3H a K 0B M a T e M a T H ^ e c K o ro aJi<|)aBHTa, h h c jio m c j io b — MaTewaTHHecKHx onepaijng (b HameM n oH H M aH H H c jio b o m 6yp;eT aanncB, o()03HaHaK)iii;aH, C K a m e M , n p o H 3Bop;HyK) dy/dt h j i h oSpaTHyro MaTpnijy M ' 1 h t . « . ) H KOJIHHeCTBOM <|>pa3 ( 3H 3KH H O H epaiJHH Ha# HH M H, O T#eJieH H H e OT o c T a jib H o r o T eK C T a; H a n p H M e p , (Jjpaaofi 6y#eT MaTeMaTnnecKoe b h -

PHH M H, M H npH BO flH M H a pH C . 6 H 7 TOJIBKO HaCTB H OJiyqeH H OrO HHMH M aT ep n a J ia 1 (B ee # a H H H e H a p n c y H K a x o t h o c h t c h k o # h o h y c jio B H o n C T p aH H p e, c o # e p jK a in ;e H 2 5 0 0 TH norpa«|)CK H X 3H aK O B ; r n c T o r p a M M H CTpOHJIHCB HO CJiyHaHHHM B H fjO pK B M , COCTOflmHM H 3 1 0 % o t T e K d a , — HTO COCTaBHJIO OKOJIO 5 0 C T p aH H Ij). 9 t H p n c y H K H H a n e p B H H B3rJIH # B H 3H B a io T H eK O T o p o e H e ^ o y M e H H e . M h b h # h m , h t o # j i h K y p c o B o 6 m ;e B «|)H3HKH (JyH K pH H p a C n p e # e J ie H H H HHCJia C T p aH H q HO HHCJiy B C T p e- Haiom jHXCH b h h x 3H aKOB h c j io b — M aT eM aT H H ecK H x o n e p a ijH ii H e M eHHioTCH c H a n a jia X IX f lo c e p e # H H H X X b . T a K O B a H ie , n p n M e p H o , K ap T H H a H HO HHCJiy M aTeM aTH H eCKH X <J>pa3. ^ J IH KHHT n o T eo p H H h o j ih h KBaHTOBOH M ex a H H K e $ y H K ijH H p a c n p e # e J ie H H H y jK e b h m m a h t c y m ecT B eH H O H H a n e — TeKCT 3#eci> h b h o 6 o r a n e M aT eM aTH necK H M H CJioBaMH h , h t o , MOHieT 6h t b , BaJKHee B c e r o , p a c n p e # e jie H H H h o c h t y jK e h b h o B H p ajK eH H H H H e o # H o p o # H H & x a p a K T e p , t . e. 3 t h p a 3 # e J iH 3H 3H H H p a c n a # a io T C H H a n o # p a 3 # e J iB i c p a 3 H o fi H a cH m eH H o C T B io M a T e - MaTHHeCKHMH 3H a K 3M H . ECJIH M H T e n e p B HOH H TaeM CH CpaBHH TB M e>K #y c o 6 o i n o c jie # H H e n e T H p e k h h t h h o CTeneH H h x c j i o j k h o c t h h h o y p o B H io a5cT paK TH O C T H H3Jio?KeH HH , t o K H H ra A. A. 3 n x e H B a J iB fla h b h o b h - ji;ejiHTCH c B o e fi o T H o cH T ejiB H o S n p o cT O T O H . E c j i h m h c #eJ ia eM T a K o e JKe c p a B H eH H e # j i h yn eSH H K O B o S m e fi < $ h 3 h k h , t o 3 # e C B , H ecoM H eH H O , HO CTporOCTH H a6C TpaKTH O C TH H3JIOJKeHHH BH#eJIHTCH K H H ra H. Ila- n a jie K c n , O H a , b o b c h k o m c j i y n a e , h h b K a K o e c p a B H eH H e H e H #eT c K H H roH M. IlepeBomHKOBa. Bee 9t h pa3JiH HH H He n p o c jie > K H - BaioTCH H a n p H B e ^ e H H H X h s m h r p a ^ H K a x . O T c r o /ja m o jk h o c # e jia T B c jie a y io m H H b h b o # : H a H a n r a x r J ia 3 a x n p o H C x o # H T b b o jiio i^ h h H 3 H K a M aTeM aTH K H B T eK C T ax «|)H3HKH — HOJIOJKeHHe CTaHOBHTCH CJIOJKHee H e 3 a c n eT yB ejiH n eH H H n n c j i a M aTeM aTH H eCKH X 3H aK O B , c j io b h jih $ p a 3 , a 3a c n eT ycjiojKHeHHH B K J ia # H B a eM o r o b h h x co #ep > K a H H H . C K a jK eM , oflH H 3H aK MOjKeT o 6 o 3 H a n a T B h C K a jin p H y io BeJiH H H H y, h B e K T o p , h M a T p n p y , o # H a o n e p a p H H — h n p o H 3 B O # H y io , h # H B e p - reHpHIO, H pO TO p H T . O K a 3 H B a e T C H , HTO 3 a 3BOJIK)#HeH TeKCTOB HeJIB3H n poC T O CJie#HTB HO CTaTHCTHKO-CeMHOTHHeCKOM y a H aJ IH 3y , H e o 6 x o # H M a n a jiH 3 ceMaHTHnecKHH, a b t o T p y # H O c#eJiaT B K O J in n ecT - BeH HO, b o b c h k o m c j i y n a e , mbi b t o c#eJiaT B He c y M e jiH . Ho e c jin B ee >Ke

1 C 6 o p h o 6 p a 6 o iK y gaHHu x npoH3Be;ia C . F . K o c th h 8 ,

t I t o 6h He neperpyjK aTB TeKCT njunocT pa-

155

I I — I M, *8561 odiH• noxslrvuvn 'U 'H — 9 '■'!— I 'h . '8 E 6 I — S 8 6 I ’ h h h e h $ o d X ji - ir s e w n d j Q — e 15181 ‘ h h h 6H $ gom iraiB H oiirgB B o d i u ■nnuTiaamftdvxau '<t> '<$ — f ; £ £ 8 I ‘ ehhehiJi goH iiq n o H oaioU oaoaA d: ■sannfnossdsu ‘Hr - f t — g :HOffliOHXd a oaqirox BifBaodHirXHdHli sa ile d‘ x ZL8\ a BBBUEH 'x I 6 I I a HEmraniroiiotf h BBHnamoiroiioBd ‘ aodoxaB xm nhXir eh b b h -HBdQHa ‘ BHHEHtJ) ' niiHdlllJ d a u j -J\[— S * 0 9 i I ‘ BHOOOIIOWOIT ' a 'M 'd a n / BHHEH$ BBIiqKBXKaWHdaHO -H e K B H O H B H $ H U O a '0 9 .VOS 'X — I

(p) SBtllfl XHHOOH -HiBWOIBW XHH a HOXHtnOIEh-edxoa XifOHH on n (») hohbhsXHHO0hHIBH91BH XHH a HOXHll) -OIBH0dxOa XlfOHH on 9HHSH<|> nalnoo on x b jh h h a 'nnnBdxo BifOHH onnoifal/odnoBci -g -o h j

X 001 09 03 00 OZ

x 0300 Ofi BZ 0010809 00 OZ

09 Oft OZ

Z ‘O Z = x

f

X 00 t OS 09 00 OZ

3

001 0809 00 OZ " ^ r c c q j q j

l ' 3 f = x

f

0

OZ

%

081 001 001 08 09 00 OZ, " o - D = a q 3 T E [ j q -

9 S £ = Z

fi

0

OZ

%

■X08Z OfiZ 081 001 OOl 08 09 00 OZ 0809 00 OZ OZ1 080900 OZ ftXJ " U " U L jJJ 0

OZ

o o

0 9

%

09/=x

/

77

70 VO S3 SB WO n o m i s Da; ZO VO 60 30 I301Z0IVO x

Phc. 7. Pacnpe^ejiGHHe vncna cTpaHHn b KHiirax no Teopnn nojia h KBaHTOBofi MexaHHKe no nncjiy BCTpenaioipnxcH b h hx MaTeMaranecKHX onepan,nn1 — A. A. SuxeneaMd. TeopeTHHecKaa $H3HKa: 9jieKTpoMarHHTHoe none, 1931. H. IV,2 — f f . E. Tomm. O ch o b li T eop n n sjieK TpnnecTBa, 1946, 3 ■— JI. f f . Jlauday, E. M. Jlutfiwwu. TeopeTH H ecnaa $H3HKa: T e o p n n n o jia , 1948, t . IV, 4 — M. Bjioxmvnee. O ch o b h KBaHTOBofi MexaHHKH, 1949

OrpaH H TOBaTBCH TOJIBKO CTaTHCTHKO-CeMHOTHHeCKHM aH ajIH 30M , TO O K a3H B aeT C n , h t o <|)yHKijHH p a c n p e n e n e H n n C T paH H ij n o n n c n y 3 H a - KOB, CJIOB H «|)pa3 THHHHHBI flJW HeKOTOpBIX p a 3 fle jIO B 3H 3HBH 0 H p a K - THHeCKH HOHTH H e MeHHIOTCH BO B peM eH H .

C H 3yH eH H eM H3BIK8 $ H 3H K H CBH3BH H O^HH y jK e HHCTO MeTOflOJIO- rH H ecK H H Bonpoc. P a H e e , b o BB ejieH H H k 3 t o h K H H re , mbi y * e t o b o - PHJIH 0 HBHBHOCTH BepBI B TO, HTO eCJIH 6bI y^aJIO C B HOCTpOHTB y H H -B e p c a a iB H y io rp a M M a T H K y H 3 H K a , m o jk h o 6h j i o 6h h o h h t b , K aK y c T p o e H M n p . O ^ H O B p eM H , K o r ^ a $ H 3 H K a n e p e iK H B a jia K J ia ccn n ecK H H n e p n o A C B o e ro pa3B H T H H , K a 3 a a io c B , h t o H 3H K «|)H3hkh H M eeT H eT K yro r p a M

M aT H K y 0 flH 03H a H H H X fleTepM H H H CTCKH X C B H 3 e t . OTCK>Aa A^JiajICH BHBOA 0 TOM, HTO M Hp y C T p o e H JKeCTKO A eT epM H H H pO B aH H O . M o jK e T 6h t b , H a n S o J ie e h p k o A eT epM H H H C T C K an K O H A em jH H H a n B H o r o M a T e - p n a jiH 3 M a S B u ia B tip a jK e H a y J I a n j ia c a . O h C H H Taji, h t o co cT O H H n e M H pa B A aH H H H MOMeHT B peM eH H OnpefleJIHeTCH SeCKOHeH HH M HHCJIOM n a p a M e T p o B , h o a h h h h k > ih ;h x c h 6ecKO H eH H O M y n n c j i y A H <M >epeH A H ajiB - h h x y p a B H e H H fi. E c j i h 6 u KaKOH -TO B ceoS 'B eM Jnom H H yM m o t 3 a n n c a T B h 3aT eM n p o H H T e r p n p o B a T B 9 t h y p a B H e H H H , t o mbi y 3 H a jin 6bi B ee o H a cT O H m eM , n p o in jio M h S y A y m e M M H p a .

C e n n a c n o jio iK e H H e ^ e ji p e3K O H3M eH HJioCB. I le p B a H S p e n iB b y n n - BepCaJIBHOH A eT epM H H H C T C K O H rpaM M B T H K e «|)H3HKH HOHBHJiaCB H p H B 03H HKH0BeHHH CTBTHCTHHeCKOH TepM OAHH aM HKH, BTO paH — H pH p a 3 - BHTHH K B aH T O B O H M eXBHHKH, KOTOpaH H pH A aJia H pH H H H H OCTH B epO H T -

157

hocthhh xapaKTep, TpeTBa — npn CTaTHCTHHecKOM onncaHHH cjiojk- HHX — AH<M>y3HBIX — CHCTeM MaKpOMHpa [81]. TpaMMaTHKa H3MKa, Ha KOTOpOM MBI OHHCHBaeM MHp, H3 ABTepMHHHCTCKOH BCe SoJIBHie npeBpaipaeTCH b BepoHTHOCTHyio. He 3acTaBHT jih sto Koro-To boc- npHHHMaTB Map KaK BepoHTHocTHo-opraHH30BaHHyro CTpyKTypy? CeiHac npeACTaBJineTCH yaie tihhbhbim ^yMaTB, hto mhp ycTpoeH TaK, KaK ycTpoeHa rpaMMaTHKa h3bikh $h3hkh ceroAHHmHero ahh-

4. MaTeMaTHKa KaK H3BIK ppyrnx pasAeJiOB 3HaHiiii

JIorHHecKaa cTpyKTypa npiiKJiaAHon MaTeMaTHKH. Cefinac mhoio TOBOpHT O MaTeM3TH3aiJHH 3HBHHH. SfleCB HMeeTCH B BHfly npOHHKHO- BeHHe MaTeMaTHKH b Tanne pa3Aejm 3HaHHH, KaK HHJKeHepHO-TexHHHe- cKHe HayKH, xhmhh, 6nojiorHH, o6m;ecTBeHHHie HayKH, r^e paHBme MaTeMaTHKa ecjin h npHMeHHJiacB, to b KaKnx-To oneHB orpaHHneH- hhx pa3Mepax, npn pemeaHH tojibko otacjibhbix, jiokbjibhbix 3aAan. TaKJKe HepeAKO yTBepjKAaeTCH, hto ninpoKoe npoHHKHOBeHne MaTeMaTHKH B 3TH o6jiaCTH 3H3HHH BeAeT K yCHJieHHK) JIOrHHeCKOH CTpyK- TypH 3thx oSjiacTefi 3HaHHH h k nocTeneHHOMy npeBpameHHio ee b co- BOKyHHOCTB HCHHCJieHHH.

HaM npeACTaBJiaeTca, hto b Ae0 CTBHTejIBHOCTH a^jio see JKe 06- ctoht coBceM He TaK. MaTeMaTH3aijHH 3Hkhhh coctoht npe?KAe sceroB mnpOKOM HCH0JIB30BaHHH H3BIKa MaTeMaTHKH AJIH OHHCaHHH BHeiH- Hero Mnpa h jxna <])opMyjiHpoBKH peKOMeHAaijHH k Haraen AeirrejiB- HOCTH B 9TOM MHpe. H3HK BBICK;t3BIBaHHH BHeiHHe HpHOSpeTaeT 3Ha~ HHTejiBHO 6ojiee $opMajiBHyio CTpyKTypy. MHorne ^opMyjinpoBKH oSaieKaiOTCH b aKCHOMH, a bhboah h3 hhx — b TeopeMH. Ho Bee 9to co3AaeT jihhib BHeniHee cxoactbo c hhctoh MaTeMaTHKon. XapaKTep- HOH OCoSeHHOCTBIO HOCJieAHeS, KaK MBI yaie rOBOpHJIH BBHae, HBJIHIOTCH AejiocTHBie CTpyKTypBi — JiaKOHHnecKHe $opMyjrapoBKH, SoraTBie CBOHMH JIOTHHeCKHMH CJieACTBHHMH. B HpHKJiaAHOH MaTeMaTHKe Ae- JIOCTHBie CTpyKTypBi HCHe3JIH H3 HOJIH 3peHHHj B OAHHX CJiyHaHX OHH 33MeHHJIHCB HeCTpOH M03aHK0H KpHTepneB — AJIH M03aHHH0T0 coSpaHHH aKCHOM noTepnJia cmbicji caMa nociaHOBKa Bonpoca o He- npoTHBopeHHBOCTH, HrpaiomaH ctojib SojiBinyio pojib'b CTpyKTypax hhctoh MaTeMaTHKH; b APyrnx CJiyHaHX Ha MaTeMaTnnecKOM H3BiKe npOCTO CTaJIH 3anHCBIBaTBCH BHCKa3BIBaHHH, OCHOBaHHBie Ha KaKHX-TO OHeHB HeHCHBIX HHTyHTHBHBIX COOSpaJKeHHHX, — BOOSme HCHe3Jia penoHKa chjuiothsmob, KOTopan hbjihotch xoth 6bi BHeniHHM npnaHa- KOM HOCTpoeHHH B HHCTOH MaTeMaTHKe.

Mo3aHHHHH xapaKTep hcxoahhx npeAHOCBijioK b nocTpoeHHHX HpHKJiaAHOH MaTeMaTHKH HaMH 6BIJI HOApoSHO paCCMOTpeH B [150] Ha AByx npHMepax. Oahh h3 hhx othochtch k HjiaHnpoBaHHio 9KC- nepHMeHTa. KpnTepHH onTHMaJiBHOCTH 9KcnepHMeHTa moikho pac-

158

cjtaT pM B aT fc K aK aK cH O M ti, cooT B eT C T B y rom H e Hm na iaH H — K aK T e o - P b m h . B oflH H X c J iy n a a x 3 t h t b o p b m h n oJ iy n a io T C H nyT B M h c h o j i b 3 0 - BaHHH CpaBHHTBJIBHO npOCTBIX M aTeM aTHHeCKHX CpB^CTB, CKajKBM, j i h h b h h o h a j i r e S p H , B f l p y r n x CJiynaax n p H M e H a e T c a y?KB b b c b m b cO B peM B H H aa M aTBMaTHKa — T e o p n a n r p , T e o p n a m h o jk b c t b , <£yHKn,Ho- H ajIBH H H aH aJIH 3. CBrOflHH nOJIOJKBHHB A®JI TaKOBO, HTO A K ® 6 AHH pBIKBHHH C3M 0H HpOCTOH 3aAaH H — HJiaHHpOBaHHH T aK H a3H Ba6M BIX 3 KCTp6 MaJIBHBIX 9KCnBpHMBHTOB — CyipBCTByBT 2 2 K pH T epH H OHTH- M3 JIBH0 CTH. Hfi BCe H3 HHX OAHHaKOBO C6pB63H BI, HO T6M HB M 6H66 BC6 JK6 6CTB OKOJIO 15 HBCOMHBHHO CHJIBHHX KpH TBpH BB. ChCTBMB KpHTBpHBB-aKCHOM 3AeCB HOCHT HBHO M 03aHHHH H X a p a K T B p . f l j I H Ta~ KOH M0 3 aHHH0 H CHCT6MH KpHTBpHBB IipOCTO 56CCMHCJI6HHO CTBBHTB BOnpOC 0 6 HX BHyTpBHHBH HBHpOTHBOpBHHBOCTH. JIhH IB B n p oC T B H -meM ciiynae — a *1 k h h b h h h x nJiaHOB — nacTB h b p b h h c jib h h b ix bbihibKpHTBpHBB OKa3BIBaBTCH COBMBCTHMOH: 9TO 3H3HHT, HTO MOJKHO HO~ CTpOHTB HJTaHBI 9KCH6pHMBHTa, yAOBJieTBOpHKHqHe OAHOBpBMBHHO HeCKOJIBKHM KpHTBpHHM. H o BCB CT3H0BHTCH y5K6 COBC6M HJIOXO a j ih nJiaHOB BToporo nopHAKa, ocoSeHHO KorAa o h h 3aAaHH a h c k p b t h o . B p63yJIBTaT6 MH HM66M MH05K6CTB0 HJiaHOB, HOpOJKAOHHHX pa3HHMH KpHTepHHMH, KOTOpHB HB HOAAaiOTCH CHCTeMaTH3aqHH H COHOCTaBJIB- HHK), — TpaAHKHOHHaH MaTBMaTHKa HB 3H86T TBKHX 3aTpyAH6HHH.

BTOpOH HpHMBp OTHOCHTCH K Hp0rH 03H p0BaH H K) CJiyHaHHBIX HpO~ q e c c o B . B e e o S c t o h t b h o j ih b 6jiaronoJiyH HO c n porH 03H poB aH H 6M CTaKHOHapHHx cJrynaHHHX n p o q e c c o B . 3 a c c b x o p o ra o h 3 b b c t b h m b - t o a K o jiM o r o p o B a — B n H B p a , H aiAeH H H H b paM K ax x o p o m o pa3B H - t o h c h c t b m h npfiACTaBJiBHHH o CTaqHOHapHHx c jiy n a n H H x n p o q e c - c a x . H o B AeHCTBHTeJIBHOCTH BCB HJIH HOHTH BCe peaJIBHO HaSjIIOAaeMHe cjiy n an H H e n p o q e c c H OKa3HBb io t c h H ecTaqnoH apH H M H x o t h 5h h o HOBeAOHHK) HX MaTeMaTHHeCKOTO 0JKHA9HHH. MaTeMaTHHeCKOH T eopHH H ecTaqH O H apH H x c jiy n a n H H x n p o q e c c o B He cy iq ecT B yeT . H o TeM He M eHee, KaK o6pa3H O CKa3aHO b o a h o h H3 3apy6e?K H H X n y S jiH K a q n ii, cym ecTByiO T M n pn aA H CTaTefi, b k o t o p b i x npeAJiaraiOTCH pa3JiHHHHe pem eHHH 9T oro B o n p o c a . J lyn n iH e H3 h h x c t p o h t c h cjieAyioiqH M o 5 p a 3 0 M : npeAJiaraeTCH H eK O Topaa m o a c jib c jryaa H H oro n p o q e c c a , K OTopaa «|)opMyjiHpyeTCH KaK aKCHOMa — TaK, h t o e e H ejiB 3a h h q o - Ka3aTB, h h o n p o B ep ra y T B . H c x o a h h 3 9 t o h m o a b jih nyTeM n o c T p o e - h h h qenoH K H M aTeMaTHaecKHx cyjKAeHHH H axoAH TCa $ o p M y jia qJi*1 n p o r H 0 3 a . B x y A in n x p a S o T a x n p o c T o AaeTCH p en ieH n e, qaiK e 6 e3 HeTKOH $op M yjiH poB K H h c x o a h o h m o a 6Jih. 3 q e c B HaM He yA ajiocB AaTB cnHCKa h c x o a h h x M O Aeaefi-nocTyjiaTO B , h o a o S h o t o aKCHOMaTHKe HJiaHHpOBaHHH 9KCHepHMeHTa: HHKTO a 0 C 0 X n o p H e MOT HX KaK-TO K jiac cH ^ n q ap o B aT B h KOAH<$HqnpoBaTB.

TaKOBO a te n o jio jK e H n e qeJi b b h h h c j i h t b j i b h o h M aT eM aT H K e, CKa?K6M n p n pen ieH H H 3 a A a n , C B a3a H H H x c h o h c k o m 9K C T p eM y M a

159

M f l o r O M e p H H X 0 M 0 o r o n a p a M e T p n 0 e c K H x t j j y H K p H H . 3 j i ; e c i . H M e e T C H

M H O J K e cT B O p e K O M e H A a i p i H , f lO B e ^ e H H H X 3 0 B H 0 H C J iH T e 0 B H H x a j i r o -

p H T M O B . H o 9 T H n p n e M H H e H O ^ a i O T C H C O H O C T a B J ie H H K ) H C H C T e M a T H -

3 a 0 H H — o h h o c H O B H B a io T C H H a n p e f l n o c H J i K a x , o 6 p a 3 y r o m ; H X m o - 3 a H H H y r o C T p y K T y p y .

K a K TOJIBKO MBI H H TaeM C H HpOH 3BeCTH COHOCTaBJieHHe A s y x K a - k h x - j i h 6o n p o n ;e A y p n o n c K a a K C T p eM y M a , H aM h c m o a jio h h o H yjKHO b b o a h t b H O B yio aK C H O M aT H K y, 3 a A a ro n i;y io T a K y io c n c x e M y c p aB H eH H H . T a K H X aKCHOM aTHK MOJKHO HpeAJIOJKHTB AOCTaTOHHO M H o r o . K a jK A a n T a K a n CHCTeMa aKCHOM c o 3 A a e T c b o io M e T a T e o p n io . ^ a a iB n ie H eM eA - JieHHO B 03H H K aeT H e o 6xOAHMOCTB B C O 3A aH H 0 M eT aM eX B T eopH H A 0 0 cp aB H eH H H oTAeaiBHBix M eT a T eo p H H . B yn oM H H y T O H B B une p a S o T e [ 1 5 0 ] 9TO y T B e p jK A 6H H e 6HJIO HJIJIIOCTpHpOBaHO OAHHM n p H M e p o M — cp aB H eH H eM A s y x n p o i je A y p aA anT apH O H H O H o n T H M H 3a0H H h p o h 3 b o a ~ CTBeHHBix n p o p e c c o B : p e r y jin p H O H C H M H J ieK C -n p o p eA yp B i h c j iy n a f i - H o r o n o n c K a . H H ecM O T p n H a b c io jio r n H e c K H o n eB H A H y io 6e3H aA eJ K - HOCTB 3aA aH H COHOCTaBJieHHH n p n e M O B , OCHOBaHHBIX H a pa3JIHHHOH aK CH O M aTH K e, a K T H B iia n ABHTejiBHOCTB b b t o h o S jia c T H H e n p e K p a - m a e T c a .

X o n e T C H 3 A e c B o T B e T H T B H a o a h h B o n p o c , k o t o p b i h H a M H a C T O

C T a B H T : H e C 0 3 A a a ia c B j i h c e f i n a c b n p n K J i a A H O H M a T e M a T H K e T a K a n JK e

C H T y a p H H , K O T o p a n H M e j i a M e c T O b h h c t o h M a T e M a T H K e b o B p e M e H a ,

c K a j K e M , H B i o T O H a h J l e i S H H p a ? T o r A a e n ^ e H e c y m e c T B O B a J i o h o h h - t h h o M a T e M a T H H e c K H x C T p y K T y p a x . B o b c h k o m c j i y n a e , M a T e M a T H K H

H a y H H J iH C B A H W e p e H p H p o B a T B p a H B i n e , n e M 6h j i o n o - H a c T o n m e M y

H O H H T O , H T O T a K O e «J )yH K 0 H H . H a M K a jK e T C H , H T O , n p O B O A H T a K o e c o -

n o c T a B j i e H H e , m h a o j i> k h h S y A e M K O H C T a T n p o B a T B r p o M a A H o e p a 3 - J IH H H e . y ? K e n p n T O M H a n a J I B H O M C O C T O H H H H 3 H a H H H M a T e M a T H K H H a -

X O A H J IH H e T K H e H 0 A H 0 3 H a H H H e p e m e H H H , X O T H , K a K n p a B H J I O , H H e

M o r J iH c ^ o p M y j i n p o B a T B h x b B H A e T e o p e M . E c j i h n o 3 B O j i e H O 6 y % e T

B C T B T B H a T O H K y 3 p e H H H « J I O r H K O -M a T e M a T H H e C K O r O H J ia T O H H 3 M a » 1 ,

TO M O JK H O 6 y A e T B B I C K a 3 a T B r H H O T e 3 y O T O M , H T O M a T e M a T H K a A 6 H C T B O -

B a j i a T a K , 6 y A T O y i K e A o r a A H B a j i a c B o c y m e c T B O B a H H H H e o t k p h t h x e m ;e T o r A a C T p y K T y p . B o b c h k o m c j i y n a e , b o t K a K B y p S a K H o h h c h - B a i o T n o J i o j K e H H e A 0 0 b M a T e M a T H K e X V I I b . [ 8 2 ] :

. . . H eo S x o A H M O n p H 3 H a T B , h t o n y T B k co B p eM eH H O M y a H a jiH 3 y 6hJI O T K pH T TOJIBKO T O TAa, KOTAa H bIO TO H H J IeH 6HH0 , H O B ep H y B - IHHCB CHHHOH K HpOHIJIOM y, peiHHJIH BpeM eH H O HCKRTB O npaB A aH H H

1 H o K T p u H a , pa3A 6JiH eM aH h o k o t o p m m ii M aTeM aTH K aM H h M aT eM aiH n ecK H M H jio -THKaMH, B TOM HHCJie, BHflHMO, H TfiAejieM, COTJiaCHO KOTOpoii MaTeMaTHKH He C03HaK)T CBOH CTpyKTypH, a OTKpjdBaiOT H X , H 0 A 0 6 h 0 TOMy, KaK OTKpHBaiOT CBOH3 ait o h h (j)H3HKH. B M eTOflonorHH MaTeMaTHKH 3Ta HOKTpHHa c o Been peaKOCTbK) Gujia cijiopMyjiHpoBaHa Opere.

160

h o b h m M eT o^ aM H e b C T p o r n x ji;O K a3aT ejiB C T B ax, a b o 6 h j i h h p e 3 y jiB T a - TOB II HX B3BHMHOH COTJiaCOBaHHOCTH.

B n p H K J ia A H ofi M a ieM a T H K e, TOHHee, b npnK JiaA H O H M a T e M a ra K e , K O T o p y io p a e c M a T p n B a e M m h , ecT B o b n jr a e p e3ya iB T aT O B , h o h b h o HeT c o rJ ia c o B a H H o c T H .

H a ^ o y K a 3aTB e m e H a o f lH y o u iH H H T e jiB H y io n e p T y n p n K jia ^ H O H M aTeM aTH KH : e c j i n OHa x o n e T o c T a B a T B c n «peaaiH C TH H ecK O H », t o ^ o ju K H a on a ca T B C H c j ih h ik o m C T p o r n x cy jK ^ eH H H . B o t B H C K a3 U B aH n e aMepn- K a H C K oro M aTeM aTH K a IIlBapn;a [151]:

d>H3HK, BHOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHO, CTOpOHHTCH TOHHBIX flO K a3aTeH BC TB,TaK K aK flO K a 3aTejiBC TB O , y S e^ H T eJ iB H oe t o j i b k o b t o m c j i y n a e , e c j i n o h o t o h h o , T e p n e T C H jiy , e c j i n n p e A n o jio jK e H H H , H a k o t o p h x o h o 6 a - 3 n p y e T C H , c j i e r K a m o h h io t c h ; b t o jK e B peM H ,n ;0K a3aTejiB C TB0 y 6 e - AHTeJIBHOe, XOTH H H e TOHHOe, MOJKeT 0CT3TBCH CTa6 HJIBHHM H n p n H eK O TO pH X H3M eHeHHHX OCHOBOHOJiaraiOIHHX aKCHOM.

y T B e p jK ^ e H H e I I lB a p i ja m o jk h o H jn n o c T p n p o B a T B n p n M e p a M H H3 HCTOpHH pa3B H TH H MaTeMaTHHeCKOH CT3THCTHKH. O flH a H3 ^yH K lJH H H3BIK3, 0 KOTOpOH M H y jK e TOBOpHUH B H H ie, — 9TO C B epT H B aH H e HH - ([jopM an.H H , ee K O M naK T H oe n p e n c T a B jie H H e . H 3 B 6 C t h h h aHrJiHHCKHH CT8THCTHK Q H H ie p p a 3 p a 6 o T a jI 3TOT B o n p o c H a BHCOKOM yp O B H e C TpO - ro cT H h n p e ^ jio jK H J i a jiro p n T M B i, K O T o p n e n o 3 B O jifl j iH oijeH H B aT B n a p a M e T p B i T a K , h t o 6 h 9 t h o ijeH K H 6 h j i h 9<[)<[)eKTHBHHMH, t . e. H M eJin MHHHMaJIBHyiO flHCHepCHK). B c K O p e , O flH aKO, BHHCHHJIOCB, HTO 3<J)- <[)eKTHBHBie oq eH K H H a caM O M ^ e a ie M o r y T 6 h t b H e 9 $ $ 6 K t h b h h m h . j j e j I O B TOM, HTO OHH O K a3ajIH C B OHeHB HyBCTBHTeJIBHHMH K HCXO^HHM n p e f ln o c H jiK a M . B e e on eH B x o p o m o , e c j i n m h HM eeM ^ e a io c p e 3 y jiB T a - t b m h H a6jiK >fleH H H , K O T o p n e m o jk h o H H T e p n p e T n p o B a T B K aK H H CTyio B H 6 o p K y , t . e. K aK B H 6 o p K y H3 o a h o h reH ep a jiB H O H c o B O K y n H o cT H . Ho np aK T H H ecK H m h , H a B e p H o e , B cer /i;a HM eeM n e n o c 3arpH 3H eH H H M H B H 6 op K a M H , T . e. C H 3M epeH H H M H , K O T O pH e MOJKHO H H T ep n p eT H p O B aT B KaK n p H H a A J ie jK a m n e k reH ep a jiB H H M coB O K y n H ocT H M c pa3H H M H n a p a M e T p a M H . A e c j i n o t o T a K , t o p a 3 y M H e e noJ iB 30B aT B C H p o 6 a c T - h b im h ( o t aH rJ iH H C K oro c jiO B a robust — r p y b n n ) o ijeH K aM H — H e - HyBCTBHTejIBHHM H K HCXOflHHM H pe^H O CH JIK aM , HO M eH ee 9«])(JeKTHB- h h m h b c j i y n a e , K o r ^ a 9 t h n p e / jn o c H j iK H b h h o j i h h i o t c h . A jir o p H T M H p o 6 a c T H H X oqeH O K h p h x o a h t c h y jK e H a xoA H T B , h c x o ,h ;h H e H3 C T p o r n x h H 3 h iu ;h h x n o c T p o e H H H , a n p o c T o H3 pe3yjiBTaTOB MOAejinpoBaHHH 3 a A a n H a 9BM. C n p o b jie M O H p o b a c T H o c T H n p n x o flH T C H CTajiKHBaTBCH h n p n B H b o p e K p n T e p n e B a j i h n p o B e p K H CTaTH C TH H ecK nx r n n o T e 3 , CKajKeM rnnoTe3H 06 o a h o p o a h o c t h b h 6 o p o h h h x AHcnepcHH. Xopomo H 3BecTH H H K pH T epH H E a p T J ie T a , p a H e e m n p o K o npHM eH H Bm H H CH AJiH p em eH H H b t o h 3aAaH H , oK aaaaiC H K paH H e HyBCTBHTeJiBHHM k h c -

11 B. B. HajiiiMOB 161

xo^H H M n pe^noC H JiK aM . C enH ac iie p e /iK o n p n pemeHHH n o p o & iB ix 3apaH npHXOflHTCH OrpaHHHHBaTBCH COHOCTaBJieHHIlMH, OCIIOBaHHHMH n a HHTyHTHBHHX COoSpaJKeilHHX, BMeCTO npiIMeHeHHH CTporH X, HO He poSaCTH H x KpH TepneB.

H T a K , M aTeM aTH 3an;H H 3 H 3 h h h H e T p e S y e T r J iy S o K o n aKCH OM aTH - 3an,H H h b h c o k o h jiorH H ecK O H C T p o ro cT H c y n i p e n n i i . IIe.iban zoeopumb 06 o6naamejibHOM npeepaiqeHuu MameMamuzupymyuxcsi uayn e uc- HUCJieHUX.

H 3 b ik H p H K .ia flH o ii M aTeM aTH K H . M aT eM aT H K a b p a c cM a T p n B a e M H X HaMH 3 a p a n a x H cnojib 3yeTC H n p o cT o KaK HeKOTopHH h 3 b ik , h o 3 b o j i h i o - ih ,h h 6 h c t p o n o jiy n a T B jio rn n e cK H e b h b o ^ h H3 h c x o p h h x h o c b i j i o k . 3 t o t h 3 b ik y p o S e n CBoen KOMnaKTHocTBio h t o h h o c t b i o , h o b yM e- j i h x p y K a x o h HHKor,o;a He 6HBaeT n p e 3MepHO c t p o t h m . O h p p cT a- TOHHO HIHpOKO H3BeCTeH, H09T0M y HeT HeoSxOflHMOCTH KajK flH H p a3 3aH 0B0 pa3T>HCHHTB H oSoCHOBHBaTB npaB H Jia BHBOflOB. H HaKOHen;, n p n HCH0JIB30BaHHH 9TOTO yH H B ep cajiB H o ro , B KaKOM-TO CMMCJie, H 3H K a B03HHKai0T aCCOpnapHH C flpyrH M H 3apaHaMH, pemeHHHMH c h o m o ib ;b io TaKOH Hie penoH KH cyjK peiiH H , h b t o n p n p a e T ponOJiHH- TejiB H yio y S e jiH T e jiB iio cT l h o b h m nocTpoeHHHM . 3 p e c B MaTeMaTHKa HCH0JIB3yeTCH npOCTO K aK H 3HK flJIH COKpaipeHHOH 3anHCH CHCTeMH j io r in e c K H X cyjKpeH HH . B c b h 3 h c 3 t h m xoneTCH HanoMHHTB H3BecT- h h h , h o paJieK o He o6m;enpH3HaHHHH Te3Hc c p p e re — P a c c e Jia o t o m , h t o MaTeMaTHKa ecTB He h t o n n o e , KaK nacTB j i o t h k h .

H 3 h k npHKJiapHOH MaTeMaTHKH, H cnojiB 3yeM 0H b 3ap a H a x x h m h h , 6HOJiorHH h ocoSeHHo oSipecTBeHHBix H ayK , CTanoBHTCH yjK e 3HaHH- TejiBHo Menee aScTpaKTHHM , neM h 3 h k M aTeM aranecK H x c h m b o j i o b B TeOpeTHHeCKOH $H 3H Ke. IloJIB 3y H C B H3HKOM MaTeMaTHKH, HCCJieflO' BaTeJiB 3peCB Bee BpeMH yHHTHBaeT t o , h t o c t o h t 3 a Mat o m aTiinecKHM H CHMBonaMH b t o h h j i h h h o h KOHKpeTHOH 3aAane. H e c jin nep B o e cepBe3H oe o T Jinnne npH K JiaflH on MaTeMaTHKH o t h h c t o h c o c t o h t B OTCyTCTBHH B CHCTeMe CyjKfleHHH epHHHX JIOTHHeCKHX C TpyK Typ, 6 o ra T H X c b o h m h jiorn n ecK H M H cjiepCTBHHMH, t o BTopoe, c t o j i b JKe cepBe3H oe pa3JiHHHe c o c t o h t b t o m , h t o b npH K JiaflH H X 3 a p a n a x p a c- CM aTpHBaeM oro HaMH r a n a n a p o BecBMa n p n cT a jiB H o cjiepH TB 3 a TeM, HTO CTOHT 3a CHMBOJiaMH. H jIJIIO CTpH pyeM CKa3aHHOe HeCKOJIBKHMII npHM epaMH.

II e p b m h n p H M e p . 3aHHMaHCB B onpocaM H H ayK oM eT pnn [152], M H C$OpMyjIHpOBaJIH HH^OpMapHOHHylO MOfleJIB pa3BHTHH H ayK H . B 9 t o h M opejiH nySjiH K apH H paccM aTpH B aioTcn KaK nepBHH- H U e HOCHTeJIH HH$opMaiI,HH. BHJIH ClJopMyJIHpOBaHLI CJiepyiOIIl,He n o C T y jia r a , 3apaioin;He p ocT n y 6jiHKan;HH b p a3H H x C H T y ap n u x : dy/dt=ky, h j i h dy!dt=ky{b— y), rp;e y — h h c j i o nySJiH KapH H , k h b — H eK O T opae KOHCTaHTH, t — BpeMH. IlepBBiH n ocT yjiaT yTBepjKpaeT, h t o c k o p o c t b poCTa HHCJia n y 6jiHKan;HH p;ojijKHa 6 h t b n p o n o p p H o -

162

n a J ibH a h x poC T H rH yT O M y HHCJiy. 3 t o t n o c T y j ia T m o jk c t 6 h t b n p iiH H T a ,jih C H T yapH H , b k o t o p o h n e T <J>aKTopoB, cflep>K H B aiom ,H x n p o p e c c p o c T a . B t o p o h n o c x y J ia T 3 a m iC H B a e T n p o c T e n m n H M exaH H 3M c a i i o - TOpMOJKeHHH, KOTOpMH H aH H iiaOT 3aM eTHO CKa3BIBaTbCH , JIHIHb K o r ^ a HHCJIO n y S jIH K a p H II CTaHOBHTCH CpaBHHM HM n o BeJIHHHHe C KOHCTaH- t o h b. H i i T e r p u p y n , m h n o j iy n a e M b n ep B O M c j i y n a e 3 K c n o H e H T y , b o B T op oM c-J iyn a e — y p a B H e n n e jio n iC T H H e c K o n k p h b o h , H M eroipeH S -o 6 p a 3 H y io $ o p M y . 3 t h <J>yHKHHH J icn oJ ib 3 y ioT C H 3HTeM a j i h on H ca H H H p e a jitH O i ia S jiio p a e M H X H B Jieira ii ( h j i h o t o m , e c T e c T B e m io , o p e m iB a io T C H n a p a M e T p n <J>yHKii;HM, n p o B e p n e T C H r n n o T e 3 a a j^eK B aT H ocTH h t . a - ) - K p H B u e p o c T a , 3 a A a m iH e 3 K cn oH en T a M H , m o jk h o 3 K C T p a n o jiH p o B a T b b 6 y a ,y n i,e e , a o b o a h h x a o h b h o a S c y p ^ i m x 3H aHeHHH, — 3 t o 6 y a ,eT y K a 3 H B a T b H a t o , h t o m b x s h h s m p o c T a AOJim eH h 3 M 6 h h t b c h . M o jk h o p a ccM a T p H B a T B c o B ce M c j i o j k h h o CH Tyan,iiH , K o ra ,a b H r p y B C T y n a ioT b p a 3 i i o e B peM H p a 3 i m e C T paH H M H pa h p a 3 H H e p a 3 A eJ iH 3HaHHH. T o r a ,a p e 3 y jib T a T H H a fijn o^ e iiH H H y jK H o 6 h j i o 6 h n pe/jC T aB JiH T b c y M - m o h 3 K cn oH eH T , h o s t o H e o n e i i b y a ,o 6 H o ; p a 3 J ia ra H cy M M y 3K C noH eH T b pH fl T e n j i o p a h o rp a H H H H B a n cb n ep B H M HJieHOM, m o h ih o n p ep ;C T a - BHTb p e 3 y jIB T a T H CKOJIB3HIH,eH SKCHOHeHTOH, n a p a M e T p n KOTOpOH OCTaiOTCH nOCTOHHHHMH JIHHIb H a HeKOTOpOM H H TepBa.H e B peM eH H .

M 3 n p H B efleH H H x B H m e o n e i i b n p o c T O c ^ o p M y jiH p o B a H H H X n o c T y - naTO B m h n o j iy n a e M 6 o r a T b ie jio r n n e c K H e cjienC T B H H , n o3 B O JiH iom H e n a M JierKO o S c y jK fla T b c jio jK H H e CHTyan,HH. H o 3 t h n o c T y j ia T H , k o - H en H o, n eJ ib3H p a c c M a T p n B a T b K aK n o n H T K y C K O J ib -n n S y A b r J iy 6 o K o aK C H O M aT H 3npoB aT b H a yK O B e/jeH H e. 3 f l e c b 11a H 3H K e a,H(J(J)epeHn;HaJib- h h x y p a B H eiiH H c< J )op M y jn ip oB a H o t o , h t o m h m o t j ih 6 h c iJ jo p M y jiH p o - B aT b h H a H arneM o S H ^ e m io M h 3 h k g , h o t o j i b k o TaM 3 t o S h j i o 6 h C fle - j i a n o b S o j i e e p a cn jiH B H a T O H (J o p M e . ^ o c T O B e p n o c T b i i a m n x p a c c y j K - ReHHH n o B H m a e T C H , K o r n a m h B c n o M im a e M , h t o a n a jio rH H H H e CHCTeMH cy jK ^ eH H H H c n o jib 3 y io T C H b S n o j i o r H i i n p n o n n c a iiH H n p o p e c c o B p o c T a i io n y j in p H H H b <J)H3HKe n p n B H B o^ e 3 a K o n a n o r a o ip e H H H CBeTa h j i h 3 a K 0 iia p a A H oa K T H B H oro p a c n a f la . M p h h t h o c o 3 i ia B a T b , h t o b o B c e x 3 t h x c j i y n a n x m h n c n o j i b 3 y e M o a h i i h T e JKe J io r n n e c K H e K oiiC T p y K p H H , o n e p n p y H o a h h m h TeM JKe — y H H B ep ca J ib iiH M — h 3 h k o m . H o, n p o - BO.TH 3TH paC C yjK A eilH H , MBI BCe B peM H IIOMIIIIM 0 TOM, HTO CTOHT 3 a CHMBOJiaMH H (J)OpMyJiaMH, COCTaBJieHHHMH H3 CHMBOJIOB. n p eA C T a B B T e c e 6 e TaKOH M b ic jie H iiH ii 3 K cn ep H M eH T : n a J l y n y 3 a 6 p o r a e n o n e K O T o p o e M iiojKeCTBO ny6.H H Kan;H H n n o p p i iH p a A iioa K T H B H H x B e m e cT B . K a K p o c T n y S jiH K a p iiH , TaK h p a c n a s p aA iioaK T H B H H x 3JieMeHTOB n p o n c x o - AHT n o 3 K cn o H e H i-e . M m h 6 c 3 b c h k h x A O n o ji in iT e jib iiH X p a c c y jK ;ie n x i i i h j ih n p o B e p o K c p a s y C K anieM , h t o p aA H oaK T H B H H e gJieM eiiT H 6 y A y r n poA O JU K aT b p a cn a A a T b C H n o s K c n o iie H T e , a n y 6 jn iK a n ,H H paCTH h o 6y - A y T . M H T e r p n p y H A H <Jxj>epeH ii,naJibH H e y p a B H e im a , m h A©icTBOBa,H H K a p H H C TH e M aTeM aT H K H , n e aa.SoTHOp o C M w e a e c h m b q a o p , a jw iT e p -

i i5:?

npeTHpyn n ojiyq em m e (JyiiKpiiH, m h yjKe p;yMaeM o tom, hto ctoht aa CHMBOJiaMH, h, cjieÔBaTeJibHo, mhcjihm ynce He KaK hhcthb MaTeMaTHKH.

B t o p o h n p H M e p — omnSKa c HHTepnpeTapneH 3aKona t(HH(|»a. ÔnyCTIIM, HTO HMeeTCH HeKOTOpHH TeKCT c o6ih,hm hhcjiom CJIOB Dn, HOCTpOeHHHH Ha CJIOBHHKe, COflepjKaipeM N HHflHBHflyaJIb- h h x cjiob. 06o3HaHHM Hepe3 n p an r (h op h ^k ob h h HOMep no ySHBa- HHK) HaCTOTH HOHBJieHHH) CJIOBa, Hepe3 dn — HaCTOTy HOHBJieHHHcjioBa b TeKCTe. Torp;a 3aK0H t(Hn$a 3anHmeTCH TaK: dn=k!n , rp;e k — KOHCTaHTa, KOTopan onpep;eJiHeTCH H3 ycjiOBHH hopmhpobkhD ^ c ^ + k l n N .

fl|onyCTHM T enep t, h to k to -to 3axoneT no^CHHTaTB, nojiB3yncB 3THM COOTHOHieHHeM, 3HaHeHHe Dy+i, 33MeHHB HOfl 3H3KOM JIOrapH^Ma N na JV-f-1. Mojkho jih s to cp;ejiaTB? E cjih HOBoe, (TV-j-l)-e cjiobo Harnero cjiOBHHKa 3aHMeT no nacTOTe CBoero HOHBJieHHH (TVH-l)-e MecTo, t o 3 to , KOHeHHo, mojkho cêJiaTb. H o b o t npeflCTaBbTe ce 6e, HTO B CJIOBHHKe HOHBJIHeTCH TaKoe HOBoe CJIOBO, KaK, CKajKeM, «KOC- moh3 bt». Oho yjKe He 3aHMeT n ocjie^n ero MeCTa b pn;n;y cjiob, nocTpoeH- hom no nacTOTe h x nonBJieiiHH, — npoH30Hp;eT nepepaHjKHpoBKa cjiob h napaMeTp k yjKe nepecTaneT 6h tb KoncTaHTOH, t . e. npoH30H- p;eT nepeHopMHpoBKa. B btom cjiynae mbi ne MOJKeM b h h h cjih tb 3iia- HeHHeZ>iv+i, He 3Han h oboto 3HaneHHH k. 3 t o CBoeo6pa3Hoe orpaHH- HeHHe, HajiojKeHHoe na HopMnpyroipee cooTHomeiiHe, He 3anncaH o MaTeMaTHnecKH. Hccjie/iOBaTejiB p;oJUKeH jiepjKaTB ero b yMe: jKeJian HcnoJiB30BaTB nopMHpyioin,ee cooTHomeHHe KaK sKCTpanojmpHOHHyio (J o p M y jiy , oh p;ojiJKeH p;yMaTB o tom , h to He 3anncaH 0, a tojibko hoh- pa3yMeBaeTCH, — s to hbho He cooTBeTCTByeT cthjiio MHnuieHHH hh- CToro MaTeMaTHKa.

E cjih He oSpamaTB BHHMaHHe na cop;epjKaHHe, CTOHipee 3a $opM y- JiaMH, TO MOJKHO HOJiyHHTB COBCeM HeBepOHTHHe pe3yjIBTaTH. M h KaK-TO BCTpeTHJiHCB c nyfijiHKapneH, b k o top oh nopMHpyioin,ee c o o t- HonieHHe, aHajiorHHHoe HanHcannoMy BBirne, Hcn0JiB3OBajiocB ajih H3yneHHH flHHaMHKH CHCTeMH. PaCCMaTpHBan N KaK (JyHKIJHIO BpeMeHH, aBTop CTaJi flH^êpenpHpoBaTB nopMHpyiomyio ^yHKipiio no BpeMeHH, CHHTan, h to napaMeTp k ocTaeTCH h o ctoh h h h m , h H3 noJiyneHHHX pe3yjiBTaT0B cêjiaji jiio6onHTHHe bhbop;h. Korp;a ero BHHMaHHe Shjio o6pain,eHo n a to , h to TaK p;ejiaTB HejiB3H, bch CHCTeMa cyjKp;eHHH pyxH yjia, TaK KaK He oKa3ajiocB p;aiiHBix o noBefleHHH bo BpeMeHH npoH3Bop;HOH dk/dt. K a 3aJioCB 6 h , h ch o, h to o p|HiiaMHKe CHCTeMH HHnero HeJiB3n y 3HaTB H3 cooTHomeHHH, ne cop;epjKain,ero TaKyio HHôpMapHio, ho aBTopy yjK oneHB xoTejiocn bto cjiejiaTB.

T p e T H n n p H M e p — annpoKCHMHpyioin,He (JiopMyjiH. M ojkho jih ctpohtb annpoKCHMHpyioin,HeôpMyjiH b npHKJiap;HOH MaTeMaTHKe, opneHTHpyncB tojibko Ha BsaHMHoe pacnojiojKeHHe BKcnepH-

164

m8Hthjii>ho Ha6niofleHHHX ToneK h He 3a6oTHCb o t o m neHCHO $opM y- jiapyeMOM cop;ep}KaHHH, KOTopoe c t o h t 3a 3thm h Ha6juoêHHHMH? B OflHOH H3 HayHHHX CTaTeH KpHBaH pOCTa HHCJia HayHHHX p a 6oT- hhkob b Harnefi CTpaHe S njia annpoKCHMHpoBaHa HapoHHTo c j io jk h o . A b to p p a 36nn 3Ty KpHByio Ha 0Tp;eJibHHe ynacTKH h p;jih KaiK,n;oro H3 h h x npnp;yMaJi oco 6n e MexaHH3MH, 3anHCHBaH h x pa3HHMH p;h<|>- êpeHpHaJibHHMH ypaBHeHHHMH. noJiyneHHHe t b k h m o6pa30M Mo/jejiH xoporno corJiacoBbiBajiHCb c iia6jnoji;aeMHMH AaHHHMH h, h t o ocoSeim o JIK)6onHTH0 , xopom o B33HMHO yBH3HBaJIHCb; co3saB ajiocb BHeHaTJie- hh 6 xop orao npOAyMamiOH cncTeMH. A b t o p Hacm jibKo yBJieKCH CBOHMH nOCTpOeHHHMH, HTO JjajKe peiHHJI, HTO OH BHBeJI MOfleJIH He H3 HeKoefi cncTeMH nocTyjiaTOB, a HenocpeflCTBemio H3 caMHx pe3yjib- TaTOB Ha6niop;eHHH! H o b o t na h t o 3ji;ecb ocoSeHHo BaiKHo oSpaTHTb BHHMaHHe: HerJiaftKHH xop; k p h b o h pocTa pa3yMHee o6T>HCHHTb ne ji;gh - CTBHeM oco6o ro , c j i o j k h o t o h HaCTO H3MeHHion];erocH MexaHH3Ma pocTa, a npocTo CHTyapHOHHO oSycjiOBJieHHHMH peniemiHMH opraHoB, <J)H- HaHcnpyiorniHX pa3BHTne HayKH, h opranoB, yHHTHBaiomHx h h c jio HayHHHX paSoTHHKOB (caMO onpeji;eJieHHe h o h h t h h HayHHoro p a 6oT- HHKa h cncTeMa h x yneTa BpeMH o t BpeMeHH m b h h io t c h ) . Torji;a H apy- meHHH 9KcnoHeHH,HajibHoro x o ^ a k p h b o h yjKe m o jk h o 6yp;eT o h h c h - bbtb b TepMHHax (j&JiyKTyapHH. PemeHHe o BH6ope annpoKCHMHpyio- meH (JopMyJIH npHXOflHTCH HpHHHMaTb, yHHTHBaH COoSpajKeHHH, He $opMyjinpyeMHe Ha H3HKe MaTeMaraKH.

H e T B e p T H H n p n i e p o t h o c h t c h y jK e k n p H M en eH H io KJIaCCHHeCKHX MeTOflOB M aTeMaTHHeCKOH $H3HKH. y p a B H e H H e TenJIO - npoB O flH O CTH d u !d t= d 2u!dx2 m o ik g t 6h t b p e m e H o p;jih — o o < ^ x

- f - c o , — T <C, t ^ 0, r s e T — nojioH oiTeJibH oe h h c j i o . Ecjih 3a - f la n o H a n a jib H o e y c jio B H e — p a c n p e jje J ie H H e T e M n e p a T y p b HaCTOH- ip iii i MOMeHT B p eM eiiH u (x, 0) = cp (x), t o m h p e in e i in e , 3a-R a io m e e p a cn p eji;eJ ieH H e T e M n e p a T y p b n p o n u io M .

MaTeMaTHK 3asaeT B onpoc: r j i h c k o j i b p;aJieKoro nponuioro HMeeT c m h c ji HCKaTb pacripefleJiejnie TeMnepaTyp n pn nayuenHH KocMHHe- CKHX o6T.eKTOB, CKaJKeM JlyH H , HOJIb3yHCb 3THM ypaBHeHHeM TenJIO- npoBOflHOCTH h j i h ero o6o6iu,eiiHOH (JopMofi? OTBeT Ha 3 t o t Bonpoc Haffo ynce HCKaTb, npHBJieKan KaKne-To p;onojiHHTeJibHHe cooSpaiKe- h h h , onHTb-TaKH He 3anHCHBaeMLie MaTeMaTnnecKH. P em an Bonpoc o rpaHH pax npHMeHHMOCTH <J>opMyjiH, m h npHBJieKaeM Ty HH<J>opMa- h ;h io , KoTOpan b Hen He 3anH cana.

HaKoHen;, n o cjie jjH H H — n h t h h — n p n M e p o t h o c h t c h k h c - n o J ib 30B a H H io T e o p e T H K o -B e p o H T H o c T H o n a p r y M e H T a ip r a b c $ e p e n p n - KJiajijHHx n ccjie ji;o B aH H H . 3 êcb c o B c e M JierK o H ap oH H T o H e jie n o c<|)op- M y jin p o B a T b 3 a f la n y . B m n p o K o H 3BeCTH 0M amviHHCKOM H iy p H a J ie N atu re HejjaBHo c o B c eM c e p b e 3 H o o 6cy>Kp;ajiCH Bonpoc o npaBOMepHOCTH CTHTHCTHHeCKHX BblBOJIjOB. ITpHBOflHJICH cneji;yT0in,HH npHMep:

165

HeTHpe K opojiH — S fly a p flH I , I I , I I I h I V H3 TaHHOBepcKOH p;h- HacTHH y M e p jia b oji;hh h t o t ate p;eHb Hep;enH — b c y 66o T y . B ep o H T - h o c tb ca yn a H H oro c o 6h t h h 3p;ecb n p e 3BHHaHHo M a a a : l /7 4~ 1/2500. He CfleaaeT a n oTciofla MaTeMaTHK b h b o a o to m , h to cyS S oT a — 9 to P o k o b o h fleHb fljia 3ji;yapflOB H3 TaHHOBepcKOH flH H acraH ? K oH en H o, HeT. IIpH B aeK aH K aKH e-To f lp y r n e , p ;onoaH H TeabH H e c o o 6paateHHH, oh n e p e ^ o p M y a n p y e T 3afla n y (n op ;po6H ee 06 3to m cm . b [81]). JI1060- h h t h h h napaflO K c 6bia c<J)opMyaHpoBaH H3BeCTHHM aHraHHCKHM CTa- th c th k o m K eH flaa ao M [153]. 3p;ecb p en b HfleT 06 aKcnepHMeHTe c 6p o -CaHHeM MOHeTH — C 3THM CoSilTHeM CBH33HO He TOabKO HOaOHteHHe y n a B m e n MOHeTH (o p e a H a n p e m K a ), h o h x a p aK T ep 3B yK a, B03H H Kaio- m,ero n p n nafleHHH, flaHTeabHOCTb nafleHHH h SecKOHenHoe MHoatecTBo f lp y r n x HBaeHHH. BepOHTHOCTb coBMeCTHoro noHBaeHHH B ce x 3 th x c o S h t h h HHHToatHo M aaa, h Bee ate MaTeMaTHK Ha ocnoBaHHH 3 th x c o o 6paateHHH ne fleaa eT BHBOfla o to m , h to MoneTa He MoateT y n a c T b , — o h yHHTHBaeT p a fl flon o aH H T eab H H x co o S p aa te m iH h HHane (Jo p M y a n p y e T 3 a fla n y . O TCiofla, K C T ara, caeflyeT , h to n eab 3H y a t oneHb cepbe3H o o t h o c h t b c h k yTBepatfleHHio 0 HeB03MoatHoCTH B03HHKH0BeHHH HtHBOH C T p y K T y p H B OflHOM aKTe CayHaHHOTO CoeflH- HeiiHH M o ae K y a [154]. E c a n flaate 0Ka3HBaeTCH, h to b KaKon-TO CHCTeMe cyatfleHHH BepOHTHOCTb c a y n a n H o ro BO3HHKH0BeHHH atH3HH paBH a 10~255 n a n em;e MeHbrae, t o 9 to K aa te T ca Bee ate flocTaTonno y 6eflHTeabHHM, h o a n n ib n p n ycaoBH H , h to b c h rn n o T e 3 a b peaoM n e BH 3H BaeT B03paateHHH no KaKHM-To flp y rn M , ro p a 3 flo Soaee 06- m,HM, h o n a o x o <[)opMaaH3yeMHM cooSpaateHHHM .

M tB K , MH BHflHM, HTO B paCCMBTpHBaeMHX H3MH HpHKaaflHHX 3 a fla n a x MaTeMaTHKa BHCTynaeT KaK H enoT opH H h 3 h k . B cyatfleH H H X, BH CKa3H BaeM H x Ha 9tom H 3H K e, m h Bee ate npn flaeM 3HaneHHe He T oabK o h He CToabKo rpaMMaTHKe 9Toro H 3H K a, CKoabKo TOMy, h to m h x o th m CKa3aTb 06 oScyatflaeM OM npeflM eTe h c x o a h 113 k o k h x - t o coo6paateH H H , ocuoBaH H H X Ha n a n in x r a y 6 o K o h h t y h t h b h h x n p e fl- CTBBaeHHHX. yMeCTHO BCHOMHHTb O H anpaBaeH H H B o6oCHOBaHHH MaTeMaTHKH, K OTopoe npnuH To H a3H BaTb MaTeMaTHnecKHM H H TynpH o- HH3MOM. O h o CBH33HO c TaKHMH HMeHaMH, KaK E p a y a p , B e a a b [141], TenTH H r [155, 156], M h He MoateM cK oabK o-H n G yflb noflpoG H o ocT a- HaBaHBaTbCH n a H3aoateHHH b to h ca oa tH ofi KOHpenijHH, HMerom,eH oTHom eHHe He t o h l k o k M aTenaTHKe, h o h k n c n x o a o rH H MHHtaeHHH. OrpaHHHHMCH HHHIb HeCKOabKHMH 3aMeH3HHHMH. I lo MHeHHIO M aTe- MaTHKOB-HHTyHflHOHHCTOB, aorH K a HMeeT 3HaneHHe n e 6 o n b in ee , neM H 3H K, y6eflHTeabHOCTb K O Toporo onpefleaaeT C H h h t y h t h b h o h jtc h q c tm o h nenocpeflCTBeHHOH oneBHflHOCTbio K aatfloro aaeM GHTap- H oro n ia ra p acc ya tfle in iH . Genaac, HO-BHflHMOMy, Coabuim iCTBO M are- MaraKOB H e n p H H H M a e T Taitoii n y T b oSoonoB aH iiH c n o e t H a y K H , 0 6 3TOM, b HftCTHOCTH, CBiifleTejjbCTByeT caefly iow jea BHCitasHBaHHO

B y p S a K H [ 8 2 ] : «MHTyHii;HOHHCTCKaH n iK o j ia , o k o t o p o h b M aTeM aTH K e B cnoM H H aiO T K aK o C B o e r o p o f la H CTopH H ecKOM K y p i .e 3 e , b o b c h k o m

c j i y n a e , 0 K a 3 a n a y c j i y r y M aTeM aTH K e TeM , h t o 3acT aB H Jia c b o h x

npOTHBHH KOB, T . e. HOflaBJIHIOEflee SOJIBHIHHCTBO M aTeM aTH KOB, yTO H - HHTB CBOH H 0 3 HI];HH H HCHee 0C 03H aB aT B HpHHHHBI (OflHH JIOTHHeCKOrO n o p H ^ K a , f l p y r n e — n c n x o j i o r H H e c K o r o ) h x B e p u b M aT eM aT H K y».

M h H e S y f l e M o S c y J K f l a T B 3 p ;e c B B o n p o c 0 6 H iiT y H n ;H O H H 3 M e b M a

T e M a T H K e . 3 a M e T H M J IH H IB , H TO H a H H T y H p H O H H C T C K y iO M a T e M a T H K y

B p a p ; j i h m o j k h o C M O T p e i 'B K a K n a K y p B e 3 . Bo b c h k o m c j i y n a e , M H o r n e

B 3 r J iH p ,H H H T y n p H O H H C T O B y c B o e H H M a T e M a T H K a M H O T e n e c T B e H H o r o

K O H C T p y K T H B H o r o H a n p a B J i e H H H x . H m i e H a 6 jn o p ,a e T C H B 3 J ie T H c c j i e -

flO B a H H H B H H T y n p iI O H H C T C K O H T e o p H H M a T e M a T H H e C K O T O f lO K a 3 a T e J I B -

C T B a . A ' 1151 H a n i H X p a c c M O T p e H H H , o f l i i a K o , c y m e c T B e H H o j i h h i b o p ; h o — t o , h t o b n p u K J i a d m i x 3 a p ;a H a x M a T e M a T H K a f l e n c T B H T e j i B H o B B i C T y n a e T b p o j i h sisbma, f l j m K O T o p o r o y 6 e p ,H T e jiB H O C T B m o j k c t 6 h t b

o 6 o C H O B a H a c h o 3 h h ; h h : , 6 j i h 3 k h x « H H T y n ii ,H O H H C T C K H M » n p e p ;C T a B J ie -

H H H M 0 p O J IH M H C J ie H H O y C M a T p H B a e M O H H JIH H a r jI H f lH O H O H e B H flH O C T H ,

n p H c y i p e H 3 J ie M e H T a p H H M m a r a M p a c c y > K p ;e H H H , O T f le j iB H H M c y n t f l e -

H H H M H JIH O T fle J IB H H M H O H H T H H M [ 1 5 7 ] . B H C K a 3 H B a H H H , C f l e j i a H H H e

H a M a T e M a T H H e c K O M H 3 B iK e b n p H K j i a p , H H X 3 a p ,a H a x , B c e r p , a h n p e j K ^ e

B c e r o f lO J U K H H o 6 j i a p ;a T B H H T y n T H B H o - c o p ;e p j K a T e j i B H O H y S e f l H T e J i B -

H O C T B K ) — 3 T 0 H B J IH eT C H H X o 6 o C H O B a H H e M . 3 f l e C B O C o 6 e H H O H e T K O

H p O X O f lH T JIH H H H p a 3 r p a H H H e i I H H M e j K f l y H H C T O H H H p H K J ia f lH O H

M a T e M a T H K O H .

f l3 H K HpHKJiaflHOH M aTeM aTH KH KaK M eTaH 3BIK . I I 3 I I I I M aTeM aTH KH , H cn oJ iB 3y eM H H f l jm o n n ca H H H n p n K jia f lH H X s a f la n , B H C T y n a eT b p o j i n M eTaH 3H K a n o o T H o m e H n io k TOM y H 3 H K y , H a k o t o p o m p a H e e $ o p M y - JIHpOBajIHCB H oScyjK flaJIH C B 3TH 3aflaH H . H H O Tfla BHCKa3BtBaHHH H a M eTaH 3H K e n p H o 6 p e T a io T c t o j i b o 6 i h , h h x a p a K T e p , h t o b t o Bep,eT k co3da,HU.K> M e m a m e o p u u , — 3 fle cB y>Ke p e n B H fleT 0 6 H e p a p x H n e c K o n C T p y K T y p e T eop H H . M e T a T e o p n n o p e m iB a e T J io rH H e cK y io co cT O H T e jiB - IIOCTB H epapX H H eC K H HHJKe CTOHIflHX T eop H H .

T a K , B H a C T H O C T H , n p 0 H 3 0 I H J I 0 C M a T e M a T H H e C K O H C T 3 T H C T H K O H .

Ee H 3 H K C T a jI M e T a H 3 H K O M H O O T H O H ieH H IO K H 3 H K y M H 0 r 0 0 6 p a 3 I I B I X

B K c n e p H M e H T a J iB H H X n a y K . Ha H 3 H K e M a T e M a T H H e C K O H c t 3 t h c t h k h

B e f ly T C H B H C K a 3 H B a iI H H O C y jK f l e H H H X , n o C T p O e i l H M X H a H 3 H K a X -

o 6 i . e K T a x . 3 t h B H c K a 3 H B a H H H n p H o 6 p e j i H c t o j i b o 6 ih ,h h x a p a K T e p ,

h t o c o 3 A a j i a c B M e T a T e o p n a — M a T e M a T H n e c K a n T e o p H H B K C n e p n -

M e H T a . Ee p e H T p a j i B H t i e H f l e n n a M H n o f l p o G n o c i J i o p M y j i H p o B a H M

b [ 8 1 ] . 3 f l e c B M BI JIH H IB C O B C eM K O p O T K O H O B T O p H M 3 T H ( J o p M y jI H p O B K H '.

1 CoBeTCKHii MaTeMaTiiK B . A . KyniHep, aBTop Monorpaijiiiii no KOHCTpyKTHBHOMV maTCMaTiraccKOMy aHajinay, yKa3HBaei Ha «rpoMaflHHe aac.nyrn 1 n n y 1 id,hoh 1 ra.via B (JopMHpOBaHHH OCHOBHMX KOHflCIipim KOHCTpyKTHBHOrO aHaJiH3a» [207, c . 1 6 ] .

167

M aT eM a T H H ecK aa T e o p h h 3 K c n e p H M e H T a , B o -i ie p B i i x , n o3B O JiH jia neTKO $ o p M a jiH 3 0 B a T B n p o p e c c h p h h h t h h p e m e m iH n p n 3K cn ep H M eH T a J ib - h o h n p o B e p K e r a n o T e 3 ; b o - b t o p h x , o n a B iip B H H y jia T p eS o B a H H H paH,n;oM H3an;HH y c j i o B n ii n p o B e p e H H H 3 K c n e p H M e H T a , o TeM h t o S h n p H H 3yH eH H H CJIO/KHHX — f lH $ $ y 3 H H X — CHCTeM MOJKHO 6b[JIO H 3 6 a - BHTBCH OT HOJiyHeHHH C M eipeH H H X O peH O K ; B -T p eT B H X , OHa C(|)OpMy- H H p o B a jia H eT K n e T p e 6oB aH H H , n p e p b H B jiH e M H e k aJ iropH T M aM CBepTKH (p e p y K p H H ) H iK jjop M ap H H ; B -n eT B e p T B ix , o n a paaB H Jia K O H p e n p m o n o c jie p o B a T e n t H o r o 3 K cn e p H M e H T a ; b - h h t h x , C (§o p M y jiH p o B a J ia k o h - peH pH IO OHTHM ajIbHOrO H C H 0JIb30BaH H H H poC T paH C T B a H e3aB H C H M H X n e p e M e m iB ix .

Bmne (c m . c . 5 7 ) m h y jK e n p H B o p n jiH B H C K a3H B aH H H K j i h h h o t o m , h t o M eT aM aT eM aT H K a poJUKHa 6h t b c o p e p jK a T e jib u o n o H H M a e M a , c ee n o M o m b io m h p o ji jk h b i h o h h t b , K a K p en cT B y iO T n p a B H J ia $ o p M a j i b - h o h M aT eM aTH K H . B n p H K jia p H H x 3 a p a H a x M a T e M a ra K a c a M a BHCTy- n a e T K a K M eT a T eop H H h n o T O M y TaKJF.e p o ji /K iia S b itb HH TyHTHBHO, t . e. c o p ep jK a T eJ ib H O , H e ^ o p M a jib H o , o S o c n o B a H H O H , HeCMOTpn Ha B H em H e ^ o p M a jiB H H H x a p a K T e p H 3 H K a c b o h x 3 a n H c e n . H H T e p e c H O o 6p aT H T B BH HM aH He n a t o , h t o M eT a H 3H K 3 p e c b 0 K a 3H B a eT C H 6o jie e $0p M aJ IH 3O B aH H H M , HeM H 3 H K -o 6 T .e K T .

O n e H t naC T o n p n x o p H T C H cJib im aT b y T B e p jK p e m ie o t o m , h t o H 3H K M aTeM aTH KH a S c T p a K T e n . 9 t o H e o n e n b TOHHoe B H C K a 3H B a H H e. Ha c a - MOM p e jie MOJKHO HOCTpOHTb HIKaJiy C T yn eH H aSCTpaKTH OCTH flJIH H 3 H - k o b M aT eM aTH KH . B jieBO H ee n a c r a S y p e T iia x o p iiT B C H c o B c e M a6- C T paK T H H H H 3H K HHCTOH M aT eM aTH K H . n O J IB 3y H C b 3THM H 3H K O M , K a K m h y j n e r o B o p n jiH B H rn e , M a T e M a ra K c m o t p h t TOJibKO H a c h m b o jih , a H e H a t o , h t o H a x o p n T C H 3a h h m h . ^ a j i e e c jie p y e T M aTeM aTH H ecKH H H 3H K COBpeM eHHOH (J)H3HKH. 3 fle C b CTeH eH b a 6CTpaKTHOCTH y jK e HHJKe — H 3H K TeopeTH H eC KO H $ H 3H K H HeJIB3H C paB H H B aT b C H 3H K OM HiaXM aTHOTO HCHHCJieHHH. H 3 H K TeopeTH H eC KO H $ H 3 H K H 0 K a 3 H B a - eTCH CBH 3aH H H M C BIieiHHHM M H pO M , XOTH H a HeM H $O pM yjIH pyK >T C H HOHHTHH, HJIOXO H H T e p n p e T H p y e M H e H a H 3 H K e 3 K C n e p H M e H T a . M H a K O H ep , C T en eH b aScT paK T H O C T H CTanoBH TCH em,e HHJKe, K o r p a H 3H K n p H K n a p H o fi M aTeM aTH KH H c n o n b 3 y e T C H b T exH H H ecK H X H a y K a x , b G h o j io t h h h o 6ni,ecTB eH H H X H a y K a x . H c c jie p o B a T e jib , r o B o p n H a 9TOM H 3 H K e , BCe B peM H CJiepHT 3 a T eM , HTO CTOHT 3 a 3H 3K a M H . Ho H H o r p a h p ;jih o S ip e cT B e H H H X H a y K co3paiO T C H c o B c e M a S c T p a K T H H e H 3H K H , H a n p H M e p H 3H K T eop H H KOHTeK CTH O-CBOSoflH H X H 3H K O B . 9 t o y jK e T e o p H H , h h h c m H e OTJiHHaroipaHCH o t n o c T p o e H H H h h c t o h M aT eM aTH K H , r p e c b h 3 b c BH eniH HM M H poM y jK e n e p e x o p H T b C T ap n io H H T e p n p e T a p H H .

C T p y K T y p a « h h c t o i i » M aTeM aTH KH K aK rp a M M a T H K a H 3 U K a n p n - KJiapHOH M aT eM aT H K H . E c j i h M a T en a T H K a b n p iiK J iap H B ix 3a g a n a x B B iC T yn aeT b p o j in H 3 H K a , t o M aT eM a T iin ecK H e C T p y K T y p u b t o t o H 3H K a

168

ecTecTBeHHO paccMaTpHBaTB KaK rpaMMaTHKy 9Toro H3HKa. Mojkho 3aAaTB Bonpoc: hyjkho jih xoporno 3HaTB rpaMMaTHKy TOMy, kto X 0 H 6 T BOCHOJIB3 0BaTBCH H3HKOM B HHCTO HpaTMaTHHeCKHX IjeJIHX? IIo-BHAHMOMy, He HyJKHO, BO BCHKOM CJiyHae, Ha o6MfleHHOM H3HKe mojkho pa3roBapHBaTb, He 3Han ero rpaMMaTHKH. HanoMHHM 3AecB, hto b 20-x ro^ax y Hac Snjia pacnpocTpaHeHa aobojibho CTpaHHaa TOHKa 3peHHH, hto b cpeAHnx HiKOJiax mojkho He H3ynaTb rpaMMaTHKy pyccKoro H3HKa, h noAHac ee AencTBHTejibHo He H3ynajiH, h He- CMOTpn na 3to, oKaHHHBaioipHe HiKOJiy Bee JKe xopoino BJiaflejira h3h- KOM (XOTH OHH HHOrfla H HHCaJlH HeAOCTaTOHHO rpaMOTHO).

Bhhio mh npHBOAHJiH npHMep, noKa3HBaiomHH, KaK H3HK a H(J>- tepeHAHaJibHoro hchhcjieHHH HcnoJii>3yeTCH a^k o6 cyjKAeHHH npo6-

jieM HayKOMeTpHH. HyjKHO jih, hto6h ynacTHHKH TaKoro pa3roBopa HMejiH OTHeTJiHBoe npeACTaBJieHne 0 6 ocHOBaHHHx MaTeMaTHHecKoro aHajiH3a, 6a3Hpyroni;erocH na TeopeTHKO-MHomecTBemiHx npeACTaBJie- hhhx? IIo-BHAHMOMy, He nyjKHo — A° TaTOHHO HMen> caMHe o6in,He npeACTaBJieHHH 0 npaBHJiax AH<J)$epeHn;HpoBaHHH h HHTerpnpoBaHHH, Majio O T J iH H a ro m n e c H o t Tex npeACTaBJieHHH, KOTopHe 6bijih H3BecTHH bo BpeMena HtioTOHa h JleMHnpa h hx Sjihhohihhx nocjieAOBa- TeJien.

BHme mh yjKe roBopnjiH, hto TeopHH BepoHTHocTen Hpno6 pejia CTaTyc coBpeMeHHon matema t h heckoii ahcahhjihhh jihhib nocjie Toro, KaK A. H . KoJiMoropoB a Ji ee aKCHOMaraHecKoe nocTpoemie. OKa3 aJioci>, hto TeopHH BepoHTHocTen mojkct 6htb nocTpoeHa b paM- Kax o6m,eH Teopmi Mepu c oahhm cnepnajiBHMM Aonym,eHHeM — Mepa Bcero npocTpaHCTBa AOJinma 6htb paBHa eAHHnpe (BepoHTHOCTB HHKorAa He MOJKeT 6htb SoJitme eAHHHpn, 9Ty MaKCHMajiBHyio Be- poHTHOCTb HMeeT Heo6xoAHMoe co6BiTHe). TeopHH BepoHTiiocTeii, jopMyjiHpyeMaH KaK MaTeMaTHHeCKan AHcpHnjiHHa, 0Ka3ajiacB nacTBio

oneHB oSipeii matemathheckoii KOHpenpHH c neTKon JiorHHecKon CTpyKTypoh coBepmeHHo a6cTpaKTHoro xapaKTepa. OAHaKO TaKon hoaxoa k onpeAeJieHHio BepoHTHOCTH 0Ka3ajiCH rrpaKTHHecKH neAO- CTynHHM a jih 9KcnepHMeHTaTopoB. Ha hhx 6ojiBmoe CTHMyjmpyiomee B03AencTBHe oKa3ajio nacTOTiioe onpeAejieHne BepoHTHOCTH: BepoHT- hoctb onpeAejineTCH KaK npeAeJi nacTora HOHBJieHHH coSbithh npn HeorpaHHneHHOM yBejiHHeHHH nncjia Hcnm-amra. C no3HipiH 9Kcne- pHMeHTaTopa TaKoe onpeAeJienne KajKercn HHTyHTHBHo harjihahbim, XOTH HOTHHeCKH OHO HeCOCTOHTeJIBHO. A. H . KoJIMOTOpOB HHHieT, hto onpeAeJieHHH noAo6Horo poA® «• • .cooTBeTCTBOBajiH 6h b reo- MeTpHH «onpeAejieHHio» tohkh KaK Toro, hto rrojiyHHTCH, ecjin 6ecKo- HeHHoe hhcjio pa3 o6 pe3aTB co Bcex CTopon $H3HnecKoe Tejio, yMeHB- man KaJKAHH pa3 , CKajKeM, BABoe ero AH®MeTp» [1581. fl^ajiee aBTop 8aMeHaeT,"hto 3to HaCTOTHoe onpeAeJienne BepoHTHOCTH, coAepjKa- njee npeAeJiBHWH nepexoA, eCTB npocro neKOTopan MaTeMaTHnecKan

169

$ h k i ] ;h h , h 6 o p e a j ib H o H e jib3H c e 6 e n p ep ;cT a B H T b t b k h x 6 ecKOH eH H H X n o c jie p ;o B a T e jib H o c T e H HCiibiTaH HH, rp;e B e e y c jio B H H npoB ep ;eH H H o m r r a c o x p a H H jiH C b 6 h h o c t o h h h h m h . I lp a B f la , o 6 pam ,aeT C H b h h - M aHHe h H a t o , h t o n p n p em eH H H n p n K J ia flH b ix 3ap;aH c o B c e M H e o 6 h - s a T e jib H o p ;aB aT b <J)opM ajibH oe on p ep ;e ;)ieH H e B e p o H T H o c r a . 3 p ;e c b JJOCTaTOHHO TOBOpHTb O BepOHTHOCTH K aK 0 HHCJie, B O K p y r K O T o p o r o r p y n n n p y io T C H n a cT O T H n p n on p ep ;e jieH H H M o 6 p a 3 0 M c<J>opM yjiH po- BaHHBIX yCJIOBHHX, T aK HTO 3Ta TeH fleH pH H K rp y n n n p O B a H H IO n p O H B - JIHeTCH CO BCe SoJIbH ieH OTHeTJIHBOCTblO H TOHHOCTbK) C pOCTOM ( f lO

p a 3 y M H o r o n p e p ;e j ia ) HHCJia n cn H T a H H H . J I i o S o h h t h o 3 p ;e cb o 6 p aT H T b BHHM aHme, h t o h h o jp i o h 3 9 t h x f lB y x onpep ;e;)ieH H H H e p a 3 p e m a e T T e x napaA O K C O B (c m . c . 1 6 5 — 1 6 6 ) , K O T o p u e m o jk h o n p n p ;y M a T b , e c j i n 3 a - x o T e T b o n e H b $ o p M a jib H O npH M eH H T b B e p o H T H o c r a H e npep,CTaBJieH H H

on H ca H H H p ea J ib H H X 3ap;aH.OTMeTHM 3p;ecb em ,e op,no o6cTOHTejibCTBo: rpaMMaTHKa H3HKa

M aTeM aTHKH H e B ce rp ,a m o jk c t 6 h t b H c n o jib 3 0 B a H a n p n n o c T p o e H H H CHCTeMH BHBOflOB flJIH p ea J ib H H X 3 a flaH . H jIJIIO C T pH pyeM 3T O C Jiefly iO -

B MaTeMaTHHecKOH CTaTHCTHKe p;oKa3biBaeTCH T e o p e n a , yTB epjK - flaioin,aH, h t o opeHKH K09<Jx|)Hi];HeHT0B p e rp e cc n H , cp;ejiaHHHe no MeTOjjy HaHMeHbniHX KBajjpaTOB b 3ap;aHax M H oroM epH oro p e rp e c - CHOHHOTO aHaHH3a, OKa3HBaiOTCH HeCMem,eHHHMH H 9<[><J)eKTHBHHMH b K Jia cce B cex jiH H e n m ix opeHoK. 3 t o , B oo6m;e ro B o p n , B epno t o j i b k o b t o m c jiy n a e , e c jin b paccM OTpeHHe BKjiioHeHH Bee He3aBHCH- M tie nepeM eHHHe h Bee cooTBeTCTByiom He h m K03$$Hn;HeHTbi p e rp e c - c h h , p ;jih k o t o p h x MaTeMaTHHecKoe o>KHp;aHHe He paBHo n y jiio . Ho MaTeMaTHKH 3 t o y cjio B H e HHKorp,a He o roB apH B aioT, o h h h n e p o j i j k h h e ro oroB apH B aTb. M aTeM aTHK Bcerp;a HMeeT p;eJio TOJibKo c t o h Mop;ejibio, KO Topan y H ero 3 a n n ca H a . O h He m o jk c t npnHHM aTb b o BHHMaHne h t o - t o nop;pa3yM eBaeM oe h h b h o n e 3an n ca H H o e. H H a n e m h c j i h t 9K cnepnM eH TaTop. IIpHM eHHH perpeccH O H H H H aHaJiH3, cKajKeM , k o n n - caHHio K a K o ro -JiH 6o TexH O JiornH ecK oro n p o p e c c a b 3aBop;cKHX y c jio - b h h x , o h 0Tp,aeT c e 6e o t h c t b t o m , h t o p;ajieKo He Bee BO3M0JKHHe h p eajib H o cyin,ecTByioin,He He3aBHCHMne nepeM eHHHe BKjiioHeHH b Ma- TeMaTHHeCKyiO MOfleJIb, MHOTHe H3 HHX OKa3HBaiOTCH HeBKJIIOHeHHHMH XOTH 6 h y jK e nOTOMy, HTO HX npaKTH H ecKH HeB03M0JKH0 H3MepHTb. B 9t o m c jiy n a e o p e n K ii KODf^jnpneHTOB p e r p e c c n n oKancyTCH cMe- m eHHHMH. C M e ip e iin e m o ;t ;6 t 6 h t b c t o j i b c h j i b h h m , h t o p e 3 y jib T a T H p e rp e cc n o H H o ro aH ajiH 3a M o ryT noTepHTb b c h k h h c m h c j i . IIp H M e p , H JiJiioCTpH pyioipH H 9 t o yTBepiKfleHHe, h o p ;p o 6 h o p a 3 o 6 p a H b [8 13 Ha c. 162, a b H arnen K H H re Ha c. 161 ynce rO B o p nJiocb o t o m , h t o n p n pem eHHH p e a jib H H x 3ap;aH nacTo B H ro ^ H ee H0Jib30BaTbCH p o 6acTHHMH OpeHKaMH BMeCTO 9<J)<J>eKTHBHHX OH[eHOK, CJiepyKHUHX H3 rpaMM aTHKH MaTeMaTHHecKOH CT3THCTHKH.

170

M jHOJKecTBo fla a jieK T O B H3 b ii ;a M aTeM aTH K H . X o p o m o H 3 B ecT H 0 , h t o o flH a h T a a t e p e a J ib H a n 3ap;aH a MOJKeT 6 m t b 3 a n n c a n a h o 6 c y jK - T jena H a MHOJKecTBe p a a jiH H iib ix m a x e m a t h a e c k h x fln a jieK T O B . O ^ h h p a 3 ee m o jk h o c ^ o p M y j in p o B a T b , CK ajK eM , H a y p o B H e p;eTepM H H H - CTHHecKHX H p e ^ cT a B J ie iiH ii , 3 a n n cB iB a H r h h o t e t h h e c k aa M exaH H 3M n p o p e c c a c n o M o m ,b io p ;H $ $ e p e H n ;H a jib H H x y p a B H e H n n ; p ;p y r o H p a 3 Ta JKe 3 ap;aH a m o jk c t o 6 cyjK p;aT bC H b B ep oH T H O C T H iix T ep M H H a x , n pra 3 t o m 3 p ;e cb TOJKe m o jk h o n c n o J ib 3 0 B a T b p a3J iH H H iie f lu a jie K T ii : b op ;h om c j i y n a e m o jk h o r o B o p H T b H a Tpa^H pH OH H OM H 3H K e K J ia c c n - HeCKOH M aTeMaTHHeCKOH CTaTHCTHKH, B flp y rO M — H a H 3H K e T eop H H H H $opM an;H H . ^ o n y c T H M , n a n p H M e p , h t o p e n t n ^ e T 0 6 onTHM H3an;HH K a K o r o -J in S o T e x H O J io r n H e cK o r o n p o p e c c a . M o j k h o n o n tr r a T b C H 3 a fla T b e r o C T p o r o p;eTepMHHHCTCKOH M o p ;e jib io , h T o r f la 3ap,aH a onTHM H3an;HH CBep;eTCH k H C n ojiB 30B a H H io B a p n a p H O H iio r o HCHHCJieHHH c TaKHMH e r o HOBHMH OTBeTBJieHHHMH, K aK MeTOfl flHHaM HHeCKOrO H p O rpa M M H p O - BaHHH h M eTOfl M aKCHM yM a JI. G . r to H T p a r H H a . E c j i h Hie oTHeGTHCb K ypOBH IO CBOHX 3H3HHH O M eXaH H 3M e H 3yH aeM O rO HBJieilHH flO C Ta- TOHHO KpHTHHeCKH, TO HpHfleTCH OrpaHHHHTbCH p a3rO B O pO M H a H 3H K e M H O r o M e p n o ro p e r p e c c n o H H o r o aH aJiH 3a h j ih H a H 3H K e M eTop;a r j ia B - h h x K O M noH eH T , a MOJKeT 6 h t b , h H a H 3H K e $ a K T o p H o r o a H a jiH 3 a . E c j i h K O M y-T o B e e JKe o n e H b H enpH H T eH B ep on T H O cT H H H h 3 m k , t o m o jk h o B o cn o jiB 3 0 B a T b C H 6 y j i e B o 3 a j i r e S p o n . B 3 t o m H ocjiep ;H eM c j i y - n a e H H T ep B ajiM B a p tH p oB a H H H 3aB H C H M ux h H e3aB H C H M ux n e p e M e n - h h x n p n fleT C H p a 3 6 H T b H a oT ^ ejiB H B ie o S j i a c r a , 3a K op ;H p oB a B h x b p ;b o h h h o h CHCTeMe n n c e j i . ,IJ a jiee m o jk h o 6 yp,eT npH M eH H T b M eTop; MHHHMH3an;HH S y jie B H X (JyH K pH H a J ire S p H j i o t h k h . B s t o h M op;ejiH p e j i e B a a (JyH K ijH H h n p e f lH K a r a 6 y p ,yT CBH3aHH J iorn n ecK H M H o n e -p aT O p aM H «H » , «HJIH)>, « Iie T » .

H a op ;h om h t o m JKe H ayH H oM ceM H H a p e op,H a h Ta JKe 3 a p ,a n a MOJKeT o 6 cyjKp,aTBCH H a p a 3 H B ix ^ H aJ ieK T a x — C H T y a p n n o n e H b p e p ;- K aH flJIH o 6 H p;eHH HX H3HKOB. O K a 3H B aeT C H , HTO a^eKBaTH LIH n e p e B O fl c o p ;H o r o M a T eM a T H H ecK oro p ,n a jieK T a n a p ,p y r o n H eB03M 0JK eH , TaK JKe K aK , C T p o r o r o B o p H , o h H eB 03M 0JK en h p ;jih o 6 H p,eH H H x h 3 h k o b , H flJIH a 6 C T paK TH H X , C T p o r o $0 pM aJ IH 30B a H H H X H3HKOB.

H e jIB 3 H HOCTpOHTb KpHTepHH, n03B0JIHK>IH,HH OTflaBaTb HpeflHOH- TeHHe TOMy h j ih HHOMy MaTeMaTHHecKOMy p,naJieKTy n p n onncaH H H KaK O H -jin6o peaJibHOH s a ^ a n a . B o jie e Toro, neJib3H p;aJKe n pep;jio- JKHTb KpHTepHH flJIH HpOBepKII rHHOTe3H O TOM, HTO TOT HJIH HHOH fln a jie K T H 3HKa MaTeMaTHKH npneM JieM a jih onncaH H H HeKOTopon CHTyapHH. K a 3 a jio c B 6 h , h t o TaKHM KpHTepneM m o jk c t 6 h t b cjiep;yio- m,ee yTBepjKfleriHe: h 3 h k npneM JieM p ,jih onncaH H H p ean b H o n 3ap;aHH, e c jin Ha H en MOJKeT 6 h t b noJiy neH a marre j 1 a th h e c k a h Mop;ejii>, a^ eK - BaTHo onHCHBaioin,aH Ha6jiiop;aeM oe HBJieHne. Ho 3,n,ecb m o jk h o n p n - BeCTH napap;oKC, npH p,yM aH iinH P a cce jio M [ 1 5 9 ] : p,onycTHM, h t o

171

HeKTO peryjIHpHO BtI3tIBaeT T3KCH H CTpOHT rpa$H K , OTKHaflHBaH n o o c h aS cip tcc HOMep h h h , n o o c h opflHHaT — HOMep MamHHH. E c jih 6y.neT noJiyneHO n Ha6jnofleiiHM, t o h x m ojkho 6yneT npeflCTa- BHTb HOJIHHOMOM ( « — 1)-H CTeneHH, npH 3TOM, COTJiaCHO TeopeMe B en ep n iT p a cca , KpMBan, coOTBeTCTByioni,aH 3T0My nojiHHOMy, nponfleT n ep 03 Bee Ha6jiioHeHHHe to h k h . M ofle jib b KaKOM-To CMticjie 6yneT afleKBaTHOH (x o t h , CTporo roB op n , h jih npoBepKH afleKBaTHOCTH 3flecb He ocT a jio cb CTeneHen c b o 6o h h ), h o nonpo6yH T e Tenepb npeflCKa3aTb HOMep t o t o TaKcii, KOTopoe 6yneT Bti3BaH0 3aBTpal

T e Hte 3KcnepHMeHTajibHHe flaHHHe m ojkho 6h jio 6h npeflCTaBHTb KaK cjiynaHHHH n p o p e c c , h TOifla 3aflaHa nporH03HpoB3HHH n p n o 6 - p e jia 6h cm lic ji. B o n p o c o B n 6 op e MOfleJiH, a cjieflOBaTejiBHO, h o b h - 6 o p e flHajieKTa, Ha k o to p o m BeneTCH o6cyjK fleH ne 3aflaHH, He pemaeTCH npocTOH n poB epK ofi rHH0Te3H afleKBaTHOCTH. T aK an JKe TpyflHOCTb MOJKeT B03HHKiiyTb h b 3aflane HHTepnojiHii,HH. B Ham en npaKTHKe 6i j j i c jiy n a n , Korfla HCCJieflOBaiejib n o ycjioBHHM npoBefleHHH o n m a m ot nojiyHHTb 9KcnepHMeHTajibHHe to h k h , pacnojiojKeH H H e to jib k o b JieBoS h npaBOH H a cm flByM epHoro rpa<|)HKa, a cepeflHHa rpa$H Ka ocT aB ajiacb n y c T o i , h HyjKHO 6h jio H a i™ annpoKCHMHpyioin.yH) $ o p M y jiy , 3aflaiom,yio x o fl $yHKii,HH b o6jiacTH c nponym.eHHHMH iiaGjiioHeHHHMH. MaieMaTHK, ecTecTBeHHO, cp a 3 y JKe npeflJioJKHji annpoKCHMnpoBaTb p e a y jib T a ra Ha6jnofleHHH hojihhom om b h c o k o t o HOpHflKa; rpa$H K 9T0H <|)yHKII,HH, HMeHHIjeH MH0r09KCTpeMaJIBHHH xapaK T ep, BH3B3JI B03Myni,eHHe y 3KcnepH M eH Taiopa. 3 t o , KCTara, flOBOJIBHO o6bIHHaH KOH(|)JIHKTHaH CHTyapHHJ HCCJieflOBaTejIb-9KCHe- pHMeHTaTop HMeeT Ha h h ty h th b h o m ypoBH e HeKOTopHe an p n op iiH e CBeneHHH o MexaHH3Me H3ynaeM oro n p o p e c c a , h o He m ojkgt h x c $ o p - M yjinpoBaTb b BH.n;e, npneMJieMOM h jih MaTeMaraKa.

HanaBinHHCH c e in a c n p o p e c c MaTeMaTH3an,HH 3H3h h h npHBOflHT K TOMy, HTO HOHBJIHeTCH MHOJKeCTBO p a 60T, B KOTOpHX OflHH H Te JKe HJIH, BO BCHKOM CJiyHae, HOXOJKHe CHTyapHH OHHCHBaiOTCfl MHOJKe- c tbom M onejien, (JopM yjiH pyeM Hx Ha pa3H H x MaiOMaTHHecKHx flnaJieK- Tax. n in p o K o e npHMeHeHHe MaTeMaTHKH to jib k o y c y r y 6jiHeT Ba- BHJIOIICKHe TpyHHOCTH B IiayK e. IIOHBHTCH JIH KaKOH-JIH6o KpHTepHH, CHepjKHBaioiHHH 9 t o t n p o p e cc ? C en n ac TpyflHO o t b o t h t b Ha 9 to t B o n p o c . TaKHM KpnTepneM m otjio 6bi 6h t b Tpe6oBaHHe: npH3HaBaTb npaBO Ha HcnojiB30BaHHe to jib k o Tex HHaJieKT0B MaTeMaTHKH, npHMeHeHHe KOTOpHX npHBOHHT K C03flaHHI0 COflepjKaTeJIbHHX MeTa- TeOpHH, T8KHX, CK3JKeM, KaK MaTeMaTHHeCKaH TeopHH 9KCHepHMeHTa, KOTopan B03HHKJia b p e3 y jib T a ie m n p o K o ro npHMeHeHHH BepoHTHo- CTHOTO H3HKa flJIH 0HHC3HHH 9KCHepHMeHTaJIBHHX CHTyapHH. H o 3fl6Cb HeMOHJIOHHO B03HHK3eT HOBHH BOHpOC: HTO CHHT3TB COflepjKaTeJIbllOM M eTaTeopneS? M oryT B03HHKHyTb M eiaieopH H , 33MKHyTHe caMH Ha CeOH. UcCJieflOBaTCilb, BOCHHTaHHHH Ha TpaflHpHHX HHCTOH MaTeMa-

THKH, C03A3B3H MeT3 TeopHH) HJIH ee (JpSfMeilTH, MOJKeT eifiopMyjiH- pOB3TB HOCTyJiaTH, 3a60THCI> TOJIBKO 0 BHTeKaH)ni,HX H3 HHX JIOTH- necKHX cjieflCTBHHx, ero MomeT coBceM He SecnoKOHTB peajiHCTHH- h o c tb ero jiormiecKHX nocTpoeHHH. 3 a p y 6emoM y m e nrapoKo o S cym - flaeTCH Bonpoc 06 onacHOCTH h o h b ji6h h h TaK Ha3HBaeMHX npeciH jK - HHX paSOT, B KOTOpHX MaTeMaTHK, He OgjiaflaiOIIl.HH flOCTaTOHHOH MaTeMaTHHecKOH $aH Ta3H ei, pa^H coxpaHeHHH CBoero npecTHma (JopMyjinpyeT Ha oflHOM H3 MaTeMaranecKHX flHaJieKTOB 3aflaHy npHK- jiaflHOH HanpaBJieHHOCTH, He 3a6oTHCB 0 peajiHCTHHHOCTH ee nocTa- HOBKH. H 3fleCB OHHTB-TaKH HeJIB3H HpeflJIOJKHTB KpHTepHH, H03B0- jiHioin.ero 3a6jiaroBpeMeHHO KJiaccH<|)Hii,HpoBaTB 3aflaHH KaK n p e -CTHJKIIBie.

JIioSoHHTHO oSpaTHTB BHHMaHHe Ha TO, HTO H B HHCTOH M aTeM a- THKe JierKo npocjiem H BaioTCH flBa rjiaB H H X h 3 h k o b h x p y c jia — h 3b ik h HenpepHBHOH h flHCKpeTHOH MaTeMaTHKH. C o BpeMeH HBiOTOHa n p e fl- HOHTeHHe OTflaBaJiocB nepBOM y H3 h h x , h o b o t TenepB h o h b h jih c b TaKne p a3 fle jitt MaTeMaTHKH, K aK , CKam eM , TeopHH rpa<$OB, TeopHH H rp h jih TeopHH aBTOMaTOB, K O Topue y?Ke h b jih io tc h pa3flejiaM H KOHeHHOH MaTeMaTHKH. CoBpeM eH H H e 3 B M Ha3HBaiOTCH H,H(|)pOBHMH, HTO THKJKe HOflHepKHBaeT flHCKpeTHHH X ap aK T ep HX H 3H K a. C t 3 b h t c h B o n p o c 0 MOflepiraaapHH npenoflaB aiiH H MaTeMaTHKH, 0 n e p e x o ^ e Ha H3HK KOHeHHHX MHOJKeCTB. K COJKaJieHHH), MH He MOJKeM 3fleCB n oflp oS H ee ocTaiiaBJiHBaTBCH Ha 9tom cjio jk h o m B o n p o c e .

ll0JIIIM0p(])II3M H3BIK8 MaTCMBTHKH. f l3 H K MaTeMaTHKH flOJiroe BpeMH OCTaBaJICH CTporo 0flH03HaHHHM. H Torfla OH HCH0JIB30BaJICH TOJIBKO flJIH 0HHC3HHH XOpOHIO 0pr3H H 30B 3H H H X CHCTeM, C KOTOpHMH HMeJia fle jio TpaflH pnoH iiaH i|>H3HKa. B n ocjie fliiee BpeMH H3HK MaTeMaTHKH CTaJI HpHMeHHTBCH H flJIH 0HHC3HHH HJIOXO 0praH H 30B 3H - HHX — flH<£<|>y3HHX — CHCTeM, HpH 9T0M OH C p a3y Hte H pH oSpejI HeKOTopHe nepT H n ojiH M op$H 3M a (n oflp oS iioo 06 o tom cm . H am n p e - npHHT [ 1 5 0 ] ) . IIo h h 3 H jih c b TpeSoBaiiH H , npeffBHBJineMHe k M aTeM a- THHecKOMy OHHcaHHio: ecjiH paH ee onn caH H e peajiB H H X HBJieHHH Ha MaTeMaTHHeCKOM H3HKe BOCHpHHHMaJIOCB K aK 6e3yCJIOBHHH 33K 0II n p n p o flH , t o TenepB CTaJio bo 3M ojk h h m t o b o p h t b 0 MaTeMaTHHecKnx m 0 fl e ji h x , OflH a h Ta Hte CHCTeMa M om eT 6h t b o n n caH a M H om e- ctb om MaTeMaTHnecKHX MOfleJiefi, KOTOpHe HMeioT npaBO Ha OfliiOBpe- MeHHoe cym ecTBOBaH H e. M o ^ e jiB , KaK m h y m e roBopHJiH B H m e, n p n o - 6p e ia e T CTaTyc M e T a $ o p H , OHa Be^eT c e 6n b k 3 k o m -to CMHCjie TaK m e , KaK h M OflejiHpyeM an CHCTeMa, b KaKOM-TO flp y ro M CMHCJie — H H ane.

Il0JIHM0p(|)H3M MOJKHO HaSjHOflaTB H B HpefleJiaX OflHOH MOflejIH. 3 t o HMeeT MecTO b 3 a fla n a x n p eo6p a30B aH H H nepeM eH H H X b m h o to - MepHOM perpeccHOHHOM aH ajiH 3e, r,ne n a p a M e ip n n p eo6p a30B aH H H npOH3BOJIBHO M oryT 6hTB B H SpaH H H3 mnpOKOH oSjiaCTH B 0 3 M 0 IK -

HHX 3II3HGHHH. B o BCHKOM CJiyHae, CepBe3HHe HpOrpaM M H flJIH MHOrO-

173

M epH oro perpeccH O H H oro aH ajiH 3a n o c x p o e H H ceH nac TaK, h t o 6h 9BM BH flaBajia He OflHy, a m h o jk o c t b o MOflejieH. H eT b o 3 m o jk h o c t h HOCTpOHTb KpHTepHH, KOTOpHH OTflaBaJI 6bl HpeflHOHTeHHe OflHOH H3 h h x . T a K , b 3aflan e cn eK T p ajib iioro npeflCTaBJieHHH CJiynaHHHx npon,eccoB 9K cnepH M eH TaT0py BH flaei’CH He ofliia, a m h o jk g c t b o KpiIBHX CneKTpaJlbHOH HJIOTHOCTH, BHHHCJieHHHX C pa3JIHHHHMH 3Iia - HenHHMH cr.iaiKH Baioin,Hx B ecoB tix <|)yHKii,HH, — M aTenaTHK He HMeex npaBHJI flJIH 0flH 03H aH H 0r0 B H g op a 9THX (|)HJIbTpOB, KOTOpHe yCTpoeH H TaK, HTO HOBHHieHHe TOHHOCTH B OfleHKe CHeKTpa HpHBOflHT K yB ejIH -neH H io C M em eH H H . 3 f le c b H H T ep ecH a h c a M a T e p M H H o n o rH H . ( P h j i b t p h H a3H BaiO TCH «C n eK T p ajIb H H M H OKHaM H » — HMeeTCH B B H fly , HTO HC- C JieflO B aiejtb H a oflHO h t o JKe m h o jk g c t b o flaH H b ix M o ® e T n o cM O T p eT b n e p e 3 p a 3 H H e OKHa h yB H fleT b p a 3 H H e B eiflH . O S p a T H M 3 f le c b BH H M a- i ih c H a t o , h t o cJiO B O coH eTaH H e, o 6 p a 3 y io n ] ;e e o t o t T epM H H , h o c h t h b h o MeTa<|)opHHecKHH x a p a K T e p : c n e K T p n p o p e c c a h o k h o — 9 t o B ee >Ke flB a H ecoB M ecT H M H x h o u h t h h . E m e c o B c e M neflaB H O c n e ip ia jiH C T n o M aTeMaTHHeCKOH CTaTHCTHKe 6h j i y B e p e H b t o m , h t o , o 6p a 6a T H B a n p e 3 y jib T a T H H a S jn o fle iiH H , o n f la e T o K c n e p H M e ir r a T o p y T a K o S >Ke o t b c t , K aK h jh o 6o h f l p y r o i CTaTHCTHK b ji io G o h f lp y r o f i c i p a i i e M H p a . C e H n a c B 0 33p eH H H p e 3 K 0 H3M eHHJIHCb. 0 6 p a 6 a T H B a H OflHH H Te JKe fla H H H e , OflHH H TOT JKe CTaTHCTHK flaeT B K C H epH M eH T aT O py MHOJKeCTBO M O fle- j i e i , H M eioiflH X (JtopM ajibHO oflH H aK O B oe n p a B O H a c y m e c T B O B a H n e . Y jK e H 3 c o o S p a J n eH H H B e c b M a o 6n i;ero x a p a K T e p a n p n x o flH T C H b h 6h - p a T b T y H3 H H X , K O TO paH HM eeT S ojIb lH y iO BBpHCTHHeCKyiO CH Jiy.

IIOJIHMOp<|)H3M H 3 H K a HpHKJiaflHOH M aT eM aTH K H , HpOHBJIHIOIflHHCH on H c a H H H M B H in e o 5 p a 3 0 M , yB ejiH H H B aeT e r o r n S K o c T b . C T H p a e T c n B KaKOM -TO CMHCJie T p a H b C oSblfleH H H M H 3H K O M , H OflHOBpeMeHHO npoH B Jin eTC H H O B oe p a 3 r p a H H H e im e c TpaflH pH O H H O H M aieM aT H K O H .

M o jk h o ro B o p H T b h 0 H en p H H T H H x n p o H B jie n H n x nojiH M op<|)H3M a H 3 H K a M aT eM aTH K H , K O TO pH e O H H Tb-T aK H o 6liapy>K H JIH Cb B CBH3H c p e m e H H e M 3 a fla n n p H K J ia f liio i H a n p a B J ie H iio c T H . B ep H eM C H k n e T - B epT O M y n p H M e p y , p accM O T p eH H O M y H a c . 1 6 5 . ^ , j i h t o t o h t o 6h o u ,e - HH Tb p a c n p e fle jie H H e T e M n e p a iy p b n p o n u io M , H aM n a flo 3H a T b H a - n a jib H H e ycJ ioB H H u (x , 0 ) = c p (a ;). B p e a j i b i i n x 3 a f la n a x m h m ojk gm HM eTb fleJIO TOJIbKO C BblSopOHH OH OfleHKOH cp ( x ) - » cp (jc), CfleJiaHHOH n p n S jiH jK e H H O . O K a 3 H B a e T C H , h t o H eS o jib iH H e n p o H 3B O J ib H H e H 3 - M eHeHH H B tp (X) H B KOHeHHOM HHCJI6 ee HpOH 3BOflHbIX M O ryT HOBeCTH k o n e H b S ojib in H M H3M eHeH HH M b u (.£ , — t ) . 3 a f la n a 0 p a c n p e fle jie H H H T e M n e p a iy p a j ih n p o n u i H x 3H aneH H H B peM eH H 0 K a 3 H B a e T c n i i e K o p - peKTH OH B TOM CMHCJie, K aK 9TO CfJopM yJIHpOBaJI A f la M a p , p a C C M a T p n - B a n 3a f la n y K o h i h 1. A f la M a p , H a n p iiM e p , n o K a 3a n , h t o n o c ia H O B K a

1 H anoM HHM 3 fle cb , h to 3 a fla n a K o r a n saKJHOHaerca b OTHCKam ni T a K o ro peraeHHH flH $$epeH B ,H aabH O ro y p a B u c m ia , K O T opoe yaoB J ieT B opaeT a am iO M y n a 'ia jn ,- HOMy yCJIOBHIO.

174

3a,n;aHH K o n r a H e K o p p e K T i ia a j i h a ju iH H T H H e c K H x y p a B H e H H H , h x p e m e H H e H e h b j i h 6 t c h H e n p e p H B H O 3aB H C H m ,H M o t i i a (ia .1 b h b i x y c j i o - b h h . M h H e 6 y # e M 3 f l e c B o c ia H a B jiH B a T B C H H a n p o S a e M e H e K o p p e K T H O n o c T a B J ie H H H X 3 a f la n , b t o t B o n p o c B e c B M a o 6 c t o h t 6 j i b h o p a c c M O T p e H b j i r a e p a T y p e . Y K a jn e M t o j i b k o , h t o 3 a f l a n a C H H TaeTC H n o c i a B j i e H H o f i K o p p e K T H O , e c j i a p e m e H i i e y a o B j i e T B o p n e T c j i e a y l o n p t M y c jiO B H H M : OHO C y m e C T B y e T , OflHHCTBeHHO H I ie n p e p H B H O 3aB H C H T OT H C X O flH H X fla H H H X (yC T O H H H B O ). H o H C K K O p p eK T H O H H O C T ailO B K H 3 a fla H H — 9TO 6 o p B 6 a C H en p H H T H O H M H 0 r0 3 H aH H 0 C T B K ) H 3B IK a M a T eM a T H K H , o 6 y c - jiO B JieH H O H 3 f l e c b e r o H e y cT O H H H B O cT B io . H o e c j i H K a K y io -T O 3 a f la H y h y p ;a e T C H n o c T a B H T B K o p p e K T i i o , 9 t o e n j e H e o n e H B M H o r o 3 H a n H T . H a n p H M e p , K o p p e K T H o e h h c j i o b o o p e in e H H e 3a,o;aH H o T e n j i o n p o B O # - h o c t h p ijih n p o i n j i o r o e m ;e H e cH H M a e T B o n p o c a o t o m , a o c k o j i b f l a a e - K o r o n p o n r a o r o H M eeT c m h c j i b c c t h B H H H C J ie n n e . y n o M H H y T H H B H m e n a p a f lO K C P a c c e j i a c n p o m o 3 0 M H O M e p a T a K c n h o h b j i h o t c h H e c M O T p a H a H C H 0J IB 30 B aH H e K O p p e K T H O H ( b 9TOM C M H C Jie) H O C TaH O B K H S a fla H H .

M a T e M a T H 3ai^HH r a y n o c T e i i . n p H M e H e H n e H 3H K a M aTeM aTH KH H o ji jk h o S h j i o 6 b i HOBBimaTB neTKOCTB cy>K fleH H H . H n T a H n y 6 jiH K a n ,H io , n a n H c a H iiy io H a H 3H K e M aTeM aTH KH , m h H a a e e M c n y B H fleT b h neTKO c ^ o p M y jiH p o B a H im e n o c iy j i a T B i , h noH H T H H e n p a B H J ia B H B O fla , h p a 3 y M H y io H H T e p n p e ia p H io . H o H a caM OM a e j i e 9 t o He B c e r a a T aK . H ju iio C T p H p y e M 9 t o y T B ep jK a eH H e HecKOJiBKHMH n p H M ep a M H .

M h K a K -T O B d p e T H J iH C B c n y 6 j iH K a n ,H e H , b k o t o p o h p e n t m j i aO H O H C K e OH TH M ajIBH B IX yC JIO B H H H p O T eK a H H H OflHOTO XH M H H eC K O rO n p o u , e c c a . n o p e 3 y j iB T a i a M 9 K c n e p H M e H T a 6 H j i a n o c T p o e H a M a T e - M a T H n e c K a H M o a e j iB H 3 y n a e M o r o n p o u , e c c a h n a n a e H B i y c j iO B H H , COOTBeTCTByiOIH .H e B K C T peM aJIB H O M y 3IiaH eH H IO M O ^ e jIH . P e 3 y j I B T 3 T H 9 T o r o H C C JieflO B aH H H Sh j i h n e p e H e c e H H b n p o H 3 B O fl;cT B e H H H e y c jiO B H H , T aM b h x o a n p o p e c c a 0 K a 3 a j iC H H H JK e, h t o b h o j ih o e c i e c T B e H H O , T a K K a K n p O H 3 BOfl;CTBeH H Bie y c jiO B H H M o r y T OTJIHHaTBCH OT J ia S o p a T O p - h b i x . H o p ;a j i e e a B T o p n a e j i a i o T c o B c e M c i p a i i H o e y T B e p jK a e H n e : o h h T O B O pH T , HTO H 3 a H a J IH 3 a M O fle jIH CM OrJIH H O JiyH H T B p e K O M e H ^ a r p tH , K O T O pB ie H 03B 0JIH JIH y jiy H IH H T B p e 3 y j I B T a T H H B H p 0 H 3 B 0 flC T B e H H H X y c J io B H H x . 3 p ;e c B y jK e B e e H e n o H H T i io : K a K m o j k h o h t o - j ih 6 o H O JiyH H TB i i3 Mo^e.HH b y c j i o B H H x , o n a He p a S oT a eT , h h to m o jkho n o j iy n H T B H 3 M O fle j ia j i y n r a e e , n e M 9 K C T p e M y M , e c j i a 3 a f l a n a c o c t o h t b n o j iy n e H H H M aK C H M aJIB H O rO B B IX O fla?

B t o p o h n p a M e p o t h o c h t c h k p a 6o i e , r a e p e n b n u ia 06 H3y n eH H H pa3B H TH H o 6m ,ecT B a. C i ia n a jia S h j i h n o jiy n e H H a B e H e33B H C H M H e M O fle jin : o a H a — a j i h p o c i a HayH H OH H H ^ o p M a p H H , a p y r a n — ^ j i h p o c T a TexH H H ecK O H iiH $ o p M a n ;H H . f l a n e e a B T o p HBiTaeTCH B B e c r a n o c T y jia T 0 B 3an M 0CBH3aH H 0CTH 9 t h x M OfleJiefi h y T B ep jK a a O T , HTO B n ep B O M npH0JIHJKeHHH 9T a 3aBIICHM 0CTB M0JK6T 6 h t B H a H fleH a , eCJIH n a ecT H H O B yio (|)yHKu;Hio, 3 a a a B e e OTH OineH neM n p a B H x h co o T B e T -

175

cTBeHHO jie B H X q a c T e S f lB y x h c x o a h b ix M O fle jien . 3 t o t n o c T y jia T j i h - m eH B C H K oro CMHCJia: K aK m o jk h o 3 a fla B a T b B 3aH M 0C B H 3aH H 0C T b f lB y x n p o p e c c o B f le jio im e M o fliio H m o a c jih H a f lp y r y i o ? E c j i h b n epB O M npnSjiH JK eH H H m o a c jih a c j i h t c h , t o h t o 6y # e T b to p b im rip H S jiH jK e- n iie M — h x nepeM H O JK eH H e h j i h B03Be,n;eHHe o a h o h h 3 h h x b C T eneH B , H 0 K a 3 a T e jib k o t o p o h 6yp;eT 3 a n n c a H b t o p o h M o fle jib io ? Ho a B T o p HfleT f la j ib m e h y T B e p jK fla eT , h t o n o jiy n e H H o e h m c o o T H o m e H H e y K a 3 H B a e T H a n c p e p a c n p e f le j ic H H e n p o H 3 B O flH T e jib H H x c h ji b n p o p e c c e pa3B H TH H f lB y x BHflOB H H ^ O p M a flH H , H rO B O pH T , HTO 3T 0T 3 8 K 0 H HM eeT H ep B O - C T en eH H oe 3H a n eH H e a j i h n p a K T H K H y n p a B J ie iiH H o G ip e cT B e iiiiH M ii c h - CTeM aM H. 3 f le c b B ee ocH O B aH o H a H e f lo p a a y M e m m : e c jiH b c n c T eM eHOCTyjiaTOB H B H TeK aiO IflH X H 3 HHX MOfleJIHX HHKBK H e 3aH H C aH O , HTO n p o p e c c b t p o c T a b o 6o h x c j i y n a n x o n n p a io T C H H a o a h h h Te JKe p e - c y p c t l H HaXOflHTCH B COCTOHHHH K O H K yp eH flH H , TO n y T e M flejieH H H 3 t h x M O fle jieS f l p y r H a f lp y r a H n n e r o 06 s t o m y 3 H a T b H e jib 3 H . ( I I p e A - CTaBbTe c e 6e T a K y io C H T y a ip n o : k t o - t o h o c t p o h j i M O flejib p o c T a a j ih n o p o c e m t a h ip d n jie H K a , a 3 a ie M n oflen H J i n p a B H e H J ie B tie H a c r a c o o t - B eTCTByioiflH X $ o p M y j i f l p y r H a f lp y r a h , 3aM eT H B , h t o c o o T H o m e H H e h x p o c T a H e ocT aeT C H h o c t o h h h l i m , c i a j i y T B e p jK fla T b , h t o n p o n c x o - AHT n e p e p a c n p e f le j ie H n e p e c y p c o B .) Kan 3 t o h h C T p aH H o, p a a G n p a e - M aH 3 fle c b p a S o T a 6b u ia o n y S jin K O B a H a b jK y p H a jie ra p a jK O M b 40 000 3K3eM H JIHpOB.

M h BCTpenajiHCb c nyGjiHKapHHMH, b k otop h x flOKa3HBajiocb, hto y nejioBeKa mojkct 6h t b tojibko ceMb ypoBHefi aOcTpaKpHH, HJIH CTOJIb JKe Cepbe3HO flOKa3HBaJIOCb, HTO B JII060H oSjiaCTH 3Ha- 11 hh oflHa nojiOBHiia riyOjiHKapHH naflaeT Ha flamiyio oOjiacTb, flpy- r a a — Ha cMejKHHe. CnpainHBaeTCH, mojkho jih hoctpohtb TaKyio coflepJKaTejiBHo npneMJieMyio cncTeMy nociyjiaTOB, H3 kotopoh 6 h cjieflOBajiH TaKHe bbiboah?

H c n o J iB 3 0 B a H H e H 3H K a M aTeM aTH K H H e y c ip a H n e T H3 n y S jiH K a p n f i H e jie n o C T e fi. M o jk h o « . . .K a K G jieC T H npte H fle n , TaK h H a y n H H e H e jie - h o c t h OflHH aKOBH M o 6 p a 3 0 M o S jie n b b o B n eH aT ju n o iflH H M y n fln p $ o p M y j i h T e o p e M » [1513. M a ie M a T H K a H e ec T b cpeflCTBO H cnpaB JieH H H o ih h G o k r e H e T H n e c K o ro KOfla n e jiO B e K a . H a p n f l y c M a T e M a T H 3 a p H e 0 3n a iiH H n p o H C x o flH T h M aTeM aTH 3aii,H H r J iy n o c T e n ; H 3H K M aT eM aTH KH , K a K 3T 0 HH CTpaH H O , OKa3BIBaeTCH n p n r O flH H M fl JIH BHHOJIHeHHH ji io G o h H3 3t h x a a fla n . B n o c jie flH e e B peM H h o h b h j io c b HecKOJibKO n y 6jiH K an;H H , n p e p ;o c T e p e r a io m ;H x n p o T H B 3 J io y n o T p e 6 jie H H H M a n e - M aTHKOH. K p o M e yn oM H H y T O H y jK e B H m e p a G o r a I I lB a p p a [1513, m o jk h o y K a 3aT b e ip e H a p a S o T H J(oH Jia [160], IIIeH H O H a [1613, B o K c a [1623, JleoHTbeBa [1633.

D i a B a n H T a a

M a r K i ie h 3m k h

B 9t o h r a a B e mbi n o n H T a eM C H ^ a T b H eK O T o p o e n p e^ C T aB J ieH iie o A B y xM H rKH X H 3 H K 3 X . OflHH H3 H H X — 9TO H 3H K aSC TpaKTH O H JKHBOHHCH, 3aH H M aiom H H K p a i H e e n o jioJ K eH H e H a H a rn en ceM aH T H H eC K on n r a a jie , 3 p y r o n , 6 j i h 3 k o JiejK anjH H o t H e r o , — H 3b ik f lp e B H e i h h ;o ;h h c k o h

<|)H JIOCO$H H.y HHTHTeJIH MOffieT B 03H H K H yT B BOHpOC — H OH eM y B 9T 0H KHHTe

mbi y ^ e jiH e M c t o j i b S o jiB in o e BH HM aH He « a 6cT p a K T H 0H » 3 H 3 k o b o h c h - CTeM e? H a c OHa H H T e p e c y e T n p e n c fle B c e r o K a K K p a m ie e h y n c e b h - po>K;n;eHHoe n poH B JieH H e t o h ceM aH T H necK O H p a c c o r jia c o B a H H o c T H M eiK fly n pn eM H H K O M h nepep;aTH H K O M , K O T o p aH b C B o e i c j ia S o n $ o p M e npOHBJIHeTCH H B oSH flpH H O M H 3 H K e.

A 6C T paK T H H e CHMBOJIH HCHOJIB3yiOTCH JIIOflBMH C flpeB H eH IH H X B p e - M eH h p;o H a in H x f lH e i . A S c T p a K T H B ie op H a M eH T H BC TpenaioTC H b a p x e o - jio rH n e C K H x H a x o p ;K a x T aK Hie # a B H o , K aK h n p e ^ M e T H H e . K y j i B T y p a M y c y jiB M a H C K o ro B o c T O K a p ;o n y c K a e T t o j i b k o « a 6c T p a K T H H i» o p H a - M eHT. A c o B p e M e H H a n a p x n T e K T y p a h ySpaH C T B O H a in n x k o m h 3 t : 060H , IH T O pH , JHOCTpBE, HJiaCTHKOBHe HOJIH — BCe 9 T 0 3aHOJIHeHO « a 6C TpaK TH H M H » CHMBOJiaMH. B CTHJie aSC TpaK T H O H CHMBOJIHKH CTaJIH 0<|)OpMJIHTBCH CeHHaC HOTOJIKH H CTeHH 3aJIOB H O B H X KHHO” T eaT pO B H HOBHX CTaHE(HH M e T p o . K aJK eTC H , HTO B H p o iH jio e ym JIH H 3 H a in e r o S H T a op H a M eH T H H 3 p b o t o h k o b , n e T y m K O B h K y p o n e K . C eM a H T H H ecK a a B B ipojK fleH H ocT B a S c ip a K T H o n ( t . e . H e n p e flM e T H o n , «H e 3H a H a m e n » ) c h m b o jih k h , n o 3B O JiaeT H 36en <aT B y T O M H T ejiB H o i HaBH3HHBOCTH, H HMeHHO 9THM MOJKHO 06BHCHHTB e e IHHpOKOe p a C n p O - C T paH eH H e K aK ^ e K o p a T H B H o r o cpep;C T B a.

H o 3p;ecB M o r y T b o 3h h k h y t b T aK H e B o n p o c n : m o jk c t j ih ceM a H T H - HeCKH BH pO JK ^eH H H H H 3H K CJiyJKHTB CpeflCTBOM CaM OBHpaJKeHH H xyflO JK H H K a; K aK O B a peHHOCTB « a 6 c ip a K T H B ix » K apT H H K aK n p o H 3 B e - fleH H H H C K y c cT B a ? 9 t h B o n p o c H B H X o flf l i 3a r p a H H p H H a m e S T eM H h H a m e i K O M n eieH p H H . H a m a 3ap;aH a — $ o p M a jiB H o e H 3 y n e H H e 3 H a - K O B H X CHCTeM BO BCeX H X flaJKe C 3M H X K p aH H H X npO H B JieH H H X , HO H e h x aK C H O jio rH H ecK o e HCTOJiKOBaHHe — b t o y?K e 3 a ^ a H a H C K y c -

B. B. HajiiiMOB 177

CTBOBeflOB x. CeMHOTHKa He flOJUKHa h He MOHteT npeTeHHOBaTb Ha HCuepntiBaiomee pememie 3 an an HCKyccTBOBeneiiHH. JlioSoe peajibiio cymecTByromee HBJieiiHe mojkgt iiayaaTbCH b paaiiHX paKypcax, a $ o p - MajibHoe H3yneHHe Toro hjih hhoto H3HKa Kan 3HaK0B0H chctgmh — 3T0 JIHHIb H3yneHHe onuoro H3 HpOHBJieHHH CJIOJKHOH CHCTeMH.

1 . fl3WK aScTpaKTIIOii j k h b o h h c h

B HHTepaType y * e He pa3 BHCKa3HBajiocb cyjKppHHe 0 tom, hto a6- CTpaKTHaa jkhbohhch mojkct paccMaTpHBaTbCn KaK 3HaK0Baa cncTeMa, npenCTaBJiaiomaH co6oh «3 h k (cm., HanpHMep, [165]). B ohhoh h3 paSoT [98], HanHcaHHHX c HainHM ynacTHeM, StiJia cp;eJiaHa nonHTKa HOflBeprHyTb 3to yTBepjKfleHHe neTKOMy JiornnecKOMy aHajiH3y C IHHpOKHM HCn0JIb30BaiIHCM M3TeMaTHHeCKHX MeTOflOB flJIH H3yHeHHH cyjKfleHHH 9KcnepTOB, kotophm npefljiarajiocb no onpeflejieHHHM npaBHJiaM HHTaTb npoH3Bep;eHHH aS cT p aK rao i jkhbohhch.

Baine, b pa3fl. 2 tji. 1, mh nonHTajincb c^opMyJinpoBaTb Te CTpyK- TypHHe xapaKTepnCTHKH h (JyHKiptoHajibHHe CBOHCTBa, KOTopHe n03B0JIHI0T HaM HpHHHCJIHTb 3H3K0BHe CHCTeMH K KaTeropHH H3HK3. IlonpoSyeM Tenepb c bthx ho3he(hh nonBeprayTb aHajiH3y KapTHHH a6CTpaKTHOH JKHBOHHCH.

A6CTpaKTHaH JKHBOHHCb, HeCOMHeHHO, BHHOJIHHeT KOMMyHHKa- QHOHHyio cjiym S y, nepenaBan KaKyio-TO HH$opMapHio o t xynojKHHKa k 3pHTeJiio. Bo bchkom cJiynae, 3n;ecb hbho HMeeTCH CHCTeMa H3 nepe- H3THHK3 — XyflOJKHHKa, KOTOpHH XOHeT HTO-TO BHp33HTb, H HpHeM- HHKa — apHTejiei, KOTopHe xoflHT Ha BHCTaBKH KapraH aS cT p aK raoi JKHBOHHCH H HHOTfla C HHTepeCOM HX oScyjKflaiOT, HHTaHCb HHTep- npeTHpOBaTb yBHHeHHOe Ha oSHfleHHOM H3HKe. KapTHHH aSCTpaKT- hoh JKHBOHHCH cJiyJKaT cpeflCTBOM o6ni,eHHH MejKHy nepeflaTHHKOM h

npHeMHHKOM H , CJieHOBaTeJIbHO, BHHOJIHHIOT OCHOBHyiO $yHKH,HIO H3HK3.

IIocmotphm Tenepb, KaK yCTpoeHa CTpyKTypa H3HKa aScTpaKraoi JKHBOHHCH. 3flecb npejKp;e Bcero HaM HyjKHO cyMeTb BHflejiHTb nep- BHHHyiO CHCTeMy 3H3K0B, HaxOflHipyiOCH Ha HHJKHeM ypOBHe 3H3K0B0H HepapxHH. B ynoMHHyTOH BHine paSoTe [98] mh nonHTajincb 3to cnejjaTb, aHajiH3Hpyn kohhh 19 KapraH aScTpaKraon jkhbohhch H3BeCTHHX XynOJKHHKOB (KpaTKan xapaKTepHCTHKa hx HpHBefleHa B IIpHJIOJKeHHH II B KOHH,e KHHrH). B pe3yJIbTaTe 3T0r0 HCCJieflOBaHHH

1 B o o 6 m e , p a 3 J iH 'in ;i « a 6 c T p a K T H H e » h « iip eH M eT H H e» 3 H a K 0 B H e c h c t g m h b h c - K y c c T B e , m h H M eeM b B ix jiy H C K J iio T ir re jib u o H H $op M a n ,H O H H O -ceM H O T in ecK H H a c n e K T , b o T j m m e o t 6 o n e e o G m e r o p a 3 J i i n n a M e w n y a6cT paK iiH O H H 3M O M h p e a J iH 3MOM b H C K y ccT B e K aK o n p e n e jie H H H M co iH ia jib H O -u cT eT H T ecK H M H B jie - HHeM (n ocT a H O B K a B o n p o c a , p o n c T B e H H a a n p e n cx a B jie H H O H b b t o h r a a B e , c o - f le p jK H T ca b r j i . 3 M O H orpatJn n i [ 1 6 4 ] , r u e , b a a c T u o c T n , r r p ir a e n e iiH j i a n n u e 00 H ccn eflO B aH H H [9 8 ] , i ip o B e n e n n o M c u aiiiH M y a a c n i e M ) .

6h ji cocTaBJieH c h h c o k n ep B im H u x 3HaKOB, o6 p a 3 y to m H X aAcpaeum a6cTnpa,KmHou xcueonucu:

1 ) j ih h h h ;2 ) noJioca;3 ) npaB H Jibnaa reoM eTpH necK an (Jntrypa ( n p y r , T p eyrojib H H K ,

K B a/ipaT , n p aM oyrojib H H K , T p a n e p n a );4 ) $ o h ;5 ) flB e i;6 ) flH$<|)y3HHe oSnaKa.B03M 05K H 0, 9T0T CHHCOK flaJieKO He HOJIOH. BajKHO HOflHepKHyTb,

HTO 9Ta CHCTeMa 3H3K0B He HOflflaeTCH pa3JIO>KeHHIO Ha 3H3KH 60Jiee H H 3K 0r0 ypOBHH. HHTepeCHO TaKJKe OTMeTHTb, HTO OHa OKa3HBaeTCH floCTaTOHHO SoraTOH b CMHCJie CBoero M H oroo6pa3H H . f la j ie e , Ha o c h o - BaiiHH aH ajiH 3a t o h Hte KOJiJieKu,HH KapTHH HaMH 6biJia cocTaBJieHa epaMMamuna adcmpanmuou xcueonucu, t . e . c h h c o k n p ocT eH in n x npaBH.a onepH poBaH H H nepBHHHHMH 3HaKaMH b K apTH H ax:

o n e p a i ^ H H H a f l j i h h h h m h : 1) n p ep H B aH H e, 2 ) H 3 rn 6 , 3) h 3jio m , 4 ) nepecen eH H e (j ih h h h n epeceK aeT f lp y r n e j ih h h h ) , 5 ) n e -pHOflHHHOCTb JIHHHH;

o n e p a i j H H H a f l n o ji o c a m h : 6) n p ep H B aH H e, 7 )H 3rH 6, 8) h 3 jiom , 9 ) n epecen eH H e (n o jio c a n ep eceK aeT c e 6n h f lp y r n e h o jio c h c HajiojKeHHeM h jih c npOHHKHOBeHHeM), 1 0 ) oOpaMJieHHe h o jio c h H,BeTOM (TOHOM), 1 1 ) HepHOflHHHOCTb HOJIOC-,

o n e p a u , H H H a f l $ i r y p a n B : 1 2 ) flpoSjieH H e pe3aH H eM , 1 3 ) flp o 6jieHHe flBeTOM, 1 4 ) fletJiopMaiptH: o m a r a e , pacTHHteHHe, n o - b o p o t , 1 5 ) HajiojKeHHe <$H ryp, 1 6 ) n ep ecen en H e <|)Hryp, 1 7 ) h p o h h k - HOBeHHe — nepenJieTeHHe (fraryp , 1 8 ) oSpaMJieHHe <|)HrypH u,BeTOM ( to iio m ), 1 9 ) nepHOflHHHOCTb rjburyp;

o n e p a u , H n H a f l $ o h o m : 2 0 ) flpoSjieH H e, 2 1 ) HJiaBHoe H 3- M eH eH H e;

o n e p a f l H H H a f l b e t o m: 2 2 ) H ajiH nne h h c t h x u,BeTOB, 2 3 ) aanojiH eH H e $ n r y p n (h o jio c h ) oah h m u,BeTOM, 2 4 ) aan ojm eH H e $ H r y p H (h o jio c h ) HeCKOJIbKHMH H,BeTaMH, 2 5 ) B3aHM 0np0HHKH0BeHHe flBeTOB, 2 6 ) nepHOflHHHOCTb u,BeTa;

o n e p a f l H H H a f l f l H $ < J > y 3 H H M H o S j i a n a M H : 2 7 ) H 3M eH eH H e ijB eT a (TO H a) B H y ip n o S j ia n a , 2 8 ) B 3 a H M o n p o H H K H o - B eH n e oG jiaK O B ;

C M e m a H H H e o n e p a n; h h : 2 9 ) nepecen eH H e jih iiiic h h o - j io c h , 3 0 ) nepecen eH H e jih h h c h reoM eipH necK O H <|>HrypH, 3 1 ) n e p e c e - neHHe h o jio c o h reoM eipH necK O H (JrarypH, 3 2 ) nepecen eH H e jiHHHen fln $ $ y 3 H 0 H $ T try p H , 3 3 ) nepecen eH H e h o jio c o h flH<|><|)y3HOH (Jm rypH ;

o n e p a f l H H o S m e r o x a p a K T e p a : 3 4 ) C03flaHHe n p e n - Mym ,ecTBeHHoro jiH H em ioro nanpaBJieiiHH opraH H 3aijH H , 3 5 ) C03flaHHe K p y r o B o r o HanpaBJieHHH opraHH3an,H H, 3 6 ) C03flaHHe CHMMeTpnH.

179

9 t o t cnHcoK, no-BH^HMOMy, âjieKo He h o jio h , h o Bee Hte o h flo- c t h t o h h o 6oraT, h KaK HaM KajKeTcn, HHTepeceH fljiH fleiajibHoro paCCMOTpeHHH.

M o w e T 6h t b , caMHM HHTepecHHM 3p;ecb HBJiaeTCa t o oScTO H Tejib- CTBO, HTO KaK ajI(|>aBHT, TaK H rpaM M 3THKa B CeMaHTHHeCKOM OTHOHie- h h h , C T p oro rO B o p a , h b jih io tc h nycTH M H . M h He mojkcm n p H n n ca T b BJieMeHTapHHM 3iiaKa.\£ h npaBHJiaM h x ynOTpeSjieH HH K a K oro -J in S o CMHCJIOBOTO 3H3HeHHH flaJKe Ha TOM ypOBH e CTpOrOCTH, Ha KOTOpOM m h M oateM 3 t o cp ;ejiaTb f l jia a jiâB H T a h rpaMMaTHKH oSH êH H O ro H 3H K3. IIp H HOMOnpt npaBHJi rpaMMaTHKH H3 3JieMeHT3pHHX 3H3K0B a jiâB H T a c t p o h t c h S o jie e cjio jK H bie s i ih k o b h g c h c to m h , co 3 ^ a io iii1He <J>parMeHTH KapTHHH. E c jih 6h npaBH Jia rpaMMaTHKH S h jih o n p e f le - JieHH, T. e. HMejIH 6h KaKOH-TO 6e 3yCJIOBHHH JIOTHHeCKHH CMHCJI, t o a S d p a K T H y io jk h b o h h c b HyjKHO S h jio 6h paccM aT pH B aT b n p o c T o KaK rpa<|)HHecKyio HHTepnpeTau,Hio K a K o r o -jin S o p a 3 fle jia MaTeMaTHKH HJIH (JopMaJIbHOH JIOTHKH. 9 tO yjK e He S hjiO 6h HCKyCCTBO. OTfleJIb- H n e xyflOJKHHKH, H anpH M ep R j ie e [166], HHTajiHCb Bee >Ke h o c t p o h t b TeOpHIO HOBOTO H3HK3 JKHBOnHCH, HO 3fleCb HeHOMepHO SoJIbine T p y fl- H ocT en , aeM b nocT poeH H H rpaMMaTHKH oS b ifleH iio ro H3HKa. K a p T H iiy MOJKHO paCCMaTpHB3Tb KaK HeKOTOpHH TeKCT. MOJKHO flOHyCTHTb, HTO HTeHHe KapTHH HpOHCXOflHT HO SeHeCOBCKOH MOflejIH TOHHO TaK Hie, KaK H HTeHHe TeKCTOB oSHfleHHOTO H 3H K3. Pa3HHH,a TOJIbKO B TOM, HTO n p n HTeHHH Ha oSHfleHHOM H3HKe MOJKHO rOBOpHTb 0 HeKOTOpOH, H H orâ fla jK e, m o jk ct 6h t b , h BecbM a b h c o k o h , CTeneHH corJ ia coB a H - h o c t h a n p H op H H x $yHKH,HH pa cn p efle jieH H H , n o K pa fiH en M epe p;jih JIHH, OflHHaKOBOH HHTejIJieKTyaJIbHOH HaCTpoeHHOCTH. B aScTpaKTHOH JKHBOHHCH 06 9T0M TOBOpHTb HejIb3H, TeM SoJiee HTO ee H3HK B OT- JIHHHe OT HHHX aSCTpaKTHHX H3HK0B paCCHHTaH Ha 6e3rpaHHHHO nrapoK H H K p y r H M ra T e jie i. B H3HKe aScipaK T H O H jk h b o h h c h b K p a S - H e i CBoeS $ o p M e n poH B JineT cn Ta TeHppHpHH k H ep e ry jin p H o cT H , K o T o p a n b KaKofi-TO 6o jie e CJia6o S $ o p M e npoHBJineTCH h b HarneM oSHfleHHOM H3HKe. B C e M a H T H H O C K O M O T H O m e H H H H 3 H K a 6 c T p a K T H O H J K H B O H H C H 0 K a 3 H B 8 e T C a B H p O J K f l e H H H M .

Btime (p a 3fl. 2, t j i . 1) m h y jn e o6pam ;ajiH BiiHM aiine Ha o # H y H3 CaMHX B3JKHHX CTpyKTypH H X OCOSeHHOCTeH H 3H K 3: OH p;onycK aeT B03M0JKH0CTB HOCTpOeHHH HepapXHHeCKHX C TpyK Typ. HaHOMHHM enje, h to 9t o npoHBJieHHe n p on ,ecca M Hm jieHH H: (JeHOMeHOJiorn- necKH n p o p e c c MHmjieHHH — 9 to n o c ip o e H H e H3 h p o c t h x 3HaKOBHX CHCTeM S ojiee c j io jk h h x . IIo c m o tp h m T e n ep b , hpoh cxo,d(h t jih n o c ip o e - HHe HepapXHHeCKHX CTpyK Typ npH HTeHHH KapTHH aGCTpaKTHOH JKHBOHHCH.

B ynoM H H yT oft B H m e p a S oT e [98] onnCHBaeTCH cJie^yioipH H 9KcnepHM eHT. BK cnepTO B — h x 6bijio 100 neJiOBeK — n p o c n jiH p a c -

180

CTaBHTB b nopaflKe npeflnoflTeHHa paHee yme ynoMHfiaBlnBecri 1 9 penpoflyKiptH KapTHH, OTHOCanptxca k pa3JiHHHHM iianpaBjieHHHM a6cTpaKTHOH j k h b o h h c h . JlHHeHHoe paHSKHpoBaHHe no CTeneHH npefl- nOHTeHHH — 3TO BCerO JIHIHb OflHH H3 B03M0JKHHX CHOCoGOB HTeilHH K a p t H H ; m o j k h o ripeflJiojKHTB h HejiHHeHHoe paHjKHpoBaHHe c rpyn- nHpoBaHHHMH h e nponycKaMH Ha mKaJie npeflnoHTeHHH h t . fl. Ho m h HMeeM npaBO H3ynaTb jiio Go h c h o c o G HTeHHa, ecjiH o h flajne b KaKOM-TO CMHCJie He caMHH jiynniHH. JlHHeiiHHH c h o c o 6 h t b ii h h 6 h j i BH6paH HaMH npejKfle Bcero noTOMy, h t o pe3yjibTaTH ero npome Bcex noflflaioTCH flajibHeiineH o6pa6oTKe h HHTepnpeTaiptH. HaM MoryT BOSpaSHTb, HTO pe3yJIBTaTH TaKOrO HTeHHH HeyCTOHHHBH, — o h h MOryT 3aBHCeTb OT 9MOH,HOHaJIbHOH HaCTpOeilHOCTH 3KCHepT0B, OT ypOBHH HX HOflrOTOBKH K BOCnpHHTHIO aGCTpaKTHOH JKHBOHHCH H , HaKOHea, o t Toro, KaK nofloGpaHa KOJiJieKipta KapTHH, Ho Bee o t h BG3paJKeHHH B OflHHaKOBOH Mepe OTHOCHTCH H K HTeHHIO TeKCTOB o6HfleHHoro H3HKa. K a a t f l a a KapraHa, KpoMe Toro, 6HJia eme oxa- p a K T e p H 3 0 B 3 H a 3 6 rp aM M aT H n ecK H M H n p H 3 H a K a M H , n pH B efleH H H M HB H iu e . T a K H M o 6 p a 3 0 M , H C xoflH H M M a T ep n a jiO M flJiH f la jib H e n n ie r o C T aT H C T H necK oro a H a jiH 3 a 0K a3aJ iH C b c jie f ly io ip H e T a G jiH flH : M a T p n p a 1 0 0 x 1 9 p e 3yjib T a T O B paH JKH poB aH H H K apT H H h M aTpH ii,a 1 9 x 3 6rpaM M 3TH H eC K H X n p H 3 H 3K 0 B K apTH H .

B h j i h n o cT a B JieH H flB e 3 a fla n H . B o -n e p B H X , T p e G o B a a o c b H a i r a r p y n n H , coC T O H iflae H 3 « h o x o j k h x » K apT H H , t . e . n p o H 3 B e c T H e c T e - CTBeHHyiO KJiaCCH(|)HKaB(HIO K a p T H H , 0 C H 0 B 3 H H y i0 Ha BOCnpHHTHH H X 9K C n ep T 3M H . B o -B T O P H X , IiaflO GblJIO HOH HTb, HTO HpeflCTaBJIHIOT c o 6o h n o jiy n e H H H e r p y n n H . n o c jie f lH H H 3 a f la n a p e m a jia c b , c o a h o h CTOpOHH , C HOMOIflblO C O flepjK aTejIbH O rO a H a jIH 3 a K apTH H B T ep M H H a x H a m e r o o G H fle H H o ro H 3 H K a , c f l p y r o i c t o p o h h , n y T e M c o n o cT a B J ieH H a r p y n n c rp a M M aT H n ecK H M H n p H 3H a K 3MH H 3H K a a S c T p a K T H o i jk h - b o h h c h . T p y n n H p o B a H H e K apT H H n p oH 3B O flH Jiocb c n oM O iflbio o flH o r o H3 ajiro p H T M O B K J ia c T e p -a H a jiH 3 a ( o t a n rjiH H C K o ro c jio B a c lu s t e r — r p o 3 f lb ) . BHHHCJiHJiaCb M a T p n fla K oppejiH ii,H H M e a tfly r p y n n n p y e - m h m h 9JieM eH T3M H . 3 a T e M flB a H a n S o jie e T ecH o K o p p e jin p o B a H H H X n p H B H a K a o G b e flH H a jin c b b O flH y r p y n n y , h OHa p a c c M a ip H B a J ia c b K aK OflHH h o b h h 9JieM eiiT . f l a j i e e , n p o H 3 B O fla H yjK H H H n e p e c n e T , n o - jiy n a jiH H O B yio K o p p e jia p H O H H y io M a T p n fly , yJKe H a e f l i i im p y M eH b - m e r o n o p a f lK a , h b H e n oGbeflH H H JiH o h h t b flB a H a n G o jie e 6 j i h 3 k o 3 a K o p p e jin p o B a H H H X n p n 3H a K a . P a G o i a a a r o p H T M a n p e K p a m ,a e T c a , K o r fla B ee a jieM eiiT H oG K C fln iiaioT C H b O flH y r p y n n y .

Pe3yjibTaTH KJiacTep-aHajiH3a yfloGHee paccMaTpnBaTb b oGpaT- h o m nopaflKe, t . e. paccyjKflaTb He b TepMHHax oGbeflHHeHHa, a b TepMHHax pa3flejieHHa; ecjin npHflepjKHBaTbca b t o t o coraaineHHa, t o peayJibTaTH npeflCTaBJiaioTCH cjieflyionptM oGpa30M. HcxoflHaa k o j i- JieKflHH Hs 1 9 KapTHH GHJia pa3flejieHa Ha flBe rpynnH — H3 9 h

181

10 KapraH. Kawflyio H3 arax rpynn, b cboio onepeflb, flejrajra aaTeM Ha ABe rp ynn n , nocjie nero flejrajiH Ha rp y n n a oflHy H3 nojiynHBninxcn nerapex rpynn. A btoph pa6oTH [98] octaHOBHJincb Ha 3tom pa36ne- hhh n nepeHyMepoBann cooTBeTCTByromne rpynnu KapraH TaK, KaK 3TO noKa3aHo Ha pnc. 8.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19

| 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11

1 2 3 5 6 7 8 10111

1 2 5 6 3 7 8 10 II

1 2 5 6 3 7 8 10 11

P h c . 8. K a a c T e p - a i i a n i i 3 10 K a p r n i i no o n ,e iiK a M 100 a n c n e p T O B [08]

OflHOBpeMeHHO C 3THM M6TOflOM TJiaBHHX KOMrlOIieilT 1 100-MepHOG npocTpaHCTBO oAeHOK KapraH 6hjio cnpoeKrapoBaHO na nnocKocTb. Ha pnc. 9 noKa3aHO pacnojiojKenne KapraH Ha stoh hjiockocth. B npHiiD,nne H3o6pa5KeHHe Ha hjiockocth no3BOJiHeT flejiaTB rpynnn- poBKy npocTo Ha rjia3. OflHaKo, ynHTBiBaH HCKajKemiH, B03HHKaio- m;He npn noHHTKeHHH pa3MepHOCTH, m h npeflnonjiH rpym mpoBKy,

1 rjiaBHUMII KOMnOH6HTaMH Ha3HBai0TCH HeKOppejIIipOBaHHHe JIHHeHHHe HOp-

MHpOB BHHH6 (LyHKflHH OT HCXOflHHX HepGMCHHHX I/], y 2, y k , X ,■ =k

= 2 a » y i / » , / = 1 , 2 k , f lH c n e p c n n k o t o p h x o O jia f la io T o c o 6 h m c b o h -»—1

CTBOM, a HM6HHO paCIIO.TO>KCHH B y6HBaK)IH,eM n op H flK e , T. e . s j f x , } >

reoM eT p iiH C C K H H a x o n i f l e m ic r j ia E H t ix k o m h o h c h t c b o a h t c h k n e p e x o f l y k h o b o h o p T o r o n a j i L H o i i c n c T e M e K o o p flH H a T : n e p B a H K o o p fl i in a T n a H o c t n a x o - flHTCH T a K , h t o 6 h c o o T B e T C T B y io m a H e n n m e im m i (J io p iia H 3 B jiC K a ;ia e o 3 m o > i;h o 6 o n b n iy K ) f lH c n e p c n i o ; f l a a c e n a x o f l iiT C H o p T o r o H a J i m a H e g o c t , K O T o p a a f le j ia e T t o w e c a M o e c o C T a E iu e i ic a f l i i c n e p c i i e i i , 11 t . f l . B a a f l a a a x K n a c c m jm K a iy m n a c T o orpaH H H H B aioTC H n p e flC T a B n e H n e M n p o e K i p i i i p e a y j i i / r a T o a H a 6 jiio fleH H H n a h j i o c k o c t h , 3 a f la B a e M o n n ep B H M H flB yM H K O M n oH eH T a ira .

182

nojiyneHnyio c n o M o m t io KJiacTep-aHajiH3a, KOTopan TaKjKe H 3 o 6 p a - jKeHa Ha pnc. 9. TeM ne MeHee HarjiHAHoe pa3Mem;eHHe KapraH Ha HJIOCKOCTH rJiaBHHX KOMHOHeHT OKa3ajIOCb OHeHb HOne3HHM. B HaCT- h o c t h , c T a a o b h a h o , h t o HapHAy c oGbeAHiieiiHeM rpynn I, II, III, IV h V b rpynnn I + I I , I I I + I V + V , nojiyneHHne c noMombio KJiacTep-anaJiHaa (pnc. 9), aobojibho ecTecTBeHHbiMH KaniyrcH 0 6 'beAH- H6HHH I + III H I V + V + I I .

CoAepwaTeJibHbiH an ajiH 3 rp y n n n p o B K H KapTHH b p a 6oTe [98] npoBOAHJicH n o c jie t o t o , KaK o h h 6 h j i h p a c n o jio m e H H b cooTB eT- c t b h h c p n c . 9 a , 6. B o -n e p B b ix , cjieA yeT OTMeTHTb, h t o nojiyn eH H oe p a 36neHHe oneH b x o p o in o cooTBeTCTByeT 3pHTenbHOM y BnenaTJieHHio, h y n a c n e nonBJiHJiocb jK ejia n n n nepeM ecTH Tb K aK yio -jiH 6o KapTH H y b A P y r y 10 r p y n n y . H a n S o jie e JierKO BHAHa p a 3 m ip a Men<Ay A syM H KpynHM MH rp y n n aM H I + I I h I I I + I V + V . E c j i h n ep B an H3 h h x cocTaBJiena H3 KapTHH, npeACTaBJimoipHX c o 6o n a o b o ^ b h o c jio n m H e K0MH03HPHH <])Hryp, B OCHOBHOM HenpaBHJIbHOH <])OpMH H OTJIHHaiO- e a h x c h 6oraTCTBOM pBeTOB, t o K apraH bi b t o p o h r p y n n H HBJIHIOTCH CpaBHHTOJIbHO npOCTblMH K0MH03HU;HHMH npaBHJIbHBIX HJIH HOHTH npaBHJibHbix reoMeTpHHecKHX «])Hryp. Pa3JiHHHH BH yTpn r p y n n TaKJKe npocJie>KHBajiHcb 6 e3 o c o 6o r o T p yA a . T a K , e c jin b r p y n n e I o m y m a jio c b HBJIHHHe K0MH03HH;H0HH0r0 3aMbICJia H KapTHHbl T p e6oBajIH BHHMa- T ejibH oro H 3yHenHH, t o b K apT H n ax r p y n n H II HCKyccTBeHHo c o 3 A a - BaJiaCb HeKOTOpaH XaOTHHHOCTb B (JopMe H B3aHMHOM paCHOJIOJKeHHH 3JieMenTOB h o h h h b h o aneJUiHpoBajiH k HenocpeACTBeHHOMy 3pH Tejib- HOMy BOCnpHHTHH). K apT H H H rpyH H IV H V OTJIHHaiOTCH OT KapTHH r p y n n H III h p k o BHpa>KeHHofi p ejib e ^ n o c T b io — Bee o h h npeACTaB - h h i o t H3o 6p a 5K6HHH T pexM epH H X (J n ry p . E c j i h , oA H aK o, HHTaTbCH H a fira pa3JiHHHe, aH ajiorH H H oe pa3JiHHHio MejKAy rp y n n aM H I h II, t o , no-BHAHMOMy, 3Aecb T a K ® e BHAejineTCH h b h b h anejuiH ipiH KapTHH r p y n n IV h V k HenocpeACTBeHHOMy 3pHTejibHOMy b o c h p h h t h i o , h oB OTJIHHHe OT KapTHH r p y n n H II, B KOTOpbIX TBKOH 9«])«])eKT AOCTHraJICH HapOHHTOH He6pe5KHOCTbIO H HCKyCCTBeHHOH XaOTHHHOCTbH), 9AeCb H c n o jib 3yeTCH npeA eJibnaH jiaKOHHHHOCTb.

^ p y r o n h o a x o a k a H aJ iH 3 y H 3H K a a S c T p a K T iio f i j k h b o h h c h , h c - n o jib 3 0 B a H H H H b [98], 3aK JiioH ajiC H b o6p am ,eH H H K 36 rpaM M B T H - HeCKHM n p H 3 H a K 3 M . + T o 6 h C BH 3aTb 9TH n p H 3 H aK H C HaHAeHHHM H r p y n n a M H K apT H H , 6 h j i h A o S a B J ie n n em;e 5 n p H 3 n a K O B n p H H aA Jien ?- h o c t h K a p r a H k r p y n n a M I , I I , I I I , I V h V — h t o t o 41 n p H 3 H a K . 8 t h n p H 3 n a K H n p n n H M a jiH 3 n a n e H H e 1, e c j i n K apT H H a BXOAHJia b r p y n n y , H OM ep k o t o p o h c o B n a A a j i c H O M epoM n p H 3 n a K a , h 0 — b npoTH B H O M c j i y n a e . I l o c j i e 9 T o r o 6 n j i a B H n n c j ie n a M a T p n p a k o b $ - «])HH;HeHTOB K o p p e J in p H H MejKAy n o jiy n e m iH M H np H 3 H aK a M H . Ee H e - n ocp e A C T B e H H o e p a c c M O T p e n n e A aeT b o 3 m o h < h o c t b b h h c h h t b , K a n n e p e 3 y jib T a T H CTaHOBHTCn 6 o j i e e narJiH A U H M H , e c j i n , h c x o a h H3 n o j i y -

18,3

neHHOH M & T p m ^ u K o p p e J if lip iH , n p o H 3 B e c T H K J ia c T e p -a a a jiH s a < * h h h x r ip n 3n a K o B . P e a y jib T a T H n o c J ie A n a x m a rO B aJ irop H T M a K J ia c T e p -a H a - j i h 3b n p H B e ^ e H H H a p n c . 10 .

IlepB oe, h to GpocaeTCH b rJia3a, — 9t o to , h to k neTBepTOH rpynne He npHCOeflHHHJICH HH O^HH H3 HpH3HaKOB. TaK KaK KapTHHH 9TOfi rpynnH xapaKTepH3yioTCH apKO BwpaffieHHOi pejibe$HOCTbio, t o , no-BHflHMOMy, oTcyTCTBHe npH3HaK0B, xapaKTepH3yK>in;HX OgbeM- h octb H3o6pa5KeHHH, CJieflyeT o th 6cth k HeflOCTaTKaM cocTaBJieHHoro HaMH aJnJaBnra H rpaMMaTHKH. H to KacaeTCH ocTajibHHX rp yn n , t o c KajKfloii H3 hhx accoHHHpyeTCH h 8ckojii>ko npH3HaKOB: c nepBofi rp yn n oa 13, co BTopon 8 , c TpeTbefi 4 h, HaKOHen;, c h h toh 2 npH3HaKa. 8th h h $ p h ^aiOT HeKOTopoe npeflCTaBJieHHe o c jio jk h octh KapTHH, BXORflmHx b Kaw^yio H3 rp yn n , h to BnojiHe corJiacyeTCH c Henocpe^- CTBeHHbtM 3pHTeJIbHEIM BHeHaTJieHHeM.

Ha OCHOBaHHH 3th x pe3yjibTaT0B 6h jih HaHfleHH MecTa rpyn n KapTHH b narneH h3H koboh KOHHenHHH. OneBH^no, KapTHHH BHyTpa KaWflOH H3 rp yn n HaxoAflTCH b n a p aah rmathheckom OTHOmeHHH — OTHOmeHHH, KOTopoe B03HHKJI0 J OKCHepTOB B HpOIjeCCe HTeHHH KapTHH H3-3a aCCOHHaTHBHEIX CBH3eH, BbI3BaHHMX CXOflCTBOM ajnJaBHTa, h rpaMMaTHnecKHx npaBHJi, Hcnojib3yeMHX b KapTHHax o^hoh rpyn nn . A Tor^a 3th rpynnH KapTHH mojkho Ha3BaTb napa^HrMaMH. OneBHAHO, mh npn 9TOM HecKOJibKO paCHiHpneM coflepjKanne 9Toro TepMHHa no cpaBHeHHH) c ero o 6hhhhm ynoTpe6jieHHeM npn onncaHHH h3H kobhx KOHCTpyKH;HH.

fla a ee 6h j i h paccMOTpeHH pa3JiHHHHe o S 'b e ^ H iie iiH H n a p a ^ H iM I, II, III, IV h V, h t o o n p e f le ju u io c b n o cT aB jieH H O H 3 a A a n e H n o n y - H6HHH p a 3JIHHHHX ypOBHefi HepapXHH B H3yH3eMOH H3HK0B0H CHCTeMe.

3p;ecb npHinjiocb BepHyTbcn k noJiyneHHHM panee o6beflHHeHHHM: I-f-II c I I I + I V + V h I-f-III c I I + I V + V . IlepBaH Hapa napa^HrM 6HJia Ha3BaHa napa^nrMaMH A h B, a BTopan napa — napa^nrMaMH C H D. H3JI05KeHHHM BHIHe HpHOMOM HCCJIeAOBajIHCb pa3JIHHHH MejKAy 9THmh o6beAHHeHHHMH. Pe3yjibTaTH KJiaCTep-aHaitH3a 38 npH3HaK0B (36 npH3HaKOB H3HKa H npH3HaKH A H B) AaHH Ha pHC. 11. KapTHHa nojiynnjiacb aobojibho HeoJKHAaHHafl. Bojibme hojiobhhh npH3naKOB BOo6me He npHCoeAHHHJiocb hh k oahoh H3 napaanrM A h B. Hto Ka- CaeTCHOCTaJIbHHXHpH3HaKOB, TO, 3a HCKJIIOHeHHeM OAHOro (CHMMeTpHH), Bee ohh accon;HHpoBajiHCb c napaflHrMOH A. 8to roBopHT, b cymaocTH, 0 TOM, HTO o6beAHHeHHe KapTHH B He HBJIHeTCH napaAHTMOH, TaK KaK BXOAflmne b Hero KapTHHH cjihhikom pa3HopoAHH no Hcnojib3yeMOMy aa$aBHTy h rpaMMaTHKe. Ecjih pacCMOTpeTb Tenepb thkhm * e o6pa- 80M napaAnrMH C h D (pnc. 12), to m h yBHflHM, hto Bee npH3HaKH c caMoro Hanajia pa36HBaioTCH Ha Ase nacTH, oAHa H3 kotophx CBH3aaa c napaAnrMOH C, Apyrafl c napaAHrMofi Z). IlapaAHrMH I-f-III a Il-f- -f-IV-f-V, cneAOBaTejibHo, hbjihiotch 6ojiee ocMHcneHHHMH no HanreMy

184

P a cn o jicoK C im c KapTHii b i i j i o c k o c i u anyx n ep B b ix i laBH bix k o m iio h c h t xx h x ?

a - nuemoe Rocnpoinuo.ioiiHo; 6 — cxeMaTimecKoe looCpaMcomie c YKa3anncM iio\icpuB K apiH H [98]

Phc. 10. KjiacTep-aHajiH3 41 npHSHaKa [98]36 aaMKoauz npn3iiaKOB flonojm enii npH3iraKaMn I — V

onpeflen eH H io, HeM napaflH rM H I + I I h I I I + I V + V , h npeACTaBJinioT c o 6o h b h c h ih h y p o B e n b H epapxH H b HaineH CHCTeMe.

Cjieflyrom H M in aroM b p a 6oTe [9 8 ] 6buia n o n u r K a CBH3aTb p a 3 - JIHHHe B BOCnpHHTHH KapTHH C COHHaJIbHO-AeMOrpa<|)HHeCKHMH x a - paKTepncTHKaM H 3KcnepTOB. E h ji h n afi^ en b i r p y n n b i, cocTOHm;He H3 9KCnepTOB, CXOAHbIM 0 6 p a 3 0 M paHJKHpyroni,HX KapTHHH. C n o - M om bio on H caH iioro BMHie ajiropH TM a KJiacTep-aH ajiH 3a 6h jih b h h b - jieH H Tpn rp y n n b i, cocT on m H e H3 7 9 , 1 0 h 11 aKcnepTOB. ^ j i h KajK- AOH H3 9THX rpyH H 6bUIH BblHHCJieHH CpeflHHe paHTH napaHHTM I, II, III h I V + V . O K cnepTaM Sbijio n p efljio jK en o OTBeTHTb Ha p h a B o n p o coB , H anpH M ep, t h k h x , KaK n o n , B 03p acT , o6p a30B aH H e poA H T eJiel, poA 3aHHTHH, CTenenb 3naKOMCTBa c a 6cTpaK TH on jk h b oh h c b h ) h oTHOHienne k n efi h t . A->— B cero 3 3 B o n p o c a , T p e6yK)m,HX OTBeTa «A a» h jih «n eT ». K xapaitTepHCTHKaM 9KcnepTOB n o oth m B on pocaM 6h jih A o 6aBJieHbi em;e T pn n p n s n a K a , yK asniB aiom H X Ha npH H aAJiem - noCTb K an iA oro 9KCnepTa k o a h o h H3 T pex BHAOJiennBix naMH r p y n n , n o c n e n e ro 6buia BHHHCJiena M aTpnn;a n apH b ix K oppeJiflpH n h n o H en, KaK h p aH ee , n p oB eA en KJiacTep-aHaJiH3, pe3yjib TaT £i K O Toporo n p eA -CTaBJieHEi na p n c . 1 3 .

r ip en iA e B cero b h a h o , h t o p h a xapaK T epncT H K n e accopH H pyeTCH HH C OAHHM H 3 TpeX THHOB BOCHpHHTHH. B tO KaCaeTCH OCTaJIbHHX, TO o h h pacnpeAenflioTC H n o rp y n n a M cjieAyiom H M o 6 p a 3 0 M . J^jih nepBOH r p y n n b i xa p aK T ep n b i OTpHpaTejibHbie OTBeTH na B o n p o c n o n o c e m e - h h h xyAom ecTB eH H bix M y3eeB h B p eM eH n u x xyAom eC TB eiiH bix BHCTa- b o k h o n o K y n K e K n n r n o H CKyccTBy, H e3H anHe TBopnecTBa KaH AH H - C K oro, najiHHHe TOJibKO n n n ib H a n an b H o ro o6pa30B aH H H y oT p a h M aTepn 11 p a 6 oTa b o ljia c T H TexHHnecKHX H ayK . B T o p a n r p y n n a c o - c t o h t b oc h ob h o m H3 npeACTaBHTejiefi /K en cK oro n o n a c B03paCT0M AO TpHApaTH jieT h c O Anoo6pa3H biM xap aK T ep oM T p yA a . 3 T a r p y n n a CHCTeMaTHHecKH n o n y n a e T KHHrn n o H CKyccTBy, n ocen jaeT BpeM eH- Hbie xyAOHiecTBeinibie BbiCTaBKH.

B TpeTbio rpynny bxoaht 9KcnepTbi, HMeioipHe ryMaHHTapHoe o6pa30BaHHe, c OTpHpaTeJibHbiM OTHOinenHeM" k a6cTpaKTHon jkhbohhch h TBopnecTBy KaiiAHHCKoro, npn ocMOTpe KapTHnu MHorne H3 hhx o6pam,aioT BnHManne b nepByio onepeAb na ee Ha3BaHHe.

I I 3 n o j iy H e m ib ix p a H e e b h b o a o b 0 c o A e p m a H H H K apT H H , b x o a h - id ;h x b n a p a A H r M y A , b h a h o , h t o B b ic o K a jj o p e H K a n ep B O H r p y n n o n B K cnepT O B H M e m io b t o ! r p y n n b i K a p r a i i o S b n cH n e T C H H e CTOJibKo h x c k j i o h h o c t b i o k n o jio w H T e jib H O H o p e H K e T e x HJIH HHMX O C oSeH H O C T el H 3H K a aSCTpaKTH OH JKHBOHHCH, CKOJIbKO, B03MOJKHO, npOCTO H0ACO-3naTejibHbiM o m y m e m ie M t p y a h o c t h b o c h p h h t h h 9t h x KapTHH,

H t o K a c a e T c n B Topol r p y n n n aKcnepTOB, t o h x x o p o in a n o c s e - AOMJieHHoCTb b B o n p o c a x HCKyccTBa, no-BHAHMOMy, h n o e jiy n m jia QCgpBOH BbicoKOH opeiiK H KapTHH napaAHTMbi C (sKJiioHaioinieii Hap-

487

P h c . 11 . K jiac icp -aH a jiii3 3 8 npn3BaK0B [9 8 ]36 ii3 u k o b m x npu3iiaK0B ndlioaiiciiu lipnauaiiaMii .4 n J?

P h c . 1 2 . K jiacTep-aH ajina 3 8 npii3naKOB [9 8 ]36 H3UBOBUX npn3iiaKon nonoanciiLi npiiaiiaraMii C 11 D

11 II III I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 303132 33 |

11 5 6 7 9 15 021232833]

|l 5 6 7 9 15IS21232833}

|l 5 6 7 9 I5I82I232833[

111 2 3 10 17 2 0 25 | III 8 II 12 26 30 321

'[ll 2 3 IU 17 20 2s| III 8 II 12 26 30 32

I 4 13 14 16 1922 24 27 29 31

11 4 13 14 16 19 22 24 2729 31 j

11 4 1.3 14 16 19 22 21 27 29 31 j

|4 131924) [ l 14 16 22 27 29 31 |

14 13 19 241 |l 14 16 22 27 29 31 |

14 1319 24 ] |t 14 16 22 2729 31 |. , ■ ~ r ^ T ,11 6 915 1821232833| | S 7 | |II 2 3 III 17 20 25 | |lll 8 II | 112 26 30 32]

P h c . 1 3 . I0 ia cT e p -a H a n H 3 3 6 npH3HaK0B [ 9 8 ] : 3 3 counajibHO-aeMorpaiJiHM ecKHX npusH aKa h 3 npnsH aKa, xapaK T epnayiom H X npHHaoneacHOCTb 3K cn eproB k TpeM rp y n n a M , paanm H biM oS p a soM p a H a a ip y io iiih m Kap n iH bi

T H H H H 3 B e C T H H X x y f lO J K H H K O B -a 6 c T p a K p H O H H C T O B B. K a H f lH H C K O r O

h K. M a a e B H H a ) , o T J i H H a t o m n x c a S S j i b i h h m e ;(H H C T B O M h 3 h k o b h x n p n -

3 H a K O B , nejKeJiH KapTHHH napaAHrMH A . T p e T b e n rp y n n n a K c n e p -

t o b K a iK e T C H e c T e c T B e H H H M t o , h t o o h h O T f la j i H n p e ^ n o H T O H H e H 3 o 6 p a -

jK e H H H M T p e x M e p n H X ( | ) H r y p .H T aK , MH BHAHM, HTO 3pHTeJIH MOryT HHTaTb KapTHHH, CBH3HBaH

h x b o Bee S on ee h 6ojiee cn o jK H n e oSbeflH nenH H — n a p a n n rM H . B H nojiH fleTC fl T p e6oBaiiHe H epapxH H nocTH H 3H K a. Ila p aA H rM H O Ka3H - BaiOTCH CBH3aHHHMH C rpaMMHTHHeCKHMH npH3H3KaMH, CJIOAOBaTejIbHO, KapTHHH HHTaiOTCH KaK rpaMMaTHHeCKH yHOpHAOHeilHIje 3HaKOBHe CHCTeMH. J I i o a h M oryT 6 h t b pa36H TH n a r p y n n n n o h x yM em n o cTpoHTB n apaAH rM H OAHnaKOBUM o 6 p a 3 0 M , h 9 t h r p y n n n O K a3H B a- lOTCH CBH3aHHHMH C COI];HaJIbIIO-AeMOrpa<|)HHeCKHMH npH 3H aKaM H , onpeAeJiniomHM H h x o 6m ,yio H iiT eju ieK T yajibn yio n p eA p acn oJ io jK en - h o c t b . O TcroAa cjieA yeT, h t o n p o p e c c HTeHHa KapTHH, H ecoM nenH o, CBH3a n c HeKOTopoii a n p n o p H o fi n acT p oeH n ocT b io . 3naK O BaH CHCTeMa a 6CTpaKTHOH JKHBOHHCH OTBeHaeT BCeM T pe6oBaHHHM, nepeHHCJIeHHnM B n n ie KaK npn3H aK H T ex 3 n a K 0 B n x CHCTeM, KOTOpne iiaMH B oen pH - HHMaiOTCH HHTyHTHBHO KaK H3HKH.

IIp a B A a , H3UK a 6CTpaKTHOH JKHBOHHCH B CeMaHTHHeCKOM OTHOme- HH H OKa3HBaeTCH BHpOJKAOHHHM. 3pHTeJIb IIHKOTAa n e MOJKeT 6bITb yB epeH b t o m , b o c h p h h h j i h h o h h m c h h o t o , h t o x o T en CKa3aTb x y - A 0 5 k h h k . B H3BiKe aB cTpaK TH oS jKHBonHCH npH H ipm H ajibH O 3ajio jK en a MHOjKecTBeHHOCTb HHTepnpeTan,HH. C ym ecT B yeT S o jib in a a JiHTepa- T y p a , K O Topaa a h ^ t Te h j i h H H ne o 6ocnoB anH H T B op n ecK oro n p o - p e c c a C03AaHHH n p o H 3BeA0HHH aScTpaKTHOH j k h b o h h c h . O a h o H3 B03M0JKHHX 06bHCIieHHH — CTpeMJIeHHe K BHpaJKeHHIO n 0A C 03H a- TejiBH oro MHpa xyAOJKHHKa b t o m CMHCJie, KaK 9 t o nonHMaeTCH b k o h -

n,enn;HHX, C BH 3aniiH x c 3>peiA O M . Ho Bee JKe o t o TOJibKO a o m h c j i h .

C T p o ro r o B o p a , m h n e 3iiaeM , h t o , coScT B eH n o, x o T e a CKa3aTb x y - A O j k h h k b t o h h j i h h h o h a 6cTpaKTHOH K apTH iie. Ho o t o yTB epjK A enne 03H anaeT j i h i h b o a h o : m h He siojKeM nepeBecTH n a o S n A e n n n fi h 3 h k

T o ro , h t o CKa3aHO b aScTpaKTHOH K apTH iie. (B n p o n e M , pa3B e m o j k h o

nepeBecTH n a o 6 h a 6 h h h h h 3 h k t o , h t o CKa3aH 0 b cepbe3HOM M y 3 n - KajibHOM npoH3BeAeHHH, b TeopeM e K a K o ro -jra 6o p a 3 A e a a co B p eM en n o S MaTeMaTHKH m h AaJKe b n ocT p oeH H ax coB peM eiraoH TeopeTHHeCKOH ( | ) H 3 h k h ? ) H Bee JKe b 9 t o h p a 6oTe m h nO H H Taancb h t o - t o CKa3aTb n a o 6nAenHOM H 3 H K e 'o TeKCTax, i ia n H c a iin u x Ha H3HKe a 6cTpaKTHOH j k h b o h h c h .

^ B n in e m h yjK e roB opiurH , h t o HHTepnpeTHpyeMOCTb o a h o h 3naK O - BOH CHCTeMH Ha H3bIKe APyrOH — 9TO OAHH H3 HeoSxOAHM HX n p H 3H a- KOB H3HKOBOH CHCTeMH. Ho HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb MH MOJKeM H COBCeMHe t o , h t o , c o S c T B e m i o , x o T e a C K a 3 a T b n e p e A a T H H K . I I p e A C T a B b T e ce6e, h t o a K c n e p H M e H T , H H a jr o r H H H H H o n H c a i i H O M y B H i n e , 6 h j i 6 h n p o B e -

189

A6H Hafl KOJiJieKD|iieH n ace K O M iix . P e 3 y jib T a T H , BeponTHo, 6h j ih 6h BecbM a h o x o jk h m h : 6h j ih 6h ycraH O B JieH H ajKjaBH T h rp a M M a ra K a H3biKa Mop«|)OJiorHH HaceKOMHX, a n p n h tb h h h 6h j ih 6h H a f if le m n a p a - A h tm h , CBH3aHH£ie c rpaMMaTH^eCKHMH npH3HaKaM H. H H T epnpeT apH H 9Toro 9KcnepHM eHTa b n a m e fi CHCTeMe npe^cTaB JienH H S n Jia 6h tb k o h : n o n y jiH p H H HaceKOMHX Be^eT p a 3 ro B o p c O K pyjKaiom eH ee npnpoAO H, n p e A Jia ra a a -m n p o p e c c a 9bojiiou;hh Bee BpeMH H3MeHHK>in;eeCH m iioto- o 6p a 3n e n p H 3HaKOB. J Iio a h , cyineB npop a m K H p oB aT B KOJUieKpHio HaceKOMHX, npoH Jin 6h 9Ty 3 a n n c b coBceM c A P y r n x ho3hu;hh — HCXOAH H3 CBOHX anpH O pH 3aA3HHHX 9CTeTHHeCKHX npeACTaBJieHHH. H e B03HHKHeT jih nOAo6n a fl CHTyapHH, K o rA a npHAeTCH HHTaTb c o o 6- m,eHHH iKHTeJiefi A P y r n x m hpob?

P a C C M O T p H M B T O p o f i M H C J i e i l i lb lH 9 K C n e p H M e H T . ^ O H y C T H M , H TO

o 6 b e K T O M H C C J ie A O B a H H fl 6 H J IH 6 h K a p T H H H K J ia C C H H e C K O H JK H B O H H C H .

n PH y n o p H A O H H B a H H H h x n o C H C T e n e n p e A H O H T e H H H , n o B e e n b h -

A H M O C T H , O H H T b H O J iy H a J IH C b 6 h H e p a p x H H e C K H e C T p y K T y p H . H o A ^ H

9 T O H C H C T e M H K a p T H H HO y A a J I O C b 6 h H O C T p O H T b C K O J Ib K O -H H 6 y A b

n p e A C T a B H T e n b H O r o a i n J a B H T a h r p a M M a T H K H . K a p T H H H K J i a c c n H e -

c k o h j k h b o h h c h — 9 t o n e h 3 h k 3 H a K O B , a o 6 p a 3 H , H e p a c K J i a A H B a e -

M H e n a 9 J i e M e H T a p H H e c o c T a B J iH i o n i .H e . X o t h , K a K m h yme r o B o p n j i H

0 6 9 T O M B H H ie , C T H J Ib O A H O T H H H b lX H 3 o 6 p a > K e H H H , C K a J K e M H K O H ,

B e p O H T H O , M O JK H O H p e A C T a B H T b K a K 3 I i a K 0 B y H ) C H C T e M y . f l o n y C T H M T e n e p b , h t o h o a o 6 h h h 9 K C n e p H M e H T 6 h j i 6 h n p o B e A e n c p B e r a b i M H

A H a n o 3 H T H B a M H , n a k o t o p h x 3 a n e H a T J i e i i H H 3 o 6 p a 5 K e H H H n p H p o A H .

3 A e c b p a i U K H p o B a H H e n o n p e A n o H T e H H i o , B e p O H T H O , A a c T T a K jK e

H e p a p x H H e c K H e C T p y K T y p n , h o h x o n H T b - T a K H n e y A a c T C H C B H 3 a T b

c a ; i $ a B H T O M h r p a M M a T H K O H . H p n p o A y , e e b H a h b m n p o K O M n n a H e

m h B o c n p H H H M a e M K a K o 6 p a 3 H \ a n e K a K r p a M M a T H H e c K o e y n o p H - A O H H B a H H e a j i e M e H T a p i i H x 3 n a K O B .

H em,e o a h h m h c j i o h h h h 9K cn e p H M e m \ HpeACTaBbTe c e 6e, h t o

MH XOTHM 3aCT3BHTb 3 B M BOCHpOH3BeCTH Ty HJIH HHyiO aSCTpaKTHyiO K ap T H n y, 3aA anH yio b TepM H nax n a in e ro am JaBH Ta h H 3H K a. M a niH H a , BooSipe ro B o p n , AOJiJKHa cyM eTb b h h o j i h h t b 9 t o 3aAaHHe, h o KapTHHa, C03AaHHaH eio, 6yAeT cK p H T a cpeAH MHOHiecTBa h o x o j k h x BapnaHTOB. OcTaeTCH neHCHHM, n on eM v nM enno 9Ty K ap T H n y, a ne A p y ry io OAHOTHHHyiO C03AaJI XVAOiKHHK. MO/KTIO 38A any yCjIOJKHHTb H BBecTH re n e p a T o p c jiy n a H a j i h H3M eneiiHH 3 a p a n e e 3aAaHHHX ycjiO B H ii. Mo>KeT SbiTb, b nojiyneHHOM TaKHM o6 p a30M MHOJKecTBe K a p r a n h o h b h t c h h reH H aA bH an — h o KaK ee o 6iia p y jK H T b ? O T C i o A a H eyA ann

* E c j i h k t o - t o 3axoH O T p a c c M a T p iin a T b o 6 p a 3 u K a K 3 H a K ii, t o o h a o j i j k b h OyACT A o S a B ijT b , h t q 3 t o o c o 6 u h — K p a f ip i iH — c j i y n a a a n a K O B o ii c i i c t o m u . M o jk h o pacnuipiiTt. 11 pejiGTanj i o h u o o s h s k o b o h c n c i e M e n oHiiTaTb, h t o j i i o S o h 3aM 6H H - Teiii, nero-TO ecTb 3iiaK, c k u jk c m nopTpeT e c T b 3 h r k aejiormKa. H o n a n Ke v p - ffOTCH CTflHOBnTbCK 00 3?y TP0KV SpeiJPH,

100

B cex T e x , k t o xoTeJi KaKHM-To M exam raecK H M c h o c o 6o m , H H or^a 3aBeflOMO m apjK H poBaH H U M , co3A aTb t o , h t o , K a 3 a jio cb 6h , c o c t o h t H3 BJieMeHTapHbtX, JierKO BOCHpOH3BOAHMHX 3HBKOB, yHOpflAOHeHHHX n o coBceM npocT H M npaBHJiaw. T a K o n JKe B o n p o c B03H HKaeT, K o r^ a mbi H H TaeM ca MOHeJiapoBaTb n a 9 B M TBopnecTBO KOM no3HTopa h ji h Korp;a nbrraeMCH CTpoHTb M O^ejib TBopneCK oro M H in jiem iH . B c e r # a oCTaeTCH 6e 3 OTBeTa o a h h h t o t JKe B o n p o c : KaK ycT poeH ajiropnT M AJiH OT6o p a neHCTBHTejibiio TajiaH TjiH Boro pein enH H , ^ a jn e ecjin 9 t o pem eH H e h o t o m h ynaeTCH npe^CTaBHTb neK O TopuM <$opMajibHHM o 6p a 30M. H o BepH eM cn em,e p a 3 k KapTHHaM KJiaccnnecKOH jk h b o h h c h . 3 n ecb BpHA h h m o jk h o cocTaBH Tb n e oneH b rpoM 03A K yro CHCTeMy H3 aJi$aBHTa h rpaMMaTHKH a j i h T o ro , h t o 6h b KaKOM-TO o 6 o 3 p h m o m MHOJKecTBe BapnaHTOB, c o 3 A a m iH x 3 B M , m o jk h o 6h j i o m b t h nenTO n ox ojK ee n a op n rH H aji, k o t o p h h m h x o t h m BocnpoH3BeCTH. 8 t o t MHCJienHHH 9KcnepHM eHT, MOJKeT 6h t b , jiynrne B cero pa3bHCHHeT pa3JiHHHe M ejK ^y o6pa3H H M h 3H9KOBHM c h o c o 6om nepeAaHH HH<|>Op-MaiI,HH.

IIo-BHAHM OMy, y jiiO A en B cer.u a ocT aH eT C H M enT a o c o 3 A a m iH b h c o k o a 6c T p a K T H o r o y H H B e p c a jib H o r o H 3 H K a , i ia n o M H H a r o m e r o h 3 h k H r p H b 6n c e p y T e p M a H a r e c c e .

2 . fl3HK ApeBiieii hhrhhckoh c[)hjioco(})hh 1

IToJIHMOp(|)H3M B APSBH H X HHflHHCKHX T eK C TaX B H p a jK eH H e c p a B iieH H o 6o jie e H p K O , HeM b coB peM eH H O M n a M H 3H K e e B p o n e fic K O H K y jib T y p H . C jio b o b h h a h h c k h x T eK C T ax B c e r fla H e o 6H H aH H o M H o r o r p a n n o n o B K JiaAH B aeM O M y b H e r o c o A e p jK a H H io . H a 9t o o 6cTOHTejibCTBO o 6p a m ;a jiH BHHM aHHe B ee H ccjieA O B a T ejra ApeBH eHHAHHCKOH m h c j i h . B o t H ec K O jib K o n p H M e p o B , H JU H O C T pH pyrom n x 9 t o y T B e p jK fle m ie .

O J I B ^ E H B E P r [1 6 8 ]

O a h o h t o JKe B H p a jK e n n e n a cT O y n o T p e 6 jiHeTCH b pa3jiH H H H .\ CM HCJiax h ji h O A na h T a JKe m h c jib BCTpenaeTCH b p a3JiH H H H x p H A a x HOHHTHH.

P H C - ^ E B H C [1 6 9 ]

n o n H T K H n e p e B O A a c t o j i b c o A e p jK a T e jiw iH X B bipajK eH H H [p e n b HAeT o TepM H H e « H H p B a n a » . — I J p u M . a e m . ] B c e r A a npeAC TaBJiH ioT on acH O C T b , TaK K aK HOBoe c j io b o , K aK n a c T b h o b o t o H 3H K a , h b j i h - K »m ;erocH p e3y jib T a T O M h h o t o o 6 p a 3 a M H C jieH , B H p a jK a H T y JKe c a M y ro MHCJIb HJIH HOHTH T y JKe CaM yiO MHCJIb, o 6HKH OBeHH O BMeCTe C TeM B H 3H B a eT h c o B e p m e H H o p a 3 jiH H H H e npeAC TaB JieH H H .

1 9 tot n ap arpa$ Hanncan no MaTepiianaM pa6oTi,i [167 ].

191

HJlfeMAH-rPABOBCKA [170]J \ im y ^ o S c T B a H3H K a H e B c e r f la H yiK H O , h t o 6h C JioB a o S j ia ^ a j iu

TOHHHM CMHCJIOM. H eH CH O CTb T aK /K e MO/KeT OblTB H 0Jie3H 0H . O H a n o f lo S H a H anoJiO B H H y n y cT O H (J)opM e: KasKflH H m o/K G t 3 a n o jiH H T B e e n o C B oeM y B K y c y . H o r jia B H o e c o fle p n s a H H e b 60j i h m e a h j i h M e H b m e l CTeneH H B c e r ^ a T aM ; e r o a p o M a T n e p e ^ a e T C H b cM em eH H H . A p o M a T c j i o B a p a p u a — 3T 0 n o H H T a e flO J ira , n p e f ln n c a H H o r o p e j iH r n e n HJIH H pH pO flO H , HTO OflHO H TO JKej yCTOHHHBOCTB HOHHMaHHH 3fleC b HHHeM H e o n p e f le j ia e T C H , S y f ly n n b C B oe fi o c H o s e n o p o f f i f le H H o a H ejiOBeKOM . B H e 3 T o r o r j ia B H o r o an aH eiiH H CJiOBy p a p u a n p u - f la io T c a n o M e p e H a^oSH O CTH f l p y r n e 6 o j i e e h j ih M eH ee c n e i ju a jib H B ie 3H aHeHHH. CM H C JiO B oe B n en aT JieH H e H 03B 0JifleT t o c y a c a T B , t o p a c - n iH pH T b c o A e p /K a H H e CJiOBa; TepM H H t h 6 o k h , O jia r o f la p H c h o c o S h o c t h K COHeTaHHH), HOflHHHfleTCH HpOTHBOHOJIO/KHIIM 3JieM eH TaM : KOH- K peT H O M y h aS cT p a K T H O M y . n p o B e p K a T o r o , K aK O M y h 3 3 T h x 3 H a n e - h h h o h coO T B eT C T B yeT , t . e . n p o B e p K a T o r o , h t o n p e> K ^ e B c e r o n p e f l - C TaB jiH eT 3 t o t T epM H H , 3aH H M aeT H e M eH b in e raecT H CTpaHHn; I l e T e p - S y p r c K o r o c j iO B a p a h n o K a 3 H B a e T , K aK pa3jiH H H B ie c m h c j i h — p e j m r n - 03H H H , M OpaJIbH H H H K)pHflHHeCKHH — CTaJIH X a p a K T e p H 3 0 B a T b 9T0T TepM H H ; 3TO 3HHHHT, HTO BCH H)pH flHHeCKaH, COIJHaJIBHaH, HOJIHTH- n e c K a n h flH flaK T H H ecK an j iH T e p a T y p a HM eeT o flH o o 6m ;ee c j i o b o p a p u a m a C T p a . B c jiO B e p a p M a n p oH B Jin eT C H T p a flH - h ;h h H h ^ h h , oC B en ^ a iom a H ee H fle a ji O y f ly m e r o h oO bH C H H roipaH H a - CTOHm;ee H H flH H C K oro o 6m ;ecT B a . H a c T o H H n e ro H e ocT a eT C H , K p o M e t o h k o h n e p e r o p o f lK H , p a3fleJ iH ioin ;eH CJiOBa p a p M a h K a p M a . n o c j i e f l H e e e c T b c h m b o j i h p h h h h h o c t h ; n e p B o e e c T b h p h h h h h o c t b B CBOeM 0K0HH3TeJIBHOM HpOHBJieHHH | B IjeJIOM e e p e 3 y jIB T a T — h t o - t o B p o f le H a ra e n c y f l b O n .

B. H. TOnOPOB [171]. . . B HHflHH XOPOHIO HOHHMajIH 3H aK O ByiO H p H p O fly CJIOBa,

o c o 3 H a B a jiH o rp o M H B ie n oT en in H ajiB H B ie b o 3m o >k h o c t h $opM aJiB H O o f lH o r o h T o r o m e c j i o B a ,hjih BBipaaceH H H c a M t ix pa3JiH H H H x h o h h t h h ; 3H a jiH , h t o 3H aneH H e c j i o B a b So j ib ih o h C TeneH H o n p e fle j in e T C H n ;e jioH CHCTeMOH, B COCTaB KOTOpOH BXOflHT flaH H O e CJIOBO.

I I o j i h m o p $ h 3M Haraeji CBoe npoHBJienne b o Bcex 3HaKOBHx cHCTe- Max ApeBHen H h ^ h h , b t o m HHCJie b 6y t^ ^ h h ck o m H3o6pa3HTejibHOM HCKyCCTBe, B 6yflflHHCKOH HKOHOrpa^HH H T. H . BoT K a K 06 9T0M TOBOpHT

B. H . TOnOPOB [172]X a p a K T e p H a f l a j i h flpeBH eH H flH H CKOH K y j i b T y p n B iic o K a H CTeneHB

3H3K0B0CTH e e HpOH BJieH HH, flO X O flH ipaH H H O rfla flO T o r o , HTO BH3yaJIB - H o e h j i h H H oe n e n o c p e flC T B eH H o e n o f lo S n e JierKO y c T y n a e i MecTO

192

onocpeflC TB O B & H H H M (b H a cT iio cT H , c h m b o jih h g c k h m ) accon ,uan ,H H M * , B con eT aH H H c T eM , HTO 9TOH K y jiB T y p e n p H C y m e CTpeM JieHHe k c b h 3 h o flH o r o h t o t o w e n j i a n a BBipa/KCHHH c HecKO.JiBKHMH p a s n u M H n j i a - ttam w c o ^ e p jK a H H H , — fle jia e T o c o 6e m i o n ,e jie c o o 6 p a 3 H H M ceM H O TH - MecKHH a n a jiH 3 n p o u 3B C fleim H G yflflH H C K oro H C K y c cT B a .

B OTJiErane o t H 3H K a e B p o n e fic K o ii K y jiB T y p n b flpeBH eH H flH H CK H x T eK C Tax OTKpwTO npH 3H aeT C H h , S o jie e t o t o , f la m e n o fln ep K H B aeT C H H eB 03M0JKH0CTB oflH 03H aM H o ro h iie n p o T H B o p e H H B o r o o n p e fle jie H H H h o h h t h h . B o t h b c k o j i b k o n p H M e p o B , H O K a3B iB aioin ;H x, K a K o t k p h t o BBOflHTCB n p o T H B op eK H H n p n o n p e fle jie H H H CMHCJia c j io b . T o t $ a K T , HTO n p H B efleH H H e IIHHie BBICKa3BIBaHHH OTHOCHTCH K A ScO JIIO T y, He H C K aiK aeT H a m T e 3 n c : BCe B H C K a3H B aH H H , o HeM 6h o h h h h S h j i h , 3aflaiOTCH CHCTeMOH M HIHJieHHH, H aXO flH IfleH CBOe O T pa/K eH H e B H 3 H K e .

I U B E T A I U B A T A P A y i l A H H I I I A ^ A [ 1 7 3 ]

. . .MeHBine M ajioro, 6ojibine S o jib ih o t o c k p h t AiMaH. . .M i l l A y n A H H I U A f l A [ 1 7 3 ]

. . .O h o flBHHteTCH — o h o H e flBH m eTCH , o h o fla jieK O — o h o w e h 6 j i h 3 k o , o h o B H y T p n B c e r o — o h o Hie BHe B c e r o .

M X A H f l O T B H y r i A H H I H A f l A [ 1 7 4 ]

. . . B o t m o h A T M a H b c e p f lp e , m b h b h ih h , HeM 3epH O p n c a , HeM 3epH O HHMeHH, HeM TOpHHHHOe CeM H, HeM npOCH H Oe 3 e p H O , HeM H flp o n p o c H H o r o 3 e p n a ; b o t m o h A T M a n b c e p f lp e , 6 o j ib h ih h , n eM 3eM jiH , SOJIBIHHH, HeM B 0 3 fly iH H 0 e n p o c T p a n c T B o , S o j ib i h h h , HeM H e S o , 6 o j ib - HIHH, HeM 9TH M H p H .

B flpeBHeHH flHHCKH X T eK C T ax HOCTOHIIHO HOflHepKHBaeTCH H e- B03M 0HIH0CTB HOCTHHieHHH peHBIO.

M y H ^ A K A y r i A H H I H A ^ A [ 1 7 3 ]

. . .O h o He n ocT H ra eT C H h h r jia 3 0 M , h h p e n B io , h h h h h m h n yB C T - BaM H, HH HOflBHHIHHHeCTBOM, HH fleHCTBHeM . . .

MaCTO H pH 3H aeTC H , HTO HpHXOflHTCH TOBOpHTB O HBJieHHHX, Haxo,o;H in;H xcH 3 a n p e fle jia M H no3H 9H H H .

1 « T a K n e h o h h t h h , K a n . . . m y H B H T a (H y jifc K aK a u a a iiM o e o T c y T C T B n e ) , p a 3 p a - C oT K a r ip o 6 jie.M w n p H p o g h i H iie H ii h cym H O C T H H a a a iB b h h h , l e o p n n c m iB O J ia H T . a . , C B H geTejIbC TB yiO T 0 6 IICKJIIO’ IJIT0 JIKHOM p a 3 BHTHH HOHHMaHHH 3 H aK 0 B 0 H CymH OCTH HpOHBJieHHH npeBH eH H RH H CKO H K y J Ib T y p h I H 0 6 0 C0 3 H aH H 0 M OTHO- HieHHH K 3 H a K y . CeMHOTIIHeCKHH riO flX O fl. . . n p iIC y m H H gpeB H H M H H flH H flaM , MOHteT G blTh H O gT B ep jK geH CCHJIKOH H a OCoGt'HHOCTH CaMOH CIieU,H(f)HKH B O C n pH H - t h h n p o H 3 BeaeH H H H C K y ccT B a , b aacT H O C T ii a a a p e E H e H H a ii i ic K y io x e x H H K y b h - g e m r a , K o r g a o C p a 3 u H C K y ccT B a b ocn p n H H M a ioT C H T a K , K a K c x e M H r e 0 M0 T p 0 M»

13 B. B. HaJiiiMon 193

K E H A y n A H H I H A ^ A [173]

. . .T y ^ a He n p o H H K a e T r j i a 3 , H e n p o H H K a e r irn p e n t , ira p a 3 y M . M h H e 3H a eM , H e p a c n o 3 H a e M , K aK m c h k h o y n H T b 9 T 0 M y .

EPHXAftAPAHBHKA yilA H H H IA ^A [175]. . .KaK CMOJKeT nejioBeK H03HaTb no3Haiom;ero?

E X A H ^ O r t H y n A H H H I A £ A [ 1 7 4 ]

. . Tfle He BHflHT HHHero flpyroro — bto SecKOHentioe, rAe ?i<e BHflHT, cJiHinaT flpyroe — sto MaJioe. IIoHCTHHe SecKOHeHHoe — 3to SeccMeprae, MaJioe me — sto CMepraoe.

CTaBHTCH rpaHflH03Haa 3aflana — ecjin ne omicaTt, to xoth 5li flaTb KaKoe-TO npeflCTaBJieHne o Heno3iiaBaeMOM. 3flecb npn3HaeTCH HeflOCTaTOHHOCTb CJIOBeCHOH 3HaKOBOH CHCTeMH H , KaK H B COBpeiieH- HOH aSCTpaKTHOH JKHBOHHCH, BBOflHTCH HyCTHe HJIH IIO'ITH HyCTbie 3HaKU, T . e. 3H3K1I, KOTOpHM He HpHHHCaH KaKOH-JinSo HOAA&JOIPHHCH neTKOMy onpeflejieHHio cmhcji. IIo TepMHHOJiomH BHjibMaH-FpaSoB- ckoh [170], 9to noJiynycTHe $opMH. Gjie^yH TpeSoBaHHHM hchocth H HeTKOCTH — TpaflHIJHH, CTOJIb XapaKTepHOH flJIH HHflHHCKOH flH;iaK- thkh, — npocTO yKa3HBaeTCH, hto cjiobo, ynoTpeSjieHHoe b TeKCTe, 3T0 H He TO, H He TO. . .

E P H X A f t A P A H B H K A y n A H H I I I A ^ A [ 1 7 5 ]

. . .H bot HacTaBjieHne [— oho TaKOBo:] « H e [sto ], He [3to]», h 6o He cymecTByeT flpyroro [o6o3HaneHHH], KpoMe «He [oto. . .]». Oh, 3tot Atmhh [onpeflejiaeTCH TaK]: «He [sto] He [9to]». Oh HenocTH- >khm, h 6o He nocraraeTCH, nepa3pyinHM, h 6o He pa3pymaeTCH, HenpHKpenjiaeM, h 6o He npHKpenjiaeTCH, ae CBH3aH, He KOJieSjieTca, ne TepHHT 3Jia. . .

T a K o e cBoeo6 pa3H oe OTHOineHHe k c jio e y n p H B ejio k TOMy, hto flpeBHeHHflHHCKaa $hjioco<|)hh c ho3hd;hh e B p o n e iicK o ro HHTaTejia n o CBOeS $o pM e, CKopee, HanoM HHaeT HCKyccTBo, H H o r^ a Aa?Ke aScTpaKTH oe hckycctbo, nocTpoeHHoe TaK, hto «npneMHHK» mojkct BOCHpHHHTb COBCeM He TO, HTO TaM ShJIO 3aJI0?KeH0 «HepeflaTHIIKOM».

B o bchkom cjiynae, ySeflHTejibHOCTb BMCKa3MBaHHH 3aflaeTCH HeH3HmeCTBOM HX JIOTHHeCKOH CTpyKTypH, a CBOeo6pa3HeM H HOflHaC napaflOKcajibHOCTbio cy?KfleHHH h neoSbiHHocTbio conocTaBjieimH, B H yT p eH H eH KpaCOTOH CJIOBeCHHX HOCTpOeHHH H HX HeKailHHM p H T -

m o m , H H o rfla c BHyTpeHHHM pe$peHOM. ySeaiflaeT ne jiorHKa, a CKopee, M a n i a cjiob. Bot oahii H3 npHMepos hhahhckoh cthjihcthkh, b3hthh H3 ^[xaMManaflH [ 1 7 6 ] — 3HaMeHHToro cSopHHKa H3peneHHH, bxoah- m;ero b BHfle caMOCTOHTejibHOH nacra b SyAAHlcKHH KaHOH.

194

CTHX 33T p e u e m y m y i o , A p o H j a i n y i o m h c j i l , J ie r K O y H 3 B H M y i o h c T p y f l O M

C A e p > K H B a e M y io , M y y p o n n a n p a B J i n e T , K a K J iy n H H K c r p e j r y .

B p n f l j i h T H / K e j i O B e c n y i o e s p o n e H C K y i o m l i c j i b , B b ip a > K G H H y io ,

c K a i K e M , n a H 3 M K e n p e A C T a B J ie H H H K a i i T a h j i h F e r e j i a , m o j k h o 6 h j i o 6 h

O n n c a T b T a K H M Ii C J IO B a M H . Ho H 3 M K I I H C a T e j ie H -3 K 3 H C T e H I i ;H a J IH C T 0 B

y / K e M OJKH O C O n O C T a B J IH T b C H 3 B IK O M A p e B H e H H A I I H C K H X T p a K T H T O B .

Bo i m o r n x c b o i i x n p o H B j i e H H H x 9 K 3 H C T e H ii;H a jiH 3 M o 6 p a m ; a e T C H

k H 3 H K y n c K y c c T B a , a i i n o r A a h k M a n r a e c K i i M T e M H O T a M , 0 T K a 3 H B a H C b

o t 3 a K 0 H H e i iH i> ix J i o n r a e c K i i x n o c T p o e H H H , n p o B 0 3 r j i a i n a H b o 3 m o j k -

H O C T b M H IH J ie ilH H 6 e 3 n O H H T H H H JIH B B O flH H O H H T H H C M H 0 T 0 3 H a H H -

T e j i b H o i i n e A o r o B o p e i i H o c T b i o , — 3 t o c 6 j u i > K a e T H 3 H K 3 K 3 H C T e H p H a -

JIH 3.M a C H 3B IK O M (|)IIJIOCOl|)HH A p e B H e H H lI A H H . 3 K 3 H C T e H H ;H a jIH 3 M

B 0 3 H H K K a K I ie K O T O p H H n p O T e C T , B H a C T H O C T II H p O T e C T n p O T H B H 0 3 H T H -

B H 3 M K II «C H ;H e H T H 3 M a » 1 , H H T o S b l B b i p a 3 H T b 3 T O T H p O T e C T , H p H IH J IO C B

n o c T p o H T b A p y r o i i H 3 M K , H i i a n e n p o r e C T 6 h j i 6 l i n a c T b i o C H C T e M H B 3 T J IH A O B , n p O T H B K O T O p O H O H n p o T e c T y e T .

0 p a 3 J IH H H H B H 3 H K B X K y J I b T y p M O JK H O T O B O p H T b , H O H O J iy H ,

n e b M e H b i u e f l c T e n e H i i , H eM o p a 3 J i i iH H H b H a m i o n a J i b H M X H 3 H K a x .

1 Cm. a p K y i o ciaxwo T7. PaHAeHKO [196].

13*

r j ia B a m e c T a a

5 K e c T K H H H 3 b i K 6 H O J i o r H * i e c K o r o K o ,a ;a

IIo-BHAHMOMy, caMHM KpymiBiM floCTHiKeHHCM coBpeMeHHofi SHOJiorrni HBJiHeTCH npeflCTaBJieHHe o b o 3 m o h ih o c t h CBeflenHH reHeraKH k $op- MaJIBHOMy OHHCaHHH) HBJieHHH B TepMHIiaX H3bIKa. BeJIKH ceHBac npHHHTO paCCMaTpHBaTB KaK JIHHeHHHH TeKCT, 3amiCaHHI>IH 20 6yK- B3MH, pOJIB KOTOpbIX HrpaiOT aMHHOKHCJIOTH. 3HaHHTejIBHaH H8CTB SnoJiorHneCKHX upoSjioM c b o ;i h t c h k oriHcaHHio t o t o , KaK o a h h TeKCT KOflHpyeTCH ApyrnM. «CaMHM TpyflHHM b «npo6jreMe KOfla» S b ijio h o h h t b , h t o k o a cymecTByeT. Ha 3T0 noipeSoBaJiocB n,ejioe CTOJieTHe» [178],

T eH eT H H ecK H H k o a — b t o em ;e n e c o o S n je H H e , a t o j i b k o a jK ja B iiT h rp a M M a T H K a , H c n o jiB 3 y e M L ie K JieT K oS a j i h n e p e B O fla TeKCTa c 4 -6 y i < - BeHHOTO H 3H K a H yK JieH H O B H X KHCJIOT H a 2 0 -6 y K B e H H L IH H3BIK SeJIK a. IlepB H H H W H aJI^aB H T COCTOHT H3 H eT L ipeX C T aH A apT H H X OCHOBaHHH: a fle iiH H a ( A ) , r y a H H H a ( r ) , THMHHa ( T ) h n ;H T03H H a (L [ ) . H 3 s t h x n e T H p e x 6y K B c t p o h t c h r e H e T n n e c K o e c o o S n je H H e . T o H H a n n o c jie A O B a - TeJiBH ocTb 3 t h x n e T B ip ex S y K B B flo jib M OJieKyjiLi ^ H K h n p e f lo n p e - A e jia e T C T p y K T y p y t o h h jih h h o i i SejiKO BO H M O JieK yjiLi. E e jiK O B a a M O JieK yjia — s t o TeKCT, n o c T p o e n iiH H H3 2 0 S y K B b t o p h h h o t o aJi<|)a-BHTa — CTaH AapTHBIX aMHIIOKHCJIOT, OAH H aKOBH X BO BCefi 7KHBOHn p n p o f l e . K a /K flH H S e jio K HM eeT c b o io , x a p a K T e p H y io fljiH n e r o n o - CJieAOBaTeJIBHOCTB SyKB-aM H HOKHCJIOT, H X HHCJIO B nOJIHneHTHAHOii u;enH o S b ih h o B a p B H p y e T o t h b c k o j i b k h x a b c j i t k o b a o 300 h SoJiee.

M eXaH H 3M HOCTpoeHHH SeJIKOBHX TeKCTOB BGCLMa CBO eo6pa3eH . CooSm jeH H e, co A ep H iam eecii b ^ H K , CH anajia poTpaiiCK pH SnpyeTCfl b cx oA H yio M OJienyjiy, H a3H B aeM yio HH<f>opMan;HOHiiOH pH SoH yK jienH O - b o h k h c j i o t o i i — HH$opMan;HOHHOH P f l K . TeKC Tti P H K n o c rp o e H H Taioiie Ha ajic[>aBiiTe H3 H e r a p e x 6yK B , Tpii H3 K o r o p tix t o t o >Ke r a n a , h t o h b f l H K , a HeTBepraH ( Y ) — yp an ;jiji — 3aMem;aeT t h m h h . n p o H C x o A H T c jie A y io m a s i 3 a M eH a S y K B [ 1 7 9 ] : K O A O B ue SyK B B i ^ H K A , P , T a I [ n p e B p a m a io T C H cooTBeTCTBeH H O b S y K B H Y , D[, A h P MOJieKyjiH P H K , nocjieAH H e o S h h h o h H cnojiB 3yiOTCH b TaSjiH ijax reH eTH H ecKoro KOAa. B T aS jin p e npHBeAeH h o jih b th cjiO B apb reHeTH-

PIIK-aMiinoKiie.iOTHwii koh

BTopofi HyK.ieoTHA iiopona

y P A r

a

1 §§o<L>2 m>53;aaOfB

y

y y y ) cfieHn.i-y y i ( J a.iaiifi.1

y y A \y y p j .KL]I!in.l

y p y ) y p p Iy p A f cePH-7 y p r j

y \ n }y A Ay A r

y r y } l*HCTeHHH;i y r Ay r r t ph h to -

ynAr

a

1a

£©tj(t«s=35f-

b

h ,

A

i i y y i « y p In y A I Jiennn.1p y r )

p p y ip p p IH U A | nponiuip p r J

U A y \U A H friiCTHHiwU.AA |r.iiOTaMH- IJA r j HHJI

n r y \ i\ v n )JXVA 1 aprHiuijiU r r J

yHAr

A v rr \ HBoaefi- A y p >A ¥ A JA y r MCTHOKHJI

A i i y i A i m ( Tpeo- AH.A ( h ii.iA p r J

A A y ) acuapa- AAU, j nw iL iA A A \A A r j

A r y iA r n J cepit.i

A r A \A r r j ap|'HHH*’1

ynAr

I'r y y i r y p 1r y A f naji™ r y r )

r u ,y i r p H 1r i l A | anaimjir p r J

T A y \TAU, j acnapTiw T A A \T A r / FJinraMMji

r r y ) r r u , 1r r A i tjihuh.t r r r }

ynAr

necKoro KOfla, b k o t o p o m 64 TpnnjieraM nocTaBJieHH b c o o t b 6 t c t b h g 20 aMHHOKHCJIOT.

K o f l H yK JieH H O B B IX KIICJIOT O K a3B IB aeT C H T p H H J ieT H b lM . H e T B ip e O C H O B aH H H , B 3H T L ie B OTfleJIBH O CTH , M O ry T K O flH p O B a T B TOJIBKO H e T H p e aM H H O K H CJIO TH . K O M S H Iia p H H HO f lB a OCH OBaH H H 0 K a 3 B IB a e T C H T a K H te H eAOCTaTO H H O — O H a o n p e A e J in e T t o j i b k o 16 aM H H OK H CJIOT. H h c j i o K O M S n H a p H H n o T p n p a s H O 64 — 3 t o y m e S o j i b i n e n e M flo c T a T O H H o , C T p y K T y p a K O A a O K a 3 H B a e T C H u36um oH H O u. B o j i b h i h h c t b o 8 m h h o - k h c j i o t K O A n p y e T C H S o j i e e n e M o a h h m t p h h j i g t o m , a H e K O T o p n e f l a m e i n e c T b i o . T p n T p n n j i e T a H e K O A H p y iO T h h O A H y H 3 H 3 B eC T H H X aM H H O - KHCJIOT — OHH BHHOJIHHIOT JIHHIB pOJIB 3 H a K 0 B H p e H H H a H H H .

Tpynny OCHOBaHHH, OTBeHaronjHX 3a o6pa30BaHne OflHOH aMHHO- KHCJIOTBI, npHIIHTO Ha3HBaTB KOdOHOM, HJIH KOdOGblM CAOGOM.

Koaoiibi pasjinnaioT no hx 3iiaiiOHHio. Ilx na3BiBaiOT c m u c a o g u m u ,

eCJIH OHH COOTBeTCTByiOT KaKOH-HnSyAB aMHHOKHCJIOTe, H 6eCCMblCAeH- HblMU, eCJIH OHH HHKaKOH aMHHOKHCJIOTH He KOAHpyiOT (nyCTB flaiKe ohh h HecyT npn stom KaKyio-JinSo HHyio <f>yHKii;Hio). Ecjih cmhcjioboh koaoh^ MyrapyeT b flpyroi cmhcjioboh koaoh, cooTBeTCTByroipHft Apyrot aMHHOKHCJIOTG, TO UOJlyHaGTCH nepeOCMUCAeHHblU KOAOH, HJIH KOAOH C U3MemHHblM CMblCAOM. KOAOH Ha3HBaeTCH GUpOOKdeHHUM, ecjra oahoh aMHiioKHCjioTe CQOTBeTCTByeT 6oJiee neM oahh koaoh.

m

BbipOJKpeHHOCTB CHHTaeTCH HOJIHOH, eCJIH KaHipblH H3 B03M0JKHBIX KOflOHOB COOTBeTCTByeT KaKOH-JinSO aMHHOKHC JIOTe, H HaCTHHHOH, e cjin H eK O Topue H3 k o a o h o b He HMeror CMHCJia. ^ e a K op oH a, K op H p y- io ip h x OflHy h Ty JKe aMHHOKHCjioTy, h b jih io tc h cuhohumuhcckumu. E c jih k o a o h COOTBeTCTByeT S ojiee HeM o a h o h aMHHOKHCJiOTe, t o t o b o p h t o HeodH03HmHocmu KOAa. H a S o p k o a o h o b , onpepeJiHioipHX CTaHpapT- h h h H aSop aMHHOKHCjiot, o 6 p a 3 y e T CAoeapb. B cJ ioeap b b x o a h t TaKJKe SeccMBicjieHHbie k o a o h m h jiioSbie k o a o h b i, cjiyJKaipHe cH rn a - jiom k n a n a jiy h jih OKonnaHHio cHHTHBaiiHH (nyHKmyai}ua noda). E c jih K aK O H -jinSo k o a o h H3MeHaeTCH b pe3yjn>TaTe M yT ap n n tb k h m o 6 p a 3 0 M , h to o h T en ep b KOAHpyeT yjK e p p y r y io aMHHOKHCJiOTy, t o cooTBeTCTByiom ee H3MeHeHHe b aMHHOKHCjiothom cocTaB e Sejraa H a3H BaioT 3a.MeufeHueM. 0 3aMene ocmeanuu roBopH T b Tex C Jiyn aax, K o rp a K aK oe-JinSo H3 OCHOBaHHH KOAOHa 3aMeHHeTCH p p y rH M . E c jih OAHO HJIH HeCKOJIbKO OCHOBaHHH OAHOrO KOAOHa BXOAHT B COCTaBA p y r o r o KO AO H a, t o k o a H a3biB aeTC H n ep eK p eu fu ea m u fim c ji [ 1 7 8 ] .

H 3 3T 0T 0 O T pH B K a XOpOIHO BHAHO, K aK H IH pO K I HCHOJIB3yiOTCH JIHHTBHCTHHeCKHe HOHHTHH B HOCTpoeHHH BH CKa3H BaH H H B T eH eT H K e.M o jk h o h o h t h p a jiB in e h H 0 K a 3 a T b , h t o T a 3H aK O B an CHCTeMa, b k o t o - pOH OHHCHBaiOTCH SHOJIOTHHeCKHe HBJieHHH, OTBeHaeT BCeM T p eS O B a - HHHM, npeAT>HBJIHeMbIM K H3bIKOBbIM CHCTeMaM.

H a H H eM C ^ y H K p H O H a J Ib H H X X ap aK T ep H C T H K H 3b IK a . H 3 L IK , K aK m h y jK e ro B O p n jiH B b im e , c y ip e c T B y e T n p eJ K p e B c e r o a j ih n e p e p a n H HH<f>opM apHH. 9 r y $ y H K p H io , 6 e 3 y c jiO B H O , b h h o j i h h i o t S n o J iorH H ecK H e 3H aKO B bte c n c T e M H . I l p o p e c c SnoJiorH H ecK O H 3 b o jh o h ;h h m o jk h o OHH CH BaTb K a K H 3bIKOBH e H T p bl. B n p O p eC C e 3TOH H r p H HpeA'bHBJIHeTCH K aK c r a p a n , T aK h H O B an H H $ o p M a p H H , B 03H H K aro ip aH cn oH T aH H O h jio rH H e c K H H e n p e A C K a 3 y e M H M o 6 p a 3 0 M b p e 3 y jib T a T e M y T a p n i . C n c T e M a O K a3biBaeTC H o n H T b -T a K H n erep eJ ieB C K O H .

O coS eH H O OTHeTJIHBO B SHOJIOTHHeCKOM K O pe HpOHBJIHeTCH BTOpaH (JyH K pH O H ajibH aH H a r p y 3 K a H 3biK a — C B ep T K a , x p a H e H H e h B O c n p o H 3 - BeAOHHe H H ^ O p M a p H H .

O pH H H3 CaM HX BaJKHbIX H pH 3H aKOB H 3H KOBH X 3H 3K 0B H X CHCTeM(06 3 t o m m b i y jK e ro B O p n jiH B b im e ) — 3t o n p o H B J ie n n e n e p a p x H H e c K O H C T p y K T y p b i. O H a H eoS bin aH H O o t h b t j ih b o npoH B JineTC H b H 3H K e S n o jio r H H e c K o r o K o p a . I le p B H e p B a H e p a p x H H e c K H X y p o B H H b t o h CHCTeMbI — 3TO 4 - H 2 0 -6 y K B e H H H e aJI(J)aBHTH. B n p H M O , MOJKHO TOBOpHTB h o S o jie e b h c o k h x y p o B H H X H e p a p x H H — 06 y p O B H e x p o M O - c o m ; 06 y p o B H e O T p ejib H b ix S H O J io rn n ecK H x H H pH B H pyyM O B — s t o T eKC TH 3HHKOBOH CHCTeMbI, B0CH p0H 3B ep eH H H e n p H p a3B ep T bIB aH H H H H (|)opM apH H , x p a H H ip e fic H b r e H a x ; 06 y p o B H e B H p a — s t o C B e p x - TeKC T, HOCTpOeHHHH H3 S oJ iee n p O C T H X TeKCTOB — O T pejIB H H X 6 h o - JIQBHHeCKHX HH pHBHAOB; H a K O H ep , paJIB H ie MOJKHO BKJIIOHHTB B p a c -

f98

CM OTpeHHe H e p a p x H io bhaob, K JiaccO B , otphaob. T a n o e i i e p a p x n - a e c K o e n o C T p o e H H e B n o jiH e n p a B O M o a n o , n o c K o a b K y H a f lB y x c a M H x HH3IHHX yp O B H H X KOA BCeX O praH H SM OB H paK TH H eCK H y H H B ep C a jieH h 3H a K O B a a C T p y K T y p a 3 fle c b O T a n a a e T c a 3 a M e T H o i p e r y a a p H O C T B io [ 1 7 8 ] . B e e n S H o a o r a a e c K H H M a p n o c r p o e H H a OflHOH h toh a «e H 3H K O - boh C T p y K T y p e , koa, n o -B H A H M O M y, b p a B H o fi M e p e ASH CTBH TeaeH h a 3 3 a e a o B e K a , h a3 3 paC T eH H H . K a a c y m e e c a p a 3H o o 6p a 3H e 6ho- a o r n a e c K o r o M H p a — 3to p a 3 H O o 6 p a 3 H e tbkctob, ho othk)ab He p a 3H O o6p a 3n e h3hkob. B stom C M bicne jkhboh M n p n o c r p o e H n p o m e , a e M , C K a a je M , a a y K a .

O A H a H 3 O C oSeH H O C T ei H 3H K O B H X 3H aKOBbIX CHCTeM — 3T 0 B 0 3 - m o jk h o c t b B H A ea H T b b h h x a a ^ a B H T h r p a M M a T H K y . H 3 n p H B eA O H H oro b ituie K p a T K O ro o n a c a n H H S n o a o r H a e c K o r o K O A a b h a h o , h t o K aK aai|»aBHT, T aK h rp a M M a T H K a TaM o S H a p y a tH B a io T c a c o B e e n O T aeT - aH BOCTbK). J P eoG oubtth o 3A e c b y A H B H T e a b H o e B H em H ee c x o a c t b o c o 6h - AeH H H M h 3 b ik o m : r p a mm a t n a e c k a a C T p y K T y p a K O A a n p e A y c M a T p H B a e T 3H 3K H n p e n H H a H H a — c h m b o h h , y K a 3 H B a io in ;H e , r ^ e A°3>KeH H a “ a a T b c a h t a o 3aK O H a H T ca CHHTe3 p e n n .

T e n e p b y c r a H O B a e H o , aTO T p H n a e r a Y A A , y r A h Y A P M o r y i o fip t iB a T b n o a n n e n T H A H y io n ;e n b ; H eH 3BeCTHO, O A a a K O , s e e a n y K a 3 a H - HLie T p H n a e r a p e a a b H O H c n o a b 3 y iO T C a a 3 3 b t o h p e n n b H o p M a a b H O H K a e T K e ; o c h o b h h m T ep M H H H p yio in H M k o a o h o m , n o -B H A H M O M y, h b - a a e T C a Y A A [ 1 8 0 ] . P o a b H n H ip iH p y io m H X k o a o h o b , 3aA aion i;H X H a a a a o T p a H c a n p y io m e r o ya a cT K a -T jiiC T O H a , H rp aiO T A s a T p H u a e T a : A y r h r y r . O A H a K o n e b c h k h h H3 s t h x A ^ y x k o a o h o b o S e c n e a H B a e T H a a a a o ca iiT b iB a H H a . 3 A e c b y a < e n p o a B a a e T c a 3<J)^eKT K O H T eK cra : ra a B H H M $ a K T o p o M , A eaaion i,H M T p H n a e T H A Y r h F Y F H H H p H H p y - io ia h m h KOAOHaM H, H B aaeT C H n p o c T p a H C T s e H H a a C T p y K T y p a A a H H °r o y a a c T K a p e n n H H ^opM apH O H H O H P H K [ 1 8 0 ] . 3^x|)eK T KOHTeKCTa OCTaeTCH C T p oro AOTOPMHHH pOBaHHbIM — HSeCTKOCTb H 3b lK a K O Aa S A ec b He n a p y m a e T c a .

n p n p a c n iH ^ p o B K e a 3 H K a S n o a o r H a e c K o r o K O A a n p n m a o c b C T O a K n y T b c a c ceM aH T iraecK O H n p o S a e M O H : K a K CB H 3aH T p H n a e T H H ii a 3 b m c r e M , aTO o h o 6 o 3 H a a a e T . O A H 03H aaH O C T b S on bin H H C T B a k o a o h o b He B H 3 H B a e T COMHeHHH, XOTH OCTaeTCH B 03M 0?K H bIM , HTO H e - CKOabKO KOAOHOB H e 0 A H 0 3 H a a H b I, OHH M O ryT KOAHpOBHTb S o a e e OAHOH aM HH OKHcaOTbi [179]. B ceM aH T H K e S n o a o r H a e c K o r o K O A a o c T a a n c b em ;e h A p y r n e H e p a 3 p e in e H H b ie B o n p o c b i : c a O B a p b S n o a o r H a e c K o r o K O Aa h b h o H 3 6 b iT o a e H , o h C0A ep a«H T S o a b in e 3 H a K o s , a e M c y m e c T B y e T o 6 o 3 H a a a e M H x s e m e n , h 3 A e c b OCTaeTCH H e a c H H M , K o r A a h o a h h h k o b o a n aa cT O H c n o a b 3 y iO T c a aa bT ep H a T H B H bie k o a o h h - c h h o h h m h a3 3 o 6 o 3 H a a e H H a o a h h x h r e x a ?e aM H H OKH CaoT [179]. E c h h c a H T a T B , aTO S e H e c o B C K a a M O A eab b o c h p h h t h h C M H c a o B o r o c o A e p a ta H H a

3 H a K a n p n e M a e M a a 3 3 o n n c a H H a m n p o K o r o K a a c c a h 3h k o b , t o h 3 h k

199

SHOJiorEraecitoro KOfla b stom OTHOmeHHH 0Ka3HBaeTCH BM poajfleHHHM . Oh n on afla eT Kyfla-TO Ha t o t K p a i ceMaHTHnecKofi n m a jiH , r ^ e H a- XOflHTCH H3HKH C COBepiHeHHO >KeCTKOH CTpyKTypOH. ECTeCTBeHHHH H3HK 6nojiorH H ecK O ro KO^a ycT p oeH KaK B ectM a p e r y jin p H a a c r p y K - T y p a . CaM n p on ;ecc cnHTHBaiiHH HH$opMan;HH b SHOJiornnecKOM K o^ e oneH b HanoM HHaeT aHaJiorHHHHH n p on ;ecc b 9 B M : K a n s a n MOJieKyjia TpaHcnopTH OH P H K HMeeT cboio o c o S y io nocJieAOBaTejib- HOCTb H3 T p ex OCHOBaHHH, TaK Ha3HBaeM HH aHTHKOflOH, KOTOpHH paCH 03H aeT COOTBOTCTByiOmHH KOflOH B HH(f)OpMan,HOHHOH P H K nyTeM cnapiiB aiiH H OCHOBaHHH. B e e n p on cxoflH T coBepm eHHO M exaH H - necK H . H e p e ry jiH p iio c T i, b 3 to t h3hk bboah tch to jibk o nyTeM H a p y m e - HHH 3T0H MexaHHHHOCTH. M yT apH H MOTyT B03HHKaTb H OT OUIhSoKcnHTHBaHHH. B npon;ecce reHeTHnecKofi peKOM6HHan;HH h b o BpeMH yflBoeHHH ^ H K MoiKeT npoH30HTH floSaBJiemie oflHoro OCHOBaHHH. 9 t o npHBefleT k TOMy, h t o rpaHHn;a c h h t h b k h h h TpHHJieTOB c a b h h g t c h . Bo3HHKinaH TaKHM o6pa30M onraOKa b flajibHeimeM m o j k c t 6 h t b HcnpaBJieHa BHnafleHHeM o a h o t o HyKJieoraAa. 9 t h A®a H3MeHeHHH npHBeAyT He t o j ib k o k 3aMeHe A^yx aMHHOKHCJiOT, h o h k 3aMeHe Bcex HpOMeJKyTOHHHX aMHHOKHCJiOT, TaK KaK HpOMeJKyTOHHBie OCHOBaHHH CHHTHBajracB TaKiKe co c a b h t o m h o $a3e, h nosTOMy o h h crp y n - HHpyiOTCH B TpHHJieTH He TaK, KaK 3TO 0BIJIO 6h B HOpMajIBHOM CJiy-n ae [ 1 7 9 ] .

BepHeMCH Tenepb CHOBa k Hamefi ceMaHTHnecKofi mKajie. fflecTKHe H3HKH HpOrpaMMHpOBaHHH H BCe HpOIjeAypH, CBH3aHHBie c 9B M , ceMaHTHnecKH CTporo o a h o 3HanHH h npHHpHHHajiBHO He AonyCKaiOT MexaHHnecKHx o ih h S o k . B h p o t h b o h o j i o j k h o c t b 9TOMy b o Sh a b h h o m H3HKe HeperyjinpHOCTB 3ajioiKeHa yiKe b caMOH CTpyKType H3HKa. H 3hk SnoJiorHnecKoro KOAa 3aHHMaeT npoMeiKyTOHHOe nojioaceHHe — o h perynnpeH h j ih h o h t h pery jinpen no CBoen ceMaHTHnecKon CTpyK- Type, HOAonycKaeT HapymeHHH b CBoefi peryjiHpHO-MexaHHcranecKOH CTpyKType.

HMeeT c m h c j i roBopHTb h o pa3MepHOCTii SnojiorHnecKoro H3HKa. M h 3HaeM, h t o reiiOTHnecKaH HH$opMan;HH xpaiiHTCH b <$opMe j ih iio h - h o t o c o o 6in;eHHH b HyKjieHHOBOH KHCJiOTe h m o jk b t h p o h b j i h t b c h b BHAe JIHHeHHOH HOCJieAOBaTejIbHOCTH aMHHOKHCJiOT B SejIKe. H o CaM SejIOK y * e cyna;eCTBeHHO TpexMepeH — peinaioni;ee 3HaneiiHe HMeeT t o , k h k h b naCTH MOJieKyjiH c 6 j ih ;k o h h b TpexM epHoi CTpyKType npn yKJiaAKe n;eneH. HanpnM ep, MOJieKyjia jiH3on;HMa — (JepMeiiTa, pa3- pyinarom ero o S o j io h k h SaKTepnaJibHHx KJieTOK, — c o c t o h t H3 129 CTpyKTypHHx eAHHHn;, CBH3aHHHx MeiKAy c o S o h b n era p ex MeCTax nonepenHHMH AHCyjib^HAHHMH MOCTHKaMH [181]. TpexMepHan k o h -^HrypanjHH MOJieKyjibi oAH03Hanno oupeAejiHCTCH nocjieAOBaTejib- h o c t b h j o6pa3yioin;HX ee aMHHOKHCJiOT. 9 t3 KOH$Hrypan;HH OTBenaeT MHHHMyMy c b o S o a h o h 3HeprHH. IIpHAaHHe MOJieKyjie KaKOH-JinSo

200

A p y r o S c[)opM H n o T p e 6 o B a .r o 6 h npH T O K a B H en iH eft a H e p r u H . C e f in a c AOCTaiOHHO x o p o r a o H 3 B ecTH O , K aK A G T epM H im pyeT C H n o c J ie A O B a T e jib - HOCTb aMHHOKHCJIOT B 6 e jIK e , HO HBHCBH M eXaH H SM , C HOMOEAbK) K O T o p o r o n p o H c x o f lH T T p e x M e p H o e ynop H A O H H B aH H e. B o b c h k o m c j i y n a e , n o n H T K a peraeH H H s t o h a a A a n u H a 9BM H p ea m jH a H H o c jio jK H a ,, BblJIH HOCTaBJieHbl 3K C n epH M eH T H , B KOTOpbIX 6 ejIK H yT paH H B ajIH c b o h ) cneiiH <f>H H ecK yio T p e x M e p H y r o KOH<f>Hrypan;HH) 6 e 3 p a 3 p H B a CBH3 0 H , oS ecn eH irB a ro iH H x p e jio cT H O C T b M O J ie K y jm . B TaKOM A ^ n a T y - pHpOBaHHOM COCTOHHHH 3TH 6 ejIK H y>Ke TepHJIH CBOH) (|)epM eHTaTHB- H yro aKTHBHOCTb [182]. E n o jio r H H e c K H K aT ajiH 3aT op -(| )epM eH T m o jk o t BBIHOJIHHTb CBOH H H ^O pM apH O H H H e <f>yHKIJHH TOJIBKO B TpeXM G piIO M COCTOHHHH.

HeCKOJIbKO CJIOB 0 6 3BOJHOHHH H 3H K a 6 HOJIOrHHeCKOrO K O fla . KaK 3TO HH CTpaHHO, ShOJIOTH HpaKTHHeCKH HOHTH HHHerO H e M o r y T C K a3aT b n o 9TOM y B o n p o c y . 9 b o jh o d ;h h K O fla , no-B H A H M O M y, n p o n c - XOAHJia H a OHGHb p aH H eH CTBAHH pa3B H TH H JKH3HH, H 3TO K p a fc f fe3aTpyAHHeT H3yneHHe npoSjieMH [179]. H3hk SnojiorHHecKoro KOAaHBJIHeTCH 3aK pbITbIM . ECJIH B CJIOBape H npOHCXOAHT K aK H e-JIH So H3 M eHeHHH, TO A0CT3T0H H 0 OCHOBaHHH CHHTHTb, HTO OHH BeCbM a H e - 3H3HHTeJIbHH. J l l o S o e H3M eH eH H e CjIOBapH O K a3H B aeTC H JieTaJIbH H M , h 9 b o ji io h ;h h , A a in e b r e o j io r H n e c K H x M a c n iT a S a x , 0K a3H B aeT C H n e - B03M 05KH0H. 9 t O , Ka>K6 TCH, eAHHCTBeHHHH H3 H3BeCTHH X HaM H3HKOB C 3aCTHBIHHM CJIOBapeM . B o3M O )K H O , HTO B H pO peC C e eCTeCTBeHHOTO O T 0O pa KaKHM -TO 0 6 p a 3 0 M npOHCXOAHHO H3M eH eH H e B COOTHOmeHHH M eiK A y p e ry jiH p H O H h CJiynafiH O H c o cT a B J in io m e H H 3 U K a . ^ j i h s b o j i i o - AHOHHOrO n p o p e c c a B peAH H M H OKa3HBaiOTCH K aK CJIHIHKOM SO JIbinaH , TaK h c j ih ih k o m M ajia H naCTO Ta M yTan;H H . IT o n o B O A y n p oH C xojK A eH H H h 9 b o jh o h ;h h r e H e T H n e c K o r o KOAa S h j i o B H CK a3aH O m h o t o r n n o T e 3 , HO B ee OHH HOCTpOeHH T aK , HTO He HOAA^IOTCH 9KCH epH M eH TajIbH OHnpoBepKe [179].

D i a B a c e ^ b M a fl

I I p o 6 j i e M a HMeira

9 r y rjiaBy mojkho Sbijio 6bi Ha3BaTt «Ta0Ha Hm6hh». B tom noHHMa- hhh, KOToporo mbi 6y,n;eM npnêpiKHBaTBCfl b 9toh rJiaBe, Hmh — 9to nepeiKHTOK nponniBix KyjiBTyp, xoth mh<|> — nocTpoeHne, CBH3aHHoe c HMeHeM, — b KaKOM-TO TpaHC(J)opMnpoBaiTHOM BHê Bomeji b Hainy jkh3hb b HeKOTopux npoHBjieHHHx HCKyccTBa. Hmh, KaK m bi ero noHHMaeM, — 9to b h e h 3 ii k o b a a K a i e r o p i A 1, HMeHa He nonaâiOT Ha Hamy ceMaHTHHecKyio nmaJiy. Ecjih mh 3axoTHM paCCMaTpHBHTB HMeHa KaK H3BIKOBHe KaTeropHH, TO HaM HyjKHO 6y 3 eT BBecTH ônojiHHTejiBHO em;e o^ho H3MepeHne. B btoh KHHre mbi jihhib coBceM Serjio KacaeMCH npoSjieMBi HMeHH, HaM bto hyjkho TOJIBKO JIH Toro, HToSh JlyHme OTTeHHTB OCOSeHHOCTH HHCTO H3HKOBHX CHCTeM.

H am a no^SopKa BBicKa3HBaHHH o H3BiKe b nepBOH rjiaBe H ara- HaeTCH c cyiKfleHHH njiaTOHa 06 HMeHax Bemefi. B B eâx ynoMH- HaeTCH 0 B ceo 6m;eM peMecjieHHHKe, flaBineM HMeHa BenjaM, b B h 6jihh TOBOpHTCH O TOM, HTO AflaM HpH COTBOpeHHH MHpa flaJI HMeHa cy - mecTBaM. npe^CTaBJieHHe 0 cjiOBax KaK HMeHax Bemefi nocjiyjKHJio HanaJiOM yneHHH 0 H3HKe KaK 0 jKecTKOH cncTeMe. Hmh CTaJio o^hoh H3 KaTeropHH $opMajiBHon jiothkh. npe^cTaBJieHHe JiornnecKHx H03HTHBHCT0B 0 JIOTHHeCKHX aTOMaX MOJKHO TOJIKOBaTB KaK B03Bpam;e- Hne k HHTepnpeTapHH cjiob KaK hmch. H o bot hto HHTepeCHO: b bbi- CKa3HBaHHHX JIHHTBHCTOB MBI He BCTpeHaeM yHOMHHaHHH 06 HMeHH, KaK TaKOBOM. Hmh OKa3aJiocB BHe ctJepBi Tex, kto 3aHHMaJicn H3yne- HneM H3BiKa. H o coBceM HeojKHâHHO n p o $ e cco p K). B . PojKflecTBeH- ckhh b flOKJiaê Ha TeMy «CeMHOTHKa h KyjiBTypa» B03pam;aeTCH k npoSjieMe HMeHH. E ro ocHOBHBie Te3HCBi 3BynaT npnMepHO TaK: «Hmh HMMaHeHTHO HMeHyeMOH HIIJIHBHJiyaJIBHOCTIl; C yHHHTOJKeHHeM HMeHH nornSaeT h HHflHBHflyaJiBHOCTB; HMeHa He cyTB cpe/jcTBa KOMMyHHKaipHDJ.

1 I I p e a c t b b jieH H B 06 HMeHH m o jk h o p a ccM a T p H B a T B h c a p y r n x , HHCTO rpaM M B T H - n e c K i i x n o3H H H H , n o H H M a a n o n b th m to p m h h o m «h m h c o 6 cT D e H H o e » . n o aTO M y B o n p o c y c m . K H H ry A. B. G y n e p a H C K O i [208],

202

OflHa H3 CJiyma'rejii.HHli; flOKJiafla 1 0 . B . PoiKflecTBeHCKoro CbiJia CTpaniHO B03Mym,eHa ero b t o p l i m t c 3 h c o m : «Pa3Be h HCHeany, ecjin nponafleT Moe h m h ? » ,H,a, HHflHBHflyajibHOCTb nejiOBeKa b KaKOM-TO CMHCjie Hcae3aeT, ecjin o h TepneT CBoe h m h . IlMeiiHo fljiH 3Toro Ha KaTopre y nejiOBeKa oTHHMaeTCH h m h h BMecTo Hero eMy h p h h h c h - BaeTCH HOMep. IIpaHeHHaH c HOMepoM, nntojia c HOMepoM — Bee 3T0 JIHHieHO HHflHBHflyaJIbHOCTH. H o BOT HCTOpHH COXpaHHJia HaM niKOJIH C HHflHBHflyajIbHOCTbiO, CKaJKeM rHMHa3HI0 HojIHBailOBa. Bee TaKne i h k o j ih h m c io t HMeHa.

H-Mfl n e j i O B e K a , KaK HeHTO eMy HMMaHeHTHoe, He e c uC p e R C T B O K O M M y H H K a n , H H . B C H C T e M e/ K O M -M y H H K a n , H H o h o n p e B p a m a e i c s b c j i o b o c o

MHOJKeCTBOM 3HaHeHHH. HpOH3HeCHTe HMH 6jIH3KOrO BaM HeJIOBeKa. Oho npeBpaTHjiocb b cjiobo, h c bthm cjiobom y Bac c KaKon-To Han- SojibineH flJiH Bac BepoHTHOCTbio cbh3bh oSjihk Bainero flpyra — ero HH^HBH^yajibHOCTb; ho c 3thm me cjiobom, xoth h c MeHbmen BepoHTHOCTbio, y Bac CBH3aHH h flpyrne jho/jh, HOcnmHe sto hmh, h to , neM ohh npHMenaTejibHH. Ecjih bh 3axoTHTe Hcnojib30BaTb cjiobo, CBH3aHHoe c HMeHeM nejiOBeKa, KaK ero Meray, CKaateM npn noHCKe aflpeca b OTflejie cnpaBOK, to 0Ka3HBaeTCH, hto cjioBa-HMeHH HeflOCTaTOHHO. I l0JIHM0p$H0CTb 3T0T0 CJIOBa HaflO Cy3HTb, H B H floSaBJineTe k HeMy othcctbo, ^aMHJinio, rofl poiKfleHHH.

B o t KaK o ^ h h H3 n ep coH a jK en B . IIIe K cn n p a npoT ecT yeT npoTHB npeBpameHHH hmchh b cjiobo:

IIIyT: H y h BpeMeHa HacTajin! Xopoman niyTKa Bee paBHo h t o nepnaTKa: j i i o S o h o c t p h k b flBa cneTa BHBepHeT ee Han3HaHKy.

B n o jia : IIojK aJiyH , t h n p a B : c t o h t HeMHoro n o n rp a T b c j i o b o m , KaK e ro yn te TpenjieT b c h y jm n ;a .

IIIyT : IIoTOM y-TO, c y fla p b , h h x o tc j i 6h , h t o 6h y M oefi cecT p H He 6H JI0 HMeHH.

Bnojia: A noneMy Bce-TaKH?

IIIyT: ^ a Beflb h m h — 3 t o c j i o b o : KTO-H nSyflb n o n rp a e T eeHMeHeM, h OHa, t o t o h t j i h ^ h , CTaHeT yjiHHHOH. H t o ro B op n T b , c jioB a c^ejiajiH C b HacTOHm,HMH npo,n;a>KHHMH n m y p a M H c Tex n o p , KaK h x 0H030PHJIH CJIOBaMH.

Bnojia: H t h Montemb flOKa3aTb 3 t o ?

IIIyT: BnflHTe j i h , cyflapb, 6e3 c j i o b s t o t o flOKa3aTb Hejib3H, a c jio B a flo t o t o H30JirajiHCb, h t o MHe h p o t h b h o flOKa3HBaTb h m h npaBfly.

203

3fleCb cjioBaMH myra a^Top, KaK bto 6hjio npniiHTO b to BpeMH, BiipajKaeT cboh mhcjih. (B. IIIeKcnnp, «,H,BeiiaAij;aTaH iiohb hjih KaK yro^Ho», aKT III , cu,eHa I).

Mojkho AYMaTB, hto hmh — bto pejinKTOBoe HBneHHe b Haraefi KyjiBType. Oho othochtch k «AOJiornHecKOMy» — o6pa3HOMy — mhhi- jichit 10 HenoBeKa, h nonHTKa coothocth ero c npeACTaBJieHneM o Jiorn- necKHX aTOMax — bto npn^aHHe CTapoMy hohhthio coBceM hoboto cmhcji a.

IIonHTaeMCH peKOHCTpynpoBaTB npnpoAy o6 pa3Horo MHiujieHHH. H m h HMManeHTHO HH^HBH^yajiBHocTH. HeJioBeK, ycjiHinaBHiHH h m h , /jojiJKeH 6 h j i ero y3HaTB, «HHTan» BHyTpH ceSn (3AecB m o jk h o HanoM- h h t b npe^cTaBjieiiHH IIjiaTOHa o no3HaHnn npn noMom;H H^en, o jih d S b h k Hflee KaK o nyra no3HaHHH). HaA HMeHaMH He npoH3 BOAHTCH jiornnecKHX onepaipiH, npocTo h p o h c x o a h t BiiyTpeHiiee cocpeAO- ToneHHe Has h h m , ero y 3HaBaHHe b npoijecce MeAHTan,HH Ha# h h m . H mh c t o h t BHe jiornKH — o t o m , h t o c t o h t 3 a HMeHeM, nejiB3H y3H3 TB H3 conocTaBJieHHH CHOBa-HMeHH c APyrnMH CHOBaMH, h 6 o c HMeHeM CBH3aH0 HMeHHO t o , h t o opraHHHecKH npncyme TOJIBKO eMy OA- HOMy.

f[ojiB3yHCB TepMHHOJiorneH JIaHrep [63], m o jk h o cKa3aTB, h t o h m h — HeAHCKyp c h b h h h c h m b o j i , ero He HMeeT CMHCjia pa3JiaraTB Ha oTAeJiBHHe 3JieMeHTH, h 6 o AencTByeT o h t o j i b k o KaK h c h t o n,ejioe. npaBHJia, HO KOTOpHM OH CJIOJKeH H3 OTAejIBHHX 3JieMeHT0B, He HMeiOT 3HaneHHH b npou,ecce ero b o c h p h h t h h . Pa3BHTan h b m h BHine 6efi- ecoBCKan MOAeJiB b o c h p h h t h h c h m b o j i o b He HMeeT HHKaKoro OTHome- h h h k npoii,eccy b o c h p h h t h h HMeH. HMeHa He nonaAaiOT Ha Hainy ceMaHTHnecKyH) niKajiy, nocKojiBKy HMeHa c neM-To j k c c t k o CBH3aHBi, h o Hen3BecTH0 c neM. Hx, Ka3aJiocB 6h , m o jk h o S h j i o h o m c c t h t b Ha TOT KOHeH IHKajIBI, TAe HaXOAHTCH H3HKH C KpaHHe JKeCTKOH CTpyK- TypOH, HO A^fl 3THX H3BIK0B H3BeCTH0, HTO o6o3HaHaeT 3HaK, H HaA s t h m h 3HaKaMH npoH3BOAHTCH HorHHecKne onepau,HH. E c j i h HMeHa H C03Aai0T H3BIK, TO RRfl HpeACTaBJieHHH erO CeMaHTHKH, KaK MH yjKe roBopnjiH BHme, HyjKHa APyran pa3MepH0CTB.

E c jih n p n 3 H a T B n p a B O M ep H O H 3 T y TOH Ky 3p eH H H , t o oKaJKyTCH HOHHTHHMH T aK H e HBJieHHH B HCTOpHH K y H B T y p H , K a K , CKaJKeM, npeA C T aB JieH H e o M a r n n H M eH . H m h b s t o h c n c T e M e b 3 t j ih a o b m o t j io 6 h TB HM M aneH TH O H CKpBITHM CHJiaM H p n p O A H , K O T O p H e, K a K TOTAa npeAC TaBJiH H O CB, m o j k h o 6 h h o b h s b h t b n p o H 3 H e c e iiH e M H M eHH . CTaHOBHTCH h o h h t h o h h C T p y K T y p a p e J in r n H . ^ o c T a T O H H O p a 3 p a 6 o T a H - H a n p e jin r n o 3 H a H c n c T e M a m o jk c t c o c t o h t b h 3 A orM aT O B — (popM yJ iH - P o b o k , C A en aH H H X H a c jiO B e c H O -jio r n n e c K o M y p o B H e , c h m b o j io b B e p n — H M eH , c m h c j i k o t o p h x MOJKeT 6 h t b h o h h t j ih h ib BH yTpeH H H M y r J iy 6- JieHHeM b c e 6n , h p H T y a jiO B , K O T o p H e h b j ih io t c h h t p o b h m h n p o - HBJieHHHMH HM6H H0H CHMBOJIHKH. J I lo S o m iT H O , HTO H 03T H -C H M B 0-

204

j ih c t h c fle jia jiH n o n tiT K y BocKpecH TB p o jit HMen. 3 a A a a e ii H 03Ta- CHMBOJIHCXa CTaJI HOHCK CHMBOJia-HMeHH H yCHJieHHe B03M0JKH0CTH e ro noHHMaHHH — c o o t h o c o h h h c aeM-TO b H a n ie ii ^>aHTa3HH —C p e f lC T B a M H H 0 3 3 H H .

M h <£ — 3 TO TaKJKe H e^ H C K y p cH B H a a C T p y K T y p a , y c T p o e H H a a T aK w e , K aK h m h , h o H e p a p x n a e c K H C T oa m .a a B H in e . M h $ H anoM H H aeT ap K H H COH. X opO IH H M H pH M epO M HOHTH COBpeMeHHOTO M H ^ a H B a a e T c anoBecTB H . B . T o r o jia « H o c» (ee n oA 3aroaoB O K «C o h »). 8 Ta noBecTb H anH caH a caoBaM H o S H ^eH H oro a 3 H K a , C Ba3aH H oro b $ p a 3 H n p aB H - aaMH rpaM M aTHKH. B H em H e Bee ^ e ic T B H a n p o H cx o ^ a T B no jrae h o th h h o . B o BcaKOM c a y a a e , b b to h noBecTH HeT Tex H ap o an T b ix aaorHHHOCTen:, k o to p h m h x a p a K T e p H 3 y io T ca coBpeMeHHbie aG cTpaKTH H e n b e cH . H o b t o >Ke BpeMH BCa C H T y a p n a b noBecTH He BoenpHHHM aeTea KaK jio rn a e c K a H KO H C TpyK pna. B e e fle a o 3fle cb b tom , h to c jio b o «iioc» BH CTynaeT b KaaoM-TO o co 6om, He pa3bacHeHHOM cm h cjio . O h o h b - a a e T c a HMeHeM aero-TO . H b to h t o -t o HHTaTeab AoajKeH p a3ra A a T b . P a 3raA H B aH n e — s t o He a o ra a e cK H H aH aaH 3, a p eK O H C T pyK piia B $aHTa3H H .

n p n M e p coBceM coBpeM eH H oro M iijia — b to $ a a b M A h t o h h o h h « K p y n H H M naaiioM )) (n oflp o S H oe o nn caH H e (JjajibMa cm., H anpnM ep, b [183]). O TAeabHbie 3nH 30Abi b to h KapTHHH K aJK yT ca B n o jra e a o r n a - h h m h , a b u,eaoM OHa onaTb-T aK H He BO cnpnH H M aeTca KaK pa3BHTHe KaKofi-TO a o rn a e c K o n KOHii,enii;HH. M ojK eT G h tb , K aioaoM k ee HOHHMaHHIO AOHJKHO CByjKHTb nOHBaeHHe KaOyHCKH pa3M aaeB aH H H X HJHomeS: h fleB ym eK b H a a a a e h b KOHH,e KapTH H H . 3 t o aenTMOTHB npoH3BeAeHHa. K o H a a e T c a KapTHH a TeM, h to ra a B H H H re p o ft $ o t o - r p a $ T o M a c B K a io a a e T ca b n r p y naau,eB b TeHHnc; Bee h p o h c x o a h t b 3 t o h cu,eHe KaK b peaabHOM M npe, h o n r p a BeAeTca H ecy m e cT B y - romeH paaeTKO H n O TcyTCTB yiorpiTM mhhom. 3 fle c b p e a b h a c t o h h tb 06 H3Hio6neHHOH TeMe aBTopa KapTHH H — 6e3ycaoBH O H naaio3opH O CTH a e a o B e a e cK o n jk h 3 h h , h o A h t o h h o h h O T K a3a aca b HHTepBbio a h t b o S b acH eH n e KapTHHe Ha ao rn ae cK O M ypoB H e. 3 t o m h$, k o t o p h h T oabK o a e p e 3 Hame BOoGpajKeHne A0JIH<eH O Ka3HBaTb b h h h h h c Ha Hame M Hm aeHHe. H KapTHH a Ae^CTBHTeabHO npoH3BOAHT cn a b H o e BneaaTaeH He h , naBepH oe, h m ch ho noTOMy, h to TaM H cn o a b 3y iO T ca HenpHBHHHHe HaM (JopM H B03AeHCTBHH.

B M H ^oaornaecK O M K a io a e M oryT G h tb iia n n c a H H h npoH3BeAeHHH, npeTeHAyioin.He Ha ra y G o K o $ H a o c o $ c K o e ToaKO BaH ne npoG aeM H . Ilp H M ep o M 3T o ro MOJKeT c a y a iH T b a n o K p n ^ H a e cK o e E B a H re a n e o t omh, HeAaBHo noHBHBHieecn b pyccKO M nepeBOAe [184]. H TaM o naTb-T aK H OTAeabHHe BH CKa3HBaHHH n o c T p o e im rpaM M aTH aecKH npaBHabH O , h o Bee coA epjK aH iie He BocnpHHHMaeTCH KaK a o rn a e c K a H KOHCTpyKII,HH. 3 tO BOCHpOH3BeAeHHe KaKOH-TO TaHHH, KOTOpyiO HyjKHO p a 3ra A a T b , h t o t , k t o ee p a 3raA aeT, n o 3 a M H c a y naMHTHHKa,

205

y>Ke n 6p©CTaHeT 6h t b nejioB eK oM . IlaMflTHHK iiaHmiaeTCH cjiO-B 3 M H :

9 t o Ta&HHe c jio B a , K O T opue c K a 3aji H n c y c jk h b o h h K oT o p n e 3anncaJi ^ h ^ h m H y p a CPoMa. H o h cK a 3a ji: T o t , k t o o 6peTeT h c t o j i k o - BaHHe 9THX CJIOB, He BKyCHT CMepTH.

3 t o E B a H rejin e , Ka3aJiocB 6h , npeTeH pyeT Ha r o p a 3 p o 6ojiee rJiySoK oe npoHHKHOBeHne b cyTB xpHCTHaHCTBa, HeM neTBipe KaHOiin- necKHX eBaH rejiH H , BKJiioHaH n E B a H ren n e o t H oaH H a . Ho 9t o E B aH rejin e He S h jio BKJHoneHO b KaHOHHHecKHH c n n c o K , c jio jk h b ih h h c h , B OCHOBHOM, y>Ke B IV B . IIoH eM y — 06 3TOM HeT CBHpeTeJIBCTB. M oateT 6h t b , pan;HOHaJiH3M no3AHe9JUiHHCKoro o6pa30B aH H H 3acTaBJiHJi HX SbITL CTOpOHIIHKaMH JIorHHeCKHX MeTOpOB H3JIO/KOHHH, paiK e K orpa p e n t in jia 0 p e jrarn 03H 0H KOHpenpHH. M bi n e mojkgm 3peci> nop p oS H ee ocTaHaBJiHBaTBCH Ha pojiH MH(|)a b CHCTeMe npepCTaBJieiiHH p e jr a rn o 3 - h h x H pen — 06 btom m h o to H an n caH o h 9T0 n e H auia T eiia . XoneTCH JIH IH B oSpaTHTB BHHMaHHe Ha TO, HTO H B COBpeMeHHBIX (])HJIOCO<]>CKHX coHHHeHHHX H H orpa npocK aJiB3H BaeT M H $ojiorH H ecK an cocTaBH H ioipaH . «T p aK T aT » [2 2 ] , npHHapJieiKaipHH npotJeccH O iiaJiy-JiorH K y, HecMOTpn n a neTK yio jiorH H ecK yio HeKaHHocTB oTpejiBHHX $ o p M y jin p o B o K , b neM-TO MecTaMH HanoM HHaeT m h $ . T aic oe HeojKH paH iioe coneTaH ne JIOTHKH C HepOCKa3aHHOCTBIO, K KOTOpOH OHa TOJIBKO nopBOpHT H KOTOpyiO MH POJIJKHH BOCCTaHOBHTB CHJIOH CBOeH $aH T a3H H , H npHflaeT KOJIOpHT 3T0M y COHHH eHHK).

HpepcTaBJieHHe 0 b o c h p h h t h h hm oh h KaK 0 HTeHnn nero-TO H 3H yTpn 3aCTaBJIHeT o 6 paTHTBCH K CMyTHOH KOHpenpiIH 0 BpOJKpeH- h h x 3apaTK ax H epoB eK a. H o h t o , c o S c tb o h h o , m h iiOHHMaeM n o p s t o h KOH penpH efi? C K op ee B c e ro , OHa cJiyiKHT HaM a j ih BeiKJiHBoro o6o3HaHeHHH H arnero n e 3HaHHH. E c jih m h He MoiKeM npocJiepnTB bcio p en B 3BOJiiopHOHHoro n p o p e c c a , t o mo>kbm BBicKa3aTB rn n o T e 3 y O B3pHBHOH M yTapH H , HO 9Ta THnOTe3a TaKJKe HHHerO He oSljHCHfieT, H n p o ip e OrpaHHHHTBCH yTBepiKpeHHeM 0 BpOJKpeHHOCTH 3aAaTKOB. H H TepecH O, h to X o m c k h h b KHHre «H 3B ik h M HnuieHHe» [1 4 6 ] b b iab h - raeT rn n o T e 3 y 0 BpojKpeHHOCTH MexaiiH3MOB nopojKpeH H H BHpaiKeHHH H 3H K a. n o e ro npepcTaBJieHHHM, peSeH OK, OBjiapeBaH nepB H M h 3 h k o m , He o 6ynaeTCH eM y, a co3p eB aeT p o e ro OBjiapeHHH x.

OCHOBaHHH pJIH BHpBHHieHHH TaKOH rHHOTe3H, HeCOMHeHHO, eCTB. ^ e j i o b t o m , h t o He ypaJiocB npocJiepHTB sb o jh o p h io HHTejuieKTa

1 O S c y /K p a n n p o S j i e s i y « o i i p e p e j i e n i iH M exaH H 3M O B , K O T o p w e o n e p u p y io T p a n - BUMH HyBCTB H OljeCIICHHBaiOT 3H aH H e H 3H K a — H 3 H K 0 B y l0 nO T eH ip lIO )), OH n iu n e T : « . . . o n e B iip H O , hto T a K iie M e x a H im iH c y ip e c T B y io T . B e p i , o B j i a p e - B 3I0T H ie peT H n e p B H M H 3H K 0M ; H 3H K , KOTO pH M OHH O B JiapeB aiO T, HBJIHeTCH B TpapH pH O H H O M CMHCJie ((yCTaHOBJIGHHHM H 3U K 0M », a H6 CIICTeMOH, O Iip e p e jlH C - MOH BpO/KpeHHHMH M 6XaH H 3M aM H » [ 1 4 6 ] .

206

Ha nyra ero onjiajiemni h 3h k o m . J I.neMena, naxoAHinneoH Ha ca.MoiiHH3KOH CTa HH KyJIbTypHOTO pa3BHTHH, BHOJIHe nOArOTOBJieHH AJIH OBJiafleHHH BCeMH H3UKOBHMI Cpe CTBaMH. H B TO JKe BpeMH flaJKe BblCIHHX JKHBOTHHX HeJIb3H HayHHTb BJieMeHTBM H3bIKOBOrO HOBe eHHH, eCJIH H3HK nOHHMaTb KaK CHCTeMy JIOrHHeCKH HenpOTHBOpeHHBHX onepapHH HaA abcTpaKTHHMH CHMBOJiaMH, a He KaK npocTofi otkjihk Ha oTAejibHbie cnraaJiH. Pa3JiHHHe MejKAy jkhbothhm h HeJiOBeKOM — 3T0 pa3pHB 3HaHHTeJIbHO 6oJIbIHHH, HeM pa3pHB HO HpOH3BOAHOH. OTCiOAa Xomckhh AeaaeT bhboa o cymeCTBOBaHHH «yHHBepcanbHOH rpaMMaTHKH», CTOHmei 3a BceMH rpaMMaTHKaMn peajibHo cymecTBy- romero MHoroo6pa3HH h3hkob. Ee BOcco3Aairae b btoh CHCTeMe npeA- CTaBJiennH aojijkho 6h pemnTb n npobJieMy MamnHHoro nepeBOAa.

Ho n p a B O M ep H o j ih A eJiaT b T a n n e A aJ ieK o H A y m n e n p e A n o jio jK e H H H ? H a M npeA C TaB JineT C H , h t o 3A e c b p a 3yM H e e A 6HCTBOBaTb o c T o p o n tH e e H rO B O pH Tb H e O <<BP0H<A6H H0H rp a M M a T H K e» K aK 0 HeKOTOpOH 3a K 0H H eH - h o h jiorH H ecK O H C T p y K T y p e , a o n o T eH p H H k a S cT p a K T H O M y x, t . e. K CHMBOJIHHeCKOMy HpeACTaBJieHHIO p e 3 y H b T a T 0 B H aSillOAGHHH H aA BHeiHHHM M HpOM , yM eHHIO n p H A a B a T b CHMBOJiaM nO H H M O p^H O e 3 H a n e - HH e h n p o H 3B0AHTb H aA h h m h <|)opM ajibHbie o n e p a p H H h o n e p a p H H H H T e p n p e T a p H H . K o p o n e r o B o p n , xon eT C H A y Ma T b o b p o jk a g h h o h HOTeHPHH K BOCHpHflTHK) H 3bIK a K aK CHCTeMH 60Jiee CJIOJKHOH, HeM K aK H e-H H 6o n o cT p o e H H H A e A y KTHBH°M j i o t h k h . M o jk h o A y M a T b , HTO BpOJKAeHHHMH HBJIHIOTCH He Te HJIH HHbie C T p y K T y p H , H Aa>K6 H e Te h j i h HHbie h b w k m . a upT ptnpT H k h x b o c h p h h t h i o . 3 A e c b y M ec T H o cp aB H eH H e HHTeJiJieKTa n o jio n e K a c 3 B M . IT o c jie A H io io m h m o jk c m H ayH H T b B H noJiH eH H io JiorH H ecK H X o n e p a p H H , h o H e m o jk c m o 6yn H T B B e e n CJIOHIHOCTH H3bIKOBOrO H O B eAeH H H . OTCHDAa H TpyAHOCTH C M an iH H - h h m nepeB O A O M 2 — a ° c h x n 0 P 3T y 3 a A a n y n p n x o A H J io c b c b o a h t b k C T p o r o JiorH H ecK H M n p o p e A y p a M .

B e p n e M C H T e n e p b k n p o b jie M a M B o cn p n H T H H hmchh. E c j ih boc- n p H H T n e 3 A e c b cboahtch k y 3 H a B a H H io , to 3T a n o T eH p H H A on jK H a 6htb B p o H tA eH H ofi. Ho ajih oSbH C H eH H H bpojkaghhocth H e HyiKHO o 6p a - ipaTbC H k npeA C TaB JieiiH H M n jiaT O H O B C K oro H A e a jiH 3 M a . B e A b hh y koto n e B H 3H B a eT c e n n a c coM H eH H H tot $ a K T , hto on p eA eJ ieH H H e xH M H H ecK n e B e m e cT B a M o r y T H 3M eiiH Tb H a c T p o e H H e n e jiO B e K a h A aiK e B H 3H B a T b y H e r o n p K H e r a ju H o p H H a p H H . X H M H H e c K n e B e m e c T B a 3 A e c b hbjihiotch TOJibKo C T H M yn H T opaM H , bkjiioha iobahmh (h yCH JIH Ba- ioiahmh) M exaH H 3M r e iie p u p o B a H H H <|>aHTa3HH y n e jiO B e K a . 3 T y n o T e H -H.HI0 npH XOAH TCH n p H 3 H a B a T b BpOHtAeHHOH. H MOJKHO A y M a T b , HTO H eAH CKypCH BH bie CHMBOJIH HBJIHIOTCH KJIIOHOM K BKJIIOHeHHIO K aK H X -T O

1 AjieKcaHApoB b [185] paccMaTpwBaji c bthx noaiinn ii npocTpancTBO— BpeMH.2 MHTepecHbie AaHHbie o MamiiHHOM nepeBOAe TeKCTa npiiBoAHTCH b [186 ]. I le -

peBOAHHK iiepeBojHiT TeKCT co cKopocTBK) 450 cjiob b Hac, peAaKTHpoBainie nepeBOAa, CAejiaHHoro 3B M , npoit3BOAiiTCH co CKopocTbio 400 cjiob b a a c .

207

reHepaTopoB (|)aHTa3Hii Ha «BHejiorHHecKOM» ypoBHe. H HMeHHo B 3T0M CMHCJie HMeHB He HBJIHIOTCH CpeflCTBOM KOMMyHHKapHH. Ohh He nepenaiOT nero-TO ot ohiioto JiHU,a k npyroMy, a CJiyjKaT TOJIBKO KJIIOHOM flJIH BKJIIOHeHHH MeXaHH3MH BOCHpOH3Be,n;eHHH HerO-TO BHyrpn Hac.

Mojkho noJiaraTB, hto BpojKênHoS hbjihbtch y nejioBeKa tojibko neKOTopan noTeHipaajiBHaH bobmojkhoctb, a ee KoiiKpeTiian peajin- 3aii,HH 3anaeTCH B03HeficTBneM toh hjih hhoh KyjiBTypBi, a MomeT 6htb, h BOJieH nejioBeKa, ero yMeHHeM cocpenoTOHHBaTBCH — MejjH-THpOBaTB, OTBJieKaHCB OT B03H6HCTBHH HpyrHX BHeiHHHX pa3HpaJKH- Tejien h ot KOMMyHHKapHH na JiornnecKOM ypoBHe c npyrnMH h c ca- MHM C060H. B HeKOTOpHX npOHBJieHHHX KyjIBTypH TeXHHKa MeflH- TapHH SHJia TmaTejibho pa3pa6oTaHa. JKejian hohhtb MexaiiH3M «BHeJIOrHHeCKOrO» C03HaHHH, MBI, BepOHTHO, HOJIJKHH 6yneM nOflOHTH k npo6jieMe, aHaJiorHHHOH pacinH<]>poBKe 6nojiorHHecKoro Koâ.

3/jecB mbi yme nepeKJiHKaeMCH c npencTaBJieHHHMH 3(|)poHMCoHa [187] O reHHOH 3aKOflHpOBaHHOCTH HeKOTOptlX HpOHBJieHHH KyjIBTyptl. Bo3mojkho, rê-TO Ha cySKjieToHHOM ypoBHe He^HCKypcHBHbie B03- HeficTBHH onnTB npeBpamaioTCH b HHCKypcHBHBie. Ho cefinac naM npeflCTaBJineTCH, hto ffiopMajiLiiHii ceMHOTHHecKHH aHajiH3 iieuHCKyp- CHBHHX CHMBOJIOB MaJIO HTO MOJKeT flaTB, nOCKOJIBKy 0 3BeHe nepe- KOflHpOBKH HaM HHHerO He H3BeCTHO.

nepBOH HJUiiocTpapHeH k CKa3aHHOMy BHme MoweT cjiyjkhtb o^Ha H3 pa3HOBHHHOCTeH aMepHKaHCKoro KHHO — aScTpaKTHHe (hjih, Hiiane, miacTHHecKHe) $ hjibmbi, KOTopne HcnojiB3yioT cMeHy H3o6pa- jKeHHH, He HMeionpix caMH no ce6e HHKaKoro CMHCJia, ho OKa3HBaio- npix oneHB CHJiBHoe (])H3HOJiorHHecKoe B03,n;eHCTBHe Ha nejioBeKa, CpaBHHMOe C flefiCTBHeM HapKOTHKOB [188], nCHXOJIOrH MHOrHX CTpaH yJKe flaBHO H3ynai0T bosmojkhoctb npnMoro B03,n;eHCTBHH khhoHa H0flC03HaHHe.

HaM xoTejiocB 6bi 3,n;ecB phckhytb CKa3aTB h hcckojibko cjiob o My3HKe. 0 Hen mojkiio Sbijio 6bi nojio6paTL HHTepecHyio KOJiJieKipaio BHCKa3BIBaHHH. BOT OTfleJIBHBie ffiparMeilTLT TaKHX BHCKa3BIBaHHH, 3aHMCTBOBaHHtie hhmh H3 KiiHriT G. JIaHrep [63], «My3BiKa KaK 3kc- npeccHBHaH <f>opMa BupaJKeHHH; My3HKa KaK TOHajiBHan cTpyKTypa; coMaTHHecKoe BJiHHinie My3HKH; My3BiKa — h3hk bmopiih; My3HKa — jiorHHecKoe BBtpajKeHne hybctb; My3BiKa KaK cnocoS caMOBBtpajKemiH; My3nKa KaK TOHaJiBHan (JopMa nybctbobaHHHj My3HKa KaK Mop<fioJio- thh nyBCTB. . .» H bot 3aKJiioHHTejiBHaH (JopMyjinpoBKa y JIaHrep: «My3HKa — bto Ham mh$ o BHyTpeHHefi jkh3hh — iohhh, jkhboh h nojiHHH cMBicJia mh$ HejjaBHero njôxtiOBeiiHH, Bee eipe npop;oji}Kaio- mHH paCTH B CBOeM pa3BHTHH».

B HesaBiio BBime^nieM cSopiniKe «CeMHOTHKa h HCKyccTBOMeTpiiHU [189], b CTaTBe JleBH-CTpocca, b3htoh H3 ero KHnrn «MH$ojiorHHHBie.

208

1. C tip o e h BapeH oeu, oSpam aeTCH BHHMamie Ha rn y S o K o e c x o a c t b o M ejKpy M y3HKOH h MHijiaMH. HHTepnpexau,HH M y3H KH KaK M i^ ia CTajia oStlfleHHOH. H B TO JKe BpeMfl MOJKHO TOBOpHTb H 0 H3bIKe M y3HKH. M exanHHecKHM H c n o c o 6aMH coH im eiiH H M y3H KH HHTepecoBajiHCb enje xaKHe kom ho 3htopi>i, k h k T a fi^ H , re H jje n b , M o ija p T . I Io jib jic h h o 9 B M n p n ^ a jio 9thm paSoTaM HHyio, 6onee ce p b e 3H yio HanpaBJieHHocTB. IloH B H JiaCb B03M0JKH0CTB (JjOpMaJIbHOrO H3bIKOBOrO aiiaJIH 3a M y3H - KaJIbHblX npOH3B63eHHH, a 3aTeM H HX CHHTe3a. OflHOBpeMeHHO HananHCb paS oTH no CHHTe3npoBaHHio 3ByKOB p a3H H x TeM6poB. B e e 9to h o ^ p o S h o onncaHO b KHHre P . X . 3 a p n n o B a « K n 6epHeTHKa h M y3HKa» [1 9 0 ]. T a n ^ a jn e yTBepjK^aeTCH , h to MamHHa cno co S H a K o6pa30BaHHK) HOBHX CHnTaKCHHeCKHX C T p yK T yp H TaKHM O0pa3OM MOJKeT b h h t h 3a paMKH 3apaH ee 3a,n;aHHHx npaB H Ji.

H o Bee JKe HaM npe^CTaBJiHeTCfl, h to M y3biK ajibH H e npoH3Be,n;eHHH H yjK uo paccM aTpH BaTb, cK op ee, KaK ne^H CKypcH BHbie K o ncT p yK p H H M H$O JiorHHecKoro THna. CDopMajibHHH aH anH 3 BHyTpeHHen c T p y K - r y p H b M y3tiK e, TaK JKe KaK h ^ o p M a n b H H i aHaJiH3 p ra M a b no93HH, BocnpHHHMaeTCH, n o K p a n H e n Mepe c e in a c , KaK h c h to BHemHee, He CBH3aHHoe opraH HH ecKH c n p o p e cco M co3,aaHHH h b o c h p h h t h h . H HaBepHoe, Bee BocnpH H H M ajiocb 6h HHane, e e n n 6h m h 3H a jin x o t h 6h h t o -t o o MexaHH3Me cySKJieTOHHoro n ep e K o ^ n p o B a iiH H . B o b chkom c jiy n a e , KaK ^ jih M y3HKH, TaK h ^ jih pnTM a b h o 9 3 h h m h He MOJKeM y K a 3 a T b H a ceM a H T n n ecK H e e^H H H H bi, a H a n o rH H H H e c n o B a M o S n ^eH H oro H 3HK a, He MOJKeM m h h cocTaBHTb p a h h x t o jik o b h x CHOBapefi, x o t h 6h h o nenb h o jih m o p ^ h h x .

H a M x o n e rcH npoTHBonocTaBHTb M y3H K y aScTpaK TH ofi jk h b o h h c h , nocKO HbKy b nam eM npe^cTaBJieHHH ajnJaBHT h rpaM M aTH Ka a 6cTpaK T- HHX KapTHH HeTKO CBH3aHbI C npOpeCCOM HX BOCHPHHTHH. MojKHO yTBepjK,n;aTb, x o t h 9to Tpy^HO CTporo o 6ocHOBaTb, h to a 6cTpaKTHoe HCKyccTBO BocnpHHHMaeTCH KaK ^HCKypcHBHOe. H no x a p a K T e p y CBoero B033encTBHH 9TO, CKopee, HeHTO, BocnpHHHMaeMoe x o h o ^ h o - JIOrHHeCKH, HeM 9MOIi;HOHaJIbHO-<|)H3HO:iIOrHHeCKH, XOTH, KOHeHHO, B03M0JKHH H CJiyHaH CMemaHHOrO B033eHCTBHfl.

H t o KacaeTCH npe^MeTHOH jk h b o h h c h — a 9to yjK e coBceM He H am a TeMa, — t o TaM m ojkho HafiTH K p a n m ie c jiy n a n , K o r^ a KapTHH H BOCnpHHHMaiOTCH KaK M H rJlH , B0 3fleHCTBy 10 IE(He COBCeM BTiejIOriTHHO. OflHH H3 TaKHX npHMepOB — 9T0 «THXaH JKHBOHHCb» ^JKO pflJKa Mo- paH^H. Ero, K a 3a a o cb 6h , He3aMHCJi0BaTHe h h o h th coBceM p e a jin - CTHHeCKHe HaTIOpMOpTH C HaCTO nOBTOpHK)m;eHCH TeMOH npOH 3BO^HT oneHb CHJibHoe h JioriiH ecK H iieoSbHCHHMoe BnenaTHenHe. Ho h t o S h 9TO BHeHaTJieHHe B03HHKJI0, n a ^ o OKOJIO HHX OCTaHOBHTbCH, OT- BJieHbCH OT B cero , K aK 6h BOHTH B H H X, HMH npOHHKHyTbCH. B c o 6- CTBeHHO HOBeCTBOBaTeflbHOH JKHBOHHCH Cpe^CTBa HCKyCCTBa HCHOJIb-

B- B. HajiiiMOB 209

a y iO T c a fljiH y c n jie i iH H B 03flehcT B H H i i^ e n , n eT K o 3a J io jK eH H oh b h o -

B ecT B O B a xejitH O M c io jK eT e .C e f ia a c H a 3a n a ,n ;e npHHHTO M H oro t o b o p h t b 0 6 OTnyjKfleH H O CTu

b t o m cn e ip a J n H e cK O M CMHCJie 3 t o t o c j io B a , K o T o p u n eM y n p n - ^ a a n 9K3HCTeHii;HaJiHCTBi. I lp H H iiH y OTHyiKfleHHOCTH b h ^ h t b o c o S e H - HOCTHX COBpeM eilHOH K yjIB T ypB I C flO M H H H pyiO m eH pOJILK) CJIOBa.

Mbi He 6y^eM 3,n;ecB roBopnTb 0 copnajiBiiBix acneKTax aToro HBJieHHH, oSycaoBHeHHbix aHTaroHH3MaMH «3ana3Horo» Mnpa. OTMe-THM, HTO H a p a ^ y C 3THMH aCHeKTaMH MOJKHO rOBOpiITB H 0 $ a K T O p a x K O M M yH H K aT iiB H oro n o p H /jK a . G x o B e c n o e o 6 m ;eHHe M eiK fly JiioflbM H n p o n c x o f lH T n y T eM f ln a J io r a , a He b BHp;e m o h o j i o t o b x . ^ n a n o r H y - JKeH, HTOSbl HOBBICHTB y p O B eH b nOHHMaHHH BH CKa3bIBaHH H, CflejiaHHBIX H a H 3biK e c H e p e r y j i H p n o i C T p y K T y p o f i . IToHHM aH He H H K or^ a H e 6 bi- B aeT h o j ih b im . H f l n a a o r K aK p a 3 h n o 3 B O jin e T n eT K o o h p h h t b y p o B e H B HenOHHM aH HH. B K y j ib T y p a x , r f le o 6 m ;eHHe jn o f le h n p o n cx o ,n ;H T n e p e 3 B o c n p n H T n e MH<|)a, e c j i n h e c T b n e n o n H M a H iie h j i h p a 3 H o n o H H M a H n e , TO OHO OCTaeTCH HeBLIHBJieHHHM. O h O MOJKeT 0BITB BBIHBJieHHBIM, e c j i n H a n a T b o 6 cy>K p;aTb B H y T p e m ie e co cT O H H n e H a o 6 bip;eHHOM H 3biK e, HO B eflB 3TOTO MOJKHO H H e fle jia T B . KyJIBTOBBie n p a3 3H H K H — MHCTe- p n n p;peBHOCTH, b k o t o p b i x JiiOflH y n a cT B O B a J in aKTHBHO, S b ij ih n p o - n;ep;ypaM H o 6 i>ep;HHeHHH Jnop;eH b nen T O eflH H oe 2. P a 3 r o B o p 0 6 o t - HyjKAeHHOCTH b y c jio B H H x « 3 a n a p ;H o r o » o 6 p a 3 a jk h 3 h h — H e T o cK a j ih 3TO HO HHHM $O p M aM OpraHH3aiI|HH JKH3HH?

B H acTOH in;ee B peM H b C I I I A c p e ^ n n a cT H M Ojiop;ejK H m n p o K H H o t k j i h k n o jiy H H J io ^BH JKeH ne 3 a co3p ;aH H e h o b o h , K aK e n K a jK e r c a , K y jib T y p b i — K y jIB T y p H «H e jiO B eH ecK oro o 6 T>ep;HHeHHH». H f l e o j i o r n n 3 T o r o H anpaB JieH H H on eH B neTKO H s j io n ie i ia b K H n re P e f i x a [1 9 1 ] (3 T a K H n ra h b j i h b t c h S e c T c e ju ie p o M , e e c o f le p jK a H n e p a H e e nacTHHHO n e n a T a jio c B b TaKOM J K y p H a jie , K aK « N e w Y o r k e r » ) . IIpH B ep;eM 3 0 - CJIOBHO HeCKOJIBKO H a n S o J ie e H H TepeC H H X BBICKa3HBaHHH H3 9TOH k h h t h :

J lr o p n OKa3BiBaK)TCH B M ecT e ( t o g e t h e r ) , K o r f la o h h n e p e jK H - B a ioT 0 3 HO n t o ® e OAHHaKOBBiM o 6 p a 3 0 M . . . M y 3 B tK a O K a 3 a jia cB r jiy S oH a in iiiT M cp e p p T B o M k o m M y n 11 k a n it it h cpeppT B O M BHpaJKeHHH B e e n K yjiB T ypB T . . . B jieK T p oH H K a $ a K T H H ecK n c p ;e j ia j ia b o 3 m o jk h b im n o J iy n e H n e 3B yK O B , K O T opBie 3 0 c h x n o p h h o ^ h h HH CTpyM eH T H e M or B o c n p o H 3 B ecT H . . . B jie K T p o H iio e ycH JieH H e c ^ e a a -T o b o 3 m o jk h h m

1 3 f le c b MHe M oryT B OspaaitTL , y iia 3 aB H a TaKHe n a ccH B H n e cpeflCTBa iie p e p a ’ iii HH^OpMaHIIH, KaK KHHTH, CTKTBH, nepeflaH H . H o Beflb e c j in Bee 3T0 COflepjKHT HTO-HiiSyflL H H T epecH oe, t o HeMefljieHHO D03HiiKai0T f l i ia j io r n : peu ;eH 3iiii, 06- CyJKfleHHH, flHCKyCCHXI.

2 3 f le c b yMeCTHO H anoM H iiT t, h t o k o j i j ig k t i ib h o c t t , M um jieH iiH c e e TpesBbraaiiHOH HMnepaTHBHOCTbio 6bu ia o p n o i i 113 ocofJenH oc.Teii n ep B oS n T H bix H H B H jrasaiyni[2 0 3 ],

210

$aHTacTEraecKoe yBeiiHHeiiHe tpomkocth, My3HKa ciana ctojib rpoM- koh n npoHHKaromei HacTOJibKO, HacKonbKo HejioBenecKoe yxo MojKeT cjmmaTb, n TaKHM o6pa30M flocrarjia TOTaJibHoro 3(|$eKTa. . . Ohh (jno,n;H) Bee CTaJiH 6jih3kh apyr k npyry noTOMy, hto hx cob- MecTHoe Sbirae He onocpe/iyeTCH h He pa3'bejjHHHeTCH cjiobom. . . Ohh ,n;yMaiOT, hto papHonaJibHbii pa3TOBop KaK cpe^cTBo kommyhh- Kapnn MejKny jhohbmh 3ameji cjihhikom najieKO n 6hji npn^yMaH hobhh TepMHH rapping 1 ajih KOMMyHHKapHH b Tex cjiynanx, Korâ OHa Bce-TaKH npnHHMaeT cjioBecnyio (|>opMy. . . Ohh nyMaioT, htoKOT a JIIOflH JjeHCTBHTeJIbHO BMeCTe, HX MOTHBapHH CTHHOBHTCH Bbime, HX TBOpneCKHe CnoCoSHOCTH yMHOWaiOTCH H BblXOflHT flajieKO 3a npeêjibi toh cyMMbi, KOTopyro ohh MoryT npon3BecTH HHflHBH^y- aJIbHO. . . H HapKOTIIKH. . . floSaBJIHIOT COBCeM HOByiO pa3MepHOCTb K TBopnecKHM bo3mo>khocthm h nepejKHBaiiHHM. . . ITpHMeneHHe HapKOTHKOB, ocoSeimo noTOMy, hto ohh HeneraJibiibi, co3flaeT onjy- meHne KpoBHoro poflCTBa eipe npe>K,n;e, hom My3HKaHT HanaJi nr- paTb. . . h Tpynna, h cjiymaTejm paccMaTpHBaiOT HapKOTHKH KaK cocTaBHyio nacTb My3HKajibHbix nepeiKHBaHHH. . .

Kirara Peixa Hanncana c CHMHaraeH k stomy nBHJKeHHio — ohBHflHT B HeM 3apO>K,n;eHHe «HOBOH KyJIbTypH». Ho Bee 3TO npOH3BOflHT oneHb rpycTiioe BnenaTJieHHe. KaiKeTCH, hto pent HfleT 0 B0CC03,n;a- HHH pejIHTHH C HCKyCCTBeilHHM — XHMHHeCKHM — CTHMyJIHpOBaHHeM. C TOHKH 3peiIHH paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX H3MH npoSjieM Ha onncaHHoe flBHJKeHHe MOJKHO CMOTpeTb KaK Iia (copnaHbHO oSyCJIOBJieHHblH, ho cnoHTauHO bo3hhkihhh) SKcnepHMeHT. HHTepecHO 33ecb npe>K,n;e Bcero to, hto 6opb6a c coBpeMemioH «3anap;HOH» KyjibTypoii Bbipa- 3HHacb B 6opb6e co cjiobom KaK c raaBHbiM ee npoHBJieHHeM. Hrne- pecHa n pojib, npnâBaeMaH HapKoraKaM b My3biKajibiibix MHCTepnnx hoboto THna. He cae^yeT hh OTcroâ, hto BoenpnHTHe My3biKH, xoth 6h h b rpySbix (JopMax, nponcxo^HT coMaTHHecKH nepe3 Te cy6KJieTOH- Hbie CTpyKTypbi, KOTopbie nonBepineHbi h npHMOMy XHMHnecKOMy B033eHCTBHI0? 3to, KaK HaM KajKeTCH, HOflTBepjKflaeT pa3BHTyK) Bbime KOHpenpnio o BHyTpeHHeM MexaiiH3Me reHepupoBaiiHH $aHTa3HH, KOTOpHH MOffieT OTKpblBaTbCH OflHHM KJIIOHOM H yCHHHBaTbCH flpyrHM.He CBH eTejibCTByeT jih Bee 310 11 o raySoKoM HHTejiJieKTyaJibHOM Kpn3Hce «3anaflHoi» KyjibTypH? Ho sto ynie flpyran TeMa.

1 R a p — c j i o b o OTCiib n o j i in io p ^ H o e . B o t h o c k o .U jk o e r o s n a T e n it ii : o t p h b h c t o rO B op a T b , 6paHHTi,CH, jiJKeCBiineTejibCTBOBaTb, iic iiy cK a T h K piiK , H 3BepraTB p y - raTejibC TBa.

14* 211

* * *

HaM H e x o x e a o c b 6h, h t o G h K t o -n n G y A b B o c n p H H H a 3 T y n e G o a b m y io r a a s y K aK n o iib iT K y n a S p o c a T b T e o p n io n c K y c c T B a . H a M n y j i m o G li jio , n o B T o p a e M aTo enj,e p a 3 , a r n n b OTTeHHTb p o a b c a o B a b H a m e l K y a b - T y p e . M h OTAaeM c e 6e o t h o t b t o m , h t o H H T a T ea b , 03naK O M H B nraH C H c n p eA H A yn i.H M H r a a B a M H , m o jk c t 3 a x o T 6 T b n p o B e c T H c H aM H A H a a o r , H H T a a c b o G c y A H T b , K a K c h o 3 h b ;h h H 3a o H te H H o r o B H in e m o jk h o G m ho 6h OAeHH Tb A p y r n e n p o H B a e irn H K y a b T y p u . M h p e n m a n caM H n a a a T b 9 t o t A H a a o r , x o t h 3A e c b y H a c e m e h h o t AOCTaTOHHo b c c k h x a p r y - m o h t o b . H t o K acaeT C H A P y r n x h o a x o a o b k H 3 H K y H C K y c cT B a , t o 3 A e c b m h orpaH H H H M C H T o a b K o y K a 3 a im e M H a m m r y F o a A M a n a [ 1 9 2 ] , p a 3 B e p H y T H H K pH T n n ecK H H a H a a ii3 k o t o p o h a ® h b [ 1 9 3 ] .

E c h h 3Ta raaBa noKa3aaacb MaaoooocHOBaHHofi, 3a G y A b T e e e .

jpJiaBa B o c t M a a

J^ H ajieK T H K a H e n p e p t iB H o c t h

H flH CK peTH O CTH B M bin iJ ieH H H H H3b IK e

1 . B e 3 r p a n i w H a a p e j i i i M o c T b c m w c j i b c j io b K a K n oK a 3 a T C J ii> H e n p e p b iB H O c t h M b in iJ ie n iiH

# 0 CHX n o p B 9T0H K H H re M H O rpaH H H H BajIH Cb aH ajlH 30M H 3 H K a, He K a c a n c b n p o 6 jieM H M H nuieH H H . C ei-H iac m h n on b iT aeM C H n e p e S p o c H T b MOCT M eJKfly H 3H K 0M H MHIHJieHHeM. B OefieCOBCKOH M OflejIH H 3 H K a, o 6 'bHCHHIOHI,eH CTOJIb MHOrH0 0 C0 6 eHH 0 CTH peHCBOI’O HOB0 fleHHH n e j io B e K a , h m h jih h jh t h o 0K a3H B aeT C H 3a jio?K eH O h n p e flC T a B jie im e 0 KOHTHHyaJIbHOCTH MHIHJieHHH. H o H p o 6 yCM C0 HHaC p a3B H T b 3 T y MHCJIb B fleTaJIH X.

C jio B a , K aK 3 t o c j ie f ly e T H3 B c e r o , h t o r o B o p n j i o c b p a H b in e , h m o io t flB e H n o cT a c H — aT O M ap H y io h K O H T H H y a jib H y io . J I o r n n e c K n e k o h - C TpyK flH H CTpOHTCH H afl CMHCJIOBHM flH CKpeTOM — 3H 9K 0M , HBJIHIO- iii;h m ch nH B apnaH T O M B c e r o CM H CJiOBoro c o f lc p jK a iiH H p a 3 M H T o r o HOJIH 3HaH6HHH. 3 H a K HBJIHeTCH CHTHaJIOM, KOflH pyiOIflH M HOJI0 CMHC- j i o b h x 3H aneH H H . O cM H C JieH n e jio r n n e c K H X K O H C T p y K p n ii — h x fleK O fln p oB a H H e — n p o n c x o f lH T H a K oH T H H yajibH O M y p o B H e . H 3 k o h t h - H y a j ib H o r o co3H aH H H S epeT C H a n p n o p H o e npeflC T aB JieH H e 0 p a c n p e f l e - JieHHH CMHCJIOBOrO COflepjKaH H H CJIOBa H K KOHTHHyaJIbHOM y C 03H a- h h k ) 0 K a 3 H B a e x cH o6pam ,eH H O H a n p n o p n a H $ y iiK flH H p a c n p e fle jie H H H cejieK TH B H O o p n e H T H p o B a H H o r o CM H CJiOBoro CO flepjK aH H H c j io B a n o c j i e OCMHCJIHBaHHH erO B TeKCTe $ p a 3 H .

H t o 6 h nepefiTH o t aHajiH3a H3HKa k H3yneHHio MHnuieHHH, Haflo CyM6Tb XOTb K9K-T0 OfleHHTb CTeHeHb pa3MHT0CTH CJIOB. CjIOBa MOJKHO o6T,HCHHTb TOJibKO nepe3 cjioBa. HeKOTopoe npeflCTaBJieHHe 0 pa3- MHTOCTH CJIOB flaiOT CJIOBapH — T0JIK0 BH6 H flByH3HHHH0. 3fl0Cb HHCJIO 0 ObHCHHIOIflHX CJIOB HBJIH0TCH TOM H0Ka3aTeJieM, KOTOpHHxapaKTepn3yeT pa3MHT0CTb b x o a h h x c j i o b cjioBapn. Ha pnc. 14 flaHH $yHKpHH pacnpeflejieHHH 1, noKa3HBaioipiie, KaK pacnpeflejieHH Bxofl- HH0 CJIOBa HO HHCJiy 0 ObHCHHIOIflHX HX CJIOB B Tp0X CJlOBapHX.

1. AHrjio-pyccKHH cjiOBapb: 20 000 c j i o b / nop pefl. O. G. AxMa- h o b o h . M.: G o b . 9 h h ;h k ji . , 1970.

1 OyHKflHH pacnpeflejieHHH cocTanjieniii n o cjiynafiHMM BuSopKaM , KajKflan 061.0 - MOM B 1000 CJIOB. nO flCTOTM npO H 3B O flH Jia F. A . E a T y jiO B a .

213

2 . E o j ib m o H a n r j io -p y c c K n f t c j iO B a p t : B 2 - x t . 1 5 0 0 0 0 c j io b / ITo a p e f l . H . P . T a jib i ie p H H a . M . : C o b . b h i j h k j i . , 1 9 7 2 .

3. Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language. Ed. D. B. Guralnic. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company (Over 1 0 0 0 0 Entries, 8 9 6 Pages, over 6 0 0 Illustrations).

M h BH flHM , WTO B A B y H 3H H H H X CJIOBapHX HM eeTCH OCTpHH M aKCH

M y M , jr e /K a ip m i rfle -T O M e>KAy 5 h 1 0 pa3T>HCH HK)m nM n c jio B a M H . O cH O B H an M a c c a c jio b — k o a o b o ^ H o r o H 3H K a — x o t h h h o o a h o - 3 H a U H 0 , HO He OHeHb MHOrOCJIOBHO pa3'BHCHH6TCH H 6 p e 3 T 3K H e JK6 3H aK H A P y r ° r o H 3M K a . B t o h k o b o m c jio B a p e , r ^ e fle jiaeT C H n o n H T K a p a c m n p e n n o TOJiKOBaTt c jio B a H 3H K a b c b o h x * e c o 5 c t b 6 h h h x c J io B a x , M aK CH M yM 0K a 3H B a eT C H y a i e 3H aH H TejibH O S o jie e p a 3M H T H M h cM eipeH H biM B n p aB O n p H M e p H o c jio b H a a b c h t b . H H T e p e c H b i x b o c t o - BBie u a cT H K p H B b ix . Y M a n o r o A s y H 3 H H H o r o c J io B a p n M aK CH M aJibH oe h h c jio n o H C H H iom H x c j io b 8 7 , y Gonhmoro /(B y H 3 b iu iro r o c j i o n a p a — 1 3 6 2 , y TOJiKOBoro c jio B a p H — 4 7 1 . C p a B H e H H e A B y H 3H H H H x cJiO B a- p e S n o K a 3 H B a e T , h t o n e p e x o A o t M a jio r o k S o jib in o M y c jiO B a p io b k j i i o - n a eT b c e 6n A s a n p o p e c c a .

I l e p B o e — 9t o o 6 o r a m ,e H H e J ie rK o o S b h c h h i o i a h m h c h c jio B a M H — HMOHaMH. B OoJIbHIOM CJIOBape HOHBJIHIOTCH, CKaJKeM, TaKHO CJIOBa- HMOHa K aK

Feather-mail — o p ejK A a 03 n e p b e B (y M eKCH K aH CK H x H H A e fip e B ),Feather-man — ToproBep nepoM,Feather-meal — M yn a H3 nepbeB (ko p m ).

9 t h x c j io b HeT b M ajioM cjio B a p e .B T o p o e — 9 t o p acm n p eH H e TOJiKOBaHHH c j i o b , BKJnoHem ibix b Ma-

jib ifi cJiOBapb. B ot o a h h H3 n p n M e p o s: «set» — o a h o h 3 caM H X cT p a m - HHX CJIOB aHrjIHHCKOrO H 3H K a, B MaJIOM CJIOBape OHO pa3T)HCHHeTCH9 6 cjioBaM H, b 6ojibm oM — yme 1 8 1 6 cjioBaM H.

H m r e p e c H O , h t o n p n n e p e x o A e o t M a J io ro c j io B a p n k S o jib in o M y h h c jio b x o a h h x c jio b yB ejiH H H B aeT C H b 7,5 p a 3 a , a h h c j i o n e u a r a H x j i h c t o b — b 1 3 , 4 p a 3 a . I le p B H H H 3 y n o M H H y T H x B b im e n p o p e c c o B npH BOflH T K T O M y, h t o h y 6o j ib m o r o c jiO B a p n c o x p a m r e T C H o c t p h h H H K , BTOpOH — K 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H H K ) A ^H H H O rO X BO CTa. M b i BHAHM, HTO y r j i y S j i e n n o e npoiiH K H O B eH H e b H 3b ik con poB O JK A aeT C H , c o a h o h CTOpOHH , o G o ra ip eH H eM c jio b a M n r a n a HM eH c o 6c t b 6h h h x , c A p y r o n C T op o H H — p a c m n p e n n e M cM H C JiO B oro T O JiK O Baiinn c j io jk h o o c m b ic j ih - B a eM H X c jio b L

1 y a ie n ocae to t o , KaK 3Ta pafioTa Sujia aaKOHveiia, mu noaHaKOMii j u i c e co CTaTteS C. M. BimrHHKOEoir [202], TaK*e nocBHipcHHOH CTaTHCTHHecKOMy aHa-JIH3y MH0r03HaHH0CTH CJIOB B a H F JIHHCKOM H3bIKe. B e e paO oT e HCCJieAOBajICH Teaaypyc Poaie.

215

Phc. 14. PacnpeflejieHHe b x o rh u x cjiob cjioBapen no Hiic.ny oGMcnaioninx cjiob• — eojifcmo# 2-TOMiiHit aHMO-pycCKHft caoBapb A — Manwii aHrjio-pyccKHii caoBapb O — cnoBapb Be6cTepa

H Bee me jiio6 oh, cKOJib yroflHo Bojibmofi cJioBapb He oxBaTHBaeT Bcero HOTeHqHajibHO B03MomHoro MHoroo6pa3HH CMHCJioBoro co^ep- /KBHHH CJIOB. HjIJIIOCTpHpyeM 9TO 336Cb ABYMa IipHMepaMH.

I I e p B H H n p n M e p . ITpe^CTaBbTe ce6e, hto pyccKOMy HejioB6Ky, xopomo ot pomAOHHH BJiaAeiomeMy pyccKHM h3hkom, 110 AaBHO jKHByipeMy tao-to Ha Hym6HHe, noKa3HBaiOT KapnKaTypy, Ha KOTopofi HapncoBaH 3a6yjiAHH{Horo BHAa neJiOBeK, ctohih;hh y npnjiaBKa MocKaTejibHOH JiaBKH h rpycTHO cmotphih;hh Ha o6t>- HBJieHHe «IIoJiHTypa npoAaeTCH nocjie OAHHHaApaTii». M h mthobohho nOHHMaeM CMHCJI 9TOH KapHKaTypbl, HO OTOpBaBIHHHCH OT CB06H CpeAH pyccKHH H0JIOBeK HOHHTb 66 H6 CM05K6T. H HHKaKH6 CJIOBapH eMy He noMoryT. Tohho TaK me mh, imyHaioipiie 3aoHiio aHrjiHHCKHH H3HK, H6 nOHHMaeM OKOJIO HOJIOBHHBI KapHKaTyp, H6HaTai0np[XCH, CKameM, b TaKOM mypHane, KaK «New Yorker». OKa3HBaeTCH, hto B H0JI6 CMHCJIOBOrO COAepHtaHHH CJIOB BXOAHT Becb Ham mH3HeHHHH OHHT. H BTOT OHBIT HeJIb3H OCBOHTb HHane, KaK nep65KHB 6r0 .

B i o p o i n p n M e p . B BaroHe noe3Aa mojioaoh neJiOBeK, B03BpamaBIHHHCH H3 HOe3AKH B G n 6 H p b , paccKa3HBaji 0 TOM, KaK xopomo oh TaM npoBeji BpeMH, KaK MHoro HHTepecHoro yBHAeji. OAHa H3 ero $pa3 Hpo3BynaJia TaK: «TaM h xopomo npomejicn no nejibMeHHM». H, HaBepHo, Bee neMeAJienno hoiihjih cmhcji btoh iipe- AejibHo cmaTOH $pa3H. B mobm co3hbhhh 0Ha HHTepnperapyeTCH npHMepHO Tan: «Mojioaoh neJiOBeK mhoto xoahh ho tocthm h ero Be3A0 H0H3MeHHO yrOmaJIH neJIbM6HHMH, pa3HHMH, XOpOmHMH, BKyCHHMH — 9TO HpOH3BeJIO BH6HaTJieHHe, 3aHOMHHJIOCb». B03M05K- iioctb TaKoS HHTepnpeTapHH C03AaeTCH He tojibko h He ctojibko caMOH btoh $pa30H, KaK TeM nojieM, KOTopoe co3Aajiocb ero npeAbiAymHMH BHCKa3HBaHHHMH O Cn6HpH. HHT6peCH0 , K 3 K 9Ty <f>pa3y MOTJia 6h ocmhcjihtb 3BM? CoBceM rjiynaH MamnHa, HaBepHoe, BocnpuHHJia 6h ee b ee 6yKBaHbHOM cmhcjie — nejroBGK 3aneM-TO xoahji no neJibMe- hhm, tao-to 3aneM-T0 paccbinaHHHM. yMnan Mamnira, Hcnojib3yH MexaHH3M aCCOpHaTHBHHX CBH36H CJIOBa «HpOHTHCb», B03M05KH0, CMorJia 6h ocMHCJiHTb 9Ty $pa3y KaK coo6meHHe o tom, hto mojioaoh neJiOBeK cxoahji h KynHJi (hjih AOCTajr rpe-To) nejibMeHH. BpHA jih mojkho npeACTaBHTb ce6e 3BM, KOTopan Morjia 6bi 6htb 3anporpaM- MHpoBaHa TaK, hto6h H3BJieHb H3 btoh $pa3H ee HeaoBenecKyio HHTepnpeTapHio. B co3HaHHH nejioBeKa cmhcji cjioBa «npomejicH» HacTOJibKO mnpoK, hto none npeABapnTejibHHX BHCKa3HBaHHH H03B0JIH6T H3BJieHb H3 HerO TOT CMHCJI, KOTOpHH MH 6My HpHHHCaJIH Bnme.

T p e T H H n p n M e p . HeAaBHO, hah ho yjiime, h cjiynanHO ycJinmaJi oSphbok pa3roBopa. OAHa AesyniKa roBopnjia APyrofi: «Bnepa oh npnnreji h ohhtb nanaji MHe nyApHTb M03rn». PaHbme h ne cJiHmaji btoto cjioBoconeTaHHH, ho cpa3y me noHHJi ero cmhcji.

216

d ly f l p H T b M 0 3 r n » — 3iiaUH T n o c 'ra p a T b C H h 3 m o h h t i . T e H e im e m h c j i o i i

h c u c T e M y npeflCTaB JieH H H f l p y r o r o H ejioB C K a, f le n a n h o h t o n o x o ji t e e H a t o , h t o A e n a e T JK efflAH iia , K o r f la , n y A p n c b , OHa cT a p aeT C H c k p h t b

HTO-TO H a CB 06M JIHU.0, K aK -T O H 3M 0H H Tb, CMHrHHTb HJIH H p n y K p a C H T b e r o B M p a w e H H e . . . A n p n o p H a n $yH KD ,H H p a c n p e A e jie H H H CM H C JioB oro c o A e p w a H H H c J io s a « n y A P H T b » , n ecM O T p n H a b c i o e r o K a w y ip y r o c H n p o c T O T y , HM eeT 6o r a T o e c o A e p w a H n e , p a c K p H B a io m e e c H t o j i b k o

B C0H6TaHHH C A P y rH MH CJIOBaMH. C jIO B a p H , A a * e caM b ie n o A p o 6H bie,B COCTOHHHH O XBaTHTb TOJIBKO TBKH6 CJIOBOCOHOTaHHH, KOTOpbie CTajIH CTaHAa pTH H M H — H peB paTH JIH Cb B H 3H K O B H 0 KJIHHie. IT pH H e p 6 B 0 A e T6KCTa C HHOCTpaHHOrO H 3 H K 3 M H HOCTOHHHO CTBJIKHBaeMCH C H 0o 6- xoAH M O CTbio p e m a T b p e S y c b i . ^ a v n e c a M H e B o jib n m e c jiO B a p n H e AaiOT HaM T o r o 3HaHHH a n p n o p H O H <|)yHKAHH p a c n p e A e jie H H H c m h c j i o -

B o r o coA ep>K aH H H c jio B a , K O T o p o e H e o 6xo A H M o a Ji h noH H M aH H H B c e x B 03M 01K H H X CJIOBOCOHeTaHHH A a HHOrO H 3 H K a .

M 3 B epO H TH O C TH O H MOA0JIH H 3 H K a , 3 a n H C a H H O H C H O M O ipblO T e O - p e M H B e i i e c a , c j i e A y e T , h t o $ y h k h ! h h p ( y / y ) , B 0 3 H H K a io m a H n p n h t o -

HHH $ p a 3 b l , A e H C T B y eT K a K C B O e o 6 p a 3 H H H O C T pO H aC T pO 0H H B IH H 3 0 H - p aT O JIbH H H (|)H JIbTp, H 03B 0JIH I0in ;H H B H A0JIH TB H 3 CMHCJIOBOTO HOJIH c j i o B a H e K y io c o b c o m y 3 K y i o o 6 j i a c T b . M e x a H H 3 M <|)HJibTpan,HH 3 A e c b y A H B H T e jib H o n p o c T . A n p n o p H a H (J iy iiK p H H p a c n p e A e j i e H H H c m h c j i o -

B o r o c o A e p iK a H H H c j i o B a m o jk 6 t 6 h t b y c T p o e H a T a K , h t o K a K H e -T o C M ejK H H e o 6 jia C T H H M eiO T HOHTH O A H H a K O B H e B epO H T H O C T H , H TO TA a OHH O K a3 H B a iO T C H H 0pa3JT HHtTMM M H , 6CJIH CJIOBO p a C C M a T p H B a e T C H ca M O n o c e 6 e , B H e K a K o r o - J i n 6 o K O H T eK C T a . H o , H a B e p H o e , B c e r A a MOJKHO H p H A y M B T b T a K H e $ p a 3 H , AJIH K O T O p H X p ( y / p ) 5 y A 6 T B H TJIH - A e T b h o h t h K a K S -i| )yH K A H H , h T O rA a b c o o t b o t c t b h h c T e o p e M O H E e n - e c a n p o H 3 0 H A e T O T (|>H JibT poB biB aH H e o 6 j i a c T H , H e o t j i h h h m o h (b h o

K O H T eK C T a) OT c m c j k h h x o B j i a c T e n .IIpH XO AH TCH n p H 3H aT b c J ie A y io m e e : M u nunozda ne MonceM ym

eepMdamb, nmo neAbosi npudyMamb eiqe odnou (ppa3bi, Komopan ; KdK-Hu6ydb unaue, hcm .mo 6mao panee , pacnpueaM 6u cmuca CAoea. ; H H M eilH O B 3TOM H TOJIBKO B 3TOM CMBICJie MOJKHO T O B O pH TB 0 K O H T H - j H yaJIBIIO C TH M EIHIJieHHH, eCJIH H C X O A H T b H 3 a H a jI H 3 a C eM BH TH K H H 3 B IK a . ; C M H C J iO B oe n o j i e c j i o b 6 e 3 r p a i iH H H O a ^ J ih m o E IT p e A C T a B jie H H e 0 6

a T O M a x C M H C Jia , CTOJib n e o G x O A H M o e A J ih n o c T p o e H H H J io r n n e c K O H . c e M a iiT H K H , b H C H x o jio r H H e c K O M H J ia H e H e 6 o j i e e , h o m H e K O T o p a n H JIJII03HH .

M h 6 K a K -T O 6 H J ia H 0 A C K a 3 a H a b o 3 m o jk h o c t b H H T e p n p e T a i p iH

n p e A C T a B jie H H H 0 K O H T H iiy a j ib H O C T H c M b ic jia c j io b n y T e M c o n o c T a B jie -

1 H anoM HH M 3flecb npiinnci.iBae.Moe A n a n c a ro p y h CTaBinee TpaAH pnoH H iJM o n - peAejieHne H e n p e p u n iio cTir KaK GecKOHeHHoir AejiiiM ocTir: « B mbjiom He c y m e - C TByeT HaHM eHbinero, h o ncerfla HMeeTCH eu;e iieHnm ee. H60 neB03M0;KH0, h to G h cyipe cTB yio in ee iicneajio b peayjn .TaTe aejieH iiji» (p n x . n o [2 1 5 ]) .

217

HHH (B ecbM a BOJIbHOTO) C x o p o m o H3B6CTHHM B MaTeMaTHKe HOHH- TH6M dedenundoea cenenun. 3 t o KOH CTpyKTH BH H H m c to a BB O AennH HppaAHOHaJIBHHX HHCeJI KaK HOKOTOpHX pa35H6HHH pail,HOHajIbHHX H H ceji. IIpH M ep : \J2 — H ppaijH O H ajibH oe h h c j io , p a 3 6 H B a iom ee p a - AH OhbjibH bie HHCJia Ha A sa K jia c c a : o a h h K Jiacc — O T p iin a T e jib im e HHCJia, H y jib h nojio jK H T ejibH bie n n c jia a, TaKHe, h t o a 2 2 , A p y r o n K Jiacc — noJiow H T ejibH H e HHCjia b, TaKHe, h t o /j2 > 2 .

H o b o o , HeowHAaHHoe 3HaneHHe cjio B a B cerA a BoenpHHHMaeTCH K aK HTO-TO BH6pai][H0HaJIbH06, T. 6 . K aK MemCUpOpa, KOTOpaH BKJIH- HHBaeTCH KyAa-TO M ejKAy 6 jiii3K hm h cMHKaiomHMHCH 3iiaHeiiHHMH A B y x o 5 h a 6 h h h x , h p h b h h h h x HaM cm m cjiob c jio s a . B e c n o jie a n o HHTaTbCH 3aAaTb BCe B03M0JKHH6 M6T a $ 0pbI KaK H M -Jin6o CJIOBapHbIM c h h c k o m . M e T a $ o p b i M oryT 6biTb 3 a A a m i t o j i b k o KOHcmpynmueHO — HOBbtMH (|)pa3aMH, OTpaJKatOIAHMH IIOByiO HtH3HeHHyiO CHTyai^HK) HJIH HOBHH HOBOpOT MEICJIH. H o B a H MeTa(|)Opa HaHHHaeT TepHTb CBOHMeTa^opHHecKHH C Ta'ryc n o Mepe t o to , K aK oHa b x o a h t b p y c Jio n p n - BHHHoro H3HKOBoro noBeAOHHH. T a K npoH cxoA H T o 6oram;eHHe H3biKa — oh o 6oram;aeTCH, K orA a OTKpuBaeTCH to , h to b HeM yjK e 6h jio nomeHVjUdAbHO 3aAOMeno. H e p e 3 C T a p n e c jio B a mm o trp m b o o m HOBHH CMHCJI B npHBHHHHX HaM CJIOBax.

PaHee, b b to h k h h t o m h CTaBHjin Bonpoc: h to b Bojibniefi CTeneHH xapaKTepH3yeT pa3BHTne KyjibTypH — pocT HHCJia h o b h x c jio b h jih pacniHpeHHe cm h c jio b o to coAepiKaHHH CTapHx? Gennac m h mojkom AaTb TOKOH OTBeT Ha 9TOT Bonpoc: HOHBJieHHe IIOBHX CJIOB paCIHHpHeT CMHCJI CTapHX, 1160 II0BH6 CJIOBa HO3BOJIHI0T CTpOHTb HOBbie $pa3H, OTKpHBaromne h o b h h , paHee c k p h t h h , c m h c ji b cTapnx cjioBax. TaK b H3HKe npoHBJineTCH duaAenmuKa HenpepnBHoro h AacKpeT- h o to .

M aTeMaTHKH, o co 6eHHO Te, k t o CBH3aH b CBoefi AeflTe-,II>H0CTH c 3 B M , He yBHAHT K aK H x -Jin g o n p H H ip m H a jib n H x T p yA iio cT e fi Rnn AHCKpOTHblX yCTpOHCTB HO CpaBHeHHK) C HeHpepblBIIHM H. H A6HCTBH- TeJibHO, e c jin HaM, cKaiKeM , H ym n o n a i r a nnom aA B h o a k p h b o h , He 3aAaHHOH anajiH TH necKH , to 9to He BH30BeT o co 6h x H enpnH T- H ocTen, e c jin c k p h b o h M oryT 6h t b cH H T aim t o h k h c j i io 6hm , CKOJIb yro A H o M ajiHM m aroM . H o H e jie n o i 6H Jia 6bi caM a nocTaHO BKa 3 a - AaHH, e c jin HaM 6h jio 6h A ano to jib k o KOAOBoe o6o3iiaH eH iie k p h b o h h BecbMa HeneTKoe ee onncaH H e nepe3 KOAOBHe o6o3HaHeiiHH A p y r a x , TaKHM JKe o 6 p a 3 0 M 3a A a H H H X k p h b h x .

A B H3HKe MH HMeHHO C 9THM H CTajIKHBaeMCH! IiaM H3B6CTHO c jio b o — KOAOBoe o6o3H aH eim e c m h c jio b o t o h o j ih h HeKoe HeHCHoe o n n c a H H e 9Toro h o j ih , AaHHoe H e p e 3 A P y rn e , TaKHe Hie KOAOBHe o 5 0 3H a H 6H H H . B e e M H O rO o 5 p a 3 H 6 CMHCJIOBOTO CO AepjKaH H H OCTaeTCH C K pH T H M — OHO BHHBJIHeTCH TOJIBKO H 6 p e 3 HOTeHIl,HajIbHO 3aJIOJK CH - Hyio B03MOJKHOCTB H 0C T p06H H H 6e3rpaH H H H O T O H a 6o p a (|>pa3. Koh-

218

THHyanBHoe CMHCJioBoe copepjHanne, cTOHipee 3a flncKpeTimMii chm- BOJiaMH H3HKa, 0Ka3HBa6TCH HpHHpHHHaJIBHO H 6H 3M epH M H M . H a M AOCTynim otaojibhho ero <J>parMeiiTBi, B03HHKaioipHe y Hac npn HHTep- TTpfiTaTTTTTT T6X HJIH HHBIX $pa3- BajKHO ogpaTHTB BHHMaHH0 H Ha TO, HTO KaHtSHH H3BIK HMeeT CBOK) OCo6yiO CHCTeMy BXOfla B KOHTHHyajIB- H H 0 HOTOKH C03HaHHH.

Ecjih ocMBicJiHBaHHe Hamei noBceflHeBHOH peneBofi KOMMyHHKa- tttttt npOHCXOAHT Ha KOHTHHyaJIBHOM ypOBHe, TO MOJKHO BHCKa3aTB npeAHOJiOHieime o tom, hto caMO MHnuieHne cymecTBeimo kohth- HyajiBHO. OTCiofla hoctohhho noBTopHKtnpiecH AajKe y ho3tob BHCKa- 3BIBaHHH 0 HeflOCTaTOHHOCTH BHpa3HTejIBHHX CpeflCTB H3BIKa. PhtM b no93HH h necHoneiiHH — nonaiTKa hbjiojkhtb KOHTHHyaJibHyio cocTaBJiHiomyio Ha AHCKpeTHBie hochtgjih penn. CMyTime npepaiiHH 0 neMypHHn;ax, hbh peHB 6ajia noAo6Ha jKypnaHHio pynBH — OTro- JIOCKH O flOJIOrHHOCKHX, KOHTHHyajIBHBIX $OpMax KOMMyHHKaBJHH. IIjiacTHHecKHe bhabi HCKyccTBa — eflHHCTBeHHo ocTaBinHecH y Hac $OpMBI KOHTHHyaJIBHOH K OMMyHHK apHH. B My3BIKe flHCKpeTHHO 3HaKH HOT CaMH He HBJIHIOTCH CpeflCTBaMH KOMMyHHKaHJHH — 9TO TOJIBKO 3anHCB Toro, HTO HaflO fleJiaTB, HTO0H BOCnpOII3BeCTH KOHTH- HyajiBHo BOcnpHHHMaeMyio nocneflOBaTejiBHOCTB 3ByKOB. A bot a6cTpaKTHan jkhbohhcb — 3to yjKe nonuTKa nocTpoeHHH cynjecTBohho AHCKpeTHOH KOMMyHHKapHH flJIH 9MOpHOHaJIBHOH C$epBI JKH3HH (noApo6Hee 0 AHCKperaoM xapaKTepe H3HKa a6cTpaKTHO0jkhbohhch B TJI. V 9T0H khhch).

PejIHKTOBBie (JlOpMBI flOJIOrHHeCKOH KOMMyHHKapHH COXpaHHJIHCB b npocTOHapofliiOH penn. TaKoH, HanpnMep, hbjihotch peneBan Tpa- Ahh;hh eBponencKHx KpecTBHH ot cepBaiiTecoBCKoro Gohho ITaHCH AO tojictobckoto IIjiaTOHa KapaTaeBa. 06a HerpaMOTHH, 06a chhjiiot HOCJIOBHpaMH, 06a He CJIHIHKOM 3a60THTCH 0 JIOrHHOCKOH HOCJieAOBa- TejiBiiocTH, h 06a HecyT b ce6e MHorne peHHOCTH. . . xapaKTepHBie AJih ycTHOH KyjiBTypBt [216, c. 61]. Ho mojkho yKa3aTB h Ha hohto 6ojiee yAHBHTejiBiioe — Ha KyjIBTypH MOJiHaHHH. Opiia H3 hhx — KyjibTypa pyccKoro cpepHeBeKOBBH, hctokh kotopoh bocxoaht k BH3aiiTHHCK0My Hcnxa3My [217]. Ee Ayx BBipanieH b njiacTnnecKHX $opMax apxHTeKTypBi pepKBeii, b 3acTaBKax k cBHipeHHBiM KHnraM, b HKOHax. . . no He b cjioBax. He ocTajiocB hohhthoh AJifl nac cjio- BeCHOH HHTepnpeTapHH CBHipeHIIBIX TeKCTOB, TOH HHTepnpeTapHH, KOTOpaH H03BOJIHJia 6bI HaM — JIIOAHM KyjIBTypBI CJIOBa — HOHHTB oco6eHHOCTB pyccKoro cpeAiieBeKOBoro MHpoB033peiiHH. nepeA HaMn H6 TOJIBKO HKOHOJIOTHHeCKOe MHIHJieHHe, HO H HKOHOJIOrHHeCKaH $OpMa BBipajKeHHH 9T0T0 MBHHJI6HHH [218].

M H o r n e n o c o 6cT B eiiH O M y o n B iT y 3H a ioT , K a K H e o 6BinaHHO B B ip a 3H - TejIBHBI H 3HaHHTeJIBHH CTaHOBHTCH (JjparMeHTBI HayHHOTO TeK C Ta, e c j in hm yp a eT C H n p n A a T B B H yT peH H H H phtm. M H o r o o 6 p a 3 H B iH phtm

319

n oB ecT B O B a T e jiB H ofi n p 0 3 B i, b h a h m o , t o j i b k o c e n H a c C T a H O b iitch o 6 b - eKTOM c e p B 6 3 H o r o H 3yn eH H H [ 2 1 9 ] , x o t h mbi B c e r ^ a e r o B H yT peH H e o n jy m a e M . 0 ceM aH T H K e pH TM a n o a T n n e c K H x t g k c t o b m u h o a p o 6 h o p a c c K a w e M b TpeT B eM n a p a r p a i j e . P e jiH rH 0 3 H B ie T eK C T u B c e r j ja o p r a - H H 30B aH u T aK , h t o 6 h TaM o m y n ja j i c H BH yTpeH H H H p h t m . H H iie ir a o 9T a pH TM H H ecK an opraH H 3au;iT H n p i i^ a e T eM y o c o 6 y i o y6eA H T ejiB H 0C T B : «C n cT e M a 3 a n o B e A e fi MOHteT 6 b i t b He c o B ce M j i o t h h h o h , n o o n a H e n p e - MeHHO n oflH H H eiia e /t m io M y p iiT M y , o n a n o o T i in e c K ii o p r a iiH 3 0 B a H a . . . H e c y ip e c T B y e T n i iK a K o r o o 6 p a 3 a h o b o h M o p a jin , c p a B H H M o r o c o «C TpacTH M H » B a x a , pyO jieB C K H M C n a c o M , r a im a x a p c K H M EyAA<>H» [2 1 8 , c . 4 2 3 — 4 2 4 ] , H e jiB 3 H j ih B ee b t o p a c cM a T p n B a T B K aK n p H M o e o6 p a m ;eH H e k K o im iH y a jiB H O H c o cT a B J in io m e H n e j i o B e n e c K o r o M u n u ie - HHH?

2 , H e o S w n n o e — H 3M eH ennoe cocTO H im e C03HaiiHH KaK npH M oe npoHBJieHiie nenpepB iB iiocTii M&jiinieimH

M bi OT^aeM c e 6 e o t t o t b to m , h to 11a m h o a x o a k npOTHBonocTaBJieiiHio H3BIKa MHIHJieHHIO M Q/KeT 0BITB n O flB ep m yT KpiITHKe. O a h o H3 B 03- m ow h b ix B03panteiiH H MO>KeT 6bitb c([»opM yjm poB aiio n p m iep H O t b k . E c jih M 03r nejioB eK a AencTByeT KaK AH CKperaaH BUHHCJiHTeJiBHan ManiHHa, t o He m o jk ct jih 0Ka3aTBCH t h k , h to Ta ero nacT B , KOTopan OTBeTCTBeHHa co 6c T B eim o 3a MBinijieiiHe, HMeeT n a h g c k o jib k o h o - pHAK0B Cojibihg 9Jie\reHTapiii>Tx AHCKpeTiiBTx tto c h tc jic h Hii([jopMan;nii, neM A p y r a n e ro nacTB , OTBeTCTBeHHan 3a Harae H3BiKOBoe n oB eA eH n e, — BH enm e 3 to SyAGT BBirjiHAeTB TaK, h to MBinuieHHio m u 6yA eM npm iHCBi- BATB KOHTHHyajIBHBIH X ap aK T ep , H3BIKy — AHCKpeTHHH. M b i TOTOBH iipHHHTB 9TOT BBI30B H MOHteM HpOTHBOHOCTaBHTB eM y pHA $aKTOB, H3BeCTHUX H3 HCHXOJIOrHH MBIIHJieHHH, ailTpOHOJIOTHH H HCHXHaTpHH.3 t h $ a K T U , KaK HaM K an ieT cn , HenocpeACTBeHiio cBHAeTejiBCTByiOT 0 KO H TH iiyajiBH O H n p u p o A e M u n u ie iiH H . n o n p o 6 y e M , x o t h 6 h c o B ce M KOpOTKO, OCBeTHTB HX 3AeCB.

Pe<])A eK T nB H oe M & in n ieH n e 11 T B o p n e c K o e 0 3 a p e n n e . O a h o i i h 3 COCTaBHHIOIAHX MBIHIJieHUH HBJIHeTCH KOM M yH IIKapHH HPJIOBeKa C C a - m hm c o 6 o h . S A e cB onH TB -TaK H H cno.H B3yiOTCH cp eA C T B a H a n ie r o o 6 u - A e H H o r o — A H C K p e T iio ro — H 3 U K a.

Pe(|)JieKTHBHoe M unuieiiH e — 9 t o A n cnpeT H oe ynpaB JieH ne k o h - THnyaJiBHBiM h o t o k o m m b ic jih . MeJiOBeK n a AncKpeTHOM h 3 b ik c 3aAaeT B o n p o c c a M o n y c e 6e , CBoeMy cn o iiT aiin o n poT eK aionjeM y m b ic j ih t g j ib - HOMy n p o p e c c y . IIoJiyHaH k b k o h - t o o t b c t , o h aiiajiH 3H pyeT e ro Ha jiorn n ecK oM y p o B n e , h , e cjin o t b c t e ro n e yAOBJieTBopHeT, t o c t 3 b h t c h cjieAyroipH H , BHAOH3M0HeiiHBiH B o n p o c . OTCiOAa, KCTaTH, h t o t r n y 6o - KHH HHTepeC, KOTOpBIH HpOHBJIHIOT COBpeMeHHUe $HJIOCO$H-JIOrHKH k aH a:iH 3y CMHCJia B on pocoB ( c m ., H anpH M ep, [ 2 5 0 ] ) .

220

O T K p H T H e — 9 t o H eo>K H flaH H o n p m n e A n iH H b r o jiO B y o t b c x u a c o A e p *a T e J iB H O n ocT aB JieH H H H B o n p o c . f l a a t e b o S jia c T H M aTeM aTH KH o t k p h t h h npoH C X O A O T H e H a y p o B H e J io r H n e c K o r o M H n u ieH H H . J l o r n - H6CKHMH CpeflCTBaM H OCymeCTBJIHeTCH TOJIBKO HOCTaHOBKa 3aA aH H h n p o B e p K a H a H fleH H o ro p en ieH H H , K O T o p o e h p h x o a h t K a K 0 3 a p e H n e . r i c n x o jio r H H M a T eM a T H n ec K o ro T B o p n ec T B a n o c B H ip e H a H H TepecH O H a n n c a H H a H K H H ra /K. A ^ a M a p a [220], O A iio ro h3 H 3B ecT H B ix $ p a H - p y 3CKHX M aTeM aTH KOB H e A a B H e ro n p o n m o r o . B o t K aK p e 3io M H p y eT o h

p63yjIB T aT B I C B O ero H 3H C K aiIH H :

. . .BCHOMHHM, HTO BCHKaH yM CTBeHHaH p a O O T a , B HaCTHOCTH,pa6oTa HaA OTKpBiTneM, BJieneT 3a co6oh coTpyAHiinecTBO 6ecco3Ha- TejIBHOrO, IIJIH HOBepXHOCTHOrO, HJIH (AOCTaTOHIIO HaCTO) 6ojiee HJIH MeHee rJiySoKoro; hto b btom GeccosnaTeJiBHOM nocjie npeABapnTejiB- HOH C03HaTeJIBH0H pa60TH npOHCXOAHT Ta BCHLIIHKa HAefi, KOTOpyiO IlyaHKape cpaBHHBaji c 6oJiee hjih Menee 6ecnopHAOHHHM BBigpocoM aTOMOB, H HTO KOHKpeTHHe H peACTaBJieilH H 06HHHO HCHOJIB3yiOTCH yMOM AHH «|)HKCai];HH KOM6H H aip iH H H X CHHT63a.

CjieACTBneM BToro hbjihbtch npeiKAe Bcero to, hto, roBOpH CTporo, npaKTHHecKH He cynjecTByeT hhcto JiornnecKHX otkphthh. BMema- TejiBCTBO 6ecco3HaTejiBHoro HeoOxoAHMO no KpanHen Mepe a-kh toto, hto6h cthtb OTnpaBHHM nyiiKTOM jiornnecKOH paOoTH (cTp. 106).

B o t HecKOJiBKO K O H K peT iiB ix on H caH H H t o t o , K aK 6h j i h n o J iy n e H H M aT eM aT H H ecK ne o t k p h t h h [ 220] :

/ K . A f l A M A P

OAHaiKAH, KorAa MeHH BHe3anHO pa36yAHji hoctqpohhhh myM, MrHOBeHHO h 6e3 Majiefiniero ycnjiHH c MoeS ctopohh Miie b rojiOBy npHHuio Aonro pa3BiCKHBaeMoe penieHHe npoSjieMH — nyTeM, co- BepmeHHo otjihhhbim ot Bcex Tex, kotophmh h hhtbjich ee peniHTB panee (CTp. 13).

A. IiyAH K APE

ITph6hb b K y T a n e , mh c e j i n b 0 M H n6 y c a-ih KaKOH-TO n p o r y j iK H ; b MOMeHT, K o r A a h BCTaji H a n o A n o iK K y , MHe n p im u ia b r o jiO B y H A en 6 e 3 0 bchkhx, K a 3 a n oc ,B 6h, n p e A n r e c T B y io in ;H x p a sA y M H H c M o e S cto- Pohh, — H A en o tom, hto n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H , K O T op H e h H c n o j iB 3 0 B a ji , hto6h o n p e A e jiH T B aBTOM op<|)Hue <|)yHKii;HH, Shjih to/Kagctbohhbi n p e - o6 p a3 0B aH H H M IieeBK.HHAOBOH reO M eT p iIH . H 3 -3 a OTCyTCTBHH B peM eH H h H H H ero H e n p o B e p n j i h, eA B a ce B b O M H n S y c, npOAOJUKaJi H anaT H H p a 3 r o B o p , ho h y jK e 6hji BHOJiHe y B e p e H b npaB H JiB H ocT H C A eJiaH H oro otkphthh. IT o B 03B pam ;eH H H b K a H h H a C B e w y io r o j iO B y h jihhib p a ah OHHCTKH C0B6CTH HpOBepHJI HaHAOHHHH p e3yJIB T aT (C T p . 17).

221

O A H a n tA H , K o r A a a n p o r y J iH B a J ic a n a B 3 M o p b e , M iie T a n >ne B n e - 3 a n n o , SbiC T po h c t o h a te M rn o B eiiH O H y B e p e ir a o C T b io n p n i n j i a a p e a , h t o apn ifiM eT H K ecK iie n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a n H H t p o h h h b i x H e o n p e p e jie m ib ix K B aA p aT H K H b ix $ o p M T o>K A ecT B eiiH H n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a m iH M H eeBKJiHpoBOH reo M eT p H H ( c i p . 1 8 ) .

To, h t o B a c yAH BH T n p e>K A e b c o t o , — s t o b h a h m o c t b B H e 3 a n H o r o 0 3 a p e H H H , — HBHBIH p e3yJ Ib T aT pJIHTejIbHOH I ie 0C03H aH II0H p a S o T H ; p o j ib b t o h 6 e c c o 3 n a T e jib H o ii p a S o T H b M aT enaT H H ecK O M T B o p n ec T B e MHe K aateTCH h o c o m h o iih o h ( c t p . 1 8 ) .

K . E . r A Y G G

H a K o n e n ;, p B a A h h n a 3a p h a o S h j i c h y c n e x a , h o n e S j i a r o p a p a m oh m BeJiHnaHiHHM y c H m iH M , a S j i a r o p a p a 6 o r y . K a K n p n B cn w iH K e m o jih h h , n p o S J ie M a B iie3a n H O O K a 3 a jia c b p em eH H O H . H H e M o r y c n a 3 a T b caM , K aK O B a n p n p o p a n y T e B o p n o H h h t h , K O T o p a a coeAH H H Jia t o , h t o h y a < e 3iiaJ i, c T e n , h t o n p H H ecJ io M He y c n e x (C T p. 1 9 ) .

CD. T A J I K T O H

K o r A a h naH Hiiaio pa3MbtiHJiHTb o H eM -n n S y p b , MHe K a;i;eT cn , hto n p o p e c c 3T oro pasM binuieHHH CJiepyioipHH: H pen , KOTopme H axopaTCH b MoeM co3H aiiH H , KaK 6bx npHTHriiBaioT k c e 6e H an Sojiee noAXOAHHi,He H3 HHCJia p p y r n x H pen , iiaxopam H X C H h o6 jih3o cth , x o t h h n e b peH Tpe BHHMailHH M oero C03HaiIHH. B e e npOHCXOAHT TaK, KaK eC.TH 6bl B MoeM yw e 6biJi 3 a a p jia npneM OB, rAe p a c n o jia ra e T C a co3HaHHe h rp e n epeA HaMH OAHOBpeMeHiio npeACTaioT ABe hjih TP H H pen ; b to >Ke BpeMH n p n x o jK a a n o jin a S o jiee h j i i i M enee nopxopHiAHM H H peaM H , p a c n o jio - JKeHHblMH BHe nOJIH 3peHHH nOJIHOrO C03HaHHH. IIpHSblBaiOrAHe H3 n p H xo jK en H pen , n a n S o jie e CBH3aHHbie c h a g h m ii , HaxopaipHM HCH b 3aJie a j ih npneM O B, K an iyT ca C03BaHiiHMH MexaHHHecKH-jiorHHeCKHM o 6 p a 3 0 M , h K aiK paa n o onepeAH noJiynaeT aypHOHpHio (c t p . 2 7 ) .

7 K . A A a M a p i iM T a a c a TaK>i;e o p e m iT b p o ; i b c . t o b h p i i y r u x 3H aK 0B B MBIIHJieHHH, B OCo6eiIIIOCTH B MaTeMaTHHeCKOM MBIHTJieilHH. BoT HTO OH n lm C T O CBOCM JIHHIIOM o n u T e / 2 2 0 / :

H y T B e p iK A a io , h t o c.aoBa noJinocTbio OTcyTCTByioT b M o e n y M e , K o r p a h p eH C T B H T ejibH o p y M a i o . . .

H p y M a io , h t o c y m e c T B e H iio TaK H ie H o p n e p K H y T b , h t o h bc.’i v c e 6 a TaK n e t o j i b k o n o O T H oiu eiiH io k c jio B a M , h o i i n o O T H oiu eiiH io ,k a j i r e - SpaH H ecK H M 3 n a K a M . H h x n c n o j i b 3 y i o , K o r p a a p e n a io n p o c T b t e b h - HHCJieHHa; n o K a>K pbiii p a 3 , K o r p a B o n p o c KaiKeTCH S o j i e e T p y p H H M , OHH CTaHOBHTCH AJIH M eilH CJIHIHKOM TH>K6JIb[M SaraH tO M : H HCnOJIb3yK) b 9 t o m c j i y n a e K O H K peTH bie n p e p cT a B J ie H H a , h o o h h c o B e p m e H H o A P y r o g n p H p o p b i ( c t p . 7 2 ) .

222

H n T e p e c e n p e 3 y J ib T a rr a H K e T iio r o o n p o c a M aTeM aTH KOB, npoBe- flC H H oro 7 K . A ^ a M a p o M [ 220 ]:

,H,JIH MaTeMaTHKOB, KOTOpHX H OnpoCHJI B A M epH K e, HBJieHHH B SoJIblHHHCTBe CBOOM aHaJIOTHHIIM TeM, KOTOpMe H 3aMeTHJI H3 Co6- CTBeHHOM OnHTe. IIpaKTHHeCKH BCe — B npOTHBOnOJIOJKHOCTb TOMy 3 aKJHoneHHio FajibTO H a, k K O TopoM y e ro npHBOJi o n p o c c jiy n a n iiH X jn o fte t , — HsSeraiOT He TOJibKo M HCJieim oro ynoTpeSJieHHH c jio b , h o TaK see, KaK h h , M bicJieiiiioro yn oT peSaeH H H to h h b ix aJ ireS p an n e- c k h x h jih f lp y r n x 3iiaKOB; KaK h h , o h h H cn ojib3yioT pacnjiH B H aTH e o 6p a 3H . HMeeTCH ^B a h jih t p h h c k jh o h g u h h . . . (cT p. 7 9 ) .

B o t B H C K a3H B aiIH e O POJIH CJIOB B MBIIHJieHHH A. BHHIHTeHHa (pH TnpyeM onHTb n o [2 2 0 ] ) :

C jioB a, H aniicaiiH bie iijih iipoH 3H eceiiiib ie, n e H rpaioT , b h ^ h m o , h h MajienineH p o jih b MexaHH3Me M oero MMiujieiiHH. IIcHXHHecKHMH a jie - MeHTaMH MHuuieHHH h b jih io tc h n eK O T op u e S o jiee hjih M enee HCiine 3H3KH HJIH o 6 p a 3 H , KOTOpMe MOryT SblTb «nO /KeJiaHHIO)) B o cn p oH 3- BeêH H H CKOMSHHHpOBaHH.

C y m ecT B yeT , ecT ecT B eiin o, n eK oT op an CBH3b M ejK ^y 3 th m h a jie - MeiiTaMH h paccMaTpHBaeMHM H jiorHnecKHMH K onpenpH H M H . H c h o TaKjKe, h to HtejiaHHe flocT H rayT b b KOHpe k o h ijo b JiornnecKH cB H 3an - IIHX KOHpenpHH HBJIHeTCH 3MOpHOHaJIbHOH 6 a 3 0 H 3TOH flOCTaTOHHO neon peêjieiiH O H H rpm b 3JieMeHTH, o k o t o p h x h roB opnJi. Ho c n c n x o - JIOTHHeCKOH TOHKH 3peHHH 3Ta KOMSHHapHOHHaH H r p a , BHftHMO, HBJIHeTCH o c h o b h o h xapaK TepncTH K O H TBopnecKOH m h c jih ,o;o n e p e x o ^ a k JiornnecKO M y n o c T p o e m n o b c jio B a x h jih 3H aK ax # p y r o r o r a n a , c noM om ,bio k o t o p h x aTy MHCJib m ojk h o S yêT cooS ip aT b ,o;pyrHM jh o^h m ^ c t p . 8 0 ) .

B to Hie BpeMH 7K . A ^ a n a p ên a eT ccH JiKy n a K n n r y H3BecTHoro b CBoe BpeMH BocTOKOBeâ M a n c a M io ju ie p a [ 2 5 1 ] , b k o t o p o h âeTCHHCTOpHHGCKHH 0630P MHeilHii, BBICKa3aHIIHX 06 HCn0JIb30BaiIHH CJIOB B MBIIHJieHHH, II B KOTOpOH RBTOp yT B epjK âeT , HTO HHKHKaH MHCJib HeB03M0JKiia 6 e3 c jio b .

K a K OpeHHTb aTy pa3IIOpeHHBOCTb CyJKfleilHH? OflHO H3 B03MOJKIIHX oSbHCHeiiHH 3ae cb TaKoe — pa3H bie MbicjiHTejin b n p o p e c c e cB oero caMoaHaJiH3a flOCTiira.iH pa3JiHHHoro ypoBH H rjiySn iiB i b oco3H aiiH H CBoero MBiiHJieiiHH. Bo bch k o m c jiy n a e , 3 jih H ac BajKiio 3Rec.b n o fl- HepKHyTb TO, HTO XO TH 6bl HaCTb MBICJIHTeJieH, 3ap,yMHBaBHIHXCH n afl n p o p e c c o M T B op n ecK oro MBiuuieHHH, ROCTHraJia oTneTJiHBoro n p e ^ - CTaBJieHHH O poJIH JIHIHGHHOrO 3IiaKOBOH C TpyK TypH KOHTHHyaJIbHOrO MHIHJieHHH.

K BHCKa3biBaHHHM 7K. A ^ a n a p a H iiTepecH o npH coeflntniT b h CBHê- TenbCTBO B. P a c c e jia 06 o t k p b ith h A. B h h ih tc h h o m TeopHH o t h o c h - TejibHocTH (pH TH pyeM 110 [ 2 5 2 ] ) :

223

fiepTpaH PacceJi SaMeTHJi, hto npn otkph thh TeopHHOTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH SiffllHTeHH HaHaJI CO CBOerO po^a MHCTHHeCKOTO HJIH HOBTHHeCKOrO npOHHKHOBeHHH B HCTHHy, KOTOpoe npHHHJio 4»opMy BH3yaJiii3ai],HH Bceo6beMJiK>m,ero xapaKTepa 3aKona bo Been ero pa3BeTBJieHHOCTH (CTp. 459).

IIo-BHflHMOMy, HOfloSHHM o6pa30M npOHCXOflHT TBOpneCKOe 03a- peHHe h b f l P y r a r x oSjiacrnx AeHTeJibHocra. 3p;ecb m h npHBep;eM em,e BHCKa3HBaHHH C. KpHnnHepa [253]:

M u o rn e xyaojkhhkh h yneHHC yTBepiKAaioT, hto hx CTpeMJienm k HOBOBBeAeHHHM cymecTByioT KaK pacnojioffieHHe n y x a h nyBCTBa, npeiKfle HeM ohh noJiynaioT CBoe BHpaHteHne b cjioBax h A p yrn x 3Ha- Kax. ,D[jih PoSepTa O p o cT a craxoTBopenH e HanHHaaocb Kan «komok b rop jie», «KaK om ym en n e n jio x o ro , KaK TocKa no poflHHe, TocKa no jho6bh», 3to 6hjio «6jih3ko k mhcjih, c kotopoh HanaTb». Coo6m,aJiocb, hto P n xap A B a r a e p cjiHinaji My3HKy cnoHTaHHo; H oranH ec BpaMC 0AHa5KflH cKa3aJi, hto oh cjiHinaji $parMeHTH cbohx TeM KaK «BHyTpeH- hk>k> rapMOHHH»>; A a p o H KonjieHA yxBep>KAaJi, hto My3HKajibin,ie TeMH hphxoahjih k HeMy KaK aisxoMaTHHecKoe 3anHCHBanHe. H eM ep- khh xhmhk ABryCT K eK yjie co3AaJi KoHAenpHTo 6eH30jibHoro Kojibpa, HHCHHpnpoBaHHyio chom, b kotopom 3Men AepntaJia BO pTy CBOH XBOCT(CTp. 2 7 2 -2 7 3 ).

IIpHBeAeHHHe npHMepn HOKa3HBaiOT, hto TBopnecKoe 03apeHne 1 CBH3SHO c BHXOAOM 9a rpaHHIJH JIOrHHeCKOrO MHIHJieHHH. Ho OCMHCJIH- BanHe h o b h x HAefi npoHcxoAHT na JiornnecKoM ypoBHe. Co3HaHne nejiOBeKa a oji>kho 6 h tb noAroTOBJieHo k bochphhthio h o b h x , Bee ycjiojKHHiomHXCH nocTpoeHHH. CnaiKeM, BBeAenne b MaTeMaTHKy «6e3yMHHM renHeM» KopAano (Mh h m h x nnceJi — hohhthh AocTaTonno aScypAHoro c H03HiptH 3ApaBoro CMHCJia — 9to OAHa H3 Tex Bex MaTe- MaTHHeCKOrO MHIHJieHHH, KOTOpHMH OTMeHaeTCH B03HHKH0BeHHe h o b h x B03M0>KH0CTeH a m Sojiee SoraTHx jiornnecKHx nocTpoeHHH. M h aojukhh npH3HaTb, hto pe$JieKTHBHoe co3HaHiie nejiOBeKa 0Ka3H- BaeTCH chocoSh h m 3anepnHyTb H3 KOHTHHyajibnoro noTOKa mhcjih TOJIbKO TO, K OCMHCJIHBaHHIO HerO OHO 0Ka3HBaeTCH nOArOTOBJieHHHM cbohmh npeAinecTByiomHMH jiornnecKHMH itoctpoehhhm h . Ho Jiornne- cKoe ocMHCJiHBaHHe, ecjin oho BeAeT k nocTpoeHHio neoSHHHbix koh-

iG 03a p e a a e M m h CTajIKHBaeMCH He to jii> k o b TnopnecKOM n p o n e c c e , h o n b H a- n ie n o 6h h c h h o h m a a s u . O a h h m H3 npH M epoB b t o io mo>kot 6h ti> npHHHTHe p e - HieHHH. H 3BeCTHH nOHHTKH CTpOl'O JIOfKHCCKOro aH aJIH3a n p o n e c c a npHHHTHH pem eHH H. E h j i h upcA Jio>K eH u M aTCM aTHaecKne, b tom h h c jis h B e p o H ra o cT H H e MOReJiu. H o C HTyapHH n a m e B ce ro cto jh > c jio a tn a , h t o b n p o p e c c e npHHHTHH pem eHHH m h orpaHHHHBaeM CH tom , h to aaffaeM ce d e B o n p o c h m fleM oTBeTa K a n 03apeHHH . O TCiofla h n o c jio B H p a : « Y T p o B e n ep a M ynpeH ee».

224

C T p y K T O B , — 3 t o T a K H t e H eK O T o p o e 0 3 a p e n H e . B o t o p ; h h 0 3 n p H M e p o B : c n e i ^ H a j i b H a H T eop H H 0TH0CH TejibH 0CTH — b t o , b K o m je k o h i j o b , H e S o jie e HeM n e K O T o p o e , c o B c e M n e o S b iH H o e , h o j io rH n e c K H t o t k o b

o c m h c j i h b a n n e n p e o 6p a 30B aiiH H J l o p e n p a . I I o n e M y 3 t o t o n e m o t C flejia T b c a n J lo p e m i;, K p y n H e in iH H $ h 3 h k c B o e r o B p e M e n n , h j i h T a K H e

M a T e M a T H K H , K aK I ly a H K a p e h A ^ a n a p , K O T op b ie n H T a jin c b h o h h t b

<$H3H H ecKH H c m h c j i n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H J I o p e H p a ? B o t h t o n o 3 T O M y

n o B O A y n n in e T ca M ? K . A ^ a M a p [ 2 2 0 ] :

A S c o J i i o T i i o e f l H f J a J e p e n p H a j i b H o e H C H H C J ie n H e H a x o f lH T C H b T e c n o H

c b h 3 H c T e o p n e i o T H o c H T e j i b n o c T H ; h n o B T O M y n o B O / i ; y h f lO J in t e H

n p H 3 H a T b C H , h t o , y B H ^ e B , h t o y p a B H e n n e p a c n p o c T p a n e n H H C B e T a

H H B a p n a H T H O o T H O C H T e jib H O H e K O T o p o H r p y n n b i n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a m i H

( H 3 B e c T H b i x T e n e p b n o f l n a 3 B a H H e M n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a n H n J T o p e n i j a ) ,

B K O T O p y lO B X O ftH T n p O C T p a H C T B O H B p e M H , H n p n S a B H J I , «H T O T a K n e

n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a n H n J i n n i e H H $ H 3 H H e c K o r o C M H C J ia » . A 3th n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a -

H H H , K O T o p b i e H CH eJI J IH IH e H H H M H $ H 3 H H e C K O T O C M H C J ia , C O C T aB J IH IO T

O C H O B y T e o p H H O T H O C H T e jIb H O C T H ( C T p . 51).

O H H i H T e i m y b C M e j io c T H e r o n o C T p o e H H H n o M o r a o , b h a h m o , t o

0 3 a p e i i H e , o k o t o p o m m h y n t e r o B o p n j i H B H i n e .

M o j k h o a y M a T b , h t o b T B o p n e c K O M n p o i j e c c e , K a K h b n a i n e n n o B C d -

^ n e B H O H p e n e B o i f l e n T e j i b n o c T H , n p o n c x o f l H T n o c T O H H n o e B 3 a H M O ,a ;e H -

C T B H e M e j K ^ y K O H T H n y a j i b n o i h f l H C K p e r a o H c o c T a B J iH K > in ,H M H n a i n e r o

M H i n J i e n H H . C n o M o m , b i o j i o t h k h m b i H a ^ e e M C n h t o - t o n e n p o T H B o p e H H -

b h m o 6 p a 3 0 M o c M B i c j i H T b H 3 H e H C H e p n a e M o r o S o r a T C T B a K O H T H H y a j i b -

h h x i i o t o k o b , h o , o C M H C J iH B a n b p a M K a x n e T K H X K a T e r o p H H , H e p e 3

K O f l H p o B a n n e C M B ic j ia b ^ H C K p e T a x , n a c T O J i b K o c y j K a e M c m h c j i h o h h -

T o r o , h t o n o T O M c n o B a B 0 3 B p a in ;a e M C H k p a 3 k H T H M K O H T H n y a J ib H H M

n p e f l C T a B J i e n H H M . B b t o m o c o S e n n o C T b H a i n e i K y j i b T y p n , b b t o m ee H e p a 3 r a f l a H H a n T a i H a .

IIo H H M a H H e H a B H enorH H ecK O M y p o B H e . B c h k h h , k t o 3a H H M a jicn n ep ;a rorH H ecK O H ^ e n T e j ib n o c T b io , 3 n a e T , K a K H H o r ^ a o r o p n a e T C H k t o - t o

H3 CTy/i;eHTOB: o h , K a 3 a j io c b 6 h , 6 e 3 3an H H K H o t b b t h j i n a B e e B o n p o c H ,

h o n e n o j i y n n j i b b i c o k o h o t m c t k h . I I p e n o A a B a T e jib , n H T a n C b o 6 t >h c -

H H T b H H 3 K y iO O p e H K y , r O B O p H T C T y ^ e H T y , H TO T O T B C e 3 H a e T , H O B TO JK e

B p e M H o n e n b n j i o x o n o H H M a e T n p e ^ M e T . O o p M a J i b H o e n o H H M a H H e 3 a n n -

c e f i , C ^ e J ia H H H X B 3 H a K O B O H C H C T e M e , n p H H H T O H B T O H H JIH H H O H 06-

J ia C T H 3 H 3 H H H , M O J K eT O K a 3 a T b C H H e flO C T a T O H H H M flJ IH T o r o r n y S o K o r o

0 C 0 3 H a H H H , K O T O p o e H e o S x O f lH M O ftJIH T o r o , H T 0 6 h H O H B H J ia C b B 0 3 M 0 J K - H o c T b T B o p n e c K o r o , t . e. c a M o c T O H T e j i b H o r o o c M b i c j i H B a H H H n p e ^ M e T a .

H 3 B e C T H H H C O B e T C K H H $ H 3 H K JI. H. M a H ^ e j I b l H T a M JIK >6h JI r O B O p H T b

o n o H H M a H H H n e p B o r o h B T o p o r o p o # a . B c o S p a H H H e r o T p y p p B c o x p a -

H H J i o c b c j i e ^ y i o m e e J i a K O H H n e c K o e B H C K a 3 H B a H H e no a T O M y no- B O f ly [221]:

15 B. B. HajiiiMOB 225

E cT b flBe cteneH H noHHMaHHH. Ile p B a H , K o r^ a B h H3yKHJiH KaKOH-HH0yflb B o n p o c h K aK SyATO 3HaeTe Bee, k to HyjKHO, h o B h eiqe He MOJKeTe caMocTOHTejibHo oTBeTHTb n a h o b h h B o n p o c, o th o c h - iqH ficH k H3yKaeMOH o S jia c ra ; h B Topan cTeneHb noHHMaHHH, Korp;a noHBjineTCH o6nj,aH KapTHH a, n cn o e n o n m ia H H e B cex CBH3efi. T a K n e B o n p o cH , n a K O Topae HeJib3H OTBeTHTb, n o K a 3 t o h BTopoft CTeneHH HOHHMaHHH HeT, MH Ha3bIBaeM HapaflOKCaMH. P a 3 6 o p nOftoSHHX napap;oKCOB oneHb n ojie3eH a jih a o c t h jk o h h h T a K o ro n o jin o r o noHHMa- HHH (CTp. 10).

I I flefiCTBHTenbHO, e c jin T y cjiO /K n yio CHCTeMy npeflCTaisJienHH, KO Topan o 6 p a 3y e T KBaHTOByro M exaH HK y, oScyjK A aT b n a jk cctk o m — C Tporo jiorn n ecK O M ypoBH e, t o neMep;JieHHO B03HHKai0T napaAOKCH. 06cyjK/i;eH H e napaflO K coB npHBOAHT n e k yC T p o jK em iio jio rn n e cK H X nocTpoeHHH, a k n e p e x o ^ y MHinJieHHH n a f lp y r o n ypoBeH b, rA e n a p a - A O Kch n cn e3aio T . T a K B03HHKaeT t o _ H etJopM ajibiioe noHHMaHHe, O KOTOPOM MH MaJIO KTO MOJKeM CKa3aTb. H B TO Hte BpeMH KBaHTOBaH M exaHHKa — b to T a K a a A0 CAHnjiHHa, K O Topaa n e noAAaeTCH n o n y - JIHpHOMy H3JIOJKeHHK> BHe TOH CneAH$HKeCKOH aScTpaKTHOH chm bojih k h , b KoTopoH OHa c o 3A a na . Ho caM a chm boJiH KecKan 3 a n n cb — 3to He 3HaHH6 O MHKpOMHpe, a TOJIbKO CHOCoS npOBOAHpOBaHHH 3TOrO 3H3HHH b HaineM co3HaHHH. OScyjKAOHHe napaA O KcoB 3Aecb 0K a3H BaeT t o Hte AeficTBHe, k to h oSAyM HBaHHe KoaHOB — n ap a A O K ca jib H H xBLICKa3LIBaHHii B $HJIOCO$HH A33H > 0 KOTOpOH MH SyAeM rOBOpHTb HHJKe.

3 A e cb m ojkho BH CKa3aTB TaK oe cyjKAeHHe. X o t h TeopeTH KecKne HOCTpOeHHH B H a in e fi H ayK e H 3anHCHBaiOTCH B aScTpaKTHO-CHMBOJIH' K ecK ofi (JiopMe, h o caM a CHMBOJiHKecKaH 3anHCb — 9to eipe He s a n n c b CaMOrO 3HBHHH, a JIHIHb CHOCoS HpOBOAHpOBaHHH 3TOrO 3HBHHH B H aineM co3HaHHH. T a K H e o6m;eH3BecTHHe h o h h t h h , KaK , CKajKeM, n p eA CTaBJieHHe o ([>-$yHKAHH b KBaHTOBofi MexaHHKe h jih Aante n p o cT o npeACTaBJieHHe o n o n e b $H 3H Ke, npeACTaBJienHe o cJiynanH ocT H b TeopHH BepoHTHocTen h jih , naKO Heij, npeACTaBJieHHe o B n p y ce b 6HOJiorHH, He M oryT n p o cT o h oAH03H anno Sbitb HCTOjmoBaHH b Hg ih h x H enocpeACTBenH HX npeA C T aB Jien nn x o BHeinHeM M npe. H Ha BepHoe, He HyjKHO 3a6oTHTbCH 06 yTonnenH H CMHCJia 3 t h x cjio b -ch m - b o jio b . H a A o n p o cT o yKHTb CTyAeHTOB TOMy, KaK c noMom,bio b th x HOHHTHH MOJKHO CTpOHTb JIOrHKeCKH OCMHCJieHHHe BHCKa3HBaHHH, C HOMOmblO KOTOpHX MH HaHHHaeM nOHHMaTb MHP Ha TOM rJiySHHHOMy p o B H e , rA e H aM H e H y jK H H T o n H H e — a T O M a p n H e 3H aKeH H H c j io b .

MeAHTau,HH — n p H M o e o 6 p a m ;e H H e k KOHTHHyaJibiibiM noTOKaM C 03H a iIIIH . IIpH3HB K MOJIKaHHIO KaK CpeACTBy H03HaHHH C&6fl H MHpa (B yA A a» H jK y a H -A S H , PaSH HApaHaT T a r o p , K p H in n a M y p T H h a 3 * ® BHTreHm TeH H) — 3 to nenocpeACTBeHHoe oSpaiqeH H e k KOHTHHy-

226

ajitHOMy MHimieHHio b ero h h c t o m b h a o . TexnHKa MeAHTaipiH — yMe- HBte ynpaBJiHTt KOHTHHyaJibHHMH noTOKaMH co3HaHHH 6e3 o6pam,eHHH k H3HKOBHM cpe^CTBaM. B pe3yjibTaTe ynpaBJienHH cbo6oaho TeKy- n p tM , jionmecKH ne ynopHAOHenHHM noTOKaM m h c j ih npnaaeTCHn e T K a n H a n p a B J ie H iio C T b .

3anaAHaa mhcjib jranib coBceM neAaBiio oSpaTHJiacb k naymioMy H3yqeHHio HeoSbiHHbix, u3Menennbiz cocmosmuu co3Hcihuh. K hx HHCJiy OTHOCHTCH H Te COCTOHHHH C03HaHHH, KOTOpbie B03HHKaK)T npH C03ep- AaTeJibHHX neAHTapHHX h MOJiHTBax MOJinaHHH. HsynenHe H3MeneH- HHX COCTOHHHH C03HaiIHH CTaJIO HpeAMeTOM KJIHHHHeCKHX HCCJieAOBa- HHH. OnbIT, HaKOnJieilHBIH MHCTHKHMIl pa3JIHHHHX pejIHrH03HbIX Ha- npaBJieHHH, CTaji npeAMeTOM aHajiH3a ncnxojioroB h ncnxHaTpoB. 3a KopoTKoe BpeMH naKonHJiacb orpoMHan JiHTepaTypa. B ranpoKo H3BecTHOM c6opiniKe CTaTei [222] npnBeAena 6H6jiHorpa<f>HH b 1000 na-HMeHOBaHIIH.

MeAHTapHfo mojkho paccMaTpHBaTb KaK AeaBTOMaTH3aijHio n p n - BHHHHX HaM nCHXHHeCKHX CTpyKTyp — MeAHTHpyK>m,HH BHXOflHT 3 a rpanHphi jiornnecKH CTpyKTypHpoBaHHoro co3HaHHH. Bo3HHKaeT HOBOe COCTOHHHe C03IiaHHH, npil KOTOpOM npOHCXOAHT CJIHHHHe c oSbeKTOM MeflHTapHH, pacTBopeHHe b neM, noTepn rpam m n coScTBeH- HOH JIHHHOCTH. Bo3HHKaeT OHJ,yHJ,eHHe peJIOCTHOCTH. |U,HCKpeTHbie CHM- BOJIbl H3HKa OKa3bIBaiOTCH HeAOCTaTOHHHMH flJIH BLipaJKeHHH 3TOTO COCTOHHHH C03HaHHH. B 3TOM COCTOHHHH C03HaHHH HapyinaiOTCH 3a- KOHLI apHCTOTejieBOH JIOFHKH; npOTHBOpeHHH He BH3HBaiOT SoJXbHie yAHBJieHHH, napyraaioTCH npHHHHHo-CJieACTBeHHbie ynopHflOHHBaHHH HBJieHHH, H3MeHHIOTCH npeACTaBJieHHH 0 npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeH- hoh CTpyKType MHpa; napaAOKcanbHocTb nepe>KHBaeMoro bochphhh- MaeTCH KaK neHTo ecTecTBenHoe.

B o t KaK A . êiK M an HHCTpyKTHpoBaJi jiha, npHBJieneHHHX k bkc- nepHMeHTaM c MeAHTapHHMH (oSbeKTOM MeflHTaAHH 6bi.ua rojiy6an Ba3a) [223]:

Bama 3aAana — KonpeiiTpHpoBaTb CBoe BHHMaHne Ha rojiy6ofi Ba3e. Korâ h roBopio o KOHpeHTpapHH BHHMaHHH, h He HMeio b BHfly, HTO BH AOJIJKHH aHajIH3HpoBaTb pa3JIHHHHe HaCTH B33H HJIH pa3MHIH- jihtb o Ba3e h nopoiKAaTb accopnaAHH, cBH3aHHHe c Ba3ofi; cKopee, penb HêT o nonbiTKe yBHfleTb Ba3y TaK, KaK ona cymecTByeT b ce6e, 6e3 bchkoh cbh3h c ApyrHMH BeipaMH. McKJiioHHTe Bee flpyrae mhcjih hjih HyBCTBa h TejiecHbie om,ym,eHHH. H e no3BOJiHHTe hm oTBJieKaTb Bac, AepmHTe hx BHe ce6n TaK, h to6h bh CMorjin cKOHAemrpHpoBaTb Bame BHHManHe, Bee saine co3HaHHe na caMon Ba3e. CAejiaHTe TaK, h t o 6 h BocnpHHTHe Ba3H HanojiHHJio Bee Bame co3HaHHe. . .

. . . ecjin b h nonyBCTByeTe, hto CMem,aeTecb b hotok MbicJiefi, to ocTaHOBHTecb h HanpaBbTe Bame BHHManHe cHOBa Ha Ba3y (c. 201).

15* 227

^ a j i b i n e A . ^ e m r n a H o 6 p a m ;a e T BH H M anH e H a T p y f lH o c r a , CBH3aH- H w e c o n n c a H H e M o n t iT a M e^ H T a pH fi [ 2 2 3 ] :

B o6n j,eM , yn a cT H H K H a K cn e p H M e n T a O T M enaioT , h t o o n e H b T p y ^ n o o n n c a T b h x nyB C T B a h B ocnpH H T H H b o B peM H M e^H TapH H . «O n e H b T p y^ H O B H p a 3 H T b 3TO B CJIOBaX)), — T3KHM 6h JI HaCTO HOBTOpHK>H],HHCH OTBeT. 3 t h Tpy^H O C TH , K aK HaM KaHteTCH, B03HHKaJIH HaCTHHHO H 3 -3 a T o r o , HTO HeB03M 0>KH 0 6HJIO OnH CaTb OnbIT M e^H T apH II, H e BH aAaH B npO T H B opeH H H . Bo3M OHtHO T aK H te, HTO HaCTHHHO TPyRHOCTH B 03H H - K a jiH H 3 -3 a H e a a e K B a ra o C T H c j i o B a p n TOM y o m i T y , k o t o p h h n y jK H o 6 h j i o n e p e ^ a T b ( c . 2 0 4 ) .

H Bee >kc b o t oniicaH H O BnenaTJiemiH o ^ n o i i H3 ynacTHHu; aK cn cp iiM eiiT a [223]:

C .m a n n e . 0 6 o in y m e m ii i «cjiiihhhh» c o o 6 m ii j ia ynacTHHu;a A . . . O H a ro B O p m ia : o . . . OflHH H3 MOMeHTOB, KOTOpblH H BaHOMHHJIa 6 c o 6 eHHO HpKO, 6 bUI T o r^ a , KO raa H H a a a n a HyacTBOBaTb, 3H a e ie , TaK, KaK 6 yn T 0 6 h r o j i y 6 o e n h cjihjihcb, KaK 6 y « T 0 Ba3a H H 6 LI JIH O^HHM. . . K a K Oy^TO BCe KaK-TO CJIHBajIOCb, II H KaK 6 yftTO HOTTII TepHJia o in y m e H iie cb ooto c o 3HaHHH». O in y m o .n n e «cjihhhhh» Oujio x a p a K T e p - HHM ftJIH B c e x C ep ilii Me/JIITapHOHHHX OITLITOB 3TOH HCITLITyGMOli, H BCKOpe OHa TaK oCBOH jiacb c hhm, h to n e p e c T a n a to b o p h t l o HeM, KaK o hcm-to n p H M e n a ie jib - hom. I l o c j i e m ecT H c e p n i i OHa c o o 6 in,HJia: «B orh h H3 momohtob Olijio T aK oe o n ;y - m;eHHe. . . KaK 6 y a i o B a3a 6 u j ia , C K opee, b \ ioeii r o n o B e , neM BHe e e ; h 3H a jia , hto OHa H a xoa H T ca BHe MeHH, ho OHa K a3a jia c h hohth H acTino MeHH. H p y M a io , hto h b 3 to t MOMeHT HyBCTBOBana TaK, 3H aeTe, 6 yato o 6 p a a ^ ch ctb h to jilh o H axop ,K ;icn bo MHe, a He BHe MeHH» ( c . 204).

B n o c jie p y r o ir p ix cepH H X HCHHTyeMaH A . . . onnCLiBaeT « r o j i y 6 y io n e jie H y » , k o - TopaH p a 3B epT L iB aaacL n o M epe t o t o , KaK pacTB O pH Jincb rp a n iin L i b 3 3 l i . O H a h o - K pLiB ajia c t o j i , Ha k o t o p o m cTOHJia Ba3a , a C T eny aa hh m , o K p a in iiB a ji h x b r o n y - 6 o h HBeT. B a c c h to m o i t l i t o «n e jieH a » n p e B p a T H jia cb b «TyM aH », a b o p iiH n a p u a - TOM — OH npeBpaTHJICH B «M0 p e CHIieiiLD). . . , « 0 H0 HOTepHJla CBOH rpaH H H H , H H, no-BH^HM OM y, t o k o ) , h , oniiCLiBaH o 6 m.ee BiieHaTJicHiie, OHa t o b o p h t : «H n j im ia b M ope r o . iy O o r o , h b K anoS -T O m om giit noH yncT B O B ajia , h t o HaHHHaio TOHyTb. . .» TeM He MGHce, HecMOTpn Ha B03H H Kaiom ,yio u n o r p a T p eB om u ocT L , o i t l i t M cpiiTaipiH 6 l i j i fljin H ee npHBjiCKaTOJibHLm (c . 207).

H a B t o p o h inKO Jie n o «C 0B p eM em iH M flO K yM eH T ajibH H M cn cT eM a M » ( n a j i a n r a , c e H T a S p b 1 9 7 6 r . ) m h co B M e cT H o c 0 . A . K y 3 n e i jo B H M n p o -BeJIH O n H T KOJIJieKTHBHOH M e^H T apH H , B HeM n pH H H JIO y n a c r a e OKOJIO 1 0 0 K ejiO B eK . T eM O H M e^ H T a ip iH 6 h j i cc^ oK yM eH T 6 y f ly m ;e r o » . C H a n a jia yK acT H H K aM 3 K cn ep H M eH T a S a j i a p a c c K a 3 a H a n o c T a n o B K a 3ap;anH . O n a 3 B y H a jia n p r a e p H o T aK :

H a i n a K y j ib T y p a , m o jk c t S b i t b , b r o p a 3 p ;o S o j i b in e a C T e n e n n , neM jn o S a n K y j ib T y p a n p o n u i o r o , cB H 3 a n a c flO K yM en T ajibH H M H CHCTe- MaM H. H o ca M flO K yM eH T — A O M H B n p y iom iiH b u a m e g K y J ib T y p e

228

TeKCTOBOH flOKyM eH T OCTaJICH nOHTH T3KHM Hte, K3KHM OH 6tIJI H B #a ~ jieK O M n p o in j i o M . 9 b o j i i o p h h T eK C T O B oro flO K yM eH T a in j ia H e o S b iH a im o M ep,jieH H o. H o c e i n a c m bi, b h ^ h m o , c t o h m n a p y S e n t e p a flH K a jib H b ix n e p e M e n . B o t x o t h 6 h o ^ h h H3 n p H i ie p o B , n oK a 3 B iB a io m H X H e c o - oTBeTCTBHe ycTaH O BH B ineH CH $ o p M H flO K y jieH T a h o b b im c n o c o S a M e r o H C n o jib 3 0 BaHHH. H a B T o p o i niK O Jie n o ^ o K y M e n T a jib H H M cHCTeM aM 0 . A . K y 3 H e p o B c S o jib n iH M y c n e x o M npoB O ^ H Ji M H o r o n a c o B b ie 3 a n H - t h h n o o S y n e H H io S b iC T p oM y H TeH H io. E o j i b i n o n o n b iT e r o p a S o T b i n o n a - 3H B a eT , h t o c n o p o c T b HTeHHH n o c J ie n p ox oH tfteH H H coo T B e T C T B y io n ^ e ro o S y n e H n n yB e jiH H H B a eT cn b 3 — 5 p a 3 , n p n 3 t o m y c B o n e M o c T b M aT e- p n a n a n o B B im a e T c n n a 4 0 % .

H o e c J in ^ on y M e H T i m a i b h o b b im — S h c t p b im — c n o c o S o M , t o T e p n e T c n b c h k h i i c m b ic j i b c t h j i h c t h h g c k o h O T p a S o T a m io c T H T e n c T a , b 6 e 3 y M H o c j i o j k i i o h c n c T e M e op<|>orpa<|>HH n 3iiaK O B n p e n H H a n n n , n a # 3 a n y flH b iM H 3 y H em ieM K O T o p b ix T a n M H o ro TpaTH T B p e M e n n in K o a b - h h k h . B b ic T p o e H T em ie n o f lp b iB a e T o c n o B y H a in e f i K y jib T y p a i — e e ^ o n y M e H T a jib H y io CHCTeM y, n b t o >ne B p e w n B ceM h c h o , h t o B peM H f l j in H e r o n a 3 p e j i o . O h o CTaHOBHTCH H eoS xo^ H M O C T bK ).

P a c c K a 3 B eJicn b ;rpm aM H H ecK O M n n a n e — b B H ^e flH G K yccH H s t e a d y m h o i o h O . A. Ky3HepoBBiM, 3 t o co3AaBajio oCTpoTy CHTyapHH. 3aTeM H cnbiTyeM biM S b ijio n p e flJ io H te n o n o n b iT aT bC H b b ih t h H3 n p u B H H H o r o n o T O K a M bicJien h n o c T a p a T b C H eo o 6 p a 3 u m b ^ o K y M e H T 6y f ly m ,e r o . n p e ^ B a p H T e jib H O c o 3 A a B a jia c b o S c T a n o B K a , c n o c o S c T B y io m a H p e j i a - K c a p H H , — n p o c jiy n iH B a J ic n c M arH H T 0<|>0HH0H JieHTbi y c n o K a H B a io ip H H TeKCT, n p o H 3 n e c e H H b iH n p o <|)eccH O H ajioM -rH n H O J ioroM B . E . P o j k h o - b bim , b co o T B eT C T B y io m eM M y3B iK ajibH O M o ^ o p M J ie H H H . H e K O T o p b ie , n p a B ^ a , H e M iio r n e H3 ynaCTH H KO B J ierK o n e p e n u iH b H 3M en eH H o e c o - CTOHHHe c o 3 H a m iH . H x 3anH C H p e3yJ ib T aT O B 3K cn e p H M e H T a 0K a 3ajiH C b H eoSbinaH H O H H T e p e c iiH M n .

B o t o f lH a H3 h i i x :

O TjoK-yivieHTe X X I BeKa: p ie - t o Bijajiii, b MHpe 6ejibix flion, h yBiipe.:ia 6ejn>m- 6ejiH0 hih;iik, noxoHtmi Ha (JiopienbHHo c ynjnmeHHbmn KJiaBimiaMH. f l , KaK Sy^TO najibpaMii, HaHviniajia o^hh H3 S era x KJiaBHHieii n ycjibimajia ron oc, k o - Topbiii 6mji flOBoJibHo nanoKo o t caMoro HHCTpyMeHTa. 9 to 6u ji HeJioseHecKHii npiiHTHbifi ron oc. H cm iii h npocTon, KaK h caM iracTpyMeHT. TIotom oh CTan cjibi- rneH ne Tait hciio. Oh yxoniui Bee Bbinie n bbiiho, K ociiyjica Hopenbeo, iiothh jich BBepx ii HCHe3. BiiHeime ynuio, h h ya;e He Morjia 6ojibm e npn6jiii3HTbCH k 6e - jioMy HipiiKy, ^OKyMOHTy X X I BeKa. Oh ynnbiBan o t mohh ii Hcne3aji b roJiy6oa JierKon flbiniKe. C ycTajibiM B3opoM h BepHyjiacb na CBoe Kpecjio ii Ha nyine y MeHH 6buia nojm aa nycTOTa. HiiKaKiix mhcjigh, miKamix KpacoK. n o jin u ii hokoii. f l cnana. Cojm pe ceno. H to jibk o jierKiiii Beiep jiacnaji moh xojjoflHHe, ouymeH- HHO Ba Kpecno pyKH, (IIcnbiTyoMafi III. B .)

229

M h BHflHM, K a K C0 CT0 HHH6 pSJiaKCaiJHH paCT0pM03HJI0 JIOrH H eCKH CTpyKTypBtpOBaHHOe COCTOHHHe C03HaHHH. IIOflBHJiaCb B03M0JKH0CTB HeTpaflHpHOHHoro pemeHHH.

I la H K e h P n H a p f l c , c y M M H p y H 3iH T e p a T y p H H e n b rra io T C Hn p e z ic /r a B H T b o i i h t M t iC T in e c K o r o c o c t o h h h h c o s i ia H H H b c .t o a v i o i j p t x , C B fl3 a n H H x Me>KAy c o S o f t a e B H T ii K a T o r o p i i a x [247]:

1 . IJeJiocTH O cTb. M h yT B ep w fla eM , h to oitlit b o c iip h h t h h JiOAmjicjiepem pf- poB aH H oii h c jioc th oc th e cT b OT-rnPiHTejiMiaH a cp T a M iicT it 'ie cK oro co3HaHHH. T a - K a a ne jiocT H ocT t, MO>KeT 0H T b KaK BHyTpeHHeft, TaK h BHernHeii (cT p . 4 0 1 ) .

BHyTpeHHHH peaoCTHOCTb, n o CBnaeTCJihCTBaM, om ym aeT C H c a e A y io m m i 06- p a 30 M : H cne3aeT 0C03HaBaeM0CTb B ce x o O h h h h x nyBCTBeHHHx B rrcH aTaennii (3 p n - TGJILHHX, CJIyXOBHX, KOJKHHX, o 6oHHTejIbHHX, BKyCOBHX, KHHCCTOTITHeCKHx) H

KanteTCH, h t o B M n n pim ecK oe 9 r O ( t . e . oO m hh og o a iy m e H iic h h a h n n p y a a b i [o c t i i ) yM H paeT h j ih y B a a a e T , b t o BpeMH KaK HBCToe co3H aH iie t o t o , h t o nepoK iiB aoT C H , n apaaoK caJibH O f la m c H h KaK 6yATO pacniHpHeTCH n o M epe c j ih h h i ih c o O jh h p h h m BHyTpeHHHM MHpoM. B H yT pH 3TOTO BH yTpeH H ero M n pa o .r[ynj;acTCH h v h c t b o y iin - HteHHH HepC3 OcCHHCJieHHT.IC, TaK H a3H BaeM H 6, «pa3MepHOCTH 6h t h h » K pejIII, KO- T o p a a BOcnpHHHMaeTCH KaK h c h t o , H M eiom ee CTaTyc n p e A c a b n o ii p c a a b iio c T ii 6bi- t h h . BHyTpeHHHH pejiocTH O CTb A ocTnraeTC H , K or^ a co3H aH H e ca in ia eT C a c « o c - HOBOH 6hTHH» BHe BCHKOTO OMITIiplIHeCKOrO pa3JIHHeHHH. TaKHM o6 p a 3 0 M , C03Ha- H ne He H caeaaeT , x o t h o co s H a B a m ie e r o npeK pam aeT C H ( c i p . 4 0 1 ) .

n o K OH TpacTy c onncaH H H M B H m e o m y m e H n e B iie n m e ii p e a o cT H o cT ii b 06- m;eM n p n xoA H T c jieay ion iH M o 6 p a 3 0 M : oco3H aH H e o jm o r o h j ih H ecK oatK H X O T peab- h h x om ym eH H ft p a cT eT b CBoeii HHTeHCHBHOCTH a o T ex n o p , n o n a o O i.g k t B o c n p im t h h h a M n n p im ecK oe 9 r O B A p y r He n e p e cT a io T cym ecTBO BaTb km k oT.aeabiTbie cy m H ocT H , h KaweTCH , h t o C03HaHHe n ep exoA H T n p e A e jiH cy fn .eK T a h ofn.GKTa n HacbiiriacTCH niyO oK H M om ym em T eM pejiocTHOCTH, conpoBOJKAaeMHM B H yT pen- HHM H p03peHHeM TOTO, HTO B KOHeHHOM CHeTe «BCe CCTI. O a h o » (cT p . 4 0 2 ) .

2 . 0 5 ’b6KTHBHOCTb h peajibH O C Tb. 9 t o h BTopofi K a T e ro p in i n p n c y m n c a e - A yro m n e B3aHMOCBH3aHHHe 3JieM6HTH:

а ) B H yrpeH H ee HOHHMaHHe n a n 03apeH H e 0T H 0ciiT eJii.no 6h t h h h jih cy m ;e - CTBOBaHIIH BOoOlIie. K O T opoe om ym aeT C H Ha HHTyilTH BH OM , HepapHOHajIbHOM yp oB H e H B03HHKaeT B npHMOM nopeiKHBaHHH;

б ) y o o K A c iii io c T b n a n yB epeH H O M b, n p u c y m a f i ;m r\i n e p ea a iB a n iT n m , b t o m , h to TaK oe 3HaHne ecT b HCTHHHaH h jih OKOHHaTeabnaa p e a a r .H o c ib , n o KOH TpacTy c nepe>Kni!aiTTicM o m y m e m m KaK cy fjbC K T H B noro saO ayw A eH iiH ( d p . 4 0 2 ) .

3 . TpaHCu;eHAeHTH0CTb n p ocT pa H C T B a h B p eM em i. 9 T a K aT erop n H CBH3aHa, C OAHOH CTOPOHH, C noTepCH HHAHBHAOM o 6 h HHOH OpHeHTaHHH OTHOCIITenbHO T o r o , rA e o h naxoAHTCH b T c n c n n e on H T a b CM bicae o O b r m o r o T p e x M e p H o ro b o c h p h h t h h CBo e r o o K p y .K cm iH , a c A p y r o i i c t o p o h h — c TeM pap iiK aabH b^ r jibme n c h h c m boc- npHHTHH nepcneK T H B H , n p n k o t o p o m o h B A p y r HaHHHaeT orn ym aT B c e 6 a b h b B p e - M eHn, b BenHocTH O ecK on cH H oro , BHe H p o n u io r o h 6 y A y m e r o ( c i p . 4 0 3 ) .

230

4. O m y m e H H e c b h t o c t h . C b h t o c t b n p e cb noHHMaeTCH KaK H epa ip ioH a jibH L iii,IIHTyHTHBHMH, IfpilIYI YIIIC’HIIUsi H IfV-ITYIIpyIOIlfllii OTKJIHK Ha BJTOXHOIIIIHIOIIPTO npOHBJIGHHH peajIbHOCTH. 11Hill! I! IPT.YYM BOCnpHHHMaeT COOJI KaK ocouyio p eil- H o d b , M orym yio 6 l i t b npo$am ipoB aiiH oii. HeflH$$epeHipipoBaHHOH u;ejioCTHocTH MHCTiraeCKOrO C03HaHHH CBOHCTBeHHO HyBCTBO TJlySoKOrO OipymeHHH CBHTOCTH H HenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTH. . . (CTp. 404).

5. T jryooK O o m y m a e M o e no3H TH B H oe H a cT p oeH H e. Otb K a ie ro p H H (JioKycH- pyeTCH Ha on iy iiieH H H x p a p o cT ii, j iioO b h , O jia ro c jio B e H H o cra h yM iip oT B op eH H ocT ii, n p n c y ir p ix MHCTHHecKOMy co3H aH H io (CTp. 404).

6 . I lap aaoK caJ ibH O C T b. K a T erop H H , o T p a jK a io ip a a c n o c o 6 , c n o M o ip b io k o - T o p o r o CymCCTBeHHbIC aCITCKTbl MJTCTHHCCKOrO C03HaHHH BOCnpHHHMaiOTCH KaK HCTHHHbie, HecMOTpn Ha t o , h t o o h h H a p ym aioT 3aKOHbi apHCTOTejieBoii j io n iK i i . H a n p H M ep , cyO i.eK T yTnep>K pacT , h t o o h yM ep , n e p e c i a j i cym ecT B O B aT b, x o t h c oneBHflHoCTbio n p o f l o jm a e i cy ipecT B O B aT b h fla>KC iiiirneT o CBoeM o m iT e . O h MOJK6T yTBCp>KflaTb, H T O OipyTHJI nyCTyiO n,CJIOCTHOCTb, KOTOpaH B TO >KG BpeMH COflepjKHT BCK) peaJIbHOCTb ( d p . 405).

O h MO>KeT H a n n caT b o HCcyn;ecTBOBaHHH, KOTOpoe 6 o jib tn e , hom cy m ecT B O - BaH ne (CTp. 406).

7 . IleB bipaaiiM O C T b. K o r ^ a nejioBBK nuTaeTCH KOMy-JinOo c o o O h p itb o CBoeM MHCTHHeCKOM C03HaHHH, OH o 6bTHHO HtajiyBTCH Ha TO, HTO CHMBOJIH H 3H Ka, 6CJIH h He b c h e r o C T pyK T ypa , HeflOCTaTOHHLi h jih o h h c b h h h h j ih ToH H oro O T paw en iiH T a K oro on H T a . OcH OBanneM p jih T o r o , h t o onH T BOcnpHHHMaeTCH KaK H eB bipaan - m h h b c j io B a x , HBjineTCH pa30H apoB aH H e b H3HKe, K O T op oe , b CBOio oH ep e flb , o 6 y - cjioBjiHBaeTCH napapoK ca jibH O C T bio n p iip o f lb i H aO aioffaC M oro (JenoM ena a e r o h h C HeM H e CpaBHHMOH yHHKajIbHOCTblO (CTp. 405).

8 . B peM eiiH O CTb. 9 t h K aTeropH H o t h o c h t c h k i i p o t h jk g h h o c t h MHCTiiHCCKoro C03H3HHH BO BpeMeHH. ClTCipiajIbHaH H Heo6bIHHaH $O pM a C03H3HHH. . . flJIHTCH rfle -T o o t H ecK ojibK H x ce K y n fl p o H ecK ojibK H x n a co B h 3aTeM HCHe3acT, B03Bpam ;aH nejiOBeKa K o6HHHOMy ITOECepHCBHOMy C03HaHHIO. B K aTeropH H BpeMeHHOCTH. . . npOHBJIHeTCH OflHO H3 CyipCCTBeHHLIX OTJIHHHH MHCTHHeCKOTO OITLITa OT COCTOHHHH 'n cH X 03a (cTp. 406).

9 . n o jio iK H T e jib iib ie H 3M eH eim H b OTHOiueiiHH k c e 5 e h CBoeM y n o B e jie H iiio . JlHu;a, K O Topw e n p n o S p e jiH o h h t b BocbM H BH m e oO cyjK paB rroixcH K a ie r o - pH H x, nocTOHHHO co o S ip a io T T a n w e 06 H3MeHeHHH h x OTHorneHiiH: 1 ) k caM OMy c e 6e ; 2 ) k p p y n iM ; 3 ) k jk h isiih ; 4 ) n caMOMy MiicTiiHCCKOMy co3H aH H io. C o o 6in;a- eTCH o B O spocm eH H H Terpaipan j ih h h o c t h , BKjnonaH o 6HOBjieHHoe o ip y m e H iie j ih h - h o h ii,eHH0CTH, c o n e T a jo ip e e ca c o c j i a 6jieH neM o O lih h o to MexaHH3Ma s a ir p r m 9rO . . . Bo3H H K aeT nyBCTBo T o r o , h t o h o j io b o k m o jk c t oOpaTiiTBCH k cb o h m jih h - h h m n p o 6jieM aM h yM eHbm HTb h j ih ycT paH iiT i, h x , yK penjiH eTCH B ep a b c o 6cTBeH- HHe n oT e in p ia jib H j.ie TEopHCCKiie b o s m o jk h o c t h , n o K p a iin e ii M ep e , Ha cyO 'beK TiiB - h om yp o B H e ( d p . 4 0 6 ) .

r H O I I 0 3 KaK O ^ I ia H 3 (JlOpM H 3 M eH eH H O rO COCTOHHHH C 0 3 H a H H H .To H3MeHeHHoe cocTOHHHe C03HaHHH, KOTopoe AoCTHraeTCH npn ran-

231

H 0 3 e , BO MHOrOM H anO M H H aeT MHCTHHeCKOe COCTOHHHe C03H aHH H. T a K , B. A a p o H C O H , ccB iJ ia n cB H a K p o r e p a , n n m e T [254]:

Kporep [255] o t m o t h j i , h t o c o c t o h h h o ca M orH H H 0 3 a H anOM H H aeT COCTOHHHe HHflyn;HpOBaHHH peJIH T H 03H 0T 0 OHMTa BO MHOTHX M HpOBHX peJIHTHHX (C T p . 270).

A H ajiorH H H M M o 5 p a 3 0 M y G. K p H H H H e p a [253] HH TaeM :

/[3 3 H -5 y p ;f lH 3 M c e r o n o fln ep K H B a H H eM p o jr n K O H ijeH T p a ip iH , n a c T o p accM aT p H B a eT C H K aK Mop;H(])HKaii;HH c a M o r n n H 0 3 a . B c a iv io rH n H 0 3 e , K aK H B f l3 3 H , M eflHTaiJHH MOJKeT HpHBOflHTB K nOBBIHieHHOH K O H IjeH T pH - pOBaHHOCTH , K (])OKyCHpOBaHHIO BH HM aH HH, a HOBBIHieHHaH BOCHpH - HMHHBOCTB — K TBOpHeCKHM HfleHM (C T p. 273).

rHHHOTHHeCKOe COCTOHHHe C03H3HHH flOCTH raeTCH , KOTfla raCHTCH o5BIHH Oe, HpHBBIHHOe flJIH JIOrHHeCKH C T pyK T ypH pO B aH H O rO C03H 3H H H , B ocn p H H T H e peajiB H O C T H . B o t K aK s t o onH C BiB aeT P. I H o p [256]:

B t o h M e p e , b K O T o p o S H a 3ap;HeM m ia H e c o 3 H 3 h h h 3 a T y x a e T o 6 h h - H a n opH eH Tan;H H H a peajiB H O C T B , B 0 3 p a c T a e T b o 3 m o j k h o c t b p ;p y r o r o on B iT a , H e coB M eC T H M oro c o 6 b ih h h m npep;CTaB JieH H eM o peajiB H O C TH , H yBeJIHHHBaeTCH B03M 0JKH0CTB C03p;aHHH HOBBIX r J iy 6 HHHBIX ypO B H eH C03H3HHH 6 e 3 oS p a ip e H H H K JIOrH Ke, H 03H aH H K), K KpHTHIi;H3M y o 6 h h - h o h pea jiB H O C T H oii opH eH T an ;H H , h , cooT B eT C T B eH H o, yBeJIHHHBaeTCH B03M 0JKH0CTB TO rO , HTO B C03H 3H H e HHHHyT HpOHHKaTB HpHMHTHBHBie — CHHKpeTHBie — (JopM BI MBIHIJieHHH. IIC XO flH H3 3THX HpeflHOCH JIOK, m h MOJKeM on p e p ;e jiH T B , h t o ecT B JierK O rH H H O TH 3H pyeM H H h h a h b h p ;.

X o p o m o rH nH OTH 3 H p y eM H H HHflHBHp; MOJKeT 6 h t b o n p e p ;e jie H K aK jih h ;o , K O T o p o e o 6 jia p ;a eT c h o c o 6 h o c t b i o o x o t h o h b 3H aH H TejiBH 0H C TeneH H OTKa3aTBCH o t o S h h h o h p e a j i B H o i opH eH T an;H H h co3p ;aB aT B B M ecT e c TeM no-H O B O M y o p n e H T H p o B a H H o e n p eflC T aB JieH H e o p e a j iB - HOCTH, K O T O poe H a H eK O T O poe B peM H CT3H0BHTCH eflHHCTBeHHO B 0 3 - MOJKHOH peajIBH OCTBK) B erO COCTOHHHH C03H3HHH (c T p . 247).

B flpyroi pa6oTe P. IIIop, o6cy>Kp;aH npHpop;y TpaHca, nnrneT [257]:T p a H C . . . H e ecT B C T pa H H oe M H C T H necK oe COCTOHHHe, h o h b j i h i o -

ip e e c H t o j i b k o b rH H H 03e , p eJ iH rH 03 H H X 3K C T a 3 a x h h o p ;o 6 h b ix 3 3 0 - TepH H eCKH X HBJieHHHX. T p a H C MOJKHO BHfleTB e)Ke/I,IieBHO K aK o 6 h h h o f HBJieH He, K aK H e m iS p a cn iH p eH H H H c n o c o 6 K 0H ii;enT yajiH 3aii;H H «Cb JieKTHBHOTO BHHMaHHH)), H CTOJIB JKe 3H aK 0M H H , K aK XaOTHHeCKOe3a 6B eH H e p a 3 y M a b o CHe (C T p . 253).

Go CH3MH rHHHOTHHeCKOe COCTOHHHe C03HaHHH c 6 jIHJKaeTCH TeM , h t o TaM TaK >Ke h o h b j i h i o t c h a p x a H H e cK H e o6pa3Bi. P. IIIop [257] y K a 3 H B a e T H a t p h p a3M ep H 0C T H r n n H 0 3 a : noB H H O B eH H e, 3 a 5B eH H e h a p x a n n e c K o e O K yT H B aH H e.

232

COH K aK npOH BJieHH e H3MeHeHHOrO COCTOHHHH C 03H aH H H . PaSoTBI 3 . <J>peiipa, no-BHp;HMOMy, p a Jin nep B B iii t o jih o k k cepte3H O M y H a y n - HOMy H3yTOHHio n p n p o p H cH a. 3HanHTeJiBHo 6o jie e h ih p o k h h h r j iy - 6o k h h n o p x o p k pem eHHio 3Toh n p o 6jieM H mm H a x o p m i y A. Ap- Jiep a [2 5 8 ], B o t KaK KpaTKO H 3JiaraeTCH e ro H HTepnpeTapH H n p np o p B i CHOBH,a;eHHH b p a 6oTe ,E(. C P ayjiK eca [2 5 9 ]:

1. M h c j ih p H e B iio ro h CHOBHpeHHecKoro co3HaHHH He h b j ih io t c h

HOJIHOCTBIO HeCOBMeCTHMHMH P P y r C p p y rO M J M H flOJDKHH H pH 3H aTB c y ip e c T B e H H y io H en pepH B H O C T B Bcex <]>opM m hcjih . . . (c tp . 1 2 1 ).

2. I I o 6y}Kji;eHHHMH ciiOBHp;eHHH He B ce rp a h a a a te He t o c t o h b j j h - i o t c h ceK cyajiB H B ie m o t h b h h j i h m o t h b b i Bpa?Kpe6H0CTH, He nam e, t o m aTH MOTHBBI flOMHHHPyiOT B pTOBHHX MHCJIHX. A p jie p HaCTaHBaeT Ha TOM, HTO COH He MOJKeT 6 h T B B HpOTHBOpeHHH C pHeBHOH JKH3HBIOJ o h B ce rp a c o rjia cy e T C H c pHeBHBiM CTHJieM jk h 3 h h . A p jie p , TaK >Ke, K aK h C D p eip, n o jia ra e T , h t o m bi BHpHM c o h , K o rp a t o m - j i h 6 o o6e c n o - KOeHBI. HaM CIIHTCH CHH TOJIBKO, eCJIH BO BpeMH CHa HaC THeTyT Iie - p a 3peincHHBie npogjieM B i pH eBH oii j k h 3 h h , KO Topne Y jiB M a H [2 6 0 ] H a3B aji «6ojieBBiMH TOHKaMH». 3 a p a n a CHOBHpeHHH — BCTpeTHTB a r a n p o 6jieM H H HOHBITaTBCH pa3peiH H TB HX. BeCHOKOHipee «HeHTO», BBI- 3HBaroin;ee n a n iH c h b i , ecTB, TaKHM o6pa30M , n p o 6jieM H H arnen co 3 H a - TeJIBHOH JKH3HH, H p o 6jieM H , KOTOpBie HOpaBJIHIOTCH H OCTaiOTCH H e- BHpHMBIMH pJIH 6oppCTByKHI];erO HHpHBHpa. . . (CTp. 1 2 1 ).

3. CBipBO p;JIH CHOBHpeHHH 6epeTCH H3 BOCHOMHHaHHH 0 HpOHIJIOM, HyBCTBeHIIOM OHBITe, 0C06eHH0 H3 0CT3T0HHBIX HBJieHHH. Ho. . . 3TH ocTaTOHHBie HBJieiiHH b h jk h h chm h n o ce6e KaK npepCTaBHTejiH pHeB- H oro C03HaHHH. . . (CTp. 1 2 1 ).

4. . . . Bo BpeMH CHOBHpeHHH MH HCH0JIB3yeM Te o 6 p a 3 H H a n n - 30pH , KOTopHe Jiy n in e B ce ro co rJia cy io T C H c HaniHM CTHJieM j k h 3h h h Jiynrne B ce ro BBipaJKaiOT cym eCTByroipH e n p o 6jieMBi (CTp. 1 2 2 ).

K o H p e n p H H A. A p j i e p a np ep C T aB JineT C H BeCBM a p ea jiH C T H H ecK o fi. H , h t o o c o S e i r a o Ba?KHO 3peC B p j ih H a c , OHa n o p n e p K H B a e T c b h 3 b h npeeM CTBeH H OCTB, c y m e c T B y r o m y r o M eJK py pH eB H H M , J io r n n e cK H C T P yK T ypH pO B aH nB IM C03H aH H eM H CB0 6 opH O T eK yipH M HOHHMM C 0 3 H a - HHeM.

3 p e C B XOHeTCH HanOMHHTB TO, 0 TOM MBI yJK e TOBOpHJIH BBIHie, — npH H H TH e p em eH H H b c j i o j k h h x C H T yapH H X n p n x o p H T K aK 0 3 a p e H H e , n a cT O n o c j i e CHa: « Y T p o B e n e p a M y p p e H e e » , — r jia c H T n o c jio B H n ;a .

Bo3HHKHOBeHIie M3MeHeHHOrO COCTOHHHH C03H8HHH n o p BJIHH- HHeM HpHMOrO finOXUMIITOCKOrO B03peHCTBHH. Bo3MO>KHOCTB B03HHK- HOBeHHH H3MeHeHHOTO COCTOHHHH C03HHHHH HOP BJIHHHHeM HHTOKCH- KapH H HeKOTOpHMH XHMHHeCKHMH BeipeCTBaMH H3BeCTH3 C H e3anaM HT- h h x BpeMeH. CenHac b to t (JeHOMeH CTaji o6T>eKTOM n p H C T ajiB H oro HCCJiepoBaHHH (cm ., H anpH M ep, cSopHHK [2 2 2 ]). 3 p e cB bo3m ojkho

233

flOCTHJKeHHe COCTOHHHH C03H3HHH, BHemHe OHeHB 6jIH3K0 HanOMHHaiO- ih;h x cocTOHHHe, flocTHraeMoe n p H MeflHTaflHnx.

OneHb npKoe onncaHHe H3MeHeHHoro coctohhhh co3H3hhh, p;o- CTHraeMoro ppHCTBHeM 3HKHCH a30Ta (BeceJiHipero ra3a), flaHO y . ^JKeMCOM, aMepHKaHCKHM HCHXOJIOTOM, aBTOpOM XOpOHIO H3BeCT- HOH KHHTH «MH0T006pa3He peJIHTH03H0T0 OITBTTa» [225]. y ^JKeMCa mbi HHTaeM [226]:

. . . BCe TaK H33BIBaeMBie npOTHBOpeHHH OKa3BIBaiOTCH tojibko pa3JIHHHHMH, BCe P33JIHHHH eCTB TOJIBKO pa3JIHHHH B CTeneHH HpOHBJie- hhh; Bee CTeneHH npoHBJieHHH 0Ka3BiBaioTCH OflHoro pofla; HeHapyinae- Man HenpepnBHoCTB OKa3HBaeTCH cymHoCTBio 6bithh; h mbi 6yKBajiBHo 0K33BIBaeMCH CpeflH 6 eCKOHeHHOCTH, HOCTHJKeHHe CymeCTBOBaHHH KOTOPOH eCTB MaKCHMyM TOTO, HTO MBI MOmeM flOCTHTHyTB. . . da u Hem cozjiacywmcsi no KpanHefi Mepe b tom, hto 0 6 a hbjihiotch yTBepmfle- hhhmh; OTpHn;aHHe yTBepmfleHHH OKa3BiBaeTCH npocTo flpyrHM cnoco- 6 om yTBepjKp;eHHH toto me caMoro; npoTHBopeHHH MoryT iiohbjihtbch TOJIBKO npn OHHCaHHH TOTO me; BCe MHeHHH OKa3MBaiOTCH OflHHM H TeM me. Ho OflHa h Ta me $pa3a npn pa3JiHHHBix yflapeHHHx npeBpa- maeTCH b p;Be; h 3flecB ohhtb pa3JiHHHe h oTcyTCTBHe pa3JiHHHH cMeniH- BaioTCH b op;Ho (c. 360).

M bi BHflHM, KaK pacKpHBaeTCH B03M0mH0CTB BHeJIOTHHeCKOH opra- HH3an;HH co3HaHHH. ncHxop;ejiHHecKHe cpep;CTBa fleicTByioT KaK HeKuft Tpnrrep, OTKpuBaiomHH hphmoh nyTB k KOHTHHyajiBHOMy co3HaHHio.

MHorne ncHxojiorn cefinac o 6 p a m ;a io T BHHMaHHe Ha pojib 3moijhh b MBmuieHHH. HeKOTopue flame ckjiohhbi BHfleTB b 3tom OTJinnne MBiniJieHHH nejiOBeKa ot MBmuieHHH 9BM. He hbjihiotch jih 3mou;hh TeM nepBBIM 3BeHOM, KOTOpOe 3aTeM C nOMOIflBIO MeX3HH3Ma 6 hoxhmh- necKoro B03fleHCTBHH, aHaJiorHHHoro B03fleHCTBHio ncnxoflejiHnecKHx CpeflCTB, OTKpBIBaeT flOCTyn K KOHTHHyaJIBHHM H0T0K3M C03IiaiIHH, Hapyinan hhcto JiorHnecKHH xofl MBmuieiiHH?

BHeH3MKOBaH KyjIBTypa (]»I.IIOCO<])HH fl33II. ^33H-6yflflH3M — 3 T0 HeHTO 6 ojiBinee, neM pejmrH03Ho-<f)HJioco<f>CKaH CHCTeMa; 3to CBoeo6pa3Han KyjIBTypa, CTpaHHHM o6pa30M BKpanjieHHan b Hain MHp (noflpofeee o fl3 3H cm., HanpHMep, b [227]). Ochobhoh mothb MHpo-B 0 3 3 p e H H H fl33H — 3 T 0 BH eH 3HKOBBIH OHBIT, BOCHpHHTHe M H p a BHe JIOTHHeCKOTO OCMBICJIHBaHHH, 6 e 3 CJIOBeCHOH K O M M yH H K aflH H . P e a jI B - hoctb, y T B e p m fla e T C H T aM , H a flo n e p e m H T B — 6 e c n o j i e 3 n o n u T aT B C H B B ipa3H TB ee b c jio B a x [228]. 9 to, H a B e p H o e , eflH H C TB eH H an CHCTeMa M H p 0 B 0 3 3 p e H H H , H e H M eiOIflaH CBOeH flO K TpH H M .

^33HOBCKoe cocTOHHHe flocTHraeTCH c noMoiflBio Tpex npneM OB: fl3afl33H — A33H0BCK0H <f>OpMBI MeflHTaflHH, KOPH — KpaTKHX, a6 - cypflHO 3ByHam;Hx 3araflO K 6e3 jio rn n e c K H x OTraflOK, h MOHflQ — 6ecefl «oi?HeBOH CKopocTH». KoaHBi h m o h a o cjiymaT t o j ib k o a j ih t o t o ,

234

HToGm «oTKpH Tb TJia3a» — OCBOGoflHTb C03HaHHe OT CJIOBeCHO-JIOrH- neCKHX jio B y m e K .

Biiine (cm. c. 107) mm y>i;e npiiBOflHjiii npiiMepM Koan. Ceiiiac npHBefleM 3p;ecb npHMep flnajiora — mohao — no YoTTCy (iprr. no [228]):

— Y MeHH HeT MHpa b flyme, — roBopHT Xyn-Ko. —IIo>KajiyHCTa, flaiTe MHp Moei flyme.— IIpHHecH Miie cio fla tboio flyniy, — OTBenaeT EoflX H flap M a , —

h h p;aM en MHp.— Ho Korfla h Hm;y moio flymy, — roBopHT Xyn-Ko, — h He

Mory ee Hanra.— TaK b o t , — nepeOmaeT EoflXHflapMa, — h npHHec Mup

b t b o i o pyrny (c. 132).Cmhcji 3toto flnajiora MomeT GHTb hctojikob3h TaK [227]: HeT

npoGjieM y 9TO, a ecTb npoGjieMa cym,ecTBOBaHHH caMoro 9TO.Ot ceGn mm poGaBHM, hto 3p;ecb floCTHraeTCH to coCTOHHHe, Korp;a cnpaiHHBaiomHH TepneT ceGn — nponapaeT npeflCTaBJieHHe o flHCKpeT- hocth co6cTBeHHoro cymecTBOBaHHH. B 3tom n;ejib GeceflH. MoHflo oGhhho npaKTHKyeTCH b Gecepax Mempy yneHHKaMH h HacTaBHHKaMH yneHHH fl33H. BonpOCH BHGnpaiOTCH TaK, HTOGm OHH OTHOCHJIHCb K TOH oGjiacTH, KOTopyio yneHHK H3ynaeT, ho He noHHMaeT flo KOHpa. HaCTaBnHK, He npnGeran k JiorHKe h TeopeTHHecKHM noCTpoeHHHM, HHTaeTCH B03GyflHTb y yneHHKa OTKJIHK Ha HlITyilTHBHOM, T. e. KOHTH- HyajibHOM ypoBHe MHnuieHHH.

nCHXOCOM aTHHeCKaH n p a K T H K a B BH3aHTHHCKOM H C H X a3M e . B <]>H- ^jioco<|)CKo-ncHxojiorHHecKOM n jia H e , pyMaeTCH, Ghjio 6m oneHb hhtb- peCHO CpaBHHTb MHpOHOHHMaHHe <$HJIOCO(]>HH fl33H C BH33HTHHCKHM HCHXa3MOM. Ho, HaCKOJIbKO HaM H3BeCTH0, TaKOTO COHOCTaBJieHHH eipe hhkto He fle n a ji. 3 fle c b mm orpaHHHHMCH TeM, hto npHBefleM HecKOJibKO otpmbkob H3 oneHb copepm aTejibH O H CTaTbH H. MeHeHpop<]>a1217]:

HanGojiee ppeBHHi h nepBOHanajibHO eflHHCTBeHHHH cmhcji 3toto TepMHHa OTpaiKaeT co3eppaTejibHyio, OTinejibHHHecKyio <]>opMy jkh3hh xpHCTHaHCKoro MOHamecTBa, B03HHKmyio b ErnnTe, najieCTHHe h Majiofi A3hh b KOHn;e III b. h ocoGeHHo b HanaJie IV b. Cjiobo «hchxhh» (■rpuXia) — «noKOH», «6e3MOJiBHe)> — yKa3HBaeT Ha Hflean hhphbh- AyajibHoro OTinejibHHHecTBa, no CBoeMy npHHpnny otjihhhoto ot oGnjejKHTejibHoro MOHamecTBa, ocHOBaHHoro naxoMHeM Bcjihkhm h npeflnojiaraioin;ero CTporyio BHeniHioio flHcpmuiHHy Tpyfla h jkh3hh.He HCKjnonaH BiieniHHx npaBHJi, j k h 3 h b MOHaxa-ncnxacTa onpepeJifl- jiacb BHyTpeimeii m o j i h t b o h , «yMHHM flejiaHHeM», CTpeMjiemieM k j i h h -

HOMy «o6 6>KeHHK)» KaK Hanajiy npeo6 pa>KeHHH ppyrax jnopen h Bcero Mnpa (cTp. 292).

235

TepMHH <<HCHxa3M» TaKjKe HaCTO ynoTpeSnHJiCH KaK c h h o h h m Tep- MHHa «n a jia M H 3 M », t . e. CHCTeMBi 6 o ro c jiO B C K H x h o h h t h h , B H p a 6 oT a H - h o h T p H r o p n e M I la jia M O H 1 b n p o p e c c e e r o n o jie M iiK H c B a p jia a M O M , A k h h a h h o m h p p y n iM H npoT H B H H K aM H . 9 T a CHCTeMa h o h h t h h b k j i i o - n a e T yT B ep jK fleH H e o b o 3 m o jk h o c t h p e a j iB H o r o , a H e t o j i b k o h h t c j i - j i e K T y a j i t H o r o 6 o r o o 6 in;eHHH. IIo cK O J iB K y b H en T a K jn e y T B ep n ip a eT C H H0JIH3H TpaH CpeH fleH TH O CTb H H eH 03H aB aeM 0C T B 6 o>KeCTBeHIIOH C y m HOCTH, I la J ia M e H e o S x o p H M o p a 3 jiH n eH H e «cym ;H OCTH » o t S o iK ecT B eH - HBIX «3H epT H H » HJIH JIHHHBIX «fleHCTBH H», B KOTOpBIX CaM a 6 o>KeCTBeH- HaH JKH3HB H peflaeT C H «T B 3pH M » K aK JIHHHOe 6 o>KeCTBeHHOe CaMOOTKpoBeHHe (cTp. 294).

O c h o b h b i m O T jiH H H e M B 3 rJ iH p ;0 B T p H r o p H H I l a j i a M B i o t B a p j i a a -

M H 3 M a c j i e p y e T c H H T a T B y H a c j i e f l O B a r i H o e I l a j i a M O H o t r p e i e c K H x

o t h , o b n ;e p K B H y n e H H e 0 6 o c o 6 o h < f> yH K r(H H b n e j i o B e K e , o n p e p e j i H e M o i i

K a K « p ;y x o B H B i H p a 3 y M » h j i h « o 6 p a 3 6 o > k h h » , h o 3 b o j i h i o h i ; h h h m c t b

H e n o c p e p ; c T B e H H B i H « o h b i t 6 o r a » , H e 3 a B H C H M B in o t « c o 3 e p n , a H H H T B a -

p e n » , a T a K H ie y n e H H e I l a j i a M B i 0 H e j iO B e K e K a K 0 h p j i b h o m n c n x o c o M a -

T H H e cK O M c y i p e c T B e ; 3 t o y n e H H e O T J in n a e T C H o t n j i a T O H O B C K o r o n p e a -

j i H 3 M a , o n p e p ; e j i H i o i n ; e r o n e j i o B e K a K a K « p y m y , c o p e p w a m y r o c H b T e j i e , K a K b T i o p B M e » , h n p e p n o j i a r a e T , h t o B e e n n e j iO B e K n p e p i i a s H a H e t i

k o 6 m ;e H H io c S o w e c T B e H H O H > k h 3 i i b i o . B o r C T a j i h j i o t b i o , h t o 6 b i c a M a

H JIO T B M O r J ia C T a T B 6 o ? K e C T B e H H O H ( c T p . 296).^JIH HOHHMaHHH CymHOCTH BH3aHTHHCKOTO H CBH3aHHOTO C HHM

BOCTOHHoeBponencKoro cpepneB eK O B oro HCKyccTBa n eoS xopH M o y n n - TBiBaTb n;ejiBHOCTB M HpoB033peHHH , o6T>epHHHiomero h m b i c j i b , h

HCKyccTBO. BaJKHBiM BJieMeHTOM aToro M HpoB033peHHH 6 h j i o 6 o r o - CJiOBHe o 6 p a 3 a h j i h « h k o h b i » , yH acjiepoB aH H oe o t aHTHHKOHoQopnecKHx cn o p o B V III— IX b b . h ocHOBaHHoe Ha caMOM m aBHOM nyH KTe x p n - cTHaHCKoro yneHHH: 6oH<ecTBeHHBiH J lo r o c CTaJi nejiOBeKOM, a TeM caMBiM CTaJi h b h p ;h m b i m , t . e. TaKJKe H 3o6pa3H M H M , n e nepecTaB aH npn 3 t o m 6 b i t b TpaHCijeHfleHTHBiM. 9 t o ocHOBnoe nojioJKeHHe o n p e p e - j i h j i o cy m n ocT B o 6 p a 3 a h 3 a p a n y x y p o iK H H K a o h o TpeQoBaJio o t h o -

cjiepH ero H eK oero «yM 03peH H H b K p a c K a x » . I lM e m io 9Ta cnepHtj&HHe- CK3H HepTa BH3aHTHHCKOTO HCKyCCTBa 3aMeHHJiaCB B HCKyCCTBe 3 a - n ap H o ro P eH e c c a n c a He3aBHCHMBiMH aBTOHOMHBiMH 3c t c t h h e c k iim h

HCK3HHHMH (CTp. 300).IlajiaM H T C K H H H C H xa3M OTpHpaJI HJiaTOHIIqeCKHH CIIIipHTyaJIH3M

h yHHJi o n o jio ?K H T ejiB n o M 3H aneH H H T e jia : e r o n p e a jio M 6 b i j i o n p e - o 6 p a >k e h h e, a H e yiiHHTO>KeHHe h j i o t h . K a K o 6ni;ecTBeHHO- K y jiB T y p H o e pBH jK eH H e o h o H e M o r jio p o a tp a T B r e im e B H C K y c cT B a , h o

reH H H M (Peotj&aHa T p e K a h AHppen P y Q jie B a o h o p a j i o o c i i o b -

H o e c o p e p j K a H H e h B H yT p eH H ee B poxH O B eH H e (c T p . 301).

1 T p H r o p H H I la j ia M a ( 1 2 9 6 — 1 3 5 9 ) — Bn3aH TH H CKH ii S o r o c jiO B .

236

M 3 3 t h x Bi>iCKa3M B aH H H 06 H C H x a 3 M e m m BH flH M n p e n m e B c e r o , b t o c p e ^ H e B e K O B a H p y c c K a n K y j i t T y p a M o jra a H H H , o K O T o p o n m m y ? K e r o B o p H J ia B M m e , H M e jia c b o h r j i y 6o K H e <[)H jioco<[>CK H e o cH O B a H H H , y x o f l H ip H e j ja j ie K O b r j i y 6i> m c t o p h h * . E c j i h m bi o t 6p o c h m T e p M H H o - j i o r H n e c K H e o co S e H H O C T H , t o yB H p;H M y f l H B H T e j i t i i o e c x o p ; c t b o c t h o - c t h h ; h 3MOM [ 2 6 1 ] , — b o S o h x c j i y n a H x C T p e M jie in ie h o h h t b n p n p o j j y B e j i o B e K a h n o J i y i H T t 3H a iiH e B H y T p e m iH M n y T e M . A ^ a j i B i n e — a H a - j i o t h h c y i e n n e M i i o r o B h p ;3 3 h o m : h o h c k n c u x o c o M a T H i e c K H X n y T e i i n p H M o r o , B H e j i o r H i e c K o r o b x o h ^ o h h h b K O H T H H y a J ib H H e h o t o k h . H e c M O T p n H a p a 3 J iH H H e n y T e i i , y p ;H B H T ejiB H a H r j i y S m m a H 06m ;- h o c t b — O T K yp ;a O H a B 3 H J ia cB ? 9 t o m o t j i o 6m 6b i t b n p e ^ M e T O M o c o 6o r o H C C JieflO B aH H H . B H CTOpH H eCK OM H J ia i ie MM BH flH M K a K 6m f lB a (| )O K yca — E y f l f l a h X p H C T O C , o t k o t o p h x p a c x o p ;H T C H b o j i h m n o a c K a B i i y T p e H H e r o 3H 3H H H n y T e M H en O C p eflC T B eH H O T O np O H H K H O B eH H H B K O H T H H ya J IB - H o e C Q 3 H a im e ; n a B C T p e n y h m n p n i n e j i h o t o k J i o r H H e c K o r o 3 H a iiH H , 3apO flH B IH H H C H e i p e B ^ p e B H e a T p e p H H , K O T O p H H HOTOM C T ajI c o n e T a T B C H c o 3 H a H H eM , H 3 B J ieK a eM M M 113 H a 6jn o p ;e H H H h a K c n e p n - M eH T a.

l I o n b lT K a nO CTpoeH IIH BHeH3bIKOBOii KOM M yilH KapHH COBpeM eilHblM H TexH H necK H M H cp e flC T B a M ii. C e i i i a c Mbj h b j ih g m c h c b ii /j, c t o j i b m h c o - B epm eH H O H e o 6 B iia H H o r o H BJienH H : p ;ejiaioT C H h o h b i t k h H cn o jiB 3 0 B a T B coB peM eH H B ie T e x H u n e cK H e cpep ;C T B a — j ia 3 e p H , o c o 6 y i o o n T H K y , p ;e ([)op M H p y io in ;y io H 3 o6 p a ?K eH H e, a jieK T p oH H K y — ,h;jih co3p;aH H H Tai< H a 3 M B a eM oro C H H e c i e i a i e c K o r o k h h o . 9 t o k h h o n p o - C T p a H C T B em io -B p eM eH H oro K O H TH H yyM a. 9<[><[)eKT H e n p e p H B H o cT H 3 p ;ec i. co3p ;aeT C H H ajio iK eH H eM h j i h cn jiaB JieH H eM n a c T e i i , c j i o h i i i o c t b i o , co3p ;aB aeM O H H e c tJ o K y c H p o B a H iio c T b io , M 0 3 a H K on o flH O B p e M e H H o cra . B o t HecKOJiBKO B H C K a3 HBaH HH 0 6 3 to m k h h o H 3 k h h t h H H r 6 jiap ;a [ 2 2 9 ] :

H a caM OM f le jie , H a n 6o j ie e nop;xop;Hin;HM TepM HHOM %jih o n n ca H H H n o B o r o k h h o 6biji 6 h annTeT « n e p c o H a jiB H o e » , n o cK O J ib K y b to ec T b TOJibKO p a c H ia p e iiH e ii;eH T pajibH O H H ep B H o ii cu cT eM M C 03p;aTejiH ([•HjibMa (c T p . 8 2 ) .

X o t h k h h o 3 p ;ecb h c o c t o h t H3 flH CK peTH Bix ajieM eH TO B, 0110 3a- flyM aH O h 0 T pep ;aK T H p 0 B aH 0 K aK n e n p e p H B H O B O cn p ro iH M a e M o e n e p e - ik h b aH H e. CH H ecT eT H B ecK H H (J h jilm e c T b , H a caMOM p ;e jie , op;hh o 6 p a 3 , K O H T H H yajibH o TpaHC([)opMHpyeMBiH b / j p y r n e o 6 p a 3 b i — b to M eT a - Mop<[>03a ( c T p . 8 6 ) .

K jia ccH B e cK o e H anpH jueH H e, nopoJK p;aeM oe MOHTaiKOM, CHHMaeTCH n p n h om oih ;h npH eM a n e p e c e K a io ip e r o c H H ajioJK em iH . H a n p H M ep , m h

1 E cT b ocHOBaHHH n o a a r a T b , h to iicn x a 3 M KaK HeKaH n o J iy n o fln o jib H a a C T p ya ] conpoB O yK fla ji pa3BH Tiie n p a B o c jia B H a b H am eii cT p a H e, iif le ira o T a ro T e a k p y c - ; CKOMy MOHaCTHpiO Ha A(])OHC b r p e n u ii .

237

HMeeM flejio c KaflpaMH A , B , G. Mbi bhahm CHanajia A , 3aTeM Ha H ero HaKnaflHBaeTCH B , flaB an b pe3yjibTaTe A B . 3aTeM , no Mepe H anoiKe- hhh G, Kaflp A nocTeneHHo H cne3aeT. B TeneHHe KopoTKoro n epexo/p - Horo nepHOfla mm bh^hm OflHOBpeMeHHO Kaji;pM A B C , a 3aTeM — tojibko B C . H o KaK tojibko 3tot MOMeHT flocTH m yT, Kaflp B HanHHaeT Hcne- 3 a T b , HOHBJIHeTCH K a flp B T . n . (C T p, 8 7 ) .

B o t K p a r a o e on n ca H H e $H jibM a B p aK xeiift/K a «C o 6 a K a , 3Be3/i,a, l IeJioBeK>>, B3HToe H3 t o h w e K m im f ln r G jia a a :

« C o 6 a K a , 3 B 6 3 p ;a , tI c . :i o b c k » — 3 t o 7 8 - M i i H y T H b i f i H e o a B y a e H H b m ( J n u i t M , c o -

c to h ih ,h h H 3 « n p e j i i o f l H H » h B e T b i p e x Ti a c T c i i . O h o h j i o t c h h t b 1959-60 r r . h m oh - T H p o B a J i c f l c j i c / i y i o n i i i e H e m p e r o ^ a . « ! I p c j i t o ;u ih » i i p e a C T a a j i H C T c o 6 o i t B p e 3 -

B H H a H H O S u C T p O C M C H H T O IH y iO C H H O C J ie f l O B a T e j I b H O C T b M H O r O y p o B H e B H X H a j I O W e -

H H H H C J I O J K H H X O O p a S O B , B 0 3 H H K a i 0 m ;H X H 3 p a 3 M H T O H H p 0 3 p a iH 0 ii flHMKH H M e p ;j ie H H O n p H o 6 p e T a r o i n , H x B e n n i e O ' i c p T a u i i H c T e .M , k t o S h T y T w e o m tb b h o b b p a 3 M H T H M H H O B H M H o 6 p a 3 a M H H K O H T p f l B H W e H H H M H . 3 p I I T e J I b H a rIE f H a C T p a 3 J I H -

n a T b o T f l e j i b H H e npeflM eTH , n o c J i e f l o n a T e j i b u o c T i i h , H a K o H e u ; , j i c h t h o t h b h j ih o c - H O B H y i o T e M y : a j i e i i o H T b i 3 e M J i H , B o a / p y x a , O t h h h B o f l u ; p o w ; ; e i [ n e p e o e i n t a ;

H e j i O B e K c c o O a K o i i , B 3 6 H p a i o i n ,H H C H H a r o p y ; j i y H a ; cojraije c Bbi6poca\m o r p o M -

h h x n p o T y 6 e p a H n ; e B ; j i io o o b h m h a n r ; ( j o o T o v n i K p o r p a t j M H K p o B e H o c H H x c o c v a o b ; 6 b K n n ;e e c H c e p j w e ; J i e c ; o 6 j i a K a ; J i n i j a M yw aH H H h w e H m im u ; n a j i b u i e b (J a u ib M e

B 0 3 H H K 8 I 0 T O y K B a j I b H O t h c h h h f l p y r H x o 6 p a 3 0 B ( c T p . 8 7 ) .

B p aK xe iifljK roB opH T o «n ep ecT pyK T ypH poB aH H H » 3peHHH n p n h o m o ih h c b o h x <|>HjibMOB h n a cT o ccHJiaeTCH Ha «H eo< m ieH H oe, H eynpaB JiH eM oe» 3peH H e peoeH K a n e p e f l to m , KaK e r o HayKH jih f ly M a ib h BHfleTb n p n h o m o ih h c h m b o jio b . P a c K p a - m iiB aH h a a p a n a a HJieHKy, B p a K x e fif lw HHTaeTCH CMOflCJinponaTb b c h h h ik h h HHTHa K B era , KOTOpue m h b h jp im , sa K p u B r j ia s a , — o h H a 3H B a ei b t o «3peHHeM c 3aKpHTHMH rjia3aM H ». Tfle-TO b cepeflH H e e r o (joiijibvia «C o o a K a , S u ca /ia , xI e j i o - b b k » BHOJiHe 3eM H ne o 6 p a 3 H n p H oop era iO T coB epm eH H O h o b h h c m h c ji , a H H orfla h h o b h h BHfl. M h n e p e cT a e M m h c j ic h h o H a K j i e H B a T b a m K e T K H Ha o 6 p a 3 H , a BMe- c t o B T oro KOHn;eHTpHpyeM CBOe BHHMaHHe Ha ctm ecT G T inecK O M h KimecTOTiraeoKOM n o x o K e n;BeTOB, <j>opM, flB H w ew tH (cT p . 9 0 ) .

HoBMe TexHHHecKne cpeflCTBa — bo3mojkhoctb npnoOpeTaTb h H c n o j i b 3 0 B a T b b jjoMamHHx ycjiOBiinx tpnjibMH TaK ?Ke jierKO, KaK K H H ra , — OTKpHBaiOT HOBM e B03M05KH0 CTH flJIH MejKHHflHBHflyajIbHOHK O M M y H H K a i ^ H H . B o t K a K h x o i ^ e n H B a e T H H r Q jia f l [ 2 2 9 ] :

B o BHOJiHe peajibHOM CMHCJie m h mojkcm Tenepb CKopee n oK a 3 aTb H am o h h t h H am a nepejKHBaHHH jjp yroM y, neM nonHxaTbCH o 6 b h c- HHTb H X Ha CJIOBeCHO-a6CTpaKTHOM H3HKe. . . PaCIHHpHH 3peHHe H , cjieflOBaTeJibHO, pacnm pH H co3HaHHe, m h Tenepb mojkom BiifleTb r j i a 3aMH f lp y ro ro Bee (cTp. 1 3 0 ) .

HeBOSMoniHO c<])OTorpa(])HpoBaTb MeTa<|>H3H H ecKH e c h jih . H H e-

238

B03M 0JKH0 fla jK e «H 3 o 6 p a 3 H T b » H X . MOJKHO, TeM H e M eH ee , BH SBaTB HX b H epacH jieH eH H O M c o 3 HaHHH C M O T pH ipero ( c T p . 97).

H T a K , m h BHflHM, h t o fle jiaeT C H flep 3 K a H n o n H T K a n p e o f l o a e T b H e B H p a 3 HM0 CTb flHCKpeTHOTO H 3 H K 3. G o3flaiO TCH H OBH e B H eH 3H K 0B H e $ O p M H CaM OBHpaJKeHHH. Y flaCTC H JIH 3Ta HOHHTIta — KTO 3H aeT 3TO c e n n a c ? Bo b c h k o m c j i y n a e , 3 t o OflHa H3 B e x H a n y T H x n o c T p o e H H H h o b o h K y jib T y p H , h 6 o K aJK flan K y jib T y p a x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T C H , n p e> K fle B c e r o , 0 C0 6 eH II0 CTHMH CBOHX CpeflCTB BbipaJKeH H H .

* * *

He y6e> K fla eT j i h H a c B e e , 3 f le c b c n a 3 a H H o e , b t o m , h t o e c T b n e - n o c p e d c m e e m w n a 6 jiiod a eM u e (fjanm hi, n o m o p u e m p y d n o im m e p n p e m u - p o e a m b , ne n p u 3 H a e H e n p e p u e n o c m u m u i u m h u s i .

M a T e p n a j i , npH B efleH H H H b 3 t o m n a p a rp a < f> e , b h t j i h a h t c o B c e M H e o 6 HHHHM . M h C fle jia jiH 3 f le c b neHTO H en pH H H T oe — p a c n m p H J iH T y n iK a jiy , b k o t o p o h p accM aT p H B aeT C H n cH X H H ecK a n fleH TeJibH OCTb n e jiO B eK a . B t o h i i h x H a y K a x , K o r f la m h H 3 y n a eM K a K o e -J in 6 o H B jieH H e, TO B C erfla CTpeMHMCH paC IH H pH Tb HH TepBaJI B apbH pO B aH H H H e3aB H C H - m h m h n epeM eH H H M H , h 6 o im a n e , n s y n a n HBJieHHH b y3K O M H H T ep B a jie B a p b H p oB a H H H , m h HeH36e>KHO 6 y fleM y n p o m ,a T b , h HaM 6 y fle T n p e f l - CTaBJIHTbCH, HTO HeH3BeCTHaH HaM CJIOIKHafl (JyH KflH OH aJIbH aH 3a - b h c h m o c t b x o p o n i o 3aflaeT C H jiHHeHHOH M O fleJib io. n o n e M y n p n H 3 y n e - h h h h c h x h k h n e jiO B eK a H a flo orpaH H H H B aT bC H paM K aM H C T ep eoT H n a K y jib T y p H ? G e S n a c H aM eT H Jiacb OTHeTJiHBan TeH fleH ijH H k p a c n iH p e H H io 3 t h x paM O K , n p e flH O J ia ra io in ;a H n p H B Jien eH H e k H 3 yn eH H io B c e r o m h o t o - o 6 p a 3 H H n oB e fle iiH H n e jiO B eK a b n y jK flH x HaM K y j ib T y p a x h b o B c e x H 3M eH eHHHX HpOHBJieHHHX C03H 3HH H. B C TaB H a 3T0T H y T b , M H C p a 3 y CTajiKHBaeM CH c n p o 6 jieM OH H e n p e p H B H o cT H H a in e r o C03H aHH H, k o t o - p a n H e B H C T y n a eT b o t k p h t o m BH fle b K y j ib T y p e H a rn n x flH e n .

3 . C eM aH T H K a p h t m a .P h t m K aK H en o c p eflC T B eH H o e BxosK fleiiH e

B KOHTHH ya jIb H b lii nOTOK 0 (1 p a 3 0 B

(btot n a p a r p a c j) nanncaH cobmcctho c 5K. A . JljporaJiH H O fi)

K t o - t o e fleT — k C M e p ra o H n o Q e fle . y fle p e B b e B H iecT H T p a r e f lH n :Hyflen — jKepTBeHHHH TaHep! y f le p e B b e B — T p e n e r a t 3 h h c t b .9to — 3a ro B o p npoTHB B eK a : Beca, cneTa, BpeMeHH, f l p o 6 n . . . Ge — pa30flpaHHan 3aBeca:

239

y jjepeBbeB — JKecTH naprpoGHH. . .Kto-to epeT. He6o — KaK Bi>e3p.y flepeBteB >KecTH TopiKecTB H

TeKCTBI. . . KaKHMH pa3HHMH OHH 6 HBaiOT. . . Ornero HeKOTopue H3 hhx TaK BOJiHyioT, TpeBOJKaT? — CooSipaioT. 3naeM 3to, tojibko He Bcerpa cpa3y mojkcm yjioaiHTB 3to cooQmeime b npHBBiHHyio, bh- pHMyio <|>opMy — cjioBa. Ho HeBHpHMan tjopMa CooSmeiiHH y>Ke Bonuia b Hac, mh ee hphhhjih: «Ge — pa3oppaiiHaH 3aBeca».

KaKan HeBHflHMaH cocTaBjiHroman TaK yQepHTejiBHa, pocTOBepHa, peajiBHa. . .

K neMy OHa nac o6pam;aeT. . .Ha KaKOM ypoBHe <oKcnjiHii;HpyeT» cooQmemie, pejian ero jihhho

HanpaBjieHHHM, oSycjiOBjiHBan:1) «bxop» nepe3 HHp;HBHp;yajiBHHe bosmohihocth K a iK p o r o (anpn-

opuan (JyHKpHH pacnpepejieHHH CMHCJia cjioBa);2 ) JiHHiioe y3iiaBaHHe nyTeM npoHBjieimn TBopnecKoro HMnyjiBca,

paHHoro KaiKpoMy, onnpaioiperocH na jkiiboh ohbit HiiTynpHH, kotopyio mojkho 6bijio 6h onpepejiHTB KaK BiiejioriiHecKyio choco6hoctb k nocTHJKeHHio HHTpanpepMeTHoro, nyTeM kotopoh, no onpepejieHHio A. BeprcoHa, «nepeH0 CHTcn BHyTpB npepMexa, hto6bi cjihtbch c Ten, HTO eCTB B HeM epHHCTBeHHOrO H HeBBipa3HMOrO».

Ghoco6hoctb c on p H H acT B O B a T B n y j iB c y M H p o B o ro 6 hthh. CoShtb.HeM TaK BOJiHyioT cooSipeiiHH, KOTopHe y>Ke He tckctbi KaK jioth-

necKoe pa3BHTHe npen, a Tckctbi KaK pacKpHTHe TanHCTBa?M o>K eT 6 h t b , p ea jiH 3 a n ;H eH h m c h h o b t o h b o 3 m o h ih o c t h , b o h j i o -

ipeH H eM CH0 C0 6 h 0 CTH K JIHHHOMy TBOpH eCTBy, HOCTHJKeHHIO — B CaMOM HenocTHJKHM O 6e36pe>K H O M cM B ic jie a T o r o c j i o B a . . .

B3ppomeniB — h ropn c njien,H pyraa — rope.

06pa3. He cjio>KeHHe — cjiHHime, nepa3pejiBH0CTB: hpjibhoctb — BHpeHHe, BiipeHHe. PeajiH30BaHHoe b opraHH30BaHiioe coo6meHHe. PHTMHHHOe. GBepHyTOe.

Phtm — to, hto H03B0JiHeT HaQjnopaeMoe HBjieHHe 3 a n n c a T B c y - ipecT B eH H O K o p o n e , neM oho o6 o3 H a H eH O , o S p n c o B a H O , 6e3 o6pam;eHHH k a6cTpaKn;HH.

Kan 3to bo3mo>kho? Hepe3 KaKne ocoQemiocTH?Phtm. . ., a 3p eci> mbi 6y p e M tobophtb tojibko o pH TM e tckctob. . .

Hto 3to T a K o e ? Pntfma: KOHCOHaHC, a c c o H a H c , a ju iH T e p a n p iH , pe<f>peH— BCe 3T0 TOJIBKO BH em H H e HpOHBJieHHH pH T M a. B H y T p e ilH e , B CBOefi rjiy6H H H O H c y m iio c T H , phtm — 3to HeH To r o p a 3 p o 6 o j iB m e e ; bto,

1 3pecb H HHJKS CTHXH M. H fieT aC B O H .

240

MOJKeT 6 h T B , p a 3M BtTH e CMBICJia CJIOB, CJIH H H H e H X B H e H p e p H B H H H , B H y T p e H H e H e p a 3p H B H H H — k o h t h h y a jiB H H H h o t o k o 6 p a 3 0 B . H jih , HHBIMH C JIO BaM H , pH T M — 9TO B 03M 0IK H 0C T B H e 6eH eC O B C K O rO H TeH H H T eK C T O B . B 06BIHHOH, pH TM H H H O H e 0 p r a H H 3 0 B a H H 0 H p e H H MBI HOJIB- 3y e M C H , K a K 06 3to m y ® e M H o r o to b o p h jio c b B B iin e , 6e f ie co B C K H M H T eH H eM : cmbicji CJiOBa p y T O H iin e T C H e r o y n o T p e 6j ie H H e M , mm n p o H 3 - h och m $ p a 3y y h b i ia r n e M C 03H 3H H H B 0 3 H H K a e T <f>yHKu,HH p (y/y), K O T o p a n n e S c T B y e T K a K H eK H H $ h ji b t p H a a n p n o p H o 3 a f la H H y io < |yH K - TTiTTn p a c n p e p ;e j ie H H H C M H C J io B o ro C O flepJK aH H H CJiO Ba p (y). H 3 m h o- IK eC T B a CMHCJIOBBIX 3 H aH eH H H CJIOBa [X BBIfleJIH eTCH H eK O e H O flM H O - JKeCTBO 3 H aH eH H H C H O B H M H , O H H T B -T aK H B epO H TH O C TH O 3afla H H B IM H , B e ca M H . C j iO B e c H o e o K p y jK e H H e , c y j K a n h yT O H H H H , o r p a H H H H B a e T cmbicji c j i o B a f i , n p H B O flH e r o b co o T B e T C T B H e c o BCeM TeK C TO M . H H a n e B e e n p o n c x o f l H T b p h tm h h h o m T e K C T e . P h tm — p y K O B O flH m e e H a - n a j i o , c B H 3y io n i ;e e p a 3 H O o 6 p a 3 H B ie O T fle jiB H B ie r p y n n B i b e f lH H o e p e j i o e . T e K C T 3 f le c B o p r a H H 3 y e T C H T a K , h t o 6h c j i o B a H e o r p a i iH H H B a jiH f l p y r f l p y r a , a H a o 6o p o T — p a c m n p H J iH C B o e c o f l e p iK a H H e , n jia B H O n e p e T e - K a H , CJIHBaHCB B OflHH H O TO K . P a 3 B e H e T a K ?

nepepHTBie KaK Qp h t b o h ,B3pMXJieHHBie He6eca,P b itb h h 3 mh — He6eca,EH TBeH H Bie — H e 6 e c a . n e p e jie T a M H , K aK x jiec T O M , X j i e c T a H H B ie T a 6 y H M ,B36jiecTBiBaioni;eH JiyHBi,BflOBCTByromeii — Ta6yHBi!

H yjK eH jih KOMMerrrapHH! H yjKH O jih t o b o p h t b 0 to m , KaK cjio B a , BJiHBaHCB, co3flaioT OflHH, CBo6oflHO TeKyni;HH o 6 p a 3 « o 6jiaK a ».

C jIO B a , HOfl BJIHHHHeM COCeflHHX CJIOB, B H X O flflT 3 a rpaHHflBI, 3 a - flaHHBie a n p n o p H M M H (|)yHKu,HHMH p a c n p e fle jie H H H h x c m h c jio b o to COflepJKaHHH. rpaHHH,BI CJIOB CTHpaiOTCH. C jIO B a CHJieTaiOTCH, CM H- KaiOTCH — 6yflyHH pa3HBIM H HO CBOeM y COflepJKaHHH).

H t o >Ke h b jih b tc h opraHH3yroni;eH c h jio h a jih aToro xaoT H H ecK oro , C H03HflHH JIOTHKH, HarpOMOJKfleHHH CJIOB? PHTM — BO BCeM pa3H O - o6pa3H H CBoero npoHBJieHHH. O h 3acTaBjineT CJiOBa HaxoflHTBCH TaM, Tfle OHH HOCTBBJieHBI, TepHH CBOH CMHCJIOBBie rpaHHflBI. (DopMajIBHO MaTCMaTHHecKoe xisyHeHiie ph<|>mbi, itaK 6bi t o h k o h fle jiH K arao oh o He 6h jio cflejiaHO, caM o n o c e 6e eipe He p acK p H B aeT o 6 p a 3 CTHxa. BaiK H a He to jib k o h He c to jib k o pH tfm a, c k o jib k o Te c jio B a , K O T opue CHJieTaiOTCH nocpeflCTBOM pnTM a, 3anenaTJieBaH ck ojib 3h ih ;h h o 6 p a 3 .

M H oroK p aT H oe yn o T p eS jieH n e cHHOHHMiiHecKHx cjiob flenaeT pHT- MHHHBIM flaJKe HpOSaHHeCKHH TeKCT. C h HOHHMBI — 3T0 He HfleilTHHHBie, HO TOJIBKO 6jIH3KHe HO CMHCJiy CJIOBa. MHOJKeCTBO CHHOHHMOB p a 3 -

16 B. B. HajiHMog 241

MHBaeT CMHCJI CJIOB, CJIHBBeT HX BO HTO-TO Heo6o3pHM O SojIBIHOG. MOHOCJIOBHHH, SeflHHH CHHOHHMBMH TeKCT BCer.Ha BHrjIHflHT yHHJIO. K or.u a m h roBopH M o cjiOBapHOM SoraTCTBe TeKCTa, to h m o o m b B H ^y, BHflHMo, n a m e B cero e ro ciiHOHiiMiiHecKoe SoraTCTBO. CiiHOHiiMiiHecKoe SoraTCTBO n p o3aH H ecK oro TeKCTa, m o ik g t 6 b it b , ecTB M epa e ro p h t m h h - IIOCTH. A B II09THHeCKIIX TeKCTax CHHOHHMHHeCKHMH CTaHOBHTCH BCecT poK n — c h h o h h m h n p y r A p y r a h c h h o h h m h o 6 p a 3 a «o 6 jia K a » . C jiobo «o6jiaK O » p a cm H p n jio cB , pacTeKJiocB — n p eB p araJ iocB bo h t o - to rp aH fliio3H oe, $aH TacTH H ecK oe, HMMaHeHTHoe TOMy, h t o n y B - r CTByeT H 09T. B CJlOBaX, B HX 6e3MepHOM HarpOMOJKfleHHH 0Ka3aJI0CB BHpaHieHHHM t o , h t o cjioBaMH He BBipajKaeTCH. M h y3H aeM H m h o S jia K a , ycjiB im aH H oe h o o t o m .

Ho, MOjKeT 6 h t b , o pHTMe jiy n m e t o b o p h t b ApyrHM H cjioBaM H , K paT- KHMH, OTpHBOHHBIMH, BOBCe He HHTaflCB HJieCTH JIOHIHOCKHX HOCTpOe- h h h :

1 . P h t M — CBH^eTejIB COCTOHHHH OHHipeHHOCTH, OCBOSoiKfleil- HOCTH OT HiyMOB — oSpHBKOB MHCJIH, COCTOHHHe «BXOfla».

n p e S H B a H n e «BHyTpH».T a M , rfle OTcyTCTByioT nucKpeTBi, r ^ e Bee npeSH B aeT b o BceM, r^ e

n p o iic x o fliiT H eoco3H aB aeM oe, B H ejioniH ecK oe chhtbtba m ie c k o h t h - n y a jiB H o ro HOTOKa o 6 p a 3 0 B .

Pe30H aH CH 0e COCTOHHHe.' 2 . P h t m — nopoH ifleH H e p e30H aH ca , CBH3yK)ni;aH cocTaB jiH iom aH ,

npeo6pa3yroiD ;aH KOHTHHyaJiBHHH o 6 p a 3 b flH CKperaH H c h m b o ji, — HMeHyKHpaH. Ho coS cT B em io H m h ocTaeTCH TaHHOH h He n p oH 3H o-CHTCH 1.

3 . P h t m — K aT an yjiB T a: «H cjiobo c BonjieM BBipBajiocB H3 cn o B a »2, — oTKpBiBaromaH cynjHOCTB, HMMaHeHTHyio H m o h h .

4. P h t m — CaMOCTOHTeJIBHOCTB B03AeHCTBHH ( 6 e 3 HeoSxOAHMOCTH pa3T.HCHHioin;ero KOHTeKCTa).

H eH T O , OTKpBiTOe H en ocp eA C T B eH H O M y b o c h p h h t h io TeMH b o 3m o h<- HOCTHMH nOCTHHieHHH, KOTOpHe oS p aip eH H HpHMO K KOHTHHyaJIBHHM o 6 p a 3 a M .

5 . P h t m — c b h a g tg jib b o 3 m o ; k h o c t h npuSjiHVKeiiHH k T afiH e MHpa, BOCnOJIHHIOmHH TeKCTH, 3aHHCaHHHe TOJIBKO COrjiaCHHMH.

C o rjia c H H e 3ByKH — bto M ycK yjiH p e n n ; b h h x c n jia , paM K a, p n c y n o K 3B yK a; bto 6 e p e r a , b k o t o p h x CAepiKHBaeTCH TeKynaH cym ;- h o c t b r jia cH H x [ 2 3 5 ] , Ao6HBaiom;HH HeoSxoAiiMBie m a cH B ie , p a c K p n -BaK)ID;He TaHHBIH CMBICJI C TaKOH CHJIOH, HTO OH CTaHOBHTCH OHeBHA- HOCTBK), AOCTOBepHOCTBK), peaJIBHOCTBK) 3 .

1 0 ceMaHTinecKofi iiHTepnpeTaann noiinTiia «HMeim» cm . BHine b t j i . V II .2 H . 3afio.ioij,KHfi «BeTX0B6H».3 CpaBHHTe 3aecT. o tp h b o k n3 poMana Tyciana MeipHHKa, npnBenenni.Tii na

c . 113.

242

6 . P h t m — cjiHHHHe c HMeHeM.7. P h tm — oS y cjiO B jie iiH O C T B n a y 3 H . Ee o p r a H H 3 0 B a i i H o c T B .nay3a — 3 aKOHHeHiiocTB BHCKa3HBaHHH. 3aBepmeHH0CTb. B0 3 -

MOJKHOCTB B 3 TJIHHyTB Iia H epOCTpOeH H Oe H pOCTpOHTB 6 e 3 CJIOB. «IIO H H M aH H e. . . IipH XO pH T B H H T ep B a jie M eJK py CJIOBaMH, M eJKpy MHCJIHMH, 3 TOT HHTepBaJI — 6e3M OJIBHe. . . » (c.TIOBa K p H IH H aM yp T H ,CM. c. 113).

8 . P h t m — o c B o S o jK p e i in e o t j i o t h k h .Oh H e 3 aBHCHM, 3a n p e p e j ie H . H H aniH T H p a H iin ecK H e n o K y m e iiH H

«n oB ep H T B a j i r e 6 p o f i ra p M O H H io» S eccn jiB H B i.9 . P h t m — a p x a H K a , HeHTO n y J K p o e H a n ie ii K y j iB T y p e , c o x p a H H B -

HieeCH OTKpBITO TOJIBKO B H 033H H H JIHIHB H H O rpa B BipB IB aiO ipeeC fl 113 n o p n o J iB H b p p y r a x T eK C T a x . H HacTO n op ; n oK p oB O M jio r n H e c K H T e K y - ip eH MHCJIH M H HBHO 0 HeM T O C K y e M .

H T o r p a H a H a c oS p y n iH B a eT C H p B y x c T p y K T y p H B in h j i h jiynrne — pByJIHKHH TeKCT. . .

9 t o ypH B H T ejiB H O , h o H y jK iio n p H 3 H aT B , h t o n a p a p o K c a j iB i i o HOCTpOeHHH e B H C K a3H B aiIH H TaK JKe p a3M H B aiO T CMBICJI CJIOB II T eM n p n p a iO T T eK C Ty p h t m h h h o c t b . B c h o m h h m x o p o i n o H 3BecTH BiH , p a H e e y>Ke ynOMHHaBIHHHCH ( c m . c. 107) p 33H -6yp pH H C K H H K oa H :

OSjiapaeT jih nee npnpopofi Byppij? H h h t o !A p e n T , n o c T y n a io m H H b p 3 3 H O b c k h h M O H acT B ipB , p o ju n e H M e c a -

ipaMH h j i h pa>K e ro p a M H p a 3M H in jiH T B H a p c m h c j i o m b t o t o K o a n a . H o K o a H H e HM eeT jio r n H e c K o fi p a 3 r a p K H . 3 p e c B peH B n p e T n e o p a c - MHIHJieHHH K a K 0 JIOTHHeCKOM a H a jIH 3 e , a O M ep H T ap H H . H a p o POCTHHB TaKOTO COCTOHHHH, H T O 0H CTOJIB pa3H O pO pH B ie HO CBOeM y CMBICJiy CJIOBa K aK « n e c » h « B y p p a » p a c n iH p n jiH C B T a K , h t o 6 b i c m o t j i i i c j i h t b c h b o

h t o - t o e p H H o e , h 3 t o cjiH H H H e n p o H C x o p H T H e p e 3 TO (JtyHpaMeilTaJIBTIOe, h o H e B H p a 3 H M o e b c jiO B a x S y p p n H C K o e n p e p c T a B jie H H e , K O T o p o e K o p n - p yeT C H opH H M c j i o b o m « h h h t o » . E c j i h y n e m iK o S p e T a e T c h o c o S h o c t b

K HOHHMaHHK) K O a H a , TO 3TO, H O -B H pH M O M y, 0 6 0 3 H a H a e rT H TO, HTO OH POCTHTaeT HOBOTO COCTOHHHH C03HHHHH — H e p e p HHM OTKpEIBaeTCH B03M 0JKH0CTB HpHMOTO B X O p a B KOHTHHyaJIBHBIH HOTOK. H 3aM eT B T e, K aK n p e p e jiB H o KOM naKTH O 3anH CBiBaeTCH T a $ o p M y j i a , k o t o p o h o t -

K pH B aeT C H B x o p b p p y r o e c o c T o a ir a e C 03iiaH H H .E c j i h c m h c j i c j i o b 6e3rpaH H H H O pa3M B iB aeT C H , t o o i i h , e c T e c T B e im o ,

B H X O pflT H 3 -H 0 p KOHTpOJIH JIOTHKH. H 3 TeKCTa H C H 03aerT H p ep C T aB Jie - HHe o n p oT H B op eH H H . He M o r y T c o p e p jK a T B n p oT H B op eH H H t c k c t b i ,

coTK aH H B ie H3 pa3M B iT B ix , HJiaBHO n e p e x o p H ip u x p p y r b p p y r a c j i o b . E c j i h m b i , c K a w e M , HaHHeM BpyM BiBaTBCH b c m b i c j i c j i o e a « > k h 3 h b » h

B ee S o jiB in e h S o jiB in e p a c in n p H T B e r o cM B icjioB B ie 3H aH eH iiH , t o p a i i o HJIH H 0 3p H 0 HOHMeM, HTO OHO BKJIIOHaeT b c e 6 a i i n p e p cT a B jie H H e o CM epTH — CM epTB n p e B p a ip a e T C H b c o c T a B H y io n a cT B j k h 3 h h . H c n e - 3 a eT B03M0JKH0CTB HpOTHBOnOCTaBJieHHH JKH3HH CM epTH , H B T eK C T ax

243

H e M e p fle m io CHHMaeTCfl n p o T H B o p e H H e , K O T o p o e m o jk c t n o p o n ip a T B C H y 3K H M — flHCKpeTHBIM — IIOHHMaHHeM CJIOB «5KI13HB» H «C M epT B ». ^ H a n e K T H K y T a K o r o n ep eT eK a H H H CMHCJia c j i o b x o p o m o yM eiOT OHHCHBaTB HHOHCKHe $HJIOCO(|)BI.

B ot c jiO B a c o n p e M e i i i i o r o a n o n c K o r o M b ic jiiiT e jiH M a c a o A 6 e ] 2 3 G ] :B P 3 3 H6 , OTpHpaiOIHe.M BCHKyiO PR OHCTBCHHOCTT., BKJIIOTafl H ROpTHKa.IT.IIO

H a n p a B J ie n H y io , h ot hh B J ia p u T c c T n a B o r a , hii u p e n T n o p e im n , hh C T p a m n o r o

c y p a . H ctophh , K a n h hcjiobctock oc c y m e c T B o u a in ie ;kh3hb— cM ep T B ( s a m s a r a ) , H e H M eeT hh n a a a . i a hh K o i ip a . C y ip e c T B y e T to jibk o o ca iia a a jiB H O C n a i a . i o n 6 e c -

K O H eiH H H K o i i e p . 3 to H e e c T t H e K O T o p o e C M y r a o e n p e p cT a B jie H H e , i i e o n p e p e -

jieH H H H B 3 r j i a p , ho h o t mi a n K O H p e n iy iH , B 0 3 H H K m a a 'i e p e a O T p jiu a in ie B e p T i i -

K ajiB H O H a n p aB jieH H O H pbohctbghhocth , j i\ m j n i p n p oba m i o i t b H C T op n a ecK O M boh- j io m e H H H . I l o c K O j i t K y s a m s a r a B e a n a a a jiB H a h 6 ecK O H ea H a , H c r o p i i f i H e H M eeT

H e i u p a , h, c j ie p o B a t e J ib H O , K a m p B iii M o n e m h ctop hh iiB JineT C H p e H T p o M . I l o 3 TOM y, K a n h y T B e p m p a j i p a H B m e , b K a m p H H momcht n a i n e r o c y m e c T B O u a i in a ;kh3hb — CM epTB m h o c o 3H aeM n a p a p o K c a j iB H o e e p iiH c iB o -T O H ip e cT B O (jh thh ii y .u n p a iiH H

b o B e e n h x p e jio cT H O C T H -n o jiH O T e . O T C io p a h n a m a o c B o S o m p e H H o c T B o t h iix. B K a a ip H H momoht o c o 3HaBaHH H n a i i ie j i 3 K 3iiCTeHn,HH « B e j iH K a a 5Kii3hb» h « B e -

jiH K a a C M ep T B » o c y m e c T B P a e T c a b n a c . Hmchiio n o a T O M y b H C T o p im oT cy T C T B y e T

pB H H ieH H e. B K a a ip H H momght n p o a B P a e T c a r j i y g o K o e p a S B e p im e H H e . B p e M a h HCTOpHH C TOHKH 3 peH H H H a m e rO 3 K:jiICTeiIIJ,Iia.TBH0 r 0 I ie p e jK IIB a illlH eCTB c o -

epH H eH H e a K T y a .T B H u x p a 3 o 6 in,eHHOCTeH, paB H O K aK i ie p e ;K jin a in ie «B e jii iK O H

J K h 3 h h » a e p e a « B e j n i K y i o C M e p T B » , o c o 3H a B a e M y io W K eM O .viciiT iio.3 t OT O TpHBOK HenOTBH O XOHeTCH CpaBH HTB C AlIOK pH (})OM OT O o M H , CTOH-

ih;h m y h c t o k o b H am en K yT B T ypH [1 8 4 ] :

1 9 . yaeH H K H CKaaa.TH H n c y c y : C K a;K ii n a n , KaKHM 6 y p e T n a iir k o iio ii . H ii - c y c C K a 3 a n : O t k p h j ih jih b h n a a a j io , h to6 h HCKaTb K oneii,? H 6 o b MecTe, r p e H a- n a n o , TaM 6 y p e T K o n e p . B p a m e n t o t , k to 6 yp eT c t o h t b b H a a a jie , h oh ii03H aeT KOHep, H OH He BKyCHT CMepTH.

H o BepH eM CH k TeKCTaM K y jiB T y p u H a rn n x p n e f i . H 3 p e c B c p e p n c e p B e 3 H H x ( t . e . H e iio a T ir a e c K iix ) t o k c t o b n n o r p a m o jk h o o S H a p y jK iiT B H B yjiH K H e — o S jia p a io m p ie o p H O B p e M e m io K aK j i o n r a e c K o f i , T aK h pHTM HHecKOH COCTaBJIHKHpefi. B o t n e p e p HKMH «tHorHKO-(|)HJIOCO$CKHH T p a K T a T » J I . B H T re H n iT e fiH a [ 2 2 ] , Oh H a n n c a H n p o tfte c c n o H a jio M j i o t h - KOM H , HeCOMHeHHO, B K aKOM -TO CBOeM HpOHBJieHHH HeTKO JIOTHHeCKH o p r a H H 3 0 B a H . H o b t o Hie B p eM fl M H o r n e , H a B e p H o e , corJiacH T C H c T eM , HTO OH B H yT p eH H e pHTM H H eH , H B 3TOM M arH H eTO B03fleH C TB H H . H o TaM H eT h H a M eK a H a K a K o e -j in S o n p o H B J ieH n e pni|>MBi. P h t m h h h o c t b 3 a - p a e r c n n a p a p o K c a jiB H O C T B io cyiK p eH H H — t c k c t « T p a K r a T a » c o c t o h t H 3 n o c jie p o B a T e jiB H o n e p e H y M e p o B a H H H x n a p a p o K c o B . C T p y K T y p a n a p a p o K c o B c a M a n o c e 6 e 3p ecB H iiT e p e c n a . 9 t o K p a r K H e , B ecB M a JiaKOHHHHBie, HO (jOraTBie BH yTpeH H H M CO pepH iaH H eM BH CKa3BIBaH H H ,

244

HaxOflHBHlHeCH B HBHOM HpOTHBOpeHHH C oSm enpHHflTHM H B H alneH K y jiB T y p e npeflCTaBjieHHHM H. B o t oflHH H3 t b k h x napaflOKCOB:

Cmhcji M n p a ^ o j i iK e H j ie iK a T B B H e e r o . B M H p e e c x t , K a K oho e c T B , H B C e n p O H C X O flH T T a K , K a K n p O H C X O flH T . B H eM H e T H H K aK O H H,eHHOCTH, a e c j i n 6h o H a T a M n S a u ia , to O H a H e H M e jia 6h H H K aK O H n ,eH H 0 CTH ( n a p a ^ o K C 6 .2 4 ) .

9 t o B H C K a3 H B aH n e h b h o H e cooT B eT C T B y eT K apflH H ajiBH B iM n p e f l - CTaBjieHHHM 3anaflH O H e B p o n e iic K O H K y jIB T y p B I, r j iy S o K O n p o H H 3 a H - h o h npeflCTaBJieH H H M H o n e J in K aK b j ih h i io m H JiaH e — flJIH K a iK f lo r o n e jiO B eK a b o T fle jiB iio c T H , TaK h b o S ip e H a p n o n a jiB H O M h fla iK e o S m e - K y jiB T ypH O M cM B icn e . H c T O p r iH e c K o e p a 3 B H T n e e B p o n e n c K O H K y jiB - x y p H — 9 t o $ o p M y jiH p o B K a p e j i e f l , 6 o p B 0 a 3 a h x ocy m eC T B J ieH H e , a noT O M H eB O JiB naa f l i ic K p e f lH T a ip in h x h o t k 3 3 o t h h x . K p a T K o e B B icK a 3 H B a H n e H3 « T p a K T a T a » n eM iiorH M H , c o B c e M n p o cT H M H , C K y - HHMH CJIOBaMH oS p yiH H B aeT C H H a 3TH OCHOBBI MHpOHOHHMaHHH. H CHJia 3 t h x c j i o b OTHiOflB He b h x jiorH H ecK O H ySeflH T ejibH O C T H . B e flB H e n p a B O - MepHOCTB H a rn e ro n p e flcx a B jie H H H o p e j i n m o h ih o 6 b i j io 6 h x o p o r n o oSoC H O B aTB H HHCTO JIOTHHeCKII — flOCTaTOHIIO 0BIJIO 0BI C K a3aT B , HTO «H,eJIB» — 9TO M eTanOH H TH e H HOTOMy OHO H e MOJKeT HaXOflHTBCH b H arneM M n p e H ep a p x H H ecK H u n n ie jie jK a n jH x oS b eK T H B ix h o h h t h h . Ho T a K a a CHCTeMa cy?K fleH H H n o T p e S o B a jia 6 h y>Ke BBefleHH H b p a c - cy>KfleHHH a S cT p a K T H B ix n p eflC T aB jieH H H B ecB M a b h c o k o t o n o p H f lK a . A b t o p « T p a K T a T a » n e n o c T y n a e T T aK . B m c c t o a T o r o o h TKeT H3 c j i o b K py>K eB O , 3acT aB JiflK )n i;ee H H TaTejiH 3aflyM aTB C H H e H afl TeM , h t o B B ipaiKeH O b c jiO B a x (b h h x B eflB , C T p o r o r o B o p a , h o h t h H n n e r o H e B B ip a iK eH o), a H afl TeM , h t o c t o h t 3 a b th m h c jio B a M H , e c j i n c m h c j i HX CHJIBHO paCH IH pH TB. C jIO B a 3fleCB He flO K a3H B aiO T MHCJIB aB T O p a — o h h n p o c T o 3acTaBJiH K)T 3aflyM aTB C H H afl ie M , h t o JKe a o j i jk h o H a x o - flHTBCH B C03HHHHH H ejlO B eK a , OKa3aBH ierOCH CHOCOShBIM TaK 0C 03H aTB n p o 6 j i e M y . 3 a M eT B T e , h t o b npH B e^eH H O M n a p a ^ o K c e ecT B h h h c t o jio r H H e c K o e n p O T H B O p eH n e: « . . . H eT HHKaKOH peHHOCTH, a e c j i n 6 h OHa TaM h 0 H J ia , t o o n a H e H M ejia 6b i h h k 3 k o h n,eHH0CTH». B e e o t o HaHOM HHaeT ,H;39H-6yflflHHCKHH K O a il. B GBpOneHCKOH (|)HJIOCO(|>CKOH jiH T e p a T y p e «T p a K T a T » 3aH H M aeT o c o S o e n o j io iK e H n e b c n j i y C B oe fi H H opoflH O C TH . O x c io f la p e3K O H e r a x iiB H o e O T H on ieH n e k H eM y h n o 3 H - THBHCTCKH HaCTpOeilHBIX $HJIOCO(|>OB. K a p H a H peK O M eH flO B ajI n p o n e c T B e r o H BH 0pO C H TB. n o n n e p HpOHHHeCKH TOBOpHT 0 BH TreH H ITeH H e K aK o k o m - t o , n p e T e H fly io m e M n a p o j iB n p o p o K a . B C B oe BpeM H «T p a K T a T » c T pyflO M y B H fle ji C B ex.

OSpaTHMCH T e n e p B k HCTOKaM e B p o n e n c K O H K y jiB T y p H . K a K o t o h h n a p a f lO K c a jiB i io , h o m bi ji ;o ji> k h h n p n 3 H a T B , h t o b HCTOKax e B p o n e n - CKOH K y jIB T y p H , BeKBMH CTO JIB HOCJieflOBaxejIBHO pa3BHBaJE0ipeH KyJIBT p a p n o H a jiB H o r o M B inuieiiH H , J ie w a x c o B ce M n p O T H B O n ojio iK H H e H a -

245

HaJia — pai^H0HaJiH3M 9JuiHHH3Ma h HppaipoHaJiH3M paHHero xpH- CTHaHCTBa. A o eBponeHCKofi KyjiBType, HecMOxpn Ha Bee MHorooSpa- 3H6 ee BeTBJieHHH, Bee me xoneTCH roBopHTB KaK o neM-TO pejioM, — Beflb h eBponeficKHH aTen3M h o c h t n p ew ^e Bcero Bee m e aHTnxpn- CTHaHCKHH xapaK Tep, COBCeM OTJIHHHHH, CKa>K6M, OT BOCTOHHOrO HHrHjiH3Ma. Beflb aTen3M npejKAe B cero AOJUKeH c neM-TO cnopHTB, h , caeflOBaTeJiBHo, CTpyKTypa ero onpeflejiaeTCH TeM, c HeM o h cnopnT, a 3aTeM TeMH apryMeHTaMH, c noMOipBio k o t o p h x o h cnopHT, a o t h nocjieflHHe, ecxecTBeHHo, a o j i j k h h h b x o a h t b c h b paMKax cymecTByio- m e i napaflHiMH, im ane o h h npocTo He SyAyT h o h h t h h h He Sy^yx npHHHTH. n O -B H flH M O M y , y5I<e B CpeflHeBeKOBBe yCHJIHHMH O o m h AjtBHHCKOrO KaTOJIHHeCKOe xpHCTHaHCTBO oSjieKaeTCH B OfleJKflH pa- n;HOHajiH3Ma, orroHeHHoro cmiBHee, HeM b t o 6 h j i o y ApHCTOTejia; KpaTKHH aHaJIH3 pa3BHTHH AeTepMHHH3Ma B eBpOneHCKOH KyjIBType AaH b HameH paSoTe [237J.

B h j i o 6 h oneHB HHTepecHO npocjieAHTB 3a xeM, KaK b eBponeflcKOH KyjiBType no Mepe ee pa3BHTHH nponcxoAHJia 6opB(5a flByx CTHJien b opraHH3an;HH TeKCTOB — JiornnecK oro h pHTMHHecKoro. B Hanm AHH pHTMHHecKaH CTpyKTypa TeKCTa Hamjia CBoe HOBoe npoflBJieHHe b $ h j i o c o $ h h 9K3HCTeHAHajiH3Ma. HaBepHoe, He SyfleT 6 o j i b h i h m npe- yBejiHHeHHeM yTBepJKAeHHe o t o m , h t o 9Ta $ h j i o c o $ h h , b cympiocTH, noKOHTCH npocTo Ha KaKOM-TO SearpaHHHiiOM, KocMHHecKOM 3Byna- m,eM, pacniHpeHHH CMHCJia coBceM, Ka3aJiocB 6 h , npocToro cjiOBa «9K3HCTeHii;HH». A b HameH CTpaHe npoTHBonocTaBjieHHe « $ h 3 h k o b » <cjinpHKaM» He ecTB j i h OTrojiocoK Bee Toro me cn o p a, HanpaBJieHHoro Ha t o , h t o 6 h b HameH HHTejuieKTyajiBHOH j k h 3 h h SojiBmyio p o j i b nrpaJiH p h t m h h h o opraHH30BaHHHM TeKCTOM. H o o 6cyH<AeiiHe BCex 9THX BOnpOCOB BHXOflHT 3a HpeflejIH HamHX B03M05KH0CTeH.

Mh TaK M a j io CMorjiH CKa3aTB o t o m , h t o TaKoe p h t m !

4. riapaaoKCbi npoTHBonocTaBjieHHHHHCKpeTHoro HenpepbiBHOM y

Mh n o r p y 3 H jiH i i p o S n e M y «H 3 H K — M H m jie H n e » b H 3 A p e B jie c y m ;e - CTByromyio n p o S j i e M y «H e rip e p H B H O C T B — A H C K p eT H O C T B ». B o t y m e 6 o j i e e A B y x c h o j i o b h h o h t h c h h J ieT $ h j io c o (| > b i , M a T eM a T H K H h $ h 3 h k h o 6 c y H < A a io rr ee — b t o H e n p e p H B H o c T B b ee a S c T p a K T H O -M a T e M a T H n e - CKOM H O H H M aH H H , H e n p e p H B H O C T B H flH C K peT H O C T B H p O C T p a H C T B a , B p e M e H H , A BH JK eH H H , M a T e p H H . . . Bpflfl JIH MOJKHO T O B O pH TB 0 TOM, HTO M H C JIH TejIH H a m H X A H eH C eH H aC I I p I I 6 JIH3 HJIITCB K p e m e H H K ) 9TOH n p o 6 j ie M H , x o t h r j i y S m i a ee H O H H M aH H H , H e co M H e H H O , B 0 3 p o c j i a . I l p o S j i e M a H e n p e p H B H O C T H , S y f ly H i i n o c T a B jie H H O H b o B e e n C B o e n r j i y S H H e , n o -B H flH M O M y , A O j in m a 6 h t b o x H e c e n a k n n c j i y n p o S j i e M , 3 a n p e m ;e H H H X a j i h o S c y jK A e H H H . H e j iB 3 H n p e B p a T H T B b h o h h t h h

246

o S t e K T H o r o H 3H K a K a T e ro p H H H a m e r o MBiiHJieHiiH — y H a c H e r M eT a - H 3H K a a j ih h x o S c y jK fle iiH H , H e r iie o S x o fli iM O H a j ih 9 T o r o ceM aH TH K H . M aT eM aTH K H nBrrajiH CB h o c t p o h t b HyjKHBiH h s b i k , c o a f la B a a T a K n e flHCH,HnjIHHBI, K aK T eopH H MHOJKeCTB, TOHOJIOTHH, T eop H H (JtyHKflHH. . . H o B e e M H o r o o 6 p a 3 H e n p o S jie M H , H M eroipeH h h h c t o c jm siiH ecK iie a cn eK T B i, H e on n cB iB a eT C H Ha H 3B iK ax M aTeM aTH KH . 0 6 c y H < f le i i i ie oSueK TH B IX HOHHTHH H a oST>eKTHOM H 3H K e HeMeflJIGIIHO npH BOflH T k HOHBJieHHio n apa flO K C O B . H a p a c T a r o ip H H p;paM aTH 3M o t h x n a p a - A o k c o b h c o 3 p ;a e T B nen aT JieH H e t o t o , h t o m h y r jiy S jm e M C H b n oH H M a - i in e n p o S jie M B i.

3flecB mh HaHHeM c to t o , h to x o th 6bi coBceM Serjio npHBep;eM napap;oKCH, cBH3aHHHe rjiaBHHM oSpa30M c noHHTHeM BpeMeHH, no- CKOJiBKy ohh 6jiH5Ke Bcero conpHKacaiOTCH c caMon npHpofloii Ham ero MHnuieHHH. napa^oKcajiBHocTB 3^ecB nopoH<p;aeTCH TeM, h to HaniH pa3MHnuieHHH o BpeMeHH h p h b o ah t Hac HeMefljieHHo k npep;cTaBJie- hhhm, He corjiacylorpnm ch c oShiflenHr.iMii, x o th nocjieflHiie h bo3- hhkjih b pe3yjiBTaTe t o t o , h to HBjieHHH BHeniHero MHpa b HarneM co3HaHHH mbi ynopnflOHHBaeM bo BpeMeHH. J]ja>Ke npn BHeniHeM B3rjiflp;e Ha napaflOKCH BpeMeHH jierKO yjiob h tb , h to SojiBinaH nacTB H3 HHX CBH3aHa C HpeCJIOBVTHM HpOTHBOnOCTaBJieHHeM HenpepBIBHOTO flHCKpeTHOMy.

B o t 9TH napaflOKCH:y MiKyaH-nflBi 1 — napaflOKC HecoBMecTHMOCTH h o h h th h BpeMeHH

c npe,n;CTaBJieHiieM o fliicKpeTiiocTii npoiicxoH<fleHiiH cyipecTByiom ero, ecjin BpeMH paccMaTpHBh t b KaK HacTB cyipecTByiom ero:

E cjih Sbijio Hanajio (nero-To), t o Sbijio h BpeMH p;o aToro Hanajia. H Sbijio BpeMH p;o to t o BpeMeHH, KOTopoe Sbijio p;o BpeMeHH aToro HanaJia. E c jih ecTB cyipeCTByioipee, to aojijkho Sbijio Sbi Sbitb h He- cymeCTByiomee. H ecjin Sbijio BpeMH, Kor.ua h h h to cyipecTBOBaJio, to AOjijkho Sbijio 6h S h tb h BpeMH p;o aToro — Korp;a flaiKe h h h to He cyipecTBOBajio. BHe3anH0, Korfla h h h to CTaJio cyipecTBobhtb, m ojkct jih KTO-JIHSo B fleHCTBHTeJIBHOCTH CKa3aTB, npHHaflJieiKHT JIH 9T0 KaTeropHH CymeCTBOBaHHH HJIH HeCyipeCTBOBaHHH? (flHT. HO [2 3 0 ]).

A n o p H H 3 e h o h a o JieTHipeH CTpejie, kotopoh HeT TaM, rpe ee HeT, h HeT TaM, rfle OHa ecTB.

A n o p H H o S A x H J i J i e c e , Se3ycneniHo floroHHioipeM nepenaxy.

IIpeflC TaBjieH H e o B H cn ie n peajiBHOCTH K aK o H axoflaipeH C H BHe BpeMeHH y H a p M e H H f l a , n i a t o h a. . . y t i i o c t h k o b : Bor cy ip e c T B y e T KaK H ecy ip ecT B y io ip H H b o BpeM eHH. . .

1 TlH {y a H -n 13M ( 3 6 9 — 2 8 6 r r . f lo h . a . ) — KirraiicKiifi (JmjiocoiJ), OflHH H3 ocH O B a T e- jieft flaocii3Ma.

247

y A p i C T O T e a a : « . . . onpepejiHH HenpepHBHoe, n p n xo -flHTCH HaCTO n0JIB30BaTBCH HOHHTHeM fjeCKOHeHHOTO, TaK KaK HenpepHBHoe flenHMO p;o 6ecK0HenH0CTH» (h ;h t . no [215], c. 9).

y A f i r y c T B H a : ITponijioe yMe He c y ip e c T B y e T , S y p y ip e eeufe He cy ip e cT B y e T , H acTO nnyee n<e He HMeeT H H KaKon npoTH H ieH - h o c t h , c jie p o B aT en B H o , BpeMH He o S jia p a e T peajiBHOCTBio.

y K a h t a : IIpocT paH C T B o n BpeMH — axo to j ib k o $opM B i c o 3 e p - paHH H, C nOMOipBK) KOTOpBIX MH BOCnpHHHMaeM BelflH H BHflHM MHp th k h m , KaK o h HaM npepcT aB jiH eT C H . K M n p y , H axoflH ipeM ycH BHe H a rn e ro co3H aH H H , 3Ta $ o p M a co 3ep p aH H H He HMeeT H H K aK oro o t i i o - HieHHH.

B o t opH a H3 3HaM eHHTHx aHTHHOMHH K a H T a : « B c H K a n c jio n o ia f l BeiflB b MHpe c o c t o h t H3 6e3ycjioB H O n p o c T B ix , HeflejiHMBix n acT eH ; HH OflHa CHOJKHaH B e iflB B MHpe He COCTOHT H3 npOCTHX H HeflejIHMHX n a c T e n » .

y r e r e ji h : Hepa3pBiBHaH c b h 3 b HenpepBiBHoro h flHCKpeT-HOTO — «HenpepHBHOCTB eCTB JIHHIB CBH3HOe, KOMnaKTHOe eflHHCTBO, KaK eflHHCTBO flHcKpeTHoro» (u ,h t . no [215], c. 15).

y II y a h k a p e: «HenpepHBHOCTB 0HJia B H y m eH a HaM BHeniHHM M H p oM . OHa, 6e3 coM H eH H H , H 3 o 6 p e T e n a h b m h , h o H 3 o 6 p e cT H ee H a c BH H yflH Ji BHeniHHH M n p » ( p h t . no [215], c . 25).

y B e p r c o H a : IIpoTecT npoTHB npocTpaHCTBeHHoro noHHMa- HHH BpeMeHH B $H3HKe. ^eHCTBHTejIBHOe BpeMH, HOIIHMaeMOe KaK flJIHTeJIBHOCTB, eCTB aKT CTaHOB JieHHH, BOCnpHHHMaeMBIH Henocpefl- CTBeHHBIM 3HaHHeM.

H e n p e p H B H O C T B b $ h 3 h k e: B KjiaccnnecKOH9JieKTpoflHHaMHKe — b ypaBHeHHHX MaKCBejuia — ncnojiB3yiOTCH HenpepHBHHe b g jih h h h b i, BKjnonaH n HenpepBiBiioe BpeMH; Kjiaccn- necKan CTaTHCTHnecKaH (f>H3HKa ncnojiB3yeT HenpepBiBHocTB npo- crpaHCTBa h BpeMeHH; b KBaiiTOBOH MexaHHKe ypaBHeHne IIIpeflHH- rep a npeflnojiaraeT HenpepHBHOCTB npocTpaHCTBa h BpeMeHH; b Teopnn OTHOCHTeJIBHOCTH BBOflHTCH HeTBipeXMepHHH HpOCTpaHCTBeHHO-Bpe- MeHHOH KOHTHHyyM, np n o to m HenpepHBHOCTB npocTpaHCTBa h BpeMeHH 0Ka3HBaeTCH Heo6xop;HMOH fljifl $opMyjinpoBKH npHHpnna npHHHHHOCTH (nOflpoSHee Bee 9T0 H3JI05KeH0 B [215]).

[ [ H C K p e T H O C T b B j l H 3 H K e : IIpH H pH n KBaHTOBaHHH(|)H3HHecKoro fleHCTBHH O T B ep raeT n peflC T aB jieH ne o SecKOHemiOH flejiHMOCTH flBHJKeHHH. C o rjiacH O K oneH rareH CK O H H H T epnpeT apnH KBaHTOBOH MexaHHKH n p H H p n n H eonpeflejieH H ocTH r e H 3 e H 6 e p r a c b h - fleTejiBCTByeT o H eafleK B arao cT H M opejin flBHiKeHHH b nenpepH BH O M npocT p aH C T B e n BpeM eHH. B KBaHTOBOH $H 3H K e B03H H KaeT orp aH H H e- HHe H a H3MepHM0CTB HMHyJIBCa. H o B H e 33K 0H H COXpaHeHHH, OTKpHTHe b $H 3H K e ajieM eH TapH H x n a c T iip , He M oryT 5 h t b o 6x>HCHeHBi b CHCTeMe cy ip e cT B y io ip H x n p eflC T aB iieH ira o KOHTHiiyb j i b h o c t h n pocT p aH C T B a n

248

BpeMeHH. CymecTByioT KBaHTOBue TeopHH, onHpaioipHecH Ha npeA- CTaBjieHHe o ^HCKpeTHocTH npocTpaHCTBa h BpeMeHH. (Bee nepeHnc- jieHHoe Btmie — jihihb KpaTKaa $opMyjinpoBKa BHCKa3HBaHHH, n O flp o S H O C (|)O pM yJIH pO B aH H H X b [ 2 1 5 ] . )

/ ( B H H e H H e : C k o p o c t b o n p e f l e jx a e T C f l K a K n p o H 3 B O A H a f l b c h - C T eM e n p e A C T a B J ie H H H o i ie n p e p H B H O C T H n p o c T p a H C T B a h B p e M e H H . 3 A e c B H c n o j i i ) 3 y e T C H H O H H T n e o n p e f le j iB H O M n e p e x o f l e n y n O T p e 6 j i H - i o t c h T a K n e c j i o B a : . . . n p e f l e j i , k K O r o p o M y C T peM H T C H . . . h t . a . C T p e j i a 3 e i i o n a H M eeT b k h i k a o h TO H K e H e H y j i e B y i o c k o p o c t b h , c j i e - AOBH TeJIBH O, A B H H ieT C fl. Ho H eH C H O , HBJIHeTCH JIH T 3K H M o 6 p a 3 0 M a n o p H H 3 e H O H a p a 3 p e in e H H O H . P a 3 y M H e & c h h t h t b , h t o O H a n p o c T O H e3aK O H H O a J m p M y j i n p o B a n a — K a K C T p e j ia M o m e T A ° C T H rH y T B C J ie - A y io m e H t o h k h , e c j i n b K O H T ir a y y M e B O o 5 m ;e H e T c j i e A y r o i p e H t o h k h ? ( f l o A p o S H e e o 5 o t o m c m . b [ 2 3 1 ] . )

P a c c e a: « . . . mh a° ® khbi hojihoctbio OTBeprHyTB HOHHTHecocmonnue ABHJKeHHH. )],BH?KeHHe CBOAHTCH npocmo K 3aHHMaHHIO pa3- hhx MecT b pa3HBie BpeMeHa. . . HeT hh nepeMeipeHHH c MecTa Ha MeCTO, HH HOCJieAOBaTejIBIIBIX MOMeHTOB H HOCjieAOBHTejIBHBIX HOJIO->KeHHH» ( h ,h t . ho [ 2 1 5 ] , c. 5 6 ) .

_H a n p a b j i e H n e B p e M e H n : Eipe B o j i B p M a H , hc- )xoah H3 TepMOAHHaMHHecKHx cooSpaiKeHHH, noKa3aji, hto npeACTa- BjieHHe 06 H3MeHeHHH HanpaBjieHiiH BpeMeHH ne HBjineTCH aScypAHHM (noApo6Hee cm. [ 2 3 2 ] ) . E c j i h mbi noneMy-jiHfio A°nycTHM, hto Hama BcejieHHaH OKHMaeTCH, to Bee H3BecTHHe b (f>H3HKe $aKTH (HanpHMep, KpacHoe CMeipeHHe), yKa3HBaK)m;He Ha to, hto BpeMH ABHmeTCH b 6y- Ayipee, 6yAyT yKa3HBaTB Ha npoTHBonoJioniHoe. )3| jih jiiOAeH, jKHBy- ih ;h x b TaKOH BcejieHHOH, H3MeHHTCH n HanpaBjieHne Hamero co3Ha- hhh: npomjioe SyAeT BOcnpnHHMaTBCH KaK 6yAym.ee, 6yAymee — KaK npomjioe (noApo6Hee cm. [ 2 3 3 ] ) . B hhcto ncnxojiornHecKOM njiaHe HanoMHHM 3AecB BBicKa3BiBaHHH II. OjiopeHCKoro 06 o6paTHOM Tene- hhh BpeMeHH bo cHe 1. Ero npnMep: CnnmE^ cjiBimnT 3ByK 6yAHJih- HHKa H BOCnpHHHMaeT 3TO KaK KOJIOKOJIBHBIH 3BOH, HO COSblTHH BO CHe pa3BepTBiBaiOTCfl b o6paTHOM nopHAKe — CHanajia B03HHKai0T npeACTaBJieHHH o coShthhx, npeAHiecTByiomHX KOJiOKOJiBHOMy 3BOHy.

HanoMHHM 3AecB, hto b (|)H3HKe npeACTaBjieHHe 06 oSpaTHOM Tene- HHH BpeMeHH B03HHKaeT B CBH3H C THXHOHaMH — THnOTeTHHeCKHMH HaCTHpaMH, ABHHiymHMHCH CO CBepxCBeTOBOH CKOpOCTBK). B 9TOH cHTyapHH cJieACTBne npeAmecTByeT BBi3BaBmen ero npHHHHe. OeHH- MaH KorAa-TO BBicKa3aji HAeio o tom, hto H03HTpoH moikho MaTeMa- THHecKH onncaTB KaK ajieKTpoH, ABH>KymHHCH oSparao bo BpeMeHH.He nBiTaHCB opeiuiTB 9Ty HAeio no cymecTiiy, otmcthm jihihb to, hto

1 3 to AeTajiT.iiee o n iic a H O y K). A . n ip eH gep a [2 3 4 ] .

249

BaJKHa caMa bo3mojkhoctb ee nocTaHOBKH, pa3pyniaioin;aH Bee n p H B H H H n e o H T O jio rH H ec K a e npeflC T aB JieH H H .

H e o f l H o p o f l H O C T b n p o c T p a H C T B a h B peM eH H . B T e o p n a OTHOCHTeJIBHOCTH M eTpH K a H pOCTpaH CTBa H B p e M e H H 3HBHCHT OT p a C - n p e fle jie H H H B e ip e cT B a h CBeTa b o B ce jieH H O H , c jie flO B a T ejiB H O , H ejiB 3H TOBOpHTB 0 6 OflHOpOflHOCTH H pOCTpaH CTBeH H O-BpeM eH H OrO MHOTO- o 6 p a 3 H H .

K o H C T p y K T H B H o e onpeflejieHHe npocTpaHCTBa. <Pn3HHe- CKoe npocrpaHCTBO, comacHO npeflCTaBJieHHHM B a c t h h a, npefl- CTaBJIHeT C060H K O H eH H H H p H fl TOHGK, flJIH K O T O pB IX H O C T y jIH p y lO T C H npaBHJia nocTpoeHHH h o b h x ToneK, co3flaion];HX nepapxHio ToneK(c m . [215], c. 99).

B HeKOTopiix HanpaBJieHHHx coBpeMeHHOH $ h jio c o (| )h h npeflCTa- BJieHHe 06 OTKpHTTOH BcejieHHOH eCTB OTKa3 OT CTaTHHeCKOH BcejieH - hoh KJiaccHHecKofi (J)H3h kh. IIo h th n a HaniHX rjia 3 a x npoH3onieji 0TKa3 OT pa3fleJIBHOH CymHOCTH BpeMeHH H HpOCTpaHCTBa H HX OflHOpOflHOCTH. . . (|)H3HKOH (JHJIO HOpOJKfleHO HOBOe HpeflCTaBJieHHe 0 BcejieHHOH (noflpoSHee cm . [233]).

B HHCTO JIOTHHeCKOM H JiaH e, nO -BH flH M OM y, BCe HenpHHTHOCTH, CBH3aHIII)ie C HpOTHBOHOCTaBJieHHeM H en p ep H B H O rO flH CK peTH O M y, MOJKHO S y fle T CHHTB, eCJIH HpHHHTB 3fleCB IipH H flH II flOHOJIHHTeJIBHOCTHBopa (cm. [215]). Ho TaKoe 3aBepmeHHe THCHHejieraHx flHCKyccHH b jiynmeM cjiynae 6yflerr hmctb anncTeMOJiorHHecKyio peHHOCTi, KaK npH3HaHHe t o t o , h t o npoQjieMa b h x o a h t 3a rpaHHpBi B03M0>KH0CTeH (JopMaJIBHO-JIOTHHeCKHX HOCTpOeHHH. Ho HTO pa3T>HCHfleTCH B OHTO- JIOTHHeCKOM HJiaHe?

5. rtpaBOMepua j i h r n n o T e s a 0 cyui,ecTBOBaHHH « n o jie ii co3HaHHH»?

K a K 9TO HH C TpaH H O, HO CeHHaC yM eCTHO B epH yTB C H K oS cy jK fleH H K ) H 3flpeB J ie H3BeCTH0H rH n O T e3 H 0 CyfjCTaHflHOHHJIBHOM Cym eCTBOBaHH H « n o jie H co3H a H H H » BHe H ejiO B eK a. O cM B tc jin B a H n e B c e r o M H o r o o 6 p a 3 H H CBefleHHH O pOJIH H 3M eH eH H H X COCTOHHHH C03H 3HH H B H H TejIJieK T yajIB - HOH JKH3HH n03B 0JIH eT CHOBa HOCTaBHTB BOnpOC 0 TOM, HBJIHeTCH JIH HejIOBeK TBOppOM KOHTHHyajIBHOTO MBHHJieHHH HJIH TOJIBKO H pH eM H H - k o m T e x h o t o k o b , K O T op H e n p o T e K a iO T rfle -T O BHe e r o . E c j i h c n p a - BeflJiH Bo B T o p o e n p e f ln o jio jK e H H e , t o B e e y c n jiH H H ejiO B eK a , H a n p a B jie H - HEie H a BOCHpHHTHe 9THX HOTOKOB — M eflHTHflHH, n p H eM H CH XOflejIH - n e c K H x cp e flC T B , y n a c T H e b M H CTepH H x h j i h , HaKOHen;, yM eH H e 3a flaB aT B caM O M y c e 6 e B o n p o c n H a H 3H K e flH C K peT H H x npeflC T aB JieH H H h

I JKflaTB H a HHX OTBeTH — B ee 9TO TOJIBKO pa3JIHHHBie CnOCoSBI H a C T p aH - b h t b c h H a npneM .

250

npeACTaBJieH He o cyficTaH pnoH ajiBHO M x a p a itT e p e KO HTHHyajiBHoro co 3iiaHHH, rjiy S o K O CBH 3 a H H o e c < ]> h jio co (| > ck h m h y n e H H H M H BocTO Ka, He HyiKAO h 3anaAHLiM ( J h j i o c o i J c k h m n p eA C T a B j i eHHHM. B KaKOM-TO CMHCJie o h o H a n o M H H a e T yn e H n e 06 HA eax n j i a T O i i a , n p e A C T a B J ie H H e 0 MHpoBofi BOJie IIIo n e H ra y a p a h H A e n K >H ra 06 a p x e T n n a x b K O juieK - t h b h o m 6 e c c o 3 H a T e jiB H O M . H e c jin C y A 3yK H [ 2 2 7 ] ro B o p n T o K o c m h - l e c K O M 6 e c c o 3 H a T e j i b H O M , t o cppoMM [ 2 2 7 ] , cjie A y n B e K K y \ n p e A n o H H T a e T y>Ke r o B o p H T b 0 K o c m h h g c k o mC 0 3 H 3 H H H .

C e f i n a c H eT H e o f ix o A H M o c T H c o o t h o c h t b 9t h n o c T p o e H n a c f i e c n p e A - M eT H H M H A eaJIH 3M O M , nO C K O JIB K y C O B p e M e H H H e K O CM O rO H H H eC K H e n p e A C T a B jie H H H t o t o b h k 6 e 3 r p a i iH H H O M y p a c n i n p e H H i o H a n i e r o n p e A C T a B jie H H H 0 M a T e p n a jiB H O C T H B c e j i e H H o f i . Y M eC T H O 3 A e c B T aK JK e n a n o M H H T B , h t o H e K O T o p H e c e p b e 3 H H e M a T eM a T H K H r j i y 6 oK O y f i e - 5KAe H H B TOM , HTO OHH B C B O efi T B O p n e C K O fi ACH TeJIBHOCTH H e H 3 0 - S p e T a iO T , a o t k p h b b i o t p e a j i B H o h H e3aB H C H M O o t h h x c y m ;e c T B y io in ;H e a S c T p a K T H B ie C T p y K T y p B i .

K a K H e w e a p r y M e H T H H M e io T c n c e f i n a c b n o j i B 3 y rH H O T e3B i 0 c y f i - CTaH IIH OH aJIBH O M C y m eC T B O B a H H H K O H T H H ya J IB H H X H O JieH C 0 3 H a H H H ?

n p e i K A e B c e r o 3A ecB H y jK H o e n je p a 3 H anoM H H TB 06 y>K e y n o M H - H aBineM CH B H in e on b iT e H 3y n eH H H t o t o H 3M eH eH H oro c o c t o h h h h c o 3 H a - h h h , n p n k o t o p o m n ejiO B eK T e p a e T o m y ip e H H e r p a im n ; c u o e fi j i h h h o c t h h B o cn p n H H M a e T c e fia K aK n a c T b HeAHtJuJtepeHpHpoBaHHOH pejiocT H O C T H . B t O 9TO — TOJIBKO HJIJII03HH? O n e H B H H TepeC H H OnBITH HO T aK H a 3 H -BaeM oM y B3aHMHOMy rH n H 03y [ 2 3 9 ] . O h c o c t o h t b to m , h t o cySb eK T A rHHH0TH3HpyeT c y S b e K T a B , a nocjieA H H fi, fiyA yn n b c o c to h h h h rH n iio 3 a , b cbok) onepeA B , rHnHOTH3n p y e T A — 3Ta n p o p e A y p a b 33h m h oh rHnHOTH3HpoBaHHOCTH y rjiy S jiH e T C H . H a n fio jie e B nenaT jiH io- ih;hm h n y ra io m H M napneHTOB pe3yjiBTaTOM T a K o ro aKcnepHM eHTa 6b ijio om ym eH H e h o jih o to c jih h h h h APYr c flPyrO M . B o t h to n n in e T 06 9 tom n . T a p T [ 2 3 9 ] :

3 t o S h j i o n o x o jK e H a n a cT H H H oe p a c n jia B jie H H e j i h h h o c t g h , H a H acT H H H yio n o T e p io p a 3jiHHHH M ejK A y H h TBI. B t o t m o m g h t 9T 0 B o cn p H H H M a jio c B n a p n e H T a M H K aK HeHTO n p H H T H o e , h o 3aT eM o h h CTaJIH BOCnpHHHM aTB 9T 0 K aK y r p 0 3 y HX H H AHBHAyajIBHOH HBTOHOM-h o c t h ( c . 3 0 6 ) .

J ^ a jiee n . T a p T t o b o p h t , h t o e M y H 3B ecT eH h a H a jio rn H H U H p e - 3yjIB T aT CJIHHHHH H n O T ep H HHAHBHAyaJIBHOCTen n p n COBMeCTHOM n p n e M e L S D - 2 5 A B yM H c y n p y jK e c K H M H n a p a M H . H t o - t o n o x o i K e e , n o-B H A H M O M y, n p o n c x o A H J io b M H C T ep n n x a P c b h o c t h h b T e x M HCTe- P h h x , K O T o p u e c e fin a c nbrraiOTCH b o 3 p o a h t b b A M e p H K e , c o n e T a H o r j iy m a i o m y io M y3B iK y c n p n eM O M xH M H H ecK H X cpeAC T B (c m . c . 2 1 1 ) .

1 E "k k — n cH x iia ip , a m o p iniipoKo n.'tnocTiioir KHirrn [ 2 3 8 ] ,

251

H OHHTb XOHeTCH 3êCb 3aâTb Bonpoc — HTO 3T0 , TOJIbKO HJIJII03HH hjih bhxoa^b HenpsBbraHyio fljia names KyjibTypH peaJibHOCTb? B 3tom OTHomeHss oneHb HHTepecHH HaSniofleHss K)Hra, bbihbhb- m e ro p;peBHesmse MHtfiojiorHHecKHe m o th bh b CHax coBpeMeHHbix jiroês s noKa3aBmero cxo^ ctbo Mem^y 6pep;oM napaHOHKOB, flpeBHes- mSMH KOCMOrOHHHMH H BcxaTOJiorssecKsMs npoposecTBaMs [ 2 2 4 1 . OTKyp;a SepyTCH sth apxeTrniH — flpeBHse oSmesenoBesecKse 06- pa3H? H nocJiep;Hee: npeflCTaBneHse 0 HaysHOM TBopnecTBe KaK 0 npo-

; 3peHss — He ecTb jih 3to #pyraH (JiopMa npoHBJieHSH Toro * e o6pa- m;eHHH k neMy-TO cymecTByiomeMy Biie Hac?

KoHesHO, Bee s th HaSniofleHHH h b h o Hep;ocTaTOHHH # jm T oro, h t o 6 h CKonbKO-Hs6yp;b y6ep;sTenbHO oSocnoB aT b r sn o T e 3 y 0 c y 6 - CTaHpsoHaJibHOM cym;ecTBOBaHHH noTOKa o6pa30B BHe HHp;HBHp;yajib- h o t o senoB eK a. H o o h h , b o bch kom c jiy n a e , flocTaTOHHM p;jih T oro, h to S h CHHTaTb npaBOMepHOH ee nocTaHOBKy p;jih fla n b H e im e ro cep be3 - H oro H3yneHHH.

HaM M oryT 3p;ecb cp a 3 y * e B03pa3HTb: ec jin cyScTaHpHOHajibiio cym ;ecTByiom H e KOHTHHyaJibHbie noTOKH o6pa30B — bto KJiap;oBaH Ham efi K yjibTypH , TaK m e KaK h B cex ftp y rn x K yjibT yp, to OTKyp;a m e SepeTCH n p o r p e c c ? MomHO AyMaTb, hto jiioah M oryT 3anepnH yTb H3 stoh KJiap;oBOH tojibko t o , k HeMy no,n;roTOBJieHo h x pmeBHoe co3HaHne, to co3HaHHe, Ha k o to po m ctpohtch K yjibT ypa. M om eT SbiTb, n p o r p e c c COCTOHT B nO^rOTOBKe C03HaHHH H K BOCnpHHTHIO HfleH OTKyfla-TO H3 BHe e ro npoTeKaroipH x noTOKOB? C T pairao, ho ce n n a c npnxop;HTCH 3ap;yMaTbCH Ha,n KOHpenpHHMH p;aneKoro n p o in n o r o .

MomHO, KOHenHO, BHABHHyTb h ^ p y ry io rnnO Tesy, npep;nojiom H B, HTO OCoSoe COCTOHHHe C03HaHHH — 3TO HeKOTOpoe peJIHKTOBOe HBJie- HHe, ocTaBm eecH y Hac b H erao reuHO 3aKop;HpoBaHHOM BH#e ot toto p ;ajieKoro n p o m n o ro , Korp;a co3HaHne nenoBeKa H axojjH jiocb em e Ha HpHMHTHBHOH CTaflHH CBOerO pa3BHTHH. H o 3fteCb HeMep;neHHO B03HH- KaeT M acca H epa3pem H M tix B on pocoB — noneM y b H anajibHofi CTa- p;hh pa3BHTHH motjih noHBHTbCH TaKHe M Horoo6pa3Hbie H BHyTpeHHe HeoSbinaHHO SoraTbie npoHBJieHHH co3iiaHHH, 3aneM ohh coxpaHHiOT ce6n TaK, hto m h ponm niji h x chhtktb kk k h m h -to Sojiee rjiySoKHMH ypOBHHMH C03HaHHH, nHTaKHpHMH H peryjIHpyKHpHMH Hame JIOTHHe- CKoe MHinneHHe? H naKOHen;, e c jin sto He pe3yjibTaT jihhhoto onHTa, He OTpameHne BHemHero M npa, a HenTO 3aKO#HPOBaHHoe Sojiee hjih MeHee oftHHaKOBHM o6pa30M y B cero HejiOBenecTBa, to neM sto npep;- CTaBJieHne OTJinnaeTCH ot rnnoTe3H o He shbhchmom ot nejioBeKa Cy6CTaHH|HOHaJIbHOM CymeCTBOBaHHH KOHTHHyaJIbHBIX nOTOKOB c o - 3HBHHH?

M om eT 6 h tb , n o s a n y m n o orpaHHHHTbCH yTBepmp;eHHeM 0 tom , HTO KOHTHHyaJIbHbTe HOTOKH HaXOflHTCH BHe HeJIOBeKa, HO He BHO H ejiO B en ecT B a?

252

Tenept mojkho 3apaTB Bonpoc — KaK mojkho npepcTaBHTB ce6e MexaHH3M, c noMorpBio KOToporo neJiOBeK nopKJiioHaeTCH k HenpepHB- hbim noTOKaM o6pa30B? Mojkho pyMaTB, hto MexaHH3M KOHTHHyaJiBHoro MHinireHHH hocht aHanoroBHH xapaKTep B OTJIHHHe OT pe$JieK- THBHOTO JIOTHHeCKOrO MHHIJieHHH, 3a KOTOpOe AOJIJKeH 6hTB OTBeT- CTBeH MexaHH3M flHCKpeTHOTO yCTpOHCTBa (nOCJieflHHH AOJIJKeH po- nycKaTB cymecTBOBaHse SnojiornHecKHx HocHTenen pncKpeTHHx 3HaK0B — HeKOToporo anajiora HOCHTejiefi reHeTHnecKoro H3BiKa)*. Bo3mojkho, hto MexaHH3M .rnySsHHoro — aHajioroBoro — MBmuieHHHHOCHT He CTOJIBKO M 03T0B0H , CKOJIBKO oSipeCOMaTHHeCKHH X a p a K T e p .BenoBeK b KaKOM-TO rjiySoKOM CMHCjie mhcjiht BceM cbohm TeJioM. Ectb HeKOTopBie, nycTB KocBeHHBie, nopTBepiKpeHHH pjin TaKoro npep- nojiojKeHHH. 3pecB npejiipe Bcero Hapo oSparaTB BHHMaHne — n 06 3tom mbi yjKe mhoto TOBOPHJIH BHine — Ha to, hto HeKOTOpue xhmh- HecKne BerpecTBa pencTByioT KaK Tpnrrep, orapBiBan co3HaHne nejio- BeKa KOHTHHyanBHHM noTOKaM mbicjih. He nponcxopnT jih b npopecce Me3HTan;HH, cocpepoToneHHH h mojihtbbi BupaSoTKa KaKnx-TO xHMnne- ckhx BemecTB, peiiCTByioipHx TaK H<e, KaK HeKHH Tpnrrep? H, hto ocoSeHHO BaJKHO, Tpy^HO ce6e npepcTaBHTB, hto6h TaKne npocTBie ncHxoêjiHHecKHe BeipeoTBa, KaK, cKajKeM, 3aKHCB a30Ta, peircTBOBajra HHane, neM aHaJioroBHM o6pa30M. âjiee, HyjKHO oSpaTHTB BHHMaHne h Ha to, hto Horn b npaKTHKe pap®a-Horn Bcerpa oSpaipaiOT BHHMaHne Ha oSipee cocTOHHHe Tejia, ocoSeHHO Ha TexHHKy pBixaHHH; b hx TeOpeTHHeCKHX nOCTpoeHHHX SoJIBinaH pOJIB OTBOpHTCH II03B0H0HHHKy h nepeKJHoneHHio ceKcyaJiBHOH aHeprnn. HccjiepoiaTejin p33H- Me^HTapHH noflnepKHBaiOT, hto hx npaKTHKa (Ha3BiBaeMaH aapaan) H3MeHHeT He TOJIBKO C03HaHHe, HO II Bee TeJIO — HeJIOBeK B pejIOM oTKpBiBaeTCH pjin BocnpHHTHH ppyroi peaJibiiocTH. Cy33yKH [227] yTBepjKâeT, hto no npepcTaBJieHHHM yneHHH p33H oSjiacTB nopcoaHa- TeJiBHoro Ji0KajiH30BaHa b SpronraoH nojiocTH nejiOBeKa, HanSojiee 0JIH3KO CTOHipeH K npHpOpe. Ho-BH3HMOMy, B eBpOneHCKOM MBIHIJieHHHe ip e b 30-x r o p a x 6hjio c< ])op M yjiH p oB a H O y T B e p jK p e H n e 0 tom, hto p e jia K c a p H H H eK O T opB ix M y c K y jio B 0 K a 3 H B a eT cnen ;H <])H H ecK oe BJiHHHHe h i M BicjiH TejiBH Bie n p o p e c c B i . n p a K T H K a ayT oreH H O H T p e H n p o B K H , B B e- p e m ia H iieM epK H M n c n x o j i o r o M H . I I Iy jiB p e M , n o j i y n n j i a T e n e p B , K ajKeTCH , B c e o S ip e e n p H 3 iia H n e . He B 03B pain ;aeT C H jih c e n n a c H a y K a K npH 3H aH H I0 ppeB H H X K O H pen pH H H3 yneH H H HOrOB? [241]. H H T e- p ecH O h p p y r o e — n a y n e H n e a jie K T p o a H p e ^ a J io rp a M M K aK b p 3 3 H - MepHTapHHx [242], TaK h b MepHTapiiH hotob [243] noKa3BiBaeT npn- cyT C T B n e H en p ep B iB H H X aJiBtfia-BOJiH c Sojibihoh a M n jiH T y p o n . B H o p -

1 CBepeHHH 06 ynacTiin PHK b n p op eccax 3anoMiiHaHHfi cennac eipe H pe3BM- H8HH0 npoTHBopeHHBH (uoppoSnoo 06 3T0M cm ., HanpnMep, B [2 4 0 ]) .

253

M ajitH O M c o c t o h h h h TSKHe o c p n ju io r p a M M H i x a p a K T e p H 3 y io T p e j i a n c a - p noH H O H 3M eH eH H oe cocT O H H n e C03H aHH H. C ocT O H H n e r n n H 0 3 a H e p a e x TaKOH KapTHHBI.

6 . 3aKnioHHTejibHbie 3aMeHaiiHH

XoneTCH pyMaTB, h to npHBepemiBie 3pecb MaTepnanti MoryT cjiy>KHTB HeKOTOpHM OCHOBaHHeM pjIH TOTO, HTOSh HOppepiKaTB Hame BHCKa- 3HBaHoe o tom , h to Hame BHyTpeHHee — rjiySm raoe cocTOHHne co3Ha- hhh oSjiapaeT KaKoi-TO hhoh cyrpecTBeHHon HenpepBiBHocTBio, k o to - paa He MomeT 6h tb pepypnpoBaHa k pncKpeTHOCTH H3HKa.

3pecB HaM xoneTCH o6paTHTB BHHManoe h eipe Ha opno oS ctoh - reJiBCTBO — to rnySnHHoe cocTOHHne co3HaHHH, KOTopoe npnHHTo Ha3BiBaTB cennac uaMeneHHUM cocmosmueM coananusi, npncyTCTByeT b Hamen noBcepHeBHoii >kh3hh, npnHHMaH HenocpepcTBemioe ynacTne b HameM peneBOM noBepenHH. BucKa3ueamisi, cdejiamue na ducKpem- hom H3UKe, m u ece BpeMn immepnpemupyeM na KOHmuuyajibHOM ypoene. B 3tom yTBepmfleHHH h c o c to h t rnaBHHH pe3yjiBTaT H am el KOHpen- u;hh. HaM npepcTaBJiHeTCH, hto caM TepMHH «H3MeHeHHoe cocTOHHne C03HaHHH» MajioypaneH, h 6o penB pojiiKHa hpth He o khkom -to ocoSom, TpypHo pocTnraeMOM coctoh h h h co3HaHHH, a to jibk o o ppyroM Bxope b 3to co3HaHne. E cjih 6bi 3to rjiySm iHoe C03HaHne He npncyTCTBOBano HOBcepHeBHO b HameM nOBepeman, to mh pelcTBOBaJiH 6h npocTO Kan xop om o 3anporpaMMHpoBaHHHe JiornnecKHe aBTOMaTBi. H am e HOBe- penne onncHBajiocB 6m tbmh HopMamuenuMU MopenfiMH, o k o to p h x cennac TaK m hoto jiioSht tob op h tb b ncnxojiorHH n copHOJiorma (cm., HanpnMep, [244]). r jiyS n im oe coaiianne Bcerpa c to h t 3a oCbipchiihm —

r ii;HCKpeTHO 0praHH30BaHHBIM CO3IIaHHeM. ; .TIK)6OnBITIIo otm cth tb , h to ' pa3BHTHe BepOHTHOCTHOH MOpeJIH H3HKa HpHBeJIO HaC HpOCTO K HOBOH : HHTepnpeTapHH npepcTaBJieHni o HOTOKax co3HaHHH, BBepeHHBix erpe

y . flmeMcoM [2451, [2461.3aKaHHHBan aTy rjiaBy, xoneTCH CKa3aTB h hockojibko cjiob 06

HCKyccTBeHHOM HHTejuieKTe. B o 3MO>KeH j ih pnajior nejioBeKa c 3B MCpepCTBaMH ([)OpMajIBIIOH JIOTHKH? EcjIH H B03M0)KeH, TO 9TO 6ypeT oSpaipeHHe b hhhto. Y 9B M HeT rjiy S n m io ro co3HaHHH — OHa HeBHpHT CHOB.

3pecB HaM MoryT B03pa3HTB — pnajior nejioBeKa c 9 B M ym e cy- mpCTByeT. Ophh h3 npnMepoB — 3to nrpa b maxMaTBi nejioBeKa c 9 B M . H 9to peficTBHTeJiBHO pnajior, ho oh BepeTCH Ha CTporo op- H03HaHH0M H3HKe. Bo3m oikho, h to MBimjieHne nejioBeKa, pame npn nrpe b maxMaTBi, cyipeCTBeHHO otjihhho o t MBimJieHHH 9 B M . Ho 9to He MemaeT pn a jiory , h ock o jibk y b 3tom cjiynae pjih HHTepnpeTa- h;hh BHCKa3BiBaHHH, cpeJiaHHBix Ha H3BiKe maxMaT, He HyiKHO o6pa- ipaTBCH K KOHTHHyajIBHOMy HOTOKy C03HaHHH. Ho Ha TaKHX BBipO/K- peHHBix CJiynaHx pnajiora 3pecB ocTaHaBjiHBaTBCH He xoneTCH.

254

H B ee w e p a S o T a H aft n p o S jie M o f i H C K y c cx B e H H o ro H H T eju ieK T a , fta jn e n p n coB peM eH H O H e e n o cT a H O B K e , n peftC T aB jm eT C H hckjiiohh- T8JIBHO H H iep eC H O H . HmBHIIO 3fteCB OKa3bIBaeTCH B03M 0JKH H M HeTKO BH ftejIHTB Te BHftH HHTeJIJieKTyaJIBHOH fteHTejIBHOCTH, KO TO pw e peJIH - KOM M O ryT BHHOJIHHTBCH H a ftHCKpeTHO-JIOrHHeCKOM y p O B H e . H o HeJIO- B e K a , H a B e p H o e , B c e rfta 6y # e T H H T ep eco B a T b 3 a fta n a , n o c T a B J ie m ia H bo B e e n e e n r a p o T e : K aK y c T p o e H O M H irn ieH n e? H p e m e H n e e e B pap ; jih mojkho c e 6e npeftC TaB H TB 6 e 3 K O H c rp y K T H B H o ro 3a B ep in eH H H . H e J io - BeK CHHTaeT, hto oh hto-to hohhji, tojibko n o c j i e toto, K aK H 3 y n a e M o e yp;aeTCH bo hto-to bohjiothtb. Ecjih n p a B O M ep H a r n n o T e 3 a o c y S c T a H - ftHOHaJIBHOM Cym eCTBO B aH H H KOH TH H yaJIbH H X HOTOKOB C 03H aH H H , TO, MOJKeT 6 htB, H aBTOMBT CMOJKeT nOftKJIIOHaTbCH K HHM , e c jr a SyfteT HOHHT M exaH H 3M SHOXHM HHeCKHX T p H T rep H H X yC TpOH CTB. ECJIH BC e, HTO C B H 33H 0 C KOHTHHyaJIBHBIMH nOTOKBMH MBICJIH, K aK -T O reH H O 3 a K O fln p o B a H o , to, mojkct 6htb, 3to yftacT C H p a c K O ftn p o B a T B ? H T o rfta He 6yfteT jih bto C 03ftaH n eM o fty in e B J ie m io fi jkh3hh? H e OTKpoeTCH jih n e p e ft H a y K o fi bo3Mojkhoctb cfteJiaTB neJiO B eK a f le M n y p r o M ?

3ftecb HaM xoTeJiocb 6h oSpaTHTB BHHMaHne Ha to, hto nyTb K HOCTpOeHHK) HCKyCCTBeHHOTO HHTejIJieKTa, eCJIH 9THM BOoSlfte MOJKHO h HyjKHO 3aHHMaTBCH, ftoJUKeH npoHTH Hepe3 HOByio CTa/iHio — nayne- Hne 6hoxhmhh KOHpenTyajibHoro MHnuieHHH, a 3aTeM yjKe h OBJiape- Hne paBiio HaKonjieHHHM onbiTOM o6pam;eHHH k KOHTHHyajibhbim H0T0K3M C03HaHHH.

Ho 0CT3BHM B CTOpOHe aBTOMaTH. CaMBIM npHMeHaTejIBHHM HBJie- HneM Hocjiep;HHx JieT b 3anaflHofi KyjiBType hbjihotch CTpeMjieHne KaKOH-TO, xoth 6bi HeSojiBHioH HaCTH ee HHTejijieKTyajiOB, bhhth 3a npeftejra CBoefi napaftnrMH, JKejiaHHe oSoraTHTBCH onHTOM nocTpoe- HHH C03H3HHH B ftpyTHX KyjIBTypaX, CTpeMJieHHe HCH0JIB30BaTB BCe noTeHpnajibho 3ajiojKeHHoe b nejioBeKe SoraTCTBO ero bo3mojkhoct6h. He MOJKeT JIH B03HHKHyTB KyJIBTypa C IHHpOKHMH (JopMBMH C03Ha- hhh, 6e3 Tex orpaHHneHHH, KOTopue, bh^hmo, fto chx nop Seijih Bcerfta hyjkhbi ftjiH Toro, hto6h cocpeftOTOHHBaTB 3Heprnio b khkom-to flOCTaTOHHO y3KOM HanpaBJieHHH? BcHKan KyjiBTypa — TaK no'' KpaHHen Mepe Bcerfta 6hjio 30 chx nop — 9to npejKfte Bcero HaSop KaKHX-TO OrpaHHHeHHH.

OrpaHHneHHH, HajioJKeHHtie ftOMHHHpyionjHMH nanpaBJieHHHMH coBpeMeHHOH eBponencKoi KyjiBTypu, — $hjibtp, co3ftaHHHH ee napaftnrMofi ftjiH oTSopa nftefi H3 KOHTHHyaJiBHbix hotokob co3Ha- HHH, — CTajI BOCnpHHHMaTBCH KaK HenOMepHO flecnOTHHeCKHfi. H 3a- ftana cefinac 3aKJiioHaeTCH oraioftB He b ero pa3pyineHHH, a tojibko b pacmHpeHHH ero nponycKHofi cnocoftiiocTH. II mh bh^hm, KaK cefinac HanmiaeT cMHmaTBCH peTepMiiHHSM, enje coBceM HejiaBiio ^opMyjiHpyeMHH b oneHB jKecTKOM CBoeM HanpaBJieHHH, co3ftaioTCH MH0r03HaHHHe JIOTHKH, pa3BHBa6TCH BepOHTHOCTHOe MHIHJieHHe [237],

255

n p n o S p e T a e T b H a y K e n p a B O H a c y m e c T B O B a i m e n p H H p m i f l o n o j n i n - T ejiB H O C T H . . . I I p H M e H a T e jib H O 3 f l e c b n t o , h t o o f l n o B p e M e i m o n p o n c - x O flH T h p a c r a n p e H H e h 3 b i k o b b i x c p e p c T B . Ho, M OJKeT 6 h i t b , B e e 3 t o TOJIBKO HHHTOJKHO M a jIB ie IH aT H ? I J e H T p a jI B H a H n p o S n e M a p a 3 B H T H H K y jI B T y p H — 3TO B o n p o c 0 TOM , K a K MOJKeT O B O JH O pH O H npO B aT B C T p y K - T y p a H e j iO B e n e c K o r o c o 3 H a H H H h h 3 h k , H a k o t o p o m 3 t o c o c T O H H n e C 03 H a H H H MOJKeT B E ip a jK a T B C H .

H a i n e n p o T H B o n o c T a B J ie H n e H e n p e p H B H o c T H — p n cK p e T H O C T H h o - c h t H a p o H H T B ii x a p a K T e p . H a ca M O M p e j i e n e n o B e K B c e r p a B C T a eT n e p e p HBMH B C B O e i JJpJIOCTHOCTH. H o H eJIB 3H H T O -J in S o a H a J IH 3 H p O B a T B , H e p a c H J ie i iH H .

13 3 t o h r n a B e H a M x o T e j i o c B H e c t o j i b k o p a T b o t b o t b i , c k o j i b k o HOCTaBHTB B O n p O C H . BpHfl JIH CeHHaC MOJKHO npeTeHflOBaTB Ha h t o - j i h 6 o SojiBHiee.1

1 O i a r j i a i i a b O H a a n T e irb H O H C B o e ii a a c T H H a r m c a H a n o M a T e p n a jia M , p a H e e o iiy g jiH K O B a H H U M b p a a B e p H y T O M B H fle b [ 2 4 8 ] ; c o A e p * a H i i e § 3 K p a T K o 6 h j i o o n y 6 J iH K O B a H o b H t y p H a jie « H a y K a h T e x i m K a » , N ° 9 , 1 9 7 8 .

BMeCTO 3aKJIIOlieHHH

E m e p a 3 0TM6THM, HTO 3Ta KHIira — OTHIOflB He MOHOrpa^HH, a TOJIBKO on epK H . OflHH, x o p o m o 3HaKOMBie HaM h 3b ik h mbi paccM O TpeJin o a e iib n oflp oS H O , f lp y r n e , MeHee 3HaKOMBie — jih h ib n o B e p x H O c m o . G n o3H - h;h h BepoHTHOCTHoii MOflejIH m ojkh o Sbijio 6 bi paccM OTpeTB em;e H H3BIK apXHTeKTypBI, H3BIKOByiO COCTaBJIHKHflyiO My3BIKH, H3B1K CTHJIH HKOHonHcn. M h n e cm o tjih b toto CfleJiaTB — 3flecB n ym iiB i S ojib - rnne, KOJiJieKTiiBHBie ycHJiHH.

H e K O T o p B ie H H T a T e jin M o r y T 6 h t b y flH B J ieH B i T e M , h t o b b t o h K H i ir e C p e flH M H O rO H H C JieH H H X flH TH T H eJIB 3H H aH T H CCBIJIOK H a K J iaC C H H e- cK H e p a S o T B i n o H H flyK T H B H O H J i o r n K e . y ? K e c o B p e M e H K h i a , n o K a - 3 a B m e r o H e B 0 3 M 0 /K H 0 C T b J i o r m i e c K o r o o S o c H O B a H H H H H fly K p H H , f le jia io T C H y c H J iH H , H a n p a B J ie H H B ie H a p e a S n j i H T a p H i o H H flyK T H B H H X M eTO flO B p a c c y m f l e H H H . O c o S e H H O H H T e p e cH B ie p e s y j i B T a r a n o J iy n e H B i 3 a n o c J ie f lH n e fle c n T H J ie T H h — B 0 3 H H K J ia B ep O H T H O C T H a n h H e o n p e - f l e j i e i m o c T H a H J io r H K a , c T a J in o S c y m f l a T B c n B o n p o c H o n o c T p o e i i H H n p a B i u i , T p a H c i l i o p M H p y io m H X H e f le f ly K T H B H y r o j i o r H K y H H fly K T H B H H X 3 aK JiioH eH H H b H H C T yio f l e f l y K p H i o . n o f l p o S n o e o c B e ip e H H e B c e x b t h x B O H poC O B M O/KHO H aH T H B H eflaB H O B H IH e fl in e f i KO JIJieKTIIBH OH m o h o - rpa<J)H H O T e n e cT B e H H H X JiorH K O B -<f)H Jioco(|>O B [ 1 9 4 ] , 9 t o , e c j i n x o T H T e , f l p y r o i n o f l x o f l k t o h m e n p o S j i e M e , K O T O p a n o S c y m f l a e i C H b H a m e l K H H r e , — n o f l x o f l , p a 3 B H B a e M H H c n o 3 H ij;H H T e x , h b h a n p n o p H H e n p e flC T a B J ie H H H 3afla iO T C H K O H p e n p H H M H J i o n iK H . H a m a 3 a f l a n a 6 b iJ ia i i i i o h : n o f lO H T ii k H 3 y n e H H io H H T e ju ie K T y a J ib H O H f le H T e jiB H o c T H n e j i o B e K a n e p e 3 a H a jiH 3 H 3B iK a K a K H e K O T o p o S p e a J ib H O c y m e c T B y r o m e i i c h - CTeM BI. E c T e C T B e ilH O , HTO p a 3 H B ie H O flX O flH B e f ly T K C y m eC T B eH H O p a 3 i h h h h m ( J o p M y j i i ip o B K a M n p o S j i e M , x o t h n p n p e m e H H H h x n c n o j i b - 3yiO T C H n o f l a a c OflHH h T e m e B ep oH T H O C T H B ie n p e flC T a B J ie H H H . B f la J ib - H e l m e M , H a B e p H o e , m o jk h o S y f le T r o B o p i iT B o t o m , r f l e n p o n c x o f l H T n e p e c e n e H H e f l B y x n o f l x o f l O B . H h o h , o t j i h h h b i h o t n a m e r o , n o f l x o f l K a H a .H H 3 y H 3 H K a n a y K H , n p o f lH K T O B a m iB iH , K a K n a M K a m e T C H , r j i y - 6 o k o h B e p o H b T p a flH flH O H H y io J i o r n K y , H H T a T e jib M o m e T H aH T H b K i r a r e K H e B C K o r o J io r H K a M. B. n o n o B H n a [ 1 9 5 ] .

17 B. B. HanHMOB 257

H a M x o n e x c H p y M a T b , h x o c o o S p a a te H H H , B H C K a sa H H H e b b x o h K H a r e , M o ry T H M exb h o n p e f le j ie m i o e n p a r M a x H n e c K o e 3 H a n e H H e . B e e , k t o cB H 3aH c n p e n o fla B a H n e M b B H c r a e fi n n t o jie , x o p o n i o n o H B M a io x c e m a c H e o S x o flH M O c x b M e x o flO J io rH n ec K o ro h j i h , M o a te x 6h x b , H e - CKOjibKO y a t e — jio rn K O -jiH H rB H C T H H ec K o ro ocM HCJiHBaHH H n p o p e c c a

, pa3B H T H H H a y K H . H a y K a M o a te x p accM aT p H B a T b C H K a n pa3B H T H e H e K O T o p o r o H 3 H K a , c n e p n a J ib H O n p H c n o c o S jie H H o r o a j ih n o jiy a e H H H h o x p a a te iiH H H a m e r o 3H aH H H o M n p e . C e H a a c , M o a te x 6h x b , S b ic x p e e , n eM K o r f la - j in S o p a H b in e , n p o n c x o f lH x n e p e c x p o n K a H 3b iK a n a y K H . 3 x o x n p o p e c c n p o n c x o f lH T S n c x p e e , a e M o h n o flf la e x c n o c M b ic jiH B a - h h h ) , h 3x o B H 3 H B a e x H e K o x o p o e 3a M e m a x e H b c x B 0 . H e h c h o , H a K a - k o m Hte H 3H K e HyHtKO y a n x b p a 3 r o B a p H B a x b c x y fle H x o B , — H a xom c x a p o M , H a K o x o p o M a o c n x n o p m e j i n p o p e c c H aK onJieH H H 3H aH H H , h j i h H a x e x h o b h x p n a j ie K x a x , K o x o p t ie H fly x H3 a S c x p a K X H H x n o c x p o e - h h h M axeM ax H K H ? H x o M o r y x fla T b 9 x h H O B tie f ln a jie K x H ? 3 a oh h m h HOBblMH flH aJieK xaM H CXOHX BHHHCJIHTeJIbHbie M aiH H H H , H03B0JIHK)in;He c n ta x b b m h j i j ih o h h p a 3 p y x H H H y io n a c x b p a 3 r o B o p a , B H fla B a n a j ih o S c y n tfle iiH H JiHHib O K O H H axejibH tie p e 3 y j i b x a x u . H e c M o x p n H a b c io 3aM aH H H B 0CTb HOBBIX H 3 H K 0B H X CpeflC XB , OHH BHeflpHIOXCH r o p a 3 f lO M e ^ jie H H e e , a eM M o a tH o 6h j i o 6bi o a t n f la x b , h B c x p e a a r o x c o n p o x H B jie - H n e , K o x o p o e o x H io flb H e B c e r fla m o h o io o 6x>h ch h x b xeM ecxecxB eH H H M K O H C epB axH 3M O M y a e H H x , k o x o p h h H y a te H a j ih x o r o , h x o S h H e p a c x e - p n x b y n te H a K o n ji e m i o e . H e c jih h ik o m jiH | M H o r o h o b h x fln ajieK X O B o S p y iH H B a e x c H H a r o jiO B y x e x , k x o 30 c n x n o p n p n B H K B e c x n p a 3 r o B o p b H a y K e jih ih b H a c j i e r a a H 3M eH eH H 0M o S H fle m iO M H 3H ite ? H e b h o c h x jih CJIHHIKOM n a c x o H O B H e flH a jie K X H H3JIHHIHI0I0^ HteCHKOCXb, H e CBOH- c x B e H H y io caM O H c n c x e M e n o c x p o e H H H cy a tfleH H H b x o h h j i h h h o h oS jiaC X H 3HHHHH? H a M H ep eflK O npH XOflH JIOCb CJIH Hiaxb H taJIoSH H a x o , h h o , C K an teM , M am H H H bie M e x o p H flnarH O C xH K H b M e /p in n n e n o fla B J in io x H H H p n a x H B y B p a n a . H c s x h m , H a B e p H o e , xp y flH O He c o r j ia c n x b C H . B e e S b ijio 6bi H H a n e , e c j in 6h a j ir o p n x M H flH a rH O cxH K n 6h j i h n o .c x p o e H H m h x k o h paB aJiH H e OflHH, a H e K o x o p o e M H oatecxB O o x B e x o B c c o o x B e x - CXByiOipHM H K O M M eH xapH H M H , OCXaBJIHH MeCXO flJIH pa3MbIHIJieHHH B p a n a . H e c o B c e M h c h o , h x o , c o S c x B e m io , m h x o x h m c f le j ia x b , r o B o p n 0 M axeM axH 3au;H H 3H a iiH H : H 3M eH H Xb KapflH H aJibH O c jio a tH B in y io c H C H CxeM y M HinJieHHH b x o h h j i h h h o h o S jia c x H 3 iia n H H h j i h c p e jia x b H e n r o S o jie e c K p o M H o e — H a n x n H 3 H K , k o x o p h h h o 3 b o j ih j i 6h S o jie e HOflBHHtHblM H K O M naK XH H M o 6 p a 3 0 M H 3 J ia ra x b H p a 3 B H B a x b cy a tfleH H H b cJioH tHBm eHCH y n te c n c x e M e M H inJieH H H ?

Eipe c o B c e M H efla B H o o a e H b M H O ro H a fle a tfl B 0 3 ji a r a jio c b H a M a in n H - Hbie M e x o flH HH(|)opMaii;HOHHOH c j i y a t S n b H a y n e . H o h h o n p a B fla jiH C b JiHHib c o B c e M b M a j i o i c x e n e H H . Ilpopecc n o n c K a h o b o h H aynH O H HH tflOpM apHH — 3X 0 OflHa H3 B aH tH H X COCXaBJIHKHflHX XBOpHeCKOH fleH x eJ ibH ocxH y n e H o r o . H c e i n a c n p e flC x a B jiH e x cH ynte c o B c e M H a n B -

258

h o h n o n H T K a n e p e B e c x n 9 T y n p o n ;e # y p y H a m ec T K H e h 3 h k h ^ e c K p n n - t o p h h x CHCTeM, n o c T p o e H H B ix H a S y j i e B o i a j i r e S p e . B e e p a3T O B o p B i O HepTHHeHTHOCTH H peJieBaHTHOCTH TBKHX CHCTeM KaJKyTCH COBCeM H ep eajiH C T H n ecK H M H , x o t h n p n p en ieH H H O T ^ e jiB H e x , n acT H B ix 3 a fla n HOCTpOeHHBie T3KH M o 6 p a 3 0 M CHCT6MBI 0K 33B IB ai0T C H H GHeHB 3<|l<J)eK- THBHBIMH. O K a 3aJIOCB B 03M 0JK H H M H C H 0JIB30B axB 3 B M H B 60Jiee H in p oK O M n n a H e , o n n p a H C B H a e c T e C T B e m m e h 3 b ik h H a yK H h h c h o j i b - 3 y a ecT ecT B eH H H e n o n cK O B B ie n p H 3 H a K H n y S jiH K a p E H [ 1 5 2 1 . C eH H a c HH(J)opMaTHKa, h jih flOKyMeHTajiHCTHKa, KaK e e e n je Ha3BiBaiOT, — 3t o He H a y H H a n flH C p m u iH H a , a j ih h ib H a S o p H eK O T op B ix h n e Bcer,n;a y ^ a H H H X p e p e n T y p H H x npaB H Ji h T e x H H n e c K H x p e m e H H H . E e f le ic T B H - TejiBHO H ayH H B ie — T eop eT H H ecK H e — o c h o b h M o r y T 6b itb p a 3 B H T H , KaK HaM npeflCTaBJineTCH, t o j i b k o Ha ocHOBaHHH aH ajiH3a H3BiKa HayKH. B o j i e e T o r o , h c a M a M eTOflOJiornH H a y K H , e c j in n o ^ 3th m nO H H - M 3TB HeHTO COflepjKaTeJIBH Oe H fleHCTBHTejIBHO Ba>KHOe flJIH HayHH BIX paS o T H H K O B , flOJiiKHa in H p oK O o 6pam ;aTB CH k jiorH K o-JiB H TB H C T H H e- CKOM y a H a jiH 3 y H a y n H o r o H 3K iK a . B 3to m n p e ;K # e B c e r o n p a rM a T H H e - CKHH CMBICJI T eop H H H 3 H K a , HOH HM aeM HH B IHHpOKOM CMBICJie.

M ojkho 3a#aTB B o n p o c : ckojib npaBOMepeH tot (JopMajiBHHiH (TOHHee, HOJiy(|)OpMajIBHBIH) HOflXOfl K aHajIH3y H3BIKa, KOTOpHH 6mji pa3BpT b H a m e l pa6oT e?j K aK ^ajieKO mojkho h^ th b stom H anpaBJieHHH? \IIpeflCTaBBTe ce 6 e , hto Ha 3eM jiio n p n in e ji Ha6jnoji;aTejiB'' H3 f lp y r o r o M n p a . IIo3HaKOMHBniHCB c HameH K y jiB T y p o l h ee hcto- p n e i , o h , KaK MeTaHa6.nio#aTejiB — cyrpeCTBO, HaxopHnieecH BHe H am nx TeopeTHHecKHx nocTpoeHBH h BocnpHHHMaiomee Bee coB ep - meHHO HenocpeflCTBeHHO, KaK HeKHH aBTOMaT, o cT p o HaSjuoflaiomHH, HO JIOTHHeCKH He CBH3BIBaiOm;BH HBJieHHH C HepBOnpHHHHaMH, n o p a - JKeHHHH pOJIBIO 3HaKOBHX CHCTeM B HejIOBeHeCKOH HHBHJIH3ajj;Hn,nocJia ji 6 b i np H M ep H O t h k o h OTHeT o c b o h x B nen aT JieH H H x.

H a 3eM Jie JKHByT CTpaH H Bie c y ip e c T B a — jh o ^ h , cH H T aio ip H e ce6n p a 3yMHBiMH. O h h npn^yM ajiH HeoSBinaiHO xHTpoyMHBie h cjiojKHHe Bem;H — CjiOBa, h h x ^eH TejiBH OCTB b K O H pe k o h h ,o b 0 K a 3 a jia c i>B T H C K a X 3T O rO JKeCTOKOTO H 3 0 6 p e T e H H H . H c T O p H H JH O ^ en H 0 K a 3 H B a e T , h t o C j i o b o H e c p a 3 y n p n o S p e J i o C B o e B c e o 6T >eM Jiiom ;ee 3 H a n e H H e . C o x p a H H J i o c B c M y T H o e n p e ^ a H H e o j i e M y p n i p a x — n p e ,n ;n ie c T B e H H H K a x jn o ji ;e H , JK H T eJiH x f l p e B H e l J l e M y p n H — y T O H y B H ie r o M a T e p n K a : y h h x ' H e 6 h j i o C jiO B a K a K 3H aK O B O H c n c T e M B i, h x p e H B G aiJia n o ,n ;o 6H a 3 B y - K a M n p H p o f lB i — b o k ) B e T p a , m y p n a H H i o p y H B H , m y M y B O f lo n a f t a , p e B y B y j i K a n a . . . B A p e B H n e B p e M e H a S b ijih y j i i o j i e H M y f l p e p H , H e B e p n i p H e b C H jiy C j iO B a , S o H n r n e c H C jiO B a . B h j i h y n e n H H , K O T O p t ie o h h H a 3 H B a jI H M H CTH H eCKH M H , K O T fla y H H T e jIH H e C O o S m a J IH B C jIO B a X CBOH r j i y S o K H H , K a K hm K a 3 a j i o c B , o n t i T B H y T p e H H e r o c o 3e p p a H H H . O h h TOBOpH JIH TOJIBKO 0 TOM n y T H , KOTOpBIM OTOT OIIMT M O TyT o S p e C T H

17* 259

A p y rn e . yTBepacAanocb, hto A aaie B e jin K n e T e K c r a He AaiOT HOBOro 3H3HHH, OHH TOJIBKO pa3p y m aiO T He3HaHHe H THKHM o6pa30M ocboSo- SK^aiOT n y T b k BHyTpeHHeM y 3HaHHio. H o Bee 3to ocTaJiocb b n p o m - jiom , Bee 3 a 6 trro . . . 9 to S m ia tojibko SoKOBan BeTBB h x K y jiB T y p u . n p n n iJ iH BpeMeHa — h Bee CTajio pa3BHBaTBCH b C jio B e . B bijio c n a - 3aHo: «B H anaJie 6hjio C jiobo . . .» H C jiobo CTajio nyTb jih He rjiaB H H M B 5KH3HH — JKH3HB CTaJia B CjIO Be. HeKOTOpbie (|)HJlOCO(J)bI fla)Ke o6 t>h- BHJIH KOMMyHHKapHIO CymHOCTBIO HeJIOBeKa, n p0B 03rJia C H B JI03yH T — p a 3 y M TO»cp;ecTBeH BOJie k KOMMyHHKapHH. H e n ™ CTajio CHHTaTBCH n o 3HaHHHM, e c jin e ro y ^ a Jio cB HOHMeHOBaTb — bohjiothtb b C jio B e . Oahh h x HHcaTejib 1 TaK onHCHBaeT BnHTaHHoe hm c ACTCTBa npeflCTa- BJieHHe 0 C jio B e : « . . . h K a J K ^ u i npe^M eT yH H a ie m io mojihji 06 HMeHH — a ^tb eM y hmh 3HaHHJio OAHOBpeMeHHO h c o 3AaTB e ro , h ob- jiafleT b hm>>. «. . . O t k p h b m hp b cjio B e, h AOJiro npnH H M aJi cjiobo 3a MHp. C yipecTBO BaTb 3HaHHjio o S jiaflaT b yT B ep aiA em iH M HanMeHOBa- HneM r^e-TO Ha 6ecKOHeHHbix T a S jin p a x cjiob ; n n ca T b 3HaHHjio B u c e - KaTB Ha hhx HOBbie cyipeCTB a hjih — TaKOBa 6buia caM an y n o p H a n H3 MOHX HJIJII03HH — JIOBHTb BeilJH JKHBbeM B KBHKaHbl (J)pa3: eCJIH H S y ^y H3o6peTaTejibHo noJib30BaTBCH h3hko m , oSbeKT 3anyTaeTCH b 3H aK a x, h c x B a n y e ro ». «. . . H nuTaJiCH BToprH yTbCH b MOJiHaime 6 hthh pa3Apa>Kaioiii;HM inop o xo M cjiob h , rjia B H o e , a noACTaBJiHJi HMeHa Ha MecTO B em en: 9to shbhht BepoBaTb».

9 to riMH CjiOBy h ero cnjie, 3to onncaHHe Toro, KaK oho noAHHHHeT ce6e nejiOBeKa c AeTCKHx J ie T , 3to onncaHHe Toro, KaK poaiAaeTCH B JiacTH Tejib cJiOBa — n n c a T e J ib .

nOHBHJIHCb CjIOBa KaK 3HBKH, KOTOpbie TOBOpHT HTO-TO TOJIbKO caMH 0 c e 6e. yA aJiocb h o ctp o h tb HeoSuHaHHO npHHyAJiHBue, tp y a h o noHHMaeMbie n b to m e BpeMH BHyTpeHHe H3HmHHe h Hapyromne Kpa- COTOH CBOefi CTpOrOCTH npaBHJia KOMSnHHpOBaHHH CjIOB-3HaKOB. 9 t o CTajio CHHTaTbCH BepinHHofi 3HaHHH. H coxpaHeHHe HHCTOTbl Ta- Koro H3biKa CTajio rjiaB H oi 3a6oTOH m h oth x — KyjibTOM h o b h x aip e- h;ob. Ho k to -to Bee ace noK a3aJi, h to BHyTpeHHe s t o t h 3h k He Bce- cnjieH h , MoateT 6 h tb , Aa®e coBceM 6ecnoMom;eH. H Ha stom H3HKe, CjioBa KOToporo Hnnero He 3HanaT, oKa3aJiocb noneMy-TO bo3mojkhhm MHoroe y 3HaTb 0 M npe h A a * e yAaJiocb noKopHTb Ero. Hx HOBHe xpaMH — bto MecTa, rAe b o3boah tch KyjibT JIo th k h — AO’iepH C jioBa. B ee me k to -to h3 h x MHCJiHTeJiefi hohhji, h to H 3h k — bto BMecTe c Ten h n rp a . A k to -to APyr ° 0 hohhji, h to , y 3HaBaH Mnp h OBJiaAeBan hm, jiioah b to ate caMoe BpeMH b h a h t mhp jihihb TaK, KaK HM n03B0JIHI0T HX CjIOBa.

1 JK.-1T. CapTp (p. 190 5 r.) — (|>pariny3CKHH imcaTejib, oahh H3 ocHOBonojioatHH- kob (jjpannyacKoro 3 k 311 c t e h u, 11 a j i 11 a ,\i a .

260

O c o S y i o CHJiy n o n e M y -T O n p n o S p e j i n C j io B a c p h tm o m . O h h MoryT O K a 3 tiB a T b nB H H H H jee B 0 3 f le ic T B H e . E e3rp a H H H H O H b o S ip e cT B e j i io - A e n O K a3H B aeTCH npH BJieKaTeJiBHOCTB T o r o , k t o BJiaAeeT t b k h m C jio b o m .

C jIO B a — K a K 3HBKH HfleH — npH O SpeJIH BJiaCTB H a A HIOABMH. C n o B a M H c o B e p in a m ic B BeJiH K ne n e p e c T p o H K H b h x o S rp e cT B e . B S b ij ih c Bp eM eH a 3 a C j io b b m h j iio a h ih j ih H a B O H H y.

H BOT HTO yAHBHTeJIBHOHHKTO He nOHHMaeT CnOBa TOHHO TaK JKe, KaK ero noHHMaiOT APyrHe- IIpHAyMaHBi TaKne chctombi Cjiob, rAe oahh h Te Hte CjIOBa pa3HHM jiioahm tobopht COBCeM 0 pa3HOM. H KanteTCH HeKOTopijM, hto HeM MeHee hohhtho Cjiobo — TeM SojiBine oho MOHieT cKa3aTB. H MHome He noHHMaiOT, noneMy b HeAaBHeM npoinjioM KaKne-TO cjioBa HMeJin coBceM 3a6HTyio TenepB BceJieHCKyio CHJiy.

C noM oni;B io C jio b ji io a h n p n A y M a J in HOBBie, M o n jH H e c h o c o 6bi p a c - n p o c T p a H e H H H C j i o b . I I o h i j ih ih h p o k h m noTOKOM C jio B a : c jio B a c o c m h c jio m , cJiOBa 6 e 3 CM HCJia; C j io b C T ajio TaK M H o r o , h t o B ee h x HHKTO He MOJKeT BOCHpHHHTB. H BOT HTO y>Ke COBCeM CTpaHHO.- 9TOT h o t o k C j io b — o a h h h 3 c h o c o S o b , k o t o p h m h C jio B a O K a3H B aiO T CB oe A eiiC T B H e.

H TAe-TO HaiHJIHCB JIIOAH, KOTOpue BOCCTaJIH npOTHB CjIOBa. M m KajKeTCH, hto KyjiBTypa CjioBa oSBeTinajia. Ohh 3 aHBHJin, hto Cjiobo hphhocht b mhp jiojkb h TpeSyiOT yHHHTOJKeHHH CjioBa. Mero OHH XOTHT — yHHHTOJKHTB CHMHX Ce0H? BeAB OHH CHMH — AeTH CjioBa, h co Cjiobom ohh SopiOTCH Cjiobom.

A A p y r n e — T e , k t o jiio S h t h peH H T c b o io K y j i B T y p y , npoAOJUK aiOT t o c k o b h t b C B oen H3BeHHOH t o c k o h n o y H H B e p c a J iB H O M y C j i o b y , H a KOTOpOM MOJKHO 0HJIO B H p a 3H T B BCe H BCe nOH HTB.

TaKOB 3TOT MHp — MHp, B KOTOpOM HeT MecTa a^h MeTaHa6 jiK>Aa- T ejiH . M H e TpyAHO norpy3HTBCH b 3 t o t Mnp. Ilopa B 03B p am ;aT bC H Ha3aA-

9 t o mh<|) o H 3 H K e . . . 3 e M H a a pHBHJiH3aii;HH — K y jiB T y p a o 6ni;eoTB HOCJieAHHX THCHHeJieTHH, — HeCMOTpH H a BCe CB oe M H O r0 0 6 p a 3 H e o B ee JKe b on p eA ejieH H O M p a K y p c e ed u u a , h 3 t o eAHHCTBO 3aA aeT C H SISblKOM, K O T O pH H , IHHpOKO B a p B H p y H , BCe JKe B K aKOM -TO CMHCJie OCTaeTCH npOH H 3aH H BIM JIOrnneCKHM eAHHCTBOM . M 3 B c e x H 3B eC T H H X HaM K y jiB T y p K y jiB T y p a T aK H a 3 H B a e M H x n e p B o S H T H B ix n jie M e H o t j i h - naeT C H o t H a m e l H a n S o J ie e c h j i b h o . H , K a K M H o r o K p a T H o n o A n e p K H - B aeT 3 t o b c b o h x p a S o T a x in n p o K o H 3B ecT H H H BTHOJior H e A a B H e ro n p o in j i o r o J le B H -E p io j iB ( c m ., H a n p H M e p , [ 2 0 3 ] ) , cpeA C T B aM H H a rn n x «A H B H JIH 30B aH H H X H 3H K O B » BeCBMB 3aT pyA H H T ejIB H O AaTI> CKOJIBKO- H n S y A B aA S K B aT H oe o n n c a H H e n e p B o S H T H H x n peA C T aB JieH H H . A B C T pena

261

c npspcTaBH TejiH M H p p y r n x MnpoB — e c jin ona K o rp a -H n S y p b co- c t o h t c h , — KaKH e SesM epH Bie HSHKOBbie (pa, H aBepH H K a, h H apbH SH - KOBHe to jk b !) T p y p n o cT H n oB Jien eT OHa 3 a c o 6o h !

H o 3 p e c b m h noK H paeM y ® e T B ep p y io noH B y <()aKTOB h 3HaKOMHx HaM h 3 h k o b h x peajiBHOCTeii h BC TynaeM b 3b i6K yio c i()ep y n p o r H 0 3 0 B ,— oneH b paJieK H X n p o rH o s o B , T e x , KOTopH e C t. JleM b C B o e l «CyMMe TexH O JiorH H» [204] H a3B aji n p o rH 03aM H n eT B ep T o ro a in e Jio H a . 0 h h x aBTOp 9TOH KHHTH He SepeTCH HCHO TOBOpHTB H H09TOMy HpepHHCH- B aeT c e 5 e m o jih b t b , orpaHHHHBmHCB j ih ih b 3aM enaHHeM o t o m , hto H3HK — 3TO He TOJIBKO HBJieilHe HpomjIOTO H (JeilOMeH HaCTOHiperO, HO h MoryHHH $ a K T o p , ycTpe.MJieHHHH b S y p y ip e e .

JIirrepaT ypa

1 . K o n H U H n . B . HJIOCO<J)CKHe n p o6neMH H 3 H K a . — B k h . : <J>h- j io c o iJ ih h h c o B p e M e H H o c T t . M . : H a y n a , 1 9 7 1 .

2 . Black M . M o d e l s a n d m e t a p h o r s : S t u d i e s i n l a n g u a g e a n d p h i l o s o p h y . N . Y . , 1 9 6 2 .

3 . Eap-Xujuieji H . H e k o t o p n e h o - B u e p e a y jr i /r a T H b T e o p e T u u e c K O H nH H rB H C TH K e. — B k h . : M a T e - M a T im e cK a H j i o r u K a i i e e n p u M e - H e H u e . M . : M u p , 1 9 6 5 .

4 . M peudep 10. A. 0 noHHTHH « M a - T eM aT H u ecK aH M o jie ju , H 3 H K a » .M . : 3 H a H iie , 1 9 7 1 .

5 . IIjiamoH. K p a T i M . — C o n . : B 3 - x t . M .: M h c j i b , 1 9 6 8 , t . 1 .

6 . flnoecK an C. A. IIpoSneMH BBe- AeHHH h ncK;iK)'reHH!i: aO cT paK - n;h h 6ojiee b h c o k i i x (ueii nep- b h h ) nO pH R K O B . — B k h . : H h o b - c k h h C . A . M e T o n o n o rH u e C K H e n p o 6n eM H M . : M h c j i b , 1 9 7 2 .

7 . Heanoe B . B . flpeBHeiiHRHHCKHHMHlJ) 06 yCTaH OBJieHH H HMeH H e r o n a p a j u i e j i b b r p e u e c K O H T p a - n iin ,H H . — B k h . : M H fliiH b n p e B - h o c t h . M . : H a y i t a , 1 9 6 4 .

8 . r o6 6 c T . 0 u e n o B e K e . — I l 3 6 p . c o n . M . ; J I . : r o c i i 3f la T , 1 9 2 6 .

9 . JIokk flstc. O n H T o u e n o n e u e c K O M p a 3 y M e . M . : T u n o m iT . T -B aH . H . K y u iH e p e B a n K ° , 1 8 9 8 .

1 0 . rapm.Au P a 3 M H n iJ ie H im o u e - j io B e K e , e r o C T p o e m iH , e r o HOJire u y n o B a H H H X . — B k h . : A h m h h - c m i e M a T e p u a jiu C T b i X V I I I B e K a . M . : M h c j i b , 1 9 6 7 .

1 1 . 3 e e e u H i f e e B . A . H c t o p h h H 3 H - K 03H aH H H X I X — X X BeKOB b o u e p n a x h H 3 B jieu eH H H x . 3 -e H3M- M .: I I p o c B e m e H H e , 1 9 6 4 . T . 1 ; 1 9 6 5 . T . 2 .

1 2 . I I o m e S H a A . A . M h c j i b h h 3h k . — IIojih. c o 6p . c o n . 5-e H 3fl. X a p B K O B : T o e . h 3#-bo Y k - p a u H H , 1 9 2 6 . T . 1 .

1 3 . B o d y a n d e K y p m e n a H . A . H e - KOTopHe o 6 n p ie aaMenaniM O H3HK0Be^eHHH H H3HKe. — 5KypH. MHH-Ba Hap. npoCBem . 0 1 6 . , 1 8 7 1 .

1 4 . KapoAA J I . A j i u c a b 3 a 3e p K a j i b e . M .; n r . , 1 9 2 4 .

1 5 . IlayAb I ’ . n [IITHUITHI.I HCTOpHH H3H K a . M .: H J I , 1 9 6 0 .

1 6 . 0 o p m y n a m o e 0 . 0 . C p a B H H T e jiB - H o e H 3H K O B efleH H e. — J le K - pH H . . <X>opTyH aTOBa, u h - T a H H n e b 1 8 9 4 /9 5 r . H a I h I I c e M e c T p e . M .: 1 8 9 7 .

1 7 . B o d y a u d e K y p m e n a H . A . H 3H K H H 3H K II. — 9hh;HKJI. C JIO BapB.B p o K r a y 3 u 9 (j> p oH . C n 6 . , 1 9 0 7 .

1 8 . E n c y c l o p a e d i a B r i t a n n i c a . 1 1 t h e d . C a m b r i d g e , 1 9 1 0 — 1 9 1 1 .

1 9 . d e C o c c w p 0 . K y p c o O m e f i J iir a r - b h c t h k i i . M .: C o n ,9K rH 3 , 1 9 3 3 .

2 0 . R u s s e l B . A n a l y s i s o f m i n d . L o n d o n : A l l e n a n d U n w i n ; N . Y . : M a c M i l l a n , 1 9 2 4 .

2 1 . HapcKuu H . C. <X>hjiocoiJ)hh E e p - T p a H a P a c c e j i a . M . : H 3fl-B O M r y , 1 9 6 2 .

2 2 . B u m z e m u m e u i i J I . J Io ru K O -iJ iH jio - c o ^ c k h h T p a K T a T . M . : H J I , 1 9 5 8 .

2 3 . K o 3 A o e a M . C . cD hjiocoiJ ihh hH 3H K (KpiITH UeCKH H aH aJIH 3 H e -

263

k o t o p h x T e H fle m jiiH s b o j h o ij h h n 03H T H B H 3M a X X B . ) . M . :« M h c j i l » , 1 9 7 2 .

2 4 . MandejibuimaM O. d . C j i o b o h K y j i b T y p a . — A j ib M a H a x p e x a n oa T O B «/J^paK O H ». I l r . , 1 9 2 1 .

2 5 . Xomh d . C j i o B a p b a M e p iiK a H C K o fiJIHHrBHCTII’ ieCKOH TepMHHOJIO-n iH ( 1 9 2 0 — 1 9 5 0 ) . M.: I l p o r p e c c ,1 9 6 4 .

2 6 . Cenup d. H 3h k . M.: C o n ;3K rH 3 , 1 9 3 4 .

2 7 . EjiyMcjiujid JI. f l 3H K . M . : I I p o - r p e c c , 1 9 6 8 .

2 8 . MeufanuHoe H . H . B B e ^ e H H e . — B k h . : 0 6 m ,e e H 3 H K 0 3 H a H iie . J I . : Y a :n e n r H 3 , 1 9 4 0 .

2 9 . Worf B . L . S c i e n c e a n d l i n g u i s t i c s . — I n : L a n g u a g e , t h o u g h t a n d r e a l i t y . L o n d o n , 1 9 5 6 .

3 0 . Baxen I I . J IHHrBHCTiraecKiiH C jioB ap b IIpaiKCKon: u i k o j i h . M . : I l p o r p e c c , 1 9 6 4 .

3 1 . E n c y c l o p a e d i a A m e r i c a n n a . C h i c a g o ; N e w Y o r k , 1 9 4 4 .

3 2 . Morris Ch. S i g n s , l a n g u a g e , a n d b e h a v i o r . N . Y . , 1 9 4 6 .

3 3 . JI,o6poHpaeoa H . M o p p u c . — <J>h- j i o c . 3 h d ;h k j i . M . : C o b . 3 h u ,h k j i . , t . 3 . 1 9 6 4 .

3 4 . Bajuiu III. 0 6 m ;a f l jiiiH rB iiC T H K a h B o n p o c H $ p aH n ,y3 C K oro H 3H ua. M . : H J I , 1 9 5 5 .

3 5 . Mujuiep f ly c . P e u b h h 3h k . — B k h . : B K c n e p itM e H T a jib H a n n c n - x o j io r H H . M . : H J I , 1 9 6 0 .

3 6 . Entwistle W . J ■ A s p e c t s o f L a n g u a g e . L o n d o n , 1 9 5 3 .

3 7 . Wittgenstein L . P h i l o s o p h i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . O x f o r d , 1 9 5 3 .

38. Bunep H . KuSepiieTHKa h 06- m e c T B o . M . : H J I , 1 9 5 8 .

3 9 . Ryle G. I n t r o d u c t i o n . — I n : T h e r e v o l u t i o n i n p h i l o s o p h y . L o n d o n , 1 9 5 6 .

4 0 . Warnock G. J. A n a l y s i s a n d i m a g i n a t i o n . — I n : T h e r e v o l u t i o n i n p h i l o s o p h y . L o n d o n , 1 9 5 6 .

4 1 . Cnupnun A. r. n p o i i c x o ;K f l e H H e H 3H K a h e r o p o j m b $ o p M H p o - BaHM Il M H IU JleilH H. — B K H .: M L in u ie H iie h H 3H K . M . : r o c n o - JIH TH3flaT, 1 9 5 7 .

4 2 . Pole D . T h e l a t e r p h i l o s o p h y o f W i t t g e n s t e i n . L o n d o n , 1 9 5 8 .

4 3 . ycnencKuu B . A . C T p y K T y p H a n T n n o j i o n i H H3H K O B. M . : H a y u a ,1 9 6 5 .

4 4 . Quinton A. M . E x c e r p t f r o m « C o n - t e m p o r a r y B r i t i s h p h i l o s o - p h y » . — I n : W i t t g e n s t e i n . T h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n . N. Y ., 1 9 6 6 .

4 5 . H 3 h k . — h j io c . s h i j h k j i . M .: C o b . 3 h ii,i i k j i . , 1 9 7 0 , t . 5 .

4 6 . Cmenanoa 10. C. CeMHOTHKa. M .: H ay u a , 1 9 7 1 .

4 7 . Cnupnun A . r. C o 3H aHH e m ca M 0 C 0 3 H a H iie . M . : n o j iH T H 3p,aT,1 9 7 2 .

4 8 . Bempoe A . A . M eT O R O J iorn n ecK H e n p o S jie M H c o B p e M e H H o fi j iH H rB ii- CTHKIi: (KpiITH UeCKH H aH ajIII3OCHOBHbIX H an paB JieH H H C T p y K - T y p a jn i 3M a ). M . : B t i c m a Hn iK O jia , 1 9 7 3 .

4 9 . Tecce t . H r p a b 6n c e p . M . : X y - n oH ?ecT B eH H a n J iH T e p a T y p a , 1 9 6 9 .

5 0 . Meupee B . C. H e o n o 3iiT H B ii3M h n p o S jie M H S M n n p H u e c K o r o o 6o c - H O B aH iin H a y K H . M . : H a y u a ,1 9 6 6 .

5 1 . Achinstein P . C o n c e p t s o f s c i e n c e . A p h i l o s o p h i c a l a n a l y s i s . B a l t i m o r e , 1 9 6 8 .

5 2 . JJm. B.taaoh. M n p K a K K p a c o i 'a . O « B e u e p H i i x o r H n x » A . eTa. M.: X y p ; . j i h t . , 1 9 7 5 .

5 3 . Carnap R . T h e l o g i c a l s y n t a x o f l a n g u a g e . N. Y ., 1 9 5 9 .

5 4 . Meupee B . J I o n n e c K o r o a H a - JiH3a <$h jio co c ()h h . — cD h j io c . 3H u;h k j i . M . : C o b . s h ij h k j i . , 1 9 6 4 , t . 3 .

5 5 . Meupee B . cDh jio c o iJi i m a H a j i r o a (a H a jiiiT iiu e c K a H (Jih jio c o iJih h ) . — CDiij io c . 3H piiK J i. M . : C o b . s h - p iIK J I., 1 9 7 0 , t . 5 .

5 6 . Ruoecnaa C. A . n p o S j i e M a a H a - JlH 3a nOHHTHH H a yK H h H e o n o - 3H TIIBII3M . — B K H .: HJIOCO- <$HH M apK C II3M a H H e 0 n 0 3 H T II-BH 3M . M . : H 3 fl -B o M r y , 1 9 6 3 .

5 7 . Onmaeuo Ilac — n e p e B O R . — K y p n e p I O H E C K O , M a p T 1 9 7 5 , c . 3 6 — 4 0 .

5 8 . 3eoHKun A . K ., Jleeun JI. A .CjlO iK H O CTb KOH eUH HX oS beK T O B

264

H OOOCHOBaHMC nOHHTHH HH-$ o p M a p H H h cJ iy^aH H O C T ii c n o -M O ipblO T e o p H H a n rop H T M O B . —Y M H , 1 9 7 0 , t . 2 5 , JVs 6 .

5 9 . Ulpeudep 10. A . K B o n p o c y 06 o n p e p e n e H H H o c h o b h h x h o h h t h h ceM H O TH KH . — B r a n : K n 6e p - H eT H K y — H a c n y a ? 6y k o m m y - HH3M y . M . : B H e p n iH , 1 9 6 6 . T . 3 .

6 0 . Garfield E . C i t a t i o n i n d e x i n g : h i s t o r i o - b i b l i o g r a p h y a n d t h e s o c i o l o g y o f s c i e n c e . — P r o c . T h i r d I n t e r n . C o n g r . M e d . L i b - r a r i a n s h i p . A m s t e r d a m , 1 9 7 0 .

6 1 . (Pjiopeucnuu II. A . O S p a T H a n n e p c n e K T H B a . — Y u . 3 a n . T a p - T y c K o r o r o c y a a p c T B e H H o r o y H -T a . T p y f l H n o 3H aiiO B H M CIICTeM aM ,1 9 6 7 , JV« 3 .

6 2 . TKezun JI. 0 . H 3h k J K iffio m iC H o ro n p oH 3 B en eH H H (ycjiO B H O C T b p p e B - H ero H C K y c cT B a ) . M .: I I c K y c -c t b o , 1 9 7 0 .

6 3 . Langer S. K . P h i l o s o p h y in a n e w k e y . A s t u d y i n t h e s y m b o l i s m o f r e a s o n , r i t e a n d a r t . C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . , 1 9 5 1 .

6 4 . HeMupoecnaa E . M . T eopH H n p e - 3eHTaTHBHOTO CHMB0JIH3Ma( k K pH T H u ecK O M y a H a n H 3y c e - MaHTHHeCKOH K O H p en p H H HC- K y c c T B a C . K . J l a r n e p ) . — B o n - p o c H $ h j i o c . , 1 9 7 2 , N ° 7 .

6 5 . CMupuoea E . Jf., Taeaneif II. B . C eM aH T H K a h n o r i iK a . — B k h . : J I o r n n e c K a H ceM aH T H K a h m o - p a J ib H a n J io r n K a . M . : H a y n a , 1 9 6 7 .

66 . Berka K ., Kreiser L. L o g i k - T e x t e . K o m m e n t i e r t e A u s w a h l z u r G e s c h i c h t e d e r m o d e r n e n L o g i k . B e r l i n : A k a d . V e r l . 1 9 7 1 .

6 7 . Black M . L a n g u a g e a n d p h i l o s o p h y . N . Y . , 1 9 4 9 .

68 . JlenmopcKuu B . A . A H a n i iT i i - u e c K a n (J ih jio co iJ ih h c e r o f lH H . — B o n p o c u $ h j i o c . , 1 9 7 1 , J\» 2 .

5 9 . EjiuMenno A . II. I I C T ix o ;r ir n n u t - C T H n ecK a n o p e H K a c m h c j i o b o h 6 j i h 3 0 c t i i c j i o b . — B k h . : A b -TOMaTHTOCKHH aH ajIH 3 TeKCTOB. M h h c k : I t 3 ,t - jio M u H C K o ro y H -T a , 1 9 7 6 .

7 0 . Kjiuhu C. K . B B e p e H H e b M eT a - M aT eM aT H K y. M . : H J I , 1 9 5 7 .

7 1 . EoSoaee H . H . I l c c j i e p o B a H n e b o S jia c T H TepM O flH H aM H K H n p o - peCCOB IIHlJlOpM apHH H M H IH Jie-h h h . M . : I l 3p - B o M r y , 1 9 7 1 .

7 2 . 0edopoe II. T. 0 6 i p e e pBeTO- B e p e H iie . M . : T O H T H , 1 9 3 9 .

7 3 . Moore G. E. P r i n c i p i a e t h i c a . C a m b r i d g e , 1 9 0 3 .

7 4 . Moore G. E. T h e c o n c e p t i o n o f r e a l i t y . — I n : P h i l o s o p h i c a l s t u d i e s . N . Y . : P e t e r s o n , 1 9 5 9 .

7 5 . rejibeei^uu K . A . 0 6 yM e. M .: O r H 3 , 1 9 3 8 .

7 6 . Paul G. A . M o o r e G . E . A n a l y s i s , c o m m o n u s a g e a n d c o m m o n s e n s e . — I n : T h e r e v o l u t i o n i n p h i l o s o p h y . L o n d o n , 1 9 5 6 .

7 7 . Ziff P . S e m a n t i c a n a l y s i s . N . Y . , 1 9 6 4 .

7 8 . Strawson P . W. C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s . — I n : T h e r e v o l u t i o n i n p h i l o s o p h y . L o n d o n , 1 9 5 6 .

7 9 . rejuiaep d . C j i o B a h B e ip H . M . : H J I , 1 9 6 2 .

8 0 . Popper K . R . T h e l o g i c o f s c i e n t i f i c d i s c o v e r y . L o n d o n : H u t c h i n s o n , 1 9 6 5 .

8 1 . IlaJiuMoe B . B . TeopHH aKcnepH- MeHTa. M . : H a y K a , 1 9 7 1 .

8 2 . Byp6anu H . A p x m e K T y p a M a T e - M aTH K lI. npH JIO JK . — B K H .:

H . E y p d a K H . O u e p m i n o H C T O pm i M aTeM aTH K H . M . : M J I , 1 9 6 3 .

8 3 . Haeejib d . , HbWMeu f l x . T e o - p e M a r e p e n f l . M . : 3 H a H H e , 1 9 7 0 .

8 4 . Ap6u6 M . A . M o 3r , M a im iH a h M aT eM aT H K a. M . : H a y i t a , 1 9 6 8 .

8 5 . I l a J i u M o e B . B ., MyjibneuKo 3 . M . K B o n p o c y o jio n iK O -J iH H rB H - C T im ecK O M a H a jn r 3 e ; i3 t iK a H a y K H . — B k h . : n p o O jie M H C T p y ic ry p H O H jn iH rB H C T iiK H . M . : H a y n a , 1 9 7 2 .

86 . Popper K . R . C o n j e c t u r e s a n d r e f u t a t i o n s . T h e g r o w t h o f s c i e n t i f i c k n o w l e d g e . N e w Y o r k ; L o n d o n , 1 9 6 2 .

8 7 . Vendler Z. L i n g u i s t i c s i n p h i l o s o p h y . N . Y . , 1 9 6 8 .

88 . Good I . J. S u b j e c t i v e p r o b a b i l i t y a s t h e m e a s u r e o f a n o n - m e a s u r a b l e s e t . — I n : L o g i c , m e t h o d o l o g y a n d p h i l o s o p h y o f

265

science. P roc. 1960 Intern. Congr. S tanford, 1962.

89. von Wright G. II. Rem arks on the ep istem ology o f sub jective prob a b ility . — In: L og ic , m eth od o log y and ph ilosoph y of science. Proc. 1960 Intern. Congr. Stanford, 1962.

90. Winkler R . L . The quan tifica tion of judgem ent: Som e m eth od o log ica l suggestions. — J. Am er. Statist. A ssoc., 1967, D ecem ber.

91. Cjiagnuu B . A . KoJimreCTBennLie KpHTepHH TO'JHOCTH II uyBCTBH- TejIbHOCTH II BOBMOiKUOCTb yUCTa anpnopH ofi HH($opMan,HH npn aHamrae Bem;ecTBa. — 3aB 0A - CKan na6. , 1 9 6 9 , t . 3 5 , JV» 7.

92. Pears D . P. L og ica l atom ism : R ussell and W ittgenstein . — In: The revolu tion in ph ilosoph y. L on don , 1956.

93. JleM C. 3B(:ajiHMe j u t c b h h k h H fioH a T u x oro . M .: M ono/jan rB a p n iin , 1961.

94. Nida E. A . M orp hology . The d escriptive analysis of w ords. 2nd ed. Ann A rbor: U n iv . M ich igan Press, 1965.

95. Ajiencandpoea 3 . E. CnoBapn CHHOHHMOB pyCCKOrO H3HKa. M .:C o b . anpuKJi., 1971.

96. W eb ster ’ s d iction a ry o f syn onym s. S pringfie ld , M erriam : 1942.

97. 7 eppu R . H en oB eK n m n jiop M a- qim (npiiTHKa h o 63o p ) . M .: CBH 3b, 1972.

98. Andrukovich P . E ., Gribkov V. S ., Kozyrev V. P ., Nali- mov V. V ., TerekhinA. T. A b s t r a c t p a in t in g as a s p e c i f i c - d e g e n e r a t e - la n g u a g e . A s t a t i s t i c a l a p p r o a c h t o t h e p r o b l e m . — M e t r o n , 1971, v . 29. — B k h . : P acno3H aB aH H e o6 p a3 0 B (M aT ep iian H K om jiepeH piiH ).T a p iy : H 3R-BO T ap iycK oroyH -T a , 1972.

99. Laird Ch. T h inking about language. N . Y ., 1961.

100. Hutten E . II. The language of m odern physics. London : Ge

o r g e A l l e n a n d U n w i n L t d . ; N . Y . ; M a c M i l l a n , C o . , 1 9 5 6 .

1 0 1 . Sankoff D . S i m u l a t i o n o f w o r d - m e a n i n g s t o c h a s t i c p r o c e s s e s . — I n t e r n . C o n f . C o m p u t a t . L i n g u i s t i c s . S t o c k h o l m , 1 9 6 9 , P r e p r i n t N 4 9 .

1 0 2 . Kondanos II. II. J I o n m e c K H H c jio - B a p n . M - : H a y n a , 1 9 7 1 .

1 0 3 . ffauonn 10. B . 0 6 o r h o m a c - n e K T e a H a n iw a n a y u H O H H H $ o p - M aqH H (npO TIIBO peU H H H TaBTO - J lo r i f f l B H 3M K e IICHX0(J)H3H0JI0- r u u e c K i i x n p o S n e M ) . — H a y n H o - T ex H H H ecK a n m u jio p M a u iiH . C e p . 2 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 .

1 0 4 . IIodaopeifKuu M . II ., CMopodun- ckuu H. A . 0 6 aKciiOMaTHuecKOH C T p y K T y p e n o c T p o e H H H $ H 3 m e - c k h x T e o p n f i . — B k h . : B o n p o C H T e o p H H n o3H aH H H . M a T e p n a j iH B nOM Om,b (|)HJIOCO(J)CKHM CeM H H a-p a M . M . : 1 9 6 9 .

1 0 5 . Bop II. H 36p a H H H e H a y u H H e T p y ^ H . M . : H a y K a , 1 9 7 1 , t . 2 .

1 0 6 . n p i i H q u n ^ o n o jiH H T e jiB H o cT H h M a T ep H a n iiC T H H ecK a n n n a n e K - T iiK a . — C 6opH H K n o M a T e p n a n a M o 6 h h h c k o h K O H (jiepeH U H H . M . : H a y n a , 1 9 7 5 .

1 0 7 . reuaenbepe B . <J>n3HKa h $ h j io - c o $ H f l . M . : H J I , 1 9 6 3 .

1 0 8 . Xao Ban. n p o p e c c ii c y m e c T B O - B aH H e b M aT eM aT H K e. — B k h .: M a T e M a T H u e cK a n j i o n i K a h e e n p H M e n e H iie . M . : M n p , 1 9 6 5 .

1 0 9 . L a n g u a g e a n d t h o u g h t i n s c h i z o p h r e n i a / E d . J. S . K a z a n i n . B e r k e l e y , 1 9 4 4 .

1 1 0 . IIoMepajty r . C. H e K O T o p t ie T e - UeHHH BOCTOUHOro pO JIHrH03H OrO H H ru J iii3M a: A B i o p e i p . K aH R . r h c . M . , 1 9 6 8 . B H a p ,s a r . : H h - t n a - p o a ;o B A .3HH A H C C C P .

1 1 1 . P p u e o p b e e a T . II . U irra fi K a B a 6aTa H c y n a p n . M . : I1 J I , 1 9 7 1 , JVs 8 .

1 1 2 . 3aeadcKax E . B . B o c t o k , H a 3 a - n a a e . M . : H a y n a , 1 9 7 0 .

1 1 3 . Konpad II. II. 3 a n a p , 11 B o c t o k . M . : H a y n a , 1 9 6 6 .

1 1 4 . IIy.tuKoet;II. A m 'n r y M a H H 3 M h c - K y c c T B a a S c y p ^ a . — B i ; h . : E y p - w y a 3HaH BCTeTHKa c e r o ^ H f l . M.: H a y i i a , 1 9 7 0 .

266

'115. Jlyu de Epoujib. IIo T p o n a M H a y K H . M .: HJI, 1962.

116. Sw am i Shivananda. S am adhi— Joga. R ishikesh , 1967.

117. Meupunn r. T oJ ieM . Eepjnra (rop, H3paHHa He yKa3aH).

118. rtoMepanif r . C. KpHHiHaMypTH Hu p o d a e M a pejnirH03Horo n n n i - jiH3Ma. — B kh .: IlpeojiorHue-CKne TeneHHH b coBpeMeHHOH Hh- pm i. M .: HayKa, 1965.

119. Bojioiuunoe B . H. MapKCH3M H (J)HJIOCO(J)HH H3HKa. JI.: IIpH-6 o h , 1929.

120. Feyerabend P . K . E xp lanation , reduction and em piricism . — In: M innesota studies in the ph ilosoph y of science. M inneapolis , 1962, v . 3.

121. Achinstein P . On the m eaning o f s c ien tific terms. — J. P h il., 1969, v . 81, N 17.

122. MacCormak E . R . M eaning, variance and m etaphor. —B rit. J. P h ilos. S c i., 1971, v . 22, N 2.

123. Feyerabend P . K . On the «m eaning» of s c ie in tific terms. J. P h il., 1965, v . 62, N 10.

124. CMupnoea E . Jf. K npoSjieMe aHa- JiHTHuecKoro II CHHTeTirae- CKoro. — B kh .: (JmnocoiJicKHeBonpocH coBpeMeHHOH (JiopManb- HOH JIOrHKH. M .: H3p-BOA H CCCP, 1962.

125. 7 xa o lOanb-xeHb. MopejiH B JiHHrBHCTHKe II MOpejIH BO- o6m;e. — B k h . : MaTeMaTHue- citajr JiorHKa h ee npHMeneiine. M .: M hp, 1965.

126. IOa ffoK. d ., Keudajui M . f i x . T eop H H CTaTIICTHKH. M .: T o c - CTaTH3paT, 1960.

127. Muxaujioe A . H ., ’Fepnuu A . H ., r u A a p e e c K u u P . C . O c h o b h h h - $opMaTHKH. M .: H ayna, 1968.

128. Bopo6be3 r. r. HmJiopMapHOH- Han K y jiB T yp a y n p a B j ie m e c K o r o Tpypa. M .: B k o h o m h i m , 1971.

129. AxManoea O. C. C n o B a p n j ih h t - BHCTHHeCKHX TepM H H OB. M .:C o b . 3 h i i ;h k j i . , 1966.

130. Hutten E . FI. The ideas o f ph ysics. E dinburgh; L ondon , 1967.

1 3 1 . ypcyji A . f f . H m J iop M a p H H . M e - T o p o j i o r H u e c K n e a c n e K T H . M . : H a y n a , 1 9 7 1 .

1 3 2 . ®amnuH JI. T e o p m H H $ o p M a -pH H . — (D h JIOC. 9HPHKJI. M . :C o b . 3H u;h k j i . , 1 9 7 0 , t . 5 .

1 3 3 . duHuimeuH A . , HnipeAbd JI. 9 b o - jh o u ;h h $ h 3H k h . M . : M o j i o p a n T B appH H , 1 9 6 6 .

1 3 4 . Eydaeoe P . A . H c T o p m c j i o b b H C T o p m i o d m e C T B a . M . : n p o - C B em eH H e, 1 9 7 1 .

1 3 5 . IUpeudep IO. A . H a y n a — h c t o h - h h k 3HaHHH i i c y e B e p n i i . — H o b h h M H p , 1 9 6 9 , N ° 1 0 .

1 3 6 . IIpeo6paMeHCKaH r . B ., Flpym- noea H . M. , rpanoecKuu IO. B. A H aJIH 3 CTaTIICTHUeCKHX T e p MHHOB b n y S jiH K a p H H x n o c n e K - T p a jir .H O M y aH aJiH 3 y h a H a j n m i - u e c K o i i x h m h h . — 3 a B 0 p c r ;a n Jia6 . , 1 9 7 4 , 1 0 .

1 3 7 . 9 K c n e p H M e H T . — cD h j io c . 3 h - u;h k j i . M . : C o b . 3 h ij h k j i . , 1 9 7 0 , t . 5 .

1 3 8 . Jlanamoc H . , I fo K a 3aT eJibC TB a H o n p o B e p iK e H H H . K a K p o K a 3 H B a - i o t c h T e o p e M H . M . : H a y n a , 1 9 6 7 .

1 3 9 . Jhrnynoe A . A . O M aT eM aT H u e- c k o m i i o p x o p e k H s y re n n H ) > k h 3 - H eH H H X HBJieHHH. — B K H .: M a T e M a T ir a e c K o e M o p e jn ip o B a H H e 5K H 3H eH H H X n p o p e c c o B . M . : M h c j i b , 1 9 6 8 .

1 4 0 . R noecnan C. K o jm u e c T B O (b M aT eM aT H K e). — C D h jio c . 3 h h ;h k ji . M . : C o b . b h i j h k j i . , 1 9 6 2 , t . 2 .

1 4 1 . BeuAb r . O (J)HJIOCO(J)HH M aT eM aTH KH. M . : T O H T H , 1 9 3 4 .

1 4 2 . Iloua f f . M a T eM aT H K a h n p a B p o - n o p o S H H e p a ccy H ?p e H H H . M . : H J I , 1 9 5 7 .

1 4 3 . X o m c k u u II. T p n M o p e jn i H 3 H i;a . — K iiG ep H eT H n ecK H H c 6o p - h h k . M . : H J I , 1 9 6 1 , t . 2 .

1 4 4 . Fun36ype C. M a T e M a T H u e cK a aT eop H H K O H TeK CTH O -CBoSojtH bIX H 3H K O B. M . : M n p , 1 9 7 0 .

1 4 5 . N e w h o r i z o n s i n l i n g u i s t i c s / E d . J . L y o n s . M i d d l e s e x , P e n g u i n B o o k s , L t d . , H a r m o n d s w o r t h ,1 9 7 0 .

1 4 6 . X o m c k u u H. f l 3H K h M tm u ie H H e . M . : H a p - B o M T Y , 1 9 7 2 .

267

1 4 7 . Habonoe B . J l o jn r r a . H b io - H o p K ,1 9 6 7 .

1 4 8 . Bop H. A T O M H aa $ H 3H K a h a e - j i o B e a e c i t o e n o 3H a H iie . M . : H J I , 1 9 6 1 .

1 4 9 . Abel R . L a n g u a g e a n d t h e e l e c t r o n . A k t e n X I V I n t e r n . K o n g r . P h i l o s . W i e n , 1 9 6 9 , B d . 3 .

1 5 0 . HajiuMoe B . B . J I o r n a e c K H e o c - HOBaHHH i ip n c . 'i a j iH o i i M aT eM a- t h k h . — I Ip e n p H H T M T y N ° 2 4 , 1 9 7 1 .

1 5 1 . Schwartz J. T h e p e r n i c i o u s i n f l u e n c e o f m a t h e m a t i c s o n s c i e n c e . — I n : L o g i c , m e t h o d o l o g y a n d p h i l o s o p h y o f s c i e n c e . P r o c . 1 9 6 0 I n t e r n . C o n g r . S t a n f o r d , 1 9 6 2 .

1 5 2 . H a jiu M oe B . B ., MyjibnenKo3. M . H a y K O M e T p n H . M . : H a y n a , 1 9 6 9 .

1 5 3 . Kendall M . G. S t a t i s t i c a l i n f l u e n c e i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e t h e o r y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i c c o m p u t e r . — R e v . I n t e r n . S t a t i s t . I n s t . , 1 9 6 6 , v . 3 4 , N 1 .

1 5 4 . Kacnuiep r . B o3H H K H O B eH H e 6h o - n or ira eC K O H o p r a H iM a p n u . M . : M n p , 1 9 6 7 .

1 5 5 . Feumum A . 0 6 3 o p n cc jieA O B a H H Hn o OCHOBaHHHM M aTGM aTH KIi: HH- Tynn;H O H H 3M — T e o p n a A O K a 3 a - T e n n c T B a . M . : O H T H , 1 9 3 6 .

1 5 6 . Feiimum A . H H T yim H O H H 3M. M . : M n p , 1 9 6 5 .

1 5 7 . H H T ynn;H O H H 3M . — cD h j io c . 3 h - d ;h k j i . M . : C o b . b h ij h k j i . , 1 9 6 2 , t . 2 .

1 5 8 . KojiMoeopoe A . 77 . T e o p n a B e - p o a T H O C T e ii. — B k h . : M a T e M a - T H K a, e e c o A e p iK a m ie , M eTO ^H n B H auen H C . M . : ITbji- b o A H C C C P , 1 9 5 6 . T . 2 .

1 5 9 . Pacceji B . H e jiO B e a e c K o e n o 3 H a - H iie , e r o c i j ie p a n r p a H n p n . M . : H J I , 1 9 5 7 .

1 6 0 . Doyle L. B . S e v e n w a y s t o i n h i b i t s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h . — D a t a m a t i o n , 1 9 6 5 , v . 1 1 , N 2 .

1 6 1 . lIIenHOH K . E a H flB a r o H . — B k h . : P a S o T H n o T e o p H H h h - (J iopM apH H n K iiS ep H eT H K e . M . : H J I , 1 9 6 3 .

1 6 2 . Box G. E . P . U s e a n d a b u s e o f r e g r e s s i o n . — T e c h n o m e t r i c s , 1 9 6 6 , v . 8 , N 4 .

1 6 3 . Jleonmbee B . T e o p e T H a e c m i e a o - n y m e H H a n n e n a 6;r K)jia cm L ie $ a K T H . — CHIA — 3K0H0M H K a, n o n H T H K a , n n e o n o r n a , 1 9 7 2 , JV° 9 .

1 6 4 . BupwKoe B. B ., rejuiep E. C. K n o e p n e T H K a b ry M a H H T a p H H X H a y n a x . M . : H a y n a , 1 9 7 3 .

1 6 5 . ropcKuti JI,. 77. O t o n n c a T e jib H O H ceM HOTHKH k ceM H O TH K e T e o p e - TH aeCKO H. — B o n p o c H $ h j i o c . , 1 9 6 9 , JY° 1 0 .

1 6 6 . Klee P . T h e o r i e d e l ’ a r t m o d e r n . P a r i s , 1 9 6 4 .

1 6 7 . Nalimov V. V ., Barinova Z. B . S k e t c h e s o n t h e h i s t o r y o f c y b e r n e t i c s . P r e d e c e s s o r s o f c y b e r n e t i c s i n A n c i e n t I n d i a . D a r s h a n a I n t e r n . ( I n d i a , A p r i l , 1 9 7 4 ) .

168. Ojibdenbepe r. E y f t n a . M . : H 3 r - b o n . H n K O J ia e B a , 1890.

1 6 9 . Puc-floeuc T. B . U y ;w H 3M . O n e p k h ? h 3 h h h y a eH H H P a y -T aM H E y /W H . Cn6.: H 3r - b o B . H . r y 6iiHCKOH, 1908.

1 7 0 . Willman-Grabowska H. E v o l u t i o n s e m a n t i q u e d u m o t « d h e r m a » . — R o c z n . o r j e n t a - l i s t . , 1 9 3 4 , v . 1 0 .

1 7 1 . Tonopoe B . H . f l x a M M a n a f la n 6yO T H H C K aa J i n r e p a T y p a . — B k h . : f lx a M M a n a n a . M . : I I b j i - b o b o c t o h . j i h t . , 1 9 6 0 .

1 7 2 . Tonopoe B . H . 3 aM eT K H o 6y ft -AHHCKOM H 3 0 6 p a 3 H T e n b H 0 M HC- K yCC TBe B CBH3H C BO npO CO M o ceM H O TH K e K O C M o n o rn a e c K H x i ip e j i c T a B j ic i iH i i . — V a . 3 a n .T a p T y c K o r o r o c y n a p c T B e H H o r o y H -T a , b h h . 1 8 1 . T p y n u n o 3H aK O B H M CHCTeM aM , 1 9 6 5 , T . 2 .

173. y n a H n m a f l H . M . : H a y n a , 1967.1 7 4 . H x a H f l o r b f l y n a H H in a A a . M . :

H a y n a , 1 9 6 5 .1 7 5 . E p H x a f la p a H b H K a y n a H n m a n a .

M . : H a y i i a , 1 9 6 4 .1 7 6 . f lx a M M a n a f la . M . : H 3 a - b o b o c -

T o a . j i h t . , 1 9 6 0 . .1 7 7 . f l u hko8 B . O n o j i i i c e M a H T H a e -

c k o h C T p y K T y p e ecT eC T B eH H H X H 3H K 0B . — B o n p O C H $H JIO C .,1 9 7 3 , JVa 7 .

1 7 8 . H nac M . B H O J io ra a e cK H H k o a . M . : M n p , 1 9 7 1 .

268

1 7 9 . K p u K 0 . F C H C TH 'iecT uiii k o a - —B k h . : M o n e K y n H h K JieTKH .M . : M n p , 1 9 6 8 , b h e . 3 .

1 8 0 . Cnupuu A . C., Taepujioea JI. II. P n O o c o M a . M . : H a y K a , 1 9 7 1 .

1 8 1 . ®iuuiunc JI. T p e x M e p H a a C T p y K T y p a M O J ieK yn H iJiepM eH Ta. — B k h . : M o n e K y J iH h k j i c t k h . M . : M n p , 1 9 6 8 , B a n . 3 .

1 8 2 . JIueenmajib C. IIo cT p o e H iie m o - n e K y n a p H u x M O A e n e g c n o M O ip b io BHHHCJIHTejIbHOH M afflH H H . —B k h . : M o n e K y n b i h k j i b t k h . M . : M a p , 1 9 6 8 , B a n . 3 .

1 8 3 . B acn a m e B.i. C n o w H b ig m h p ii e r o T O jiK O B aT ejiH . — B k h . : E y p - H ?y a 3 H o e k h h o c e r o A n a — m h $ h i i p e a n b H o c T b . M . : I l c K y c c T B o ,1 9 7 1 .

\ /1 8 i. TpoipuMoea M . K . H 3 pyK om iceg H a r -X a M M a A H . — B k h . : A h -THUHOCTb H CO BpeM eH H O C Tb. M . :H a y K a , 1 9 7 2 .

1 8 5 . A jiencaudpoe A . IIp o cT p a H C T B O H B p eM H B C O B peM eH H O g $H 3 H K e b C B eTe iJ ih jio c o iJ ic k h x H A e a Jle- H H H a. — B k h . : <J>H3iraeCKaH H a y K a h (J h m o co iJ ih ji. M . : H a y K a ,1 9 7 3 .

1 8 6 . Sinaiko II. W . T r a n s l a t i o n b y c o m p u t o r . — S c i e n c e , 1 9 7 1 , v . 1 7 4 , N 4 0 1 5 .

1 8 7 . dcjipouMcon B . PoAOCJioBHan anbT pyH 3M a. — H o b h h MHp,1 9 7 1 , JVs 1 0 .

1 8 8 . Co6ojiee P. n o A n o i i b H o e k i i h o h r o n j iH B y A . — B k h . : B y p - H ?ya3H oe k i i h o ceroAH H — M injibi 11

. f p e a n b H o cT b . M .: H cK yccT B O , 1 9 7 1 . ^ 1 8 9 . CeMHOTHKa II HCKyCCTBOMeTpiIH.

C o b peM eHHHe 3apy6e;K m >re 11c - cn eA O B a H H H . M . : M n p , 1 9 7 2 .

1 9 0 . 3apunoe P . X . K n S e p H e T H K a h M y 3H K a . M . : H a y K a , 1 9 7 1 .

1 9 1 . Reich C. A . T h e g r e e n i n g o f A m e r i c a . T o r o n t o : B a n t a m B o o k s C a n a d a , L t d . , 1 9 7 1 .

1 9 2 . Goldman N . L a n g u a g e o f a r t , a n a p p r o a c h t o t h e t h e o r y o f s y m b o l i s m . I n d i a n o p o l i s a n d N . Y . : B o b b s — M e r r i l l C o . I n c . ,1 9 6 8 .

1 9 3 . Barrett C. R e v i e w o f t h e b o o k ( 1 9 2 ) . — B r i t . J . P h i l o s . S c i . , 1 9 7 1 , 2 2 , N 2 .

1 9 4 . JIorH K a h aM m ip H u ecK oe n o3 H a - H iie . M . : H a y K a , 1 9 7 2 .

1 9 5 . IIo n o eu H M . B . 0 (JihjiocoiJickom a n a .'iiis e H3HKa H ayKH . K h c b : H ayK O B a A yM K a, 1 9 6 6 .

1 9 6 . r a u d e t i t io I I . 9K3HCTeHpHa-JIII3M. — <J>HJIOC. 9HPHKJI. M . :C o b . aH piiK Ji., 1 9 7 0 , t . 5 .

1 9 7 . (p p en n ejib A . A . , B a p -X u j i j i e . i H . OcHOBaHHH T e o p n u MHOiKeCTB.M .: M n p , 1 9 6 6 .

1 9 8 . M lp eu d ep 1 0 . A . 0 6 OAHog m o-A era i ceM aHTHnecKOH HHcfiopMa- ii;hh . — n p o O n e M b i m iO ep H e- t h k i i . M . ; 1 9 6 5 , B b in . 13 .

1 9 9 . 0 e u s e n 6 e p e H . M . M o 3 r , n c n - x iiK a , 3 A o p o B b e . M.: H a y K a ,1 9 7 2 .

2 0 0 . L . A . Z a d e h . G u a n t i t a t iv e F u z z y S e m a n t ic s , I n f o r m a t io n S c ie n c e s , 3 , N 2 , 1 9 7 1 , 1 5 9 .

2 0 1 . H leeu i^ep A . K y n b T y p a h aTHKa. M.: I l p o r p e c c , 1 9 7 3 .

2 0 2 . B u w H s w o ea C . O n u r CTaTHCTH- n e c K o r o iiccjieA O B aH H ii M H oro- 3HaUHOCTH CJIOB B aHI'JIHgCKOM H3HKe. — B k h . : B b m ic jiH T e J ib - H an jiHHrBHCTHKa. M . : H a y K a , 1 9 7 6 , c . 1 6 3 — 1 7 8 .

2 0 3 . J le eu -B p m jib J I. C B epx i> ecT ecT - BeHHOe B n e p B 06HTH0M MHIHJie-h h h . M . : OrH3, 1 9 3 7 .

2 0 4 . JleM C. C yM M a T e x H o n o r n n . M . : M n p , 1 9 6 8 .

2 0 5 . A n p e c a n 1 0 . f f . CoBpeM eH H H e m c t o a u H3yneHHH siia 'fC H iig h H e- KO TopH e n poQ jieM H C T pyK T ypH og JIHHrBIICTHKH. — B KH.: H p o 6 - JieMH C T p yK T yp H og JIHHrBHCTHKH.M.: H a y K a , 1 9 6 3 .

2 0 6 . H p o S jie M a 3H ana h 3HaueHHH. M.: H s a -b o M r y , 1 9 6 9 .

2 0 7 . K y u in e p B . A . J le K p m i n o k o h - CTpyKTHBHOMy MaTeMaTHUCCKOMy a H an iray . M.: H a y K a , 1 9 7 3 .

2 0 8 . C y n ep a n c K a a A . B . 06m ;aH T e o - p im irneH H c o O c T B e H H o r o . M .: H a y K a , 1 9 7 3 .

2 0 9 . B a r t l e y W . W . I l l W i t t g e n s t e in J . B . L i p p i n c o t t C o . , P h i l a d e l p h ia , N. Y ., 1 9 7 3 .

2 1 0 . I R o n e m a y o p A . A (()opH 3M H h MaKCHMbi /nep. <X>. B . H epH H - ro B p e B a . C n 6 . : H 3 A -b o A . C . C y - B opH H a, 1 8 9 2 .

26 9

2 1 1 . M h c j i h M y j i p n x jikjjich H a K a w - f lH H f le H b . — C o f ip a H H r p . J I . H . T o j i c t h m . M . , 1 9 0 5 .

2 1 2 . Bondapenno B . H . P e ^ e p a T H a K H H ry : M . S t a s s e n . H e i d e g g e r ’ s P h i l o s o p h i e d e r S p r a c h e i n « S e i n u n d Z e i t » u n d i h r e p h i l o - s o p h i s c h - t h e o l o g i s c h e n W u r z e l n . B o n n : B o u v i e r Y e r l . ( G r u n d -m a n n ) , 1 9 7 3 , — P J K . 0 6 i q e -C T B eiiH H e H a y K ii a a p y o e w o M . C e p . 0 (H 3 H K 0 3 iia H ire ), JV» 3 , 1 9 7 5 .

2 1 3 . IOm H. r. n c H x o j i o r i r a e c K H e T H n bi. M . : T H 3 ( r o n He y K a 3a H ).

2 1 4 . flp eB H eK H T a iiC K a H (Jih jio c o iJi h h . M . : M u c n b , 1 9 7 3 , t . 2 .

2 1 5 . IlaHHeHKo A. H . K o H T H H y y M h $ H 3 H K a . 9 b o j ik > p h h n p e ^ C T a B - neH H H o H e n p e p H B H O cT H . M . :H a y i i a , 1 9 7 5 .

2 1 6 . Goody J ., Wart J . T h e C o n s e q u e n c e s o f l i t e r a c y . — I n : L i t e r a c y i n t r a d i t i o n a l s o c i e t i e s / E d . J . G o o d y . C a m b r i d g e , U n i v . P r e s s , 1 9 6 8 .

2 1 7 . Meuendoprf) II . 0 . 0 BH 3aH TH H - c k o m i ic i ix a 3 M e i i e r o p o n i i B K yJIbT ypH O M H IICTOpIIUeCKOM pa3B H TIIII BOCTO'JHOii E B p O H Hb X I V B e K e . — T p y n ,H O T ^ e jia H p e B H e p y ccK O H m iT e p a T y p H . J I . , 1 9 7 4 , t . 2 4 , c . 2 9 2 .

2 1 8 . IIoMepaHij. r . C. H K O H O J io rn u e - C K oe M biiH J iem ie K aK CHCTeMa h f lH a n o r ceM H O T H n ecK iix c h - CTeM . — B K D .: H c t o p h k o - i J i h j i o - c o $ C K H e H C cn eflO B a n H H : C S op H H K naM H TH a u a p ,. H . H . K o H p a ^ a . M . : H a y K a , 1 9 7 4 .

2 1 9 . I m e p u n A . B . P h t m h o 6 p a 3 b n o B e cT B O B a T e J ib H o ii r r p o 3 e . — ■ T a M w e , 1 9 7 4 .

2 2 0 . Ada.nap FK. H ccn ep ,O B a H H e n c n - x o n o n i H n p o q e c c a H 3 o 6 p e T e - E H fl B oS jla C T II M aTeM aTH K H . M . :C o b . p a j y i o , 1 9 7 4 .

2 2 1 . Mande.ibuimaM JI. H . n o j i H o e c o S p a m i e c o n i m e H i i i i . M . : H 3 ^ - b o A H C C C P , 1 9 5 0 , t . 5 .

2 2 2 . Cht. T. Tart. A l t e r e d s t a t e s o f C o n s c i o u s n e s s . A b o o k o f r e a d i n g s . E d . N . Y . , e t c . : J o h n W i l l e y a n d S o n s , 1 9 6 3 .

2 2 3 . Deikman A . J. E x p e r i m e n t a l M e d i t a t i o n , i n 2 2 2 .

2 2 4 . Aeepuui}ee C. K )H r . — ( D h j i o c . 9 h u ,h k ji . M . : C o b . s h i j h k j i . , 1 9 7 0 .

2 2 5 . flxceMC V . — M H o r o o 6p a 3n e p e - j m r n o 3H o r o o n H T a . M . : P y c o w a n M HCJIb, 1 9 1 0 .

2 2 6 . James W. S u b j e c t i v e e f f e c t s o f n i t r o g e n o u s , o x i d e , i n 222 ( n e p e - n e n a T a H o H 3 « M i n d » , 1 8 8 2 ,p . 1 8 6 — 2 0 8 ) .

2 2 7 . Fromm E ., Suzuki D ., Martino R . de. Z e n B u d d h i s m a n d p s y c h o a n a l y s i s . L o n d o n : A l l e n a n d U n w i n , 1 9 6 0 .

2 2 8 . Berkman R . S e m a n t i c s o f Z e n , P s y c h o l o g i a ( K y o t o U n i v e r s i t y ) , 1 5 , N 3 , 1 9 7 2 , p . 1 2 7 — 1 3 6 .

2 2 9 . Youngblood G. E x p a n d e d c i n e m a . N . Y .: E . P . D u t t o n a n d C o . 1 9 7 0 .

2 3 0 . Masao Abe. S o m e c o m m e n t s o n t h e r o l e o f t h e n e g a t i v e p r i n c i p l e s i n W e s t e r n a n d E a s t e r n p h i l o s o p h y a n d r e l i g i o n . T h e R e p o r t d e l i v e r e d a t t h e s e s s i o n o n « M a n a n d G o d » a t t h e f i r s t m e e t i n g o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s o c i e t y f o r m e t a p h y s i c s . V a r n a , B u l g a r i a , 1 9 7 3 .

2 3 1 . Peuxeu6ax r. P . H a n p a B jie H H © B p eM eH H . M . : HJI, 1 9 6 2 .

2 3 2 . Bondi H . W h a t i s p r o g r e s s i n s c i e n c e ? P r o b l e m s o f S c i e n t i f i c r e v o l u t i o n . P r o g r e s s a n d o b s t a c l e s t o p r o g r e s s i n s c i e n c e . T h e H e r b e r t S p e n c e r L e c t u r e s 1 9 7 3 , ( E d . b y R . H a r r e ) . O x f o r d : C l a r e n d o n P r e s s , 1 9 7 5 , p . 1 0 4 .

2 3 3 . Merrell F. S t r u c t u r a l i s m a n d B e y o n d . A C r i t i q u e o f P r e s u p p o s i t i o n s , D i o g e n u s , 1 9 7 5 , N 9 2 , p . 6 7 — 1 0 3 .

2 3 4 . jUpeudep 10. A . C j i o w H a n c h -CTeM a h K O C M ip iecK n e i ip e ^ c /r a n -neH H H . — C n cT e M H b ie n c c j i e f t o - B a H H n : e w e r o n m K , 1 9 7 5 . M . :H a y u a , 1 9 7 6 , c . 1 4 9 — 1 7 1 .

2 3 5 . B o jik o h c k u u C. B H pa3H TeJibH oe- CJIOBO. O nH T HCCJieflOBaHHH H pyKOBo^CTBa b oS jia cT H M e x a - HHKH, nCHXOJIOrHH, ({jH.'IOCOljjHH H BCTeTHKH peUH B 5KH3HH H Hac q e H e . C n 6 . , 1 9 1 3 .

270

2 3 6 . Masao Abe — « L i f e a n d D e a t l i » a n d « G o o d a n d E v i l » i n Z e n . C r i t e r i o n , A u t u m n , 1 9 6 9 , p . 7 — 1 1 .

2 3 7 . HajiuMoe B . B . f l3 H K B e p o n T H O - c t h h x [rp e jiC T a B .'icH iiii. M . : H a y u . c o B e T n o K O M nn. n p o 6n . « K i i 6ep H e T H iia » A H C C C P , 1 9 7 6 .

2 3 8 . Be/tneP. P . K o c M im e c K o e c o 3H a - H u e . — n e T p o r p a p , : H o b h h u e -n o B e K , 1 9 1 5 .

2 3 9 . Tart Ch. T. — P s y c h o d e l i c e x p e r i m e n t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n o v e l h y p n o t i c p r o c e d u r e . M u t u a l H y p n o s i s , i n 2 2 2 .

2 4 0 . J lu u d ce u II . , I Io p M a u f f . ne- p e p a S o T K a HHcf>opMan,HH y u e n o - B e K a : (B B e p e H n e b n c u x o n o r u i o ) . M . : M u p , 1 9 7 4 .

2 4 1 . Kiefer D . T h e p s y c h o p h y s i o l o - g i c a l p r i n c i p l e a n d t h e P r a z n a P a r a m i i t a . — P s y c h o l o g i a ( K y o t o U n i v . ) , 1 9 7 3 , 1 6 , N 2 , 1 1 0 —

1 1 4 p .2 4 2 . Kasamatus A ., Hirari T. A n e l e -

c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a p h i c s t u d y o f t h e Z e n m e d i t a t i o n ( Z a z e n ) , in 222.

2 4 3 . Anand B . K ., Chhina G. S ., Beldev Singh. S o m e a s p e c t s o f e l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a p h i c s t u d i e s i n Y o g a , i n 2 2 2 .

2 4 4 . Harran D . C o m m u n i c a t i o n : A l o g i c a l m o d e l . C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . : M T / P r e s s , 1 9 5 3 .

2 4 5 . James W . P r i n c i p l e s o f p s y c h o l o g y , 2 v . L o n d o n , 1 8 9 0 .

2 4 6 . Mumpoxun, JI. / fw e M C . — O h - h o c . b h i j h k j i . M . : C o b . s h i i h k j i . , 1 9 6 0 , t . 1 , c . 4 7 0 — 4 7 1 .

2 4 7 . P anke XV.N., Richards l l 7. A. I m p l i c a t i o n s o f L S D a n d E x p e r i m e n t a l M i s t i c i s m B c 6 . [2 2 2 ] .

2 4 8 . H a jiu M o e B . B . H e n p e p H B u o c r b n pO TH B PHCKpeTHOCTII B H 3H K e H M H in n eH H ir. — I lp e n p i iH T . T 6h - j i h c h : H 3 P - b o T 6H J in c c K o r o y H -T a .

2 4 9 . Capra F. M o d e r n p h y s i c s a n d

Eastern m ysticism . — J. Transpersonal p sych o l., 1976, 8, N i , p . 20— 40.

250. XuHmuKKa II. B on poc o b o - n pocax . B c 6. « cD h j io c o (()h h b c o - B peM eH HO M M H p e » . «OlIH0C0C[)H Hh J io r H n a » . M ., «HayKa», 1974.

251. Muller M . Three In trod u cto iy Lectures in the Science o f T hought, L ondon , 1887; c m . TaKJKe ero Krnrry: The Science of T hought, 1887.

252. Harman XV. XV., Mckim R. U ., Mogar R . E ., F a diman J.,Stolaroff M. J. P sych od elic A gents in Creative Problem S olving: P ilo t S tudy. B c 6. [222].

253. Krippner S. P sych od elic State, H y p n otic Trance, C reative A rt. B c 6 . [222].

254. Aaronson B . S. H ypnosis, D epth, P erception , P sychodelic E xperience. B c 6 . [222],

255. Kroger W. S. C lin ica l and E xperim ental H ypnosis in Med ic in e , D entistry and P sycholo g y , P h iladelp h ia , L ip p in - co tt , 1963.

256. Shor R . E. H ypnosis and the C oncept of R ea lity — O rientation . B c 6. [222],

257. Shor R . E. Three D im ensions of H y p n o tic D epth. B c 6 . [222].

258. Adler A . W h at L ife Should Mean to Y ou , N . Y ., Capricorn, 1958.

259. Foulkes D . Theories o f Dream F orm ation . B c 6. [222].

260. Ulman M . D ream ing, L ife— S tyle and P h ilosoph y : a Com m ent on A d ler ’ s V iew o f the Dream , J. In d iv . P sych o l., 1962, 18, 18— 25.

261. Jonas H . The G nostic R e lig ion , The Message of the A lien G od and the B eginning of C hristian ity , B eacon Press, B eacon H ill, B oston , 1958.

IIpH noH ceH H e I

K o J I J i e K D ,H f l B b I C K a 3 b I B a H H H O T e p M H H e

« C T a T H C T H K a » 1

3 i a n o a o o p K a h i i k o h m o6 p a3 0 M H e n p e T e n a y e r n a n o jiH O T y , o c o o e im o b Toii e e n a cT H , K o T O p a n o t h o c h t c h k X X b . 3 # e c b m h c r p e M iu m c B n p e /K ^ e B c e r o n p e ; ( -

CTaBH Tb K O H TpaC TH bie B H C K a3H B aH H fl.

— f la B a S T e n p n c a ^ e M H a 3 t o 6 peB H O y f t o p o r n , — r o B o p i o a , — n 3 a o y a e n

S e c c e p ^ e H H o c T B h C K B epH O C JioB iie o t h x n oa T O B . H a c T O H m y io K p a c o T y H a ^ o h c -

K aTB b B ejiH K O J ien H H x p a f l a x ycT aH O B JieH H H X $aK T O B ii o o m e n p H H H T H X n p a B in i .

B 9TOM caM O M 6 p e B H e , H a KOTOpOM MH CHflHM, MIICCIIC C sM nC O H , — TOBOpiO H, —

C K p u T a CTaTHCTHKa S o j i e e n p e K p a c H a a , le .M u r o S a a n o o n a . K o jiB n ;a n o K a 3 H B a ro T ,

h t o e M y 6 h j i o m e c T t f le c H T J ieT . H a r j i y 6 i i H e f fB y x t h c h h $ y T O B o h o 3 a T p n t h c h h i i

n e T n p e B p a T H n o c b 6 h b y r o j i B . C a M a a r J iy S o K a a b M iip e y r o J i t H a H r n a x T a H a x o - flHTCH B K HJIJIH HTBOpTe, 6 jIH 3 H blO K aC T Jia . B HIHHK flJIIIHOii H e iH p e $ y T a , HIHpiIHOII

T p n $ y T a h b h c o t o h jpBa $ y i a B O ceM t /p o h m o b B o S fle T T o m i a y r j iH . E c j i i i a p T e p i w

n o p e 3 a H a , c o /K M in e e e BBirne p a m i . B H o r e n e j io B e K a — T p ii /m a T B k o c t g h . J I o h -

flO H C K iiii T a y o p r o p e j i b 1841 r .

— npoftO Ji/K aH Te, MiiCTep n p a T T , — ro B o p iiT m iic c iic C sM n coH . — 3 t h m h c jih TaK o p im iH a jiB H H ii npHHTHH. H # y M a io , H H nero HeT n p e K p a cH e e s t o h cT a - t h c t h k i i . (O. F eH p n . «G n p a B 0HHHK FiiMeHeHi). 3 n n r p a iji k k h . M. K e H ^ u u ia iiA . C T bioap T a «T eop H H p a cn p e fle jie m iin )) .

1749*2 _ _ _ TaK Ha3BiBaeMaH CTaTHCTHKa h b j ih g t c h ro cysa p cT B O B ea e iiu eM (H a y- k o h 06 yn p aB JieH im ) oT a e J itH o ro r o c y n a p c T B a . . . r o cy n a p cT B O B ea eH iie c o ^ e p w iiT ocHOBHBie CBe^eHHH o xapaK T epH H X n e p T a x u,iiB iuiii30B aH H oro o 6m ecT B a (G . A c h e n w a l l . Abriss der n e u s te n S t a a ts w is s e n s c h a f t ) .

1 I T p n coC T aB jieH H H 3T 0H K O JiJ ieK ip iii H c n o jiB 3 0 B a jia c i> p a o o T a E . n . H i i k h t h h o h ,

B . CDpeiiAJHiHOH h A . B . H p x o (n p e n p i iH T j i a o o p a T o p m i C T a T H C T iw ecK iix M e- TOAOB Mry, As 37, 1972).

8 O n p e^ e jien H H , OTMeneHHBie*, B3h t h i i 3 C T aT tu : W i l l c o x W . F . D e f in i t i o n s o f s t a t i s t i c s . ISI R e v i e w , 1935, 3, .V 4. C c h j ik i i n a p a o o T H p;aHH n o 3TOMy i i c t o h -H H K y.

272

1752* C jio b o «rocyffapcT B O B ep;eH H e» o 6 o 3 H a ia e i H O jim iiK y , i i o o i o u y ocTaBHJi o r o $ H jio c o $ a M , — o h h 3aHHMaioTCH cyM^eHHHMH o 6m ,ero x a p a K T e p a , h x o u y

CTaTHCTHKe, K O T opan aaniLviaercH t o j i k k o O M niip iriecK iiM u flanni.L un , a aT b Ha3BaHHe j t t o h h h o ro c y n a p c T B e h j i i i y u e u M o r o c y p a p c u s e n n O M y c T p o f i - CTBe (T a n H ie).

1770* CTaTHCTHKa e c u . H ayK a , k o t o p a n y n i r H ac TOMy, KaKOBO noJ iim i'iecK O Q y c T p o f ic T B O B c e x co B p e M e H H H X r o c y n a p c T B n a is e c T n o r o H aM M iip a ( B i e l -

f e l d . E l e m e n t s o f U n i v e r s a l E r u d i t i o n ) .1789* CTaTH CTH K a — o t o T a O T p a c jir , n o j i i m r a e c K H x 3H aH nii, K O T O pan b K a u e cT B e

o d t e K T a H ccn eflO B aH H H p a ccM a T p H B a e T a O c o ju o T n y io h c p a B H H T e jib H y io

M o m b O T fle jib H H X co B p e M e H H H X r o c y r ja p c T B , m o u p ,, H B jm io m y io C H p e 3 y j i b -

TaTOM h x ecT ecT B eH H U X n p e H M y m e c T B , T p y j j o ji ioo h h i i K y n b T y p u h x H a c e -

JieHHn i i M y n p o c T H h x n p a B H T ejib C T B ( P o l i t i c a l g e o g r a p h y . I n t r o d u c t i o n

t o t h e S t a t i s t i c a l T a b l e s , e t c . Q u o t e d i n T h e M o n t h l y R e v i e w , 81).1792* CTaTH CTHK a o n u c i .iB a e T cocT O H H H e r o c y p a p C T u a b n a c T O n u jy e B peM H h j i h

b H e K O T o p u ii H3B e c T H u ii MOMeHT b n p o m jiO M (A . F. Liider. E i n l e i t u n g in d i e S t a a t s k u n d e ) .

1792* CTaTH CTH K a — 9 t o H C T o p n 'ie c K a a n a y K a , K O T o p a a h o j ih o c t b io h B epH O O T o S p a jK a e T co B p e M e H H o e h ji i i r ip o m j i o e c o c r o a n n e K a K o r o - j i n o o n a p o ^ a

(M. Ch. Sprengel. Grundriss der Staatenkunde).1792* CTaTHCTHKa — s t o n a y a n o y u o p a p o a e n n o e uperjC T aB jien iie o c o B p e jie H -

h om nojiH TH iecK O M nojiojK eH H H rocyp ;a p cT B a (J . G . M e u s e l . L e h r b u c h d e r S t a t i s t ik ) .

1794* CTaTH CTH K a, h jih ro cy ffa p C T B O B e fle H H e , — o t o n a y u a h jih o o j ia c T b 3 H a -

h h h o coB peM eH H O M u o jiH T H u ecK O M u o jio jK e H H H r o c y f f a p c T B a (J. G. M eusel. L e h r b u c h der Statistik . 2. A fl.).

1797* CTaTHCTHKa ecT b c j i o b o , n e jja B iio B B epenH oe pjia o O o sn a a e n iiH p e 3 y j ib - t b t o b o 6 3 o p a c o c t o h h h h K a K o r o - jm 6o K opojieB C T B a, rpaifiCTBa i i j ih o k - p y r a (E ncyclopaed ia B ritannica. 3d. ed .).

1798* CTaTH CTH K a e c T b u cc jie f lO B a H H e u o a o i K e n i i a b C T paH e h jih b u h c h 6h h h T o r o ,

K a K a n h o jih S j ia r o n o j iy u H H rip u x o /iH T C H H a e e jK H T e jie ii , a r a K iK e h jih T o r o ,

h t o 6u H aiiT H c n o c o S u 3T y p o j i i o b f la j ib H e fim e M y B e jin u H B a T b (J. S i n c l a i r .

S t a t i s t i c a l A c c o u n t o f S c o t l a n d ) .1803* CTaTHCTHKa — o t o $aK T H uecK oe iio jio iK e n iie B c e r o c y m e c T B y io m e r o

(P . E . H e r b in d e H a l l e . S t a t i s t iq u e g e n e r a le e t p a r t ic u l i e r e d e la F r a n c e e t d e se s c o l o n ie s ) .

1 8 0 4 * CTaTH CTH K a flO .U K n a H C cjie flO B a T b , K aK y e p e a k o h c t i n y n u i o r o c y f l a p c T B a ,

t . e . BCjieflCTBiie e r o B H y T p eH H eii o p r a n H s a u m i, p a cu p i.iB a eT cn h n o f t g e p - jKH BaeTCH e r o (JiiiaiiyecKaH h a a K o n o p a re jib n a H B jia cT b (A . L. v . S c h l o -

zer. Theorie der S t a t i s t i k ) .

1805* CTaTHCTHKa — o t o H ayK a , o c n o i i a n n a n Ha i i a y i e H iu i (JiaKTOB, n e j ib io k o - T o p o fi n B .n n ercn o q e n K a c i i j i u , o o r a r c T u a h M oupr ro cy p ;a p cT B a nyT eM aH a- nH 3a i i c t o h h h k o b h cpep;cTB nojw epjK aH H H SjiarococTO H H H H h M ory ip ecT B a , HBjiHK>m,HxcH c.neflCTBiieM e r o M e cT o n o J io jk o h h h , H a ce jie m iH , n p o M u m jie H -

18 B. B. HajMMOB 273

h o c t h , T o p i OBJiri h apM H H , offH U M c j i o b o m , 3 T o H a y K a 0 p e a j i r a i r f x CHJiaX h M o r y m e c T B e n o j n m r i e c K o r o r o c y p a p c T B a ( J . P e u c h e t . S t a t i s t i q u e e l e -

m e n t a i r e d e l a F r a n c e ) .1 8 0 5 * CTaTH CTH K a — o t o H a y K a , k o t o p a n u c c j i e f ly e T (J iirsiraecK H e, M o p a j i t n u e

h n o jiH T H ie cK H e c h . i i .i T ia K o r o - jn io o r o c y p a p c r B a ( D . F r . D o n n a n t . T h e o -

r i e e l e m e n t a i r e d e l a s t a t i s t i q u e ) .

1 8 0 6 * CTaTH CTH K a — s t o H C T o p H ie c K a u H a y u a , H c c jie n y io m a u coBpeM eHHoe cocTOHHHe ro c y fla p c T B ( G . F . D . G o s s ) .

1 8 0 7 * O n H ca H H e r o c y p a p c T B a H M eeT c b o h n p a B H J ia K aK n p n c o o p e M a i e p n a j ia

C eflHHCTBeHHO IipaBHJIbHOiT TOHKH O peH H H , T aK H n p i l H ClIO JIbaO BanllU e r o

f l j ia G o jie e b h c o k o h n e j i i i ; m l i H a 3 H B a eM c o B O K y im o c T b 3 t i i x n p a B H J i e r a -

t h c t h k o h ( A . N i e m a n n . A b r i s s d e r S t a t i s t i k u n d S t a a t e n k u n d e ) .

1 8 0 8 * CTaTH CTH K a — 3 t o H a y r a o e u p e p c T a B j i e n i i e T e x p a n n u x , H a ocH O B aH H H

K O TO pH X M o r y T OMTb H 03H aH H peajIB H I.IC fleHTejIBHOCTH K aK O rO -

j m o o r o c y f l a p c T B a b K a K o i - jm G o (J iiiK C H p oiian H i.iii, H a n p H M e p , H acT O H iJprii,

MOMeHT B peM eH H ( W . B u t t e . S t a t i s t i k a l s W i s s e n s c h a f t ) .

1 8 0 8 * CTaTH CTH K a — 3 t o n o j iH o e 3 H a H iie c o B p e M e H H o r o c o c t o h h h h T e x (fiaKTOB,

K O T o p u e o n p e g e j iH io T G jia r o c o c T O f in u e H a ce jieH H H h e r o o T f le j iB H u x r p y n n

( S . C a g n a z z i D e L u c a . E l e m e n t i d e l l ’ a r t e s t a t i s t i c a ) .

1 8 1 0 * CTaTH CTH K a — 3 t o H a y 'iH o e n p e p c T a B J ie im e T e x p a u u i . i x , K O T o p u e H O K a-

3M B aioT c o B p e M e H H y io n o jiH T H u e c K y io M o ip B g a H H o r o r o c y a a p c T B a ( J . Z i -

z i u s . T h e o r e t i s c h e V o r b e r e i t u n g u n d E i n l e i t u n g z u r S t a t i s t i k ) .

H e sa T H p o B a H O . C t aTHCTH Ka — o t o G io jp u e T n e ip e i i ( H a n o j i e o H B o H a n a p T ,

i^h t . n o L a s C a s e s . M e m o r i a l d e S a i n t e - H e l e n e , 1 8 3 5 ) .

1 8 1 7 * CTaTH CTH K a n a y u a e T c o B p e M e H H o e co cT O H H H e B c e x (fia K T o p o B , n a k o t o -

p u x HBCTByiOT C H jia h c j i a o o c T b r o c y g a p c T B a ( A . P a d o v a n i . I n t r o d u z i o n e

a l i a s c i e n z a d e l l a s t a t i s t i c a ) .

1 8 1 9 * CTaTH CTH K a — o t o cH C T eM a T H u ecK oe H a o G p a jK e m ie o c h o b h h x y c j i o B n i i B H y T p eH H efi h B H e n m e H j k h 3 h h r o c y g a p c T B a B H y rp H H M iiep iiH , a T a K w e

CBH3B h B 3 aH M op ;eircT B ire s t o h B u y T p o H H e ii h B H em H eii j k h 3 h h c c o B p e M e H -

h o h t o h k h 3p e H H u ( K . H . L . P o l i t z . D i e S t a a t w i s s e n s c h a f t i m L i c h t e

u n s e r e r Z e i t ) .

1 8 1 9 * CTaTH CTH K a — o t o H a y n a o H O Jiow eH H H n o j iH T im e c K H x o o ip e c T B ( A . E t .

d e F e r u s s a c . D e l a n e c e s s i t e d e f i x e r e t d ’ a d o p t e r u n c o r p s d e d o c t r i n e

p o u r l a g e o g r a p k i e e t l a s t a t i s t i q u e ) .

1 8 2 1 * CTaTH CTH K a — o t o T o i H a u H a y K a , K O T o p a u yu H T c o o i i p a T r , C B ejjeH H u H H 03H TH B H U e (JiaKTI.I 060 B C eX OObOKTaX, ynOpHTJOHHBaTb H HCIIOJIbSOBaTb

h x n y i e M o G H a p o flO B a m iH ; CTaTHCTHKa n p n coB peM eH H O M y p o B n e 3HaHHH o r o c y a a p c T B e H M eeT p e n m o H c c j ie p o B a H u e T o r o , h jih u e r o n p e n n a a n a 'i e H O

r o p o f lC K o e oG ip ecT B O ( J . G r a b e r g v o n H e m s o . T h e o r i e d e r S t a t i s t i k ) .

1 8 2 1 * H o c K o j i b K y CTaTHCTHKa j i h 6o o n i i c i .m a e T , j i h 6o i r c c j i e p y e T , j i h 5 o yu H T

n o a H a B a T b cocT O H H H e c y ip e c T B y i o i p H x r o c y g a p c T B , O Ha M o w e T p a c c M a i p n -

B a T t c u t p o h k o : j ih G o K aK H a y K a , j ih G o K aK H C K y cc iB O , j i i i 6o K aK y u e n ir o

( E . K l o t z i u s . T h e o r i a S t a t i s t i c a e t a m q u a m s c i e n t i a e ) .

274

1 8 2 4 * O ra T n cT H K a — s t o H 3o6pa>K eH H O r o c y s a p c T B a b n a c T o a in e e B peM H

( F . J . M o n e . T h e o r i e d e l a s t a t i s t i q u e ) .

1 8 2 5 * C iaT H C T H K a — b t o H a y K a , K O T o p a n y ’ f f l i i i c c j i e a o B a T b c i i j i h r o c y s a p c T B a ,

0C B em ,aT b h x n p n p o f l y n B3aiiMOCiiH3i> ( C h . A . F i s c h e r . G r u n d r i s s z u e i n e r

n e u e n s y s t e m a t i s c h e n D a r s t e l l u n g d o r S t a t i s t i k a l s W i s s e n s c h a f t ) .

1 8 2 6 * C T a T iicT iiK a — s t o n a y i n o e 11 B K c n e p n u e H r a j ib i i o e i ic c j i e ^ O B a n u e n o B e i i -

r n e r o c o c t o h h h h ro c y n a p cT B a , e r o o p r a i iH a a q u o n n o i i h M a T e p it a i ib n o i i o c h o b h h T e x c y m e c T B e H H u x i i3 '. i e n e n i iH , K o T o p u o n p e i e p n e B a j i n f lo c h x n o p c o d a B H H e ' i a c i i i 3T0ii o c h o b h O jia r o A a p n ^ e i i T e j i b n o c n i j ir o n e n h p e a -

j i j i a a u m i h x i i f le i i ( J . C . v o n K o c h - S t e r n f e l d . G r u n d l i n i e n d e r a l l g e m e i -

n e n S t a a t s k u n d e ) .

1 8 2 6 * C iaT H C T H K a — b t o b o s m o jk h o o o n e e i i o j i h o o i i o O o c i i o i i a n n o e 3H aH H e o c o

c t o h h h h n n o jiO J K e m m ^ a H H O ro r o c y f l a p c T B a h > k h 3 h ii b h o m ( C . A . v . M a l -

c h u s . S t a t i s t i k u n d S t a a t s k u n d e ) .

1 8 2 9 * C iaT H C T H K a — b t o n a y u n o y r i o p n ^ o 'i e i i i i o e H 3o6p a> K eH H e ^ e n c T B H T e jib -

HOCTH, B H 3B aH H O e 11000 X 0flHMOCTf,IO CO BepiJICnCTBOBaTb HCKyCCTBO ynpaBJieHHH ( G . R . S c h n a b e l . G e n e r a l s t a t i s t i k d e r E u r o p a i s c h e n S t a a t e n ) .

1 8 3 2 * U ,e iir ,io C T a T H cn iK ii iiB jm eT C H iic c jie T jO B a n ite h o i m c a n n e c o c t o h h h h r o -

c y f la p c T B h j ih H a p o flO B o r a o c i iT e j ib H O h x B H y T p eH H eit o p r a m ia a n H H h B H e m - h h x CBH3e i ( E n c y c l o p a e d i a A m e r i c a n a ) .

1 8 3 3 * IJ ,e jib c iaT H C T H K H sa K jirou a eT C H b H peACTaBJieH H H (}ianTOB b H a n S o j ie e c s t a -

t o h ( f i o p n e ( A . M . G u e r r y . E s s a i s u r l a s t a t i s t i q u e m o r a l e d e l a F r a n c e ) .

1 8 3 4 * C iaT H C T H K a — b t o n a y u n o e H 3o6p a> K eH H e T e x p e a j i M i b i x o coS eH H O C T efi,

K O T o p u e b K am flO M r o c y p ;a p c T B e x a p a K T e p H 3 y io T H a q u o H a j ib H y io b k o h o -

M H K y h c n o c o 6cT B y io T e e n p o r p e c c y , a TaKHM o S p a a o M — h y B e jn iu e H ii io

H a q H O H a jiB H o ro S jia ro co cT O H H H H ( W . C . A . v o n S c h l i e b e n . G r u n d z i i g e

e i n e r a l l g e m e i n e n S t a t i s t i k ) .

1 8 3 8 * C iaT H C T H K a — b t o H 3 o 6 p a jK e H H e r io j i i iT im e c K it x c h j i , K O T o p u e fle iicT B O -

B a jin b o n p e s e j ie H H o e B peM H B n y T p n o n p e a e j i e H H u x n o j iU T it 'ie c K H x r p a -

hhh; ( S . D i e S t a t i s t i k d e r C u l t u r ) .

1 8 4 0 * LJejIb CTaTHCTHKH flOJIJKHa COCTOHTb B HCCJieAOBaHIIH aaK O H O M epH O CTeii BO

B3BHMOCBH3HX H O TH Om eH HH X, B H fle jieH H H agcOJIIOTH OrO B OTHOCHT6JIBHHX

H BJieHHHX, B H CCJieflOBailHH nOCTOHHCTBa c p e f l l l HenOCTOHHHOrO H y 3 H a B a -

h h h b o b h o b b H aftfleH H OM y>KO o T K p i .iT o io sa K O H a ( J . E . W o r l . E r l a u t e - r u n g e n z u r T h e o r i e d e r S t a t i s t i k ) .

1 8 4 0 * C iaT H C T H K a — b t o H a x o J K A e m ie n C B e flfo H e b m o c t o r e x (J ia K T op oB , k o t o -

p u e npitroAHbi a jih nnjiioCTpanHH nojioiKeHHH h nepcneKTHB oSinocTiia ( B . B . E d w a r d s . A m e r i c a n S t a t i s t i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n C o l l e c t i o n s ) .

1 8 4 0 * H e j i b CTaTHCTHKH — noflO H T H n p n i io m o u j;h c o o T B e T C T B y io iq H x m c t o a o b

K OTKpHTHIO 3aK OH O B, n o K OTO pU M pa3BH BaiO TCH C O jJ,Iia jIbnbie HBJI6HHH

( P . A . D u f a u . T r a i t e d e s t a t i s t i q u e o u t h e o r i e d e l ’ e t u d e d e s l o i s ) .

1 8 4 2 * C jio b o «C T aTH C T nK a» np oH cxoA H T o t c j i o B a « r o c y A a p c T B O » ( s t a t e h jih S t a a t ) n 0 3H a ia e T r p y n n y Jim /ieii, >Kniiym ;iix b oom e cT iie H H O M c o r o 3 e ; o h o b k ji io -

18* 275

ia eT Bee xapaKiepiicTHKii h x coctohhhh (E n c y c lo p a ed ia B r ita n n ic a . 7th e d .) .

1 8 4 2 * Ct aTHCTHKa — bto OTpacjib nojiHTiweCKOii HayKH, 3aHHMaiom;aHCH c 6o - pOM H ynOpHflOHHBaHHeM (fiaKTOB, II JI JIIOCT p H p y 10 5JJ.IT X COCTOHHHe n p e- c y p c i . i r o c y f l a p c T B a ( T h e P e n n y C y c l o p a e d i a ) .

1 8 4 3 * IIOHHTHe i ( ia K T t i 'ie c K o r o hbjihotch b CTaTiiCTH Ke p e H T p a jib H u w : oho 06- H apyiK H B a eT C H OTiacTii b ((mirrax, OTiacTii b 3aK0H0iiepH0CTHx H BjieH H H

(J . F a l l a t i . E i n l e i t u n g i n die W i s s e n s c h a f t der S t a t i s t i k ) .

1 8 4 4 * 3aflau a ciaTticTiiKii jjojim na c o c to h ti. b tom , h to 6h o 6napy>Kiii)aTb n p a3- paSaTHBaTB OTHOineHHH, B03HHKaiomne Ha 3eM jie MeiKfly HapoflaMH b xo /je HCTOpHneCKOTO pa3BIITHH (lIMeiOTCH B BH.TV GCTeCTBeHHUe B3aHM0CBH3Hc toh kh 3peHHH reorpaijjiiH h h c t o ph h ) (B lu m ).

1 8 4 6 * CTaTHCTiiKa — 3 to HayKa o (JiaKxax, npoHBJiniomiixcH b pesy.-ibiaTe êfi- ctb h h ciiji npnpo.Ti.i h >kh3hh Jiioêii b connajibHoft cpe/je ; HayKa o peayjin- TaTax SToii jieHTejir.nocni, HanpaBjieHnoii Ha 6n aro oom ccTna, h o nocTOHH- h h x hjih nepHOflHuecKHx HBJieHHHx, KOToptie, d y a y 'm onpep;ejieHU s to h fleHTejibHOCTBio, nponcxoflHT b âHHOii odineciiieiinoii ciicTeMe (C h . de B rou ckere. Cours d ’ econ om ic p o litiq u e ).

1 8 4 7 * CT aT H C T iiK a — bto H a y K a o c o p H a J iM r a x (J iaK T ax, B b ipa>K eH H H X b Tep- m h h b x u i i c e j i (A l . M oreau de Jonnes. E le m e n ts de s ta tis t iq u e ).

1 8 4 7 * CTaTHCTiiKa — s to npeflCTaBJieHHe BceB03M0>KHbix OTiiomeHiiH r o c y a a p - CTBeHHOH h H apo/piog >kh3hh (F . W . v o n R ed en . Z eitsc h rift fiir deu tsch e S ta tistik ).

1 8 4 8 * I ( e j i b CTaTHCTHKH — a a r r , n e p n i . i i i ottot o r o c y j j a p c T B e b o n p e f le j i e H i iy r o

s n o x y (A . Q u e t e l e t . D u s y s t e m e so c ia l e t des l o i s qui l e r e g i s s e n t ) .

CTaTH CTH K a — 3to HOBan H a y K a , q e j i b i o ko to po h hbjihctch HccjieaoBa- HHe j i i o j je f i b p a 3 jiH H H U x coBOKynHocTnx (TaM m e ) .

1 8 5 0 * CTaTHCTHKa — caMOCTOHTe.:ir,iiaH HayKa c eg o a n o i i n p u n a aae ;i;a iij;um u 3aaaya\ui h MeToaa\ni. E e pe3yjibTaT e c m nojiHTiiuecKaH apinfiMCTnKa, ee qejib — H03HaHHe 3aK0H0M@pH0CTeg pa3BHTHH opraHH3Ma ue.TOBeue- c K o r o ooiuecTBa; ee 3aaaua — noJiyiiiTb TOiHue 3HaHHH o5o B cex (fiaicro- p a x , onpeaejim om H x HBjieHHH BHeniHero Miipa b ero nejiocTHOCTH (G . A . K n ie s . D ie S ta tistik als se lb sta n d ig e W isse n sc h a ft) .

1 8 5 1 * CTaTHCTiiKa — sto aaaannoe b ’iiic .rax h JiaKTax npe^cTannenHe o co - BpeMeHHHX OTHOnieHHHX rocy/japcTB KaK TaKOBwx ( W . D ie te r ic i. B eg riff der S ta tistik ).

1 8 5 2 * CTaTHCTHKa — sto npeacTaBjieniie iui;n;nmi;i;yajTr>iioii >k ii3h ii c onpeflejieH- h oh to ’ik h 3p e m iH (L . S te in . S y stem der S ta a tsw issen sch a ft).

1 8 5 2 * CTaTHCTHKa — sunitptnecK aH HayKa, BHHBJiHioiqaH aaKoni.i, k o t o p u m cjienyioT Bi.ipaJKemibie b m icjiax odinecTiienni.ie n rocyyapcT B enuue ot- HOHieHHH (J. H a in . H a n d b u ch der S ta tistik des 5sterreichischen K e i- sersta a ts).

1 8 5 3 * CTaTHCTHKa ecTb imjiomeHHe H3MepeHiiii it cpaBH em ig pe3yjiBTaroB, n o - jiyueHH ux n p n uccjieflOBaHnn rocyp;apcTBeHHOH n napoflHOH jkh3h h . Ee

276

o S te K T O M HBJIHeTCH TO , HTO B pO ByjIBTB TB X flGHTejIbHOCTH T O C yflapC T B a H

o S cT O H T ejIB C T B ax JKH3HH H a p O fla MOJKeT 6uTb CBerjeHO K BejIHH H He H M e p e

h c o n o c T a B jie H O K O J iH 'ie cT B e n n o ( B . v o n H e r m a n n . B e w e g u n g d e r B e v o l -

k e r u n g i m K o n i n g r e i c h B a y e r n ) .

1 8 5 4 * CTaTHCTHKa — onncanue peajibnux (fiaKTOB, b ocobennocTU othochih,hxch

K COBpeMeHHOH JKH3HH HapOfla, B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOM paSBHTTIH, KO- T o p u t H a6 jnop;aeTCH TeopeTiiuecKoii HayKoii ( W . R o sch er. G rundlagen der N a tio n a l— O ekonom ie).

1 8 5 6 * CTaTHCTHKa ecTb H3o 6 pajKeH H e jkh3hh rocyjjapcTBa ( i t r a oSmecTBa). OHa flOjnKHa oxBaruBaTb Bcro jkh3hb uejioBeuecTBa TaK, KaK OHa hpohbjihgtch b rocynapcTBe b BHjje cymecTBOBanna b cboSoahoh fleftcTBHTejibHOCTH, h c- xo/jh H3 e e 3aKOHOB p a3BHTHH (E . J o n a k . T h e o r ie d e r S t a t is t ik ) .

1 8 5 6 * CTaTHCTHKa n onyiaeT npeflCTaBjienne o pa3BHTHH h o6in;ecTBennOH jkh3hh Han;HH no n x KauecTBeHHHM, KOjiHHecTBeHHHM h MOflajibHHM OTnomenHHMk npeflMeTy (V . V ie b a h n . S t a t i s t ik d e s z o l lv e r e in t e n u n d n o r d l i c h e n D e u ts c h la n d s ) .

1 8 5 8 * CTaTH CTH K a — oto H a y K a , K O T o p a a H 3 o 6 p a J K a e T c M a K ciiM a jib H O B03M0JK- hob n p a B fliiB O C T b io a e jiO B e n e cK H e O T n o m e n i ia , K a c a io u p ie c a r o c y n a p c T B e H -

hoh jkh3hh h nojiJieJKaijpie H cc jie f lO B a H iiio b p ;aH H oe B p eM H , n p e i i M y m e c T -

BeHHO b orhom on p e fle n e H H O M r o c y f l a p c T B e , h tom caM M M fla e T TOHKy a p e - hha H a (jiaK Ti.i, h x n e n o c p e f lC T B e n n b io hphhhhu h e cT e c T B e H H u e aaK O H H H 3 -

M eHH iom ;H XCH hbjigiihh b n e p B y i o o u e p e f l b c hgjibio H cn o jib 3 0 B a H H H hjih p e -

m eH H H s a f la n , H a M e a e n n i .ix n pa B H T ejibC T B O M , a TaKJK e c n e j ib io B c e o 6in ,e r o

n p o c B e m e H H a ( R . v o n M o h l . L i t e r a t u r i i b e r d e n B e g r i f f d e r S t a t i s t i k ) .

1 8 5 8 * CTaTH CTH K a — bto H a y K a , (JiyH K Bpieii K O T o p o i H B J ia e ic a c 6o p h y n o p a -

AOHHBaHHe a a n n u x , othochiuhxch k (fiu a iiH ecK O M y, c o n n a j ib H O M y , hojih- T ira e cK O M y , (f in n a n co B O M y , H H T e ju ie K T y a jib H O M y h M o p a jib H O M y coctoh- hhio h p e c y p c a M r o c y a a p c T n a hjih n a p o f l a (N e w A m e r i c a n E n c y c l o p a e d i a ) .

1 8 6 0 * CTaTHCTHKa — H3o 6 paJKeHHe rocynapcTB, h x nojioJKennii h chji, a TaKJKe copnajibHHx OTHOmeHHH b 3t h x rocyp;apcTBax ( G . F r . K o l b . H and bu ch der vergleichenden S t a t i s t ik ) .

1 8 6 1 * CTaTHCTHKa — ocn oB a H H oe Ha cjjaK rax npeflCTaBJieHiro coBpeMeiiHoii >kh3hh n;HBnjiH30BaHHUx HapoffOB, jKHBymnx b rocynapcTBe (G . H a n s - sen. Vorlesungen).

1 8 6 3 * CTaTH CTH K a CTpeMHTCH HaHTH x a p a K T e p H u e u e p T u u e jiO B e u e cK H x o O ip e cT B

H a OCHOBe CHCTeMaTHHeCKIIX M aCCOBU X HaSjIIOffGHHH H HOffCHeTOB O ffH O pO fl-

hm x HBjieHHH (G . v o n R iim e l in . Z e i t s c h r i f t f i i r d ie g e s a m m t e S t a a t w is - s e n s c h a f t . X I X , 1 8 6 3 ; R e d e n u n d A u fs a t z e , 1 8 7 5 ) .

1 8 6 3 * CTaTHCTHKa — norim ecK H H CHHTea h aH ajiH 3 (fiaKTOB, nepeuH C JieH H ux c o n p e r je j ie n n o ii p e n bio, h conpoBOJKffaiomHHCH neOojiburuM kojiii'igctbom BHHHcjieHHH ( G . C a p o r a le . L e z io n i d i S t a t i s t i c a t e o r i c o — p r a c t i c a ) .

1 8 6 4 * CTaTHCTHKa b hihpokom cmhcjig gctb o n n c a n u e nojiOJKem iH b pejiO M , b y 3- kom C M ucjie OHa ecT b o m ic a H a e hjih H3o6pajKeHHe coctohhhh u e jio B e u e cK n x oSipeCTB H h x yCTpoilCTBa B HaHHHH M0 M6HT BpGMGHH, a TaKJKe H3JI0 JKGHH9

277

( h o f i 'M c n e m i e ) S e c n p e p u B H H X H 3 .\ ien en H u , n o p o H if la e M b ix c a i m u m o t it m h

c o c t o h h h h m i i , b n p e f l e n a x o n p e r j e j i e n n o r o 0T p e 3K a B p e .\ ie n n . CT aTH C T H K a

flon>K H a c iicT C M a T iiH ecK n n p o B O ffH T t M a c c o B u e H a 6jnop;eH H H h p e s y m .T a T i .r

[ is j ia r a T b b p n $ p a x T a K , h t o 6u 3 t o cooT B eT C T B O B a n o h c - th m T e x n a y i ; h

o $ H p n a jiB H b ix o p r a n i i 3 a p n H , K O T o p u e n o jir .a y r o T C fi C T aTH C T nuecK H M ii i i e -

T o ^ a M ii ( E . E n g e l . S t a t i s t i s c h e s S e m i n a r . Z e i t s c h r i f t d e s k o n i g l i c h e n

p r e u s s i s c h e n s t a t i s t i s c h e n B u r e a u s . I V , 1 8 6 4 ) .

1 8 6 4 * CTaTH CTH K a — 3 t o H cc jie ;[O B a n T ie p e a j i r .n o c T i i h j ih p e a j i t H U x H B jie H iiii ( A . M . G u e r r y ) .

1 8 6 5 * CTaTH CTH K a — n o j iH T im e c K o e h c o p n a j i b H o e H C K yccT B O ii3M epeH H H

( B . H i l d e b r a n d . D i e W i s s e n s c h a f t l i c h e A u f g a b e d e r S t a t i s t i k . J a h r b i i - c h e r f i i r N a t i o n a l 5 k o n o m i e u n d S t a t i s t i k . I V , 1 8 6 6 ) .

1 8 6 7 * CTaTH CTH K a — MeTOHHHeCKHH H H ^yK TH BH H H n p H eM flJIH H aX O /K ffeH IIH H

o 6i ) ! i c n e n i m M exaH H 3M O B , f le i i c T B y io m H x b u e jioB eu eC K O M o b ip e c T B e h

r r p ir p o s e , t . e . h j ih B H B O fla h ob tH C H eH H H 3aKOH OB, n o K o r o p i.im s t i i M e x a - H H 3M H (}iy H K n il0H H p y 10T , H flJIH ob lia p y /K C IIH H H HCCJlOHOBaiUIH npHUHHHOH

CBH3H, K OTO paH IIMOeTCH M K K fly OTAejIbH blM H (fiei(O M (!iiajITI I lp iip O fll.I H

n e J iO B e u e c K o ro o o r u e c r n a ; a HMeHHO, T a i i o i i n p n e ,u , k o t o p h h b o , t o t k t o h -

H OM y K O Jiim ecT B eH H O M y o n p e f le j ie H H io Ha ocH O B e C H C T e iia T H ie cK H x M a c - c o b h x n a G jiro B io m iii H ap; b t i im h i f ie n o M e n a i i i i ( A . W a g n e r . S t a t i s t i k .

B l u n t s c h l i B r a t e r ’ s D e u t s c h e s S t a a t s w o r t e r b u c h ) .

1 8 G 8 * CTftTnCTIIK a CTpeMHTCH n p n HOMOIipl CUCTeMaTMUeCKMX KOJIHUGCTBeHHHX

s ia c c o B H X H a 6jiioH eH H H H ccjie flO B a T B n o jiH T H K O -O K O n o u ir ie c K n ii , c o i p i a j i b -

HHH H IIOJIH TH 'ieCK nii x a p a K T e p n ap O n O B H COCTaBHTb H3 3THX H a 6.HK>neHHH

o 6m ,y io n a y u n y i o K a p T im y ( A . v o n O e t t i n g e n . M o r a l s t a t i s t i k ) .1 8 6 8 * CTaTH CTH K a — n o 3 H a H H e (JiaKTOB Ha ocH O B e npeA C T aB jieH H H h x b B i ip e ,

b k o t o p o m m o jk h o cp a B H H B a T b h x u H C jieH H u e 3H aueH H H ( R . B o c k h . V o r l e -

s u n g e n ) .

1 8 6 9 * CTaTH CTH K a — s t o H a y K a o r o c y g a p c T B e , K O T O pan A o jn K n a n p e flC T a B jiH T t p e 3 y j ib T a T u e r o pa3BH TH H b K a K y io - jiH 6o a n o x y h o c n o B in . ie s a K o n r ,; , y n -

paBJiHK)in,He s t h m pa3 B H T iieM ( A . R . B a l c l i e n . C o n g r e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l d e

S t a t i s t i q u e , 7 e m e S e s s i o n ) .

1 8 7 0 * CTaTH CTHK a f l o j i j i n ia n pH M eH H T b m 6t o h h y u e T a k o b c c i i K ap T H H e jk h 3 h h ,

OH a n p e f lC T a B jm e T c o 6o h j i o r i r i e c K H e M eT O ffw o o i .e K T t iB n o i i H H A y K p in i

( A . O n c k e n . U n t e r s u c h u n g t ib e r d e n B e g r i f f d e r S t a t i s t i k ) .

1 8 7 2 * CTaTH CTHK a — 1 ) r e M eT O R u , K O T o p u e H c c j i e a y io T c o c t o h h h h h c o 6h t h h

n y T e w M a c c o B U X n a b j i r o f l e n n i i ; 2 ) H a y K a o M n w K e c r a e h b jieH H H b r o c y - A a p C T B a x h r p y u n a x j n o f l e g , 06 h x K O J ie O a n itu x h a a n o n a x ( M . H a u s h o f e r .

L e h r b u c h d e r S t a t i s t i k ) .

1 8 7 7 * CTaTH CTH K a — n a y i n o e c p e ; i c T n o js,sin n cc jie ,a ,o isa n U H o c o o e n n o c r e i i t c j i o -

B e u e c K o r o o 6in ,eC TB a, n o f t g a i o m i i x c H U H C J ie im o .u y B u p a jK e i iH io , h a j i h b h - H BjieH HH 3aKOHOM epHOCT6H b od iq ecT B eH H O H jk i i 3 ii i i (G . M a y r . Gesetz- m assigkeit im G esellschaftsleben).

2 78

CtaTH cTH K a — cu c ie M a T jr 'ie cK o e irajiOJKeHHe h o d 'b H cn e n iie (fiaKTH’ie cK itx CoShTIIH H 3&KOHOB, BUBOPIIMHX 113 HHX, a TaKJKe oSmeCTBeHHOH JKH3HH jn o p e fi Ha ocH OBe k o j ih u c c t b e h h i.i x M a cc o B u x n a d jn o p e m iit (TaM JKe). CoBOKyHHOCTb T ex o 6uj;ecTiiennM X (fiaKTon, b b jk h o c t b K O T o p u x p jih 06- m c c iB a M ow eT S h tI j y c T a n o n jie n a t o j i b k o y e p e a k o .jih i;i g ctb c h h o e M a cco B o e H aSjH ogeH H e, o d p a s y e T o S te K T oT p eiibH oii H ayK ii, K O T opyro m u H a3U BaeM CTaTHCTHKOH (TaM JKe).

1 8 7 8 * CTaTHcTHKa — 3T0 H3o6pa>KeHHe h no3HaHHe coBpeMeHHUx coctohhhh rocypapcTB (J . E . W a p p a e u s . E in le itu n g in das S tu d iu m der S ta tistik (V orlesu ngen)).

1 8 8 0 * CTaTiiCTHKa — bto K oim yecT iien n i.iit othot o n a d m o p a e M i.ix (fiaK T opax1 8 8 1 * hjih B3aHMOCBH3HX b jho6oh oSjiacTH HayKH (P . G ed d es. C la ssifica tio n of

S ta tistic s and its R e su lts . P ro c. R o y . S oc . E d in b u rg h ).1 8 8 2 * O raTH C TH K a — 1 ) sto T aK H e M e T o p u , K o i o p u e n c c j i e p y i o T coctohhhh h

O T f le j iM u e {(iaK Ti.1 n y T e M M a c c o B O r o n a b j i r o p e n u f i ; 2 ) o r o H a y K a o M a c c o -

BUX HBJieHHHX, OCoOcHHO O HBJI6HHHX TOCyflapCTBeHHOH JKH3HH, HX KO- JieSaHHHX h 3aKOHax b th x KOjiebannii ( M . H a u sh o fer . L eh r- und H a n d - b uch der S ta tistik ).

1 8 8 4 * CiaTHCTHKa — bto connaiii>naH apn<fiMeTiiKa ( A . B e a u j o n . A n t r i t t s r e d e ) .

1 8 8 5 * C T aT H cT H K a e c T b H a y K a , K O T o p a u n a y u a e T C T p y K T y p y u e j i o B e u e c K o r o 06-

m e c T B a ( R . W . R a w s o n . S t a t i s t i c a l S o c i e t y o f L o n d o n . J u b i l e e v o l . ) .

1 8 8 5 * E ctb TpH o n p e p e j i e u i iH , K O T o p u e Ka>KyTCH aacjiyJK H B aioii^H M H BHHMaHHH

K aK co o T B e T C T B e H u o c a M o e n o u y j i u p H o e , c a M o e ( f i iu io c o i f i c K o e h T a K o e ,

K O T o p o e HBJIHeTCH H 6HJIOXHM KOMHpOMIICCOM M e jK fly HpOTHBOpeUH BUM H

T peS oB aH H H M H x o p o m e r o o n p o p e j i e n u H . C ow ia C H O u e p B O M y H3 3 t u x o n p e -

H e jieu H H CTaTH cTH K a ecT B a p i t ( (lv ie titl;i e c k a h n a c T b c o p n a j iB H o f t H a y K H . C o -

r jia c H O B T O p oM y o i ip e p e j i e n i n o CTaTHCTHKa ecT B H a y K a o c p e p m i x b 0 6 - m e M (BKJHonaH (fiiisii'iecKiie n a b jn o p e n H f i ) . C o r j ia c H O t p e T b e M y o n p e p e -

jieH H io b t o H a y K a o T e x c p e p m i x , K O T o p u e n p e p c T a c j i e n b i c o n u a ii i> m ,iM u

H BjieHHHM H ( F . Y . E d g e w o r t h . S t a t i s t i c a l S o c i e t y . I b i d . ) .1 8 8 6 * C T a T H C T im y mojkho p acC M a T p H B aT B K aK H a y K y h K a K mot o p . K a K n a y i t a

o n a CTpeMHTCH K H3JIO>KeHHIO H OJIH TH ieCKO rO, BKOHOM HieCKOrO H C O pH ajIB -

H o r o nojiO JK eH H H n a p o p a hjhi B O o S iq e r p y u n u H a ce jie H H H ; c 3 T o ii to h kii 3peH H H e e H a 3 U B a ioT TaKJKe p e ito rp a iJ iiT e ii . . . C iaT H C T H K a. . . p a c n o j i a -

r a e T m ctopom n a d jir o p e in iH , K O T o p u fi coctoht: 1 ) b H cu o jiB 3 0 B a H H ii a n c e j i ;

2 ) b h x r p y i i n i i p o i i K e c p e j i c r o B i . ip e j ie n n u (oTH OCH TejiBH O) hoctohiiiii.ix $ a K T O B , t . e . b o r p e j i e n i i H h x ot c j i y i a i i n u x (JiaKTOis; 3 ) b c p a n n e eitiit. . .

p a 3 j i n u H u x s n o x , p a 3 j ih u h u x M ecT h p a 3 jiH H H U x o o c r o H x e j ir .C T B ; 4 ) b h c- n o jiB 3 0 B a H H H c o d p a i iu i . i x h M a T eM a T iiu ecK H o 5 p a 6 o T a n H u x p a n n u x p ju i

H H p y K p H H h p e p y K ip a n ( M . B l o c k . T r a i t e t h e o r i q u e e t p r a c t i q u e d e s t a - t i s t i q u e ) .

1 8 8 6 * T eopn u ctbth cthkh poJiiKiia itcxopnTB H3 c y r a MaTHCTHuecKHx MeTopon, OHa pojUKHa HaxopiiTb upneM u, cyjKpeiitiH h bbibo pm nyTe.u podi.iBaiiHH MHOJKecTBa p a sju iin b ix , He iioppaioinptxcH yueTy h h s m o h u h b u x m saenjiii

279

Ha ocH OBe noflcneTa cpepn h h x xapaKrepHux siB jieH nii (A . M eitzen . G e- schichte, Theorie und Technik der S tatistik ).

1888* OraTHCTHKy m o jk h o h o h h m h tb b miipoKOM n y3KOM cM ucjie. B miipoKOM CMHCjie OHa — m o to h , b y3KOM — nayita . K aK HayKa OHa iiayqacT (fian- THUeCKHH o6uj;eCTBCHHblii HOpHflOK nyTeM KOJIHieCIBeHHHX Ha6jnop;eHHH(A . G abaglio. T eoria generale della S tatistica).

1889* CTaTHCTHKa — sto nncjieHHoe HccjiepoBaHne copuajiBni.ix hbjighhh (E . Levasseur. La pop u la tion frangaise).

1890* CTaTHCTHKa — HayKa h h c o ji (H . W estergaard. Theorie der S ta tis tik ).1894* CorjiacHo coBpeMeHHOi ob in cn p u n H T O ii npaKTHKe H3HKa, c t b t h c t h k o h

m o jk h o Ha3BaTt TaKoe nperjcTaBJienjre c o c t o h h h h h u h npopeccoB , KOTopoe ocHOBUBaeTCH Ha t o m , h t o eflHHHHHue cjiyuau nocjie a(5cT p aril p o b anil a o t HX paajIHHHH HOflCHHTUBaiOTCH KaK OflHHaKOBBle H oObeflnHHIOTCH B r p y n n u . H o b y3KOM CMucjie nop; c t b t h c t h k o h m o jk h o h o h h m b tb npHMeHeHHe 3Toro MeTopa OHHcaHHH h uccjiepoBaiiiiH k jiioflHM, >KHBymHM b rocypapcTBe H odmecTBe; Kopone roB opn, iicciieaonanne jk h 3h h ji ropeS b oSmecTBe c n o - Mon;bio CojiBmoro odteM a rniceji (W . L ex is. H a n d w orterb u ch der S ta a t - swissenschaf te n ) .

1895* CTaTHCTHKa b MaTepHajiBHOM CMucjie, h j ih HayKa «cTaTHCTHKa», g c t b o c - HOBaHHoe Ha Hcuepm>iBaiomiix c j j a m a x , npepcTaBJieHHUx b n n cjiax h Me- p a x , oSbHCHeHHe h o j io jk g h h h h h b j ig h h h jk h b h h 'iejiOBena b o 6m,eCTBe, H a- c k o j ib k o TaKOBaa HaxopiiT BupajKeHHe b con n ajiB n u x M accax. CTaTHCTHKa b ^opMaaBHOM CMucjie — h j ih cTaTHCTimecKHe MeTopsi — ecTB p ea y jn .- TaTBi HCHepnsiBaiomero MaccoBoro nabJiiopeniiH, BupajKeHHue b u ucjiax H M epax, B COBOKyHHOCTH HX npHMeHeHHH K COHiiajIBHI.IM H a p y n lM Mac-caM (G . M ayr. Statistik und Gesellschaftslehre).

1895* CTaTHCTHKa — s t o onHcaHHe jnoCoro K.iacca (JiaiiTOB, BupajKeHHux h h c - aaMH (H . C. A dam s. Statistics. Johnson ’ s U niversal C yclopaed ia ).

1895* CTaTH CTH K a c o c t o h t b H a O in o p e n ii i i H BJiennii, K O T o p u e M o r y T 6h t b n og - CHHTaHH h h h B u p a > K e H u u ocp e p C T B O M m i c e j i ( R . M a y o — Sm ith . S t a t i

s t i c s a n d S o c i o l o g y ) .

1901* C TaTH CTH K a — H a y K a o c p e p m i x , . . .H a y K a o S o jib ih h x u n c j i a x

(A . L . B ow ley . E lem ents o f S tatistics).CTaTH CTH K a — H a y K a 06 H 3 .\ ie p e m if ix c o u ,n a i n ,n o r o o p r a H H 3 M a , p a c c M a -

T p H B a e M o ro b p e jio M , b o B c e x e r o npoHBJieHHHx (TaM >Ke).1903* CTaTHCTHKa — H a yK a o S o jib ih h x m icjiax h cpepim x (J. T . M erz. H istory

o f European Thought).1906* CTaTH CTHK a — s t o M eT opH H H oe n e p e u H C jie n n e (JiaKTon, u n p H B iip o B h jih

o 6b g k t o b , K O T o p u e M o r y T 6h t b n o p c m T a n i .i , n y n o p a p o u iiB a m i o n o j iy n e H -

h m x ip u f ip ( F . F a u r e . E l e m e n t s d e s t a t i s t i q u e ) .

1909* CTaTHCTHKa — s t o uncjiennoe npepcTaBJieniie (fiamoB H3 jh o 6o k oSjiacTH HCCjiepoBaHHH b h x b 3HHMOCBh3H (A . L. B ow ley . E lem entary M anual of S tatistics).

280

*1911 CTaTHCTHKa — 3T0 KOJiTHiecTBenni.ie flannue, HaxoflnmneCH nofl ch jik h h iv i BjiHHHHeM M HOwecTBa npnuH H (G . U . Y u le . In trod uction to the T heory o f Statistics).

1911* CTaTHCTHKa — 3T 0 J iio o u e CBeffeHHu, nojiyuaeiv ii.ie n p n a d cT p a n ip o iia n H HeflHHHUHHX HBJleHHH OT H X UaCTHHX pa3JIHHHH IT n p l i oSteflH H eH H H HXb rp y n m i b B H /je o jn in a K o is u x b b j ih h h h (M. Lexis. H andw orterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. 3. A fl .) .

1917* CTaTHCTHKa ecTr, bi.i p a /K en n w e b q m jip a x o t h o t m o ( f ia m a x , nocperjcTBO M k o t o p u x a n a .Tn i3 [ ip y io T C H d o jib im ie c o B o ity n n o c T ti , ycTanaBJiim aeTCH B 3 a -

HMOCBH3B H H jp iB H jja i i r p y m n .i , fle jia ioT C H cp aB H eH H H M eatfly rp y m ia M U h Be^yTCH n e n p e p i.m n b ie 3a n n c n c q e jib io cp a m ie m iH (M. T . C o p e la n d . B u s in e s s S t a t i s t i c s ) .

1917* CTaTHCTHKa ecT b c o u o i iy n n o c T b (JiaKTOB, «H a K O T op u e c h j ib h o b j ih h g t MHOHtecTBO n p n u iin ($ a K T o p o B )» , i ib ip a a te n n i.ix H iic jie n n o , iie p e H iic jie iiH w x h j ih opeH eH H H X cornaCH O pa3yM H U M CTaHflapTaM t o h h o c t h , c o d p a n n u x c h - CTeMaTHuecKHM HyTeM c 3ap aH ee o n p e f le jie n n o ii q e jib io h M eatfly KOTopuM H o n p e f le jie n a C T enenb 3aBHCHM0CTH (H . Secrist. In trod u ction to S tatistical M ethods).

1917* CTaTHCTHKa — apiiijyueTH uecK an HayKa M accoBux n a d jir o fle n u ii, saflayaKOTOpOH COCTOHT HMeHHO B TOM, HTo6h BHHBHTb pery jIH pH O e H THIIII'IUOe b M a ccoB H x n a d jiio f le n ira x , a TaKate b T ex H 3M epeH iiH x, K O T opue n p n s to m H a6jnop;aioTCH (A . 0 . H o lw e r d a . D ie w is s e n s c h a f t l i c h e R ic h t u n g in d e r S t a t is t ik ) .

1 9 1 8 * CTaTH CTH K a g c t b m o to a cdopa, o ^ o p M J ie H iin b T a S j i n p n h H H T epupeianH H JiaKTOB o rpynnax jn o f l e i i , odteK T O B h j ih c o S h t h h b T ep M iin a x rp yuu (L . I. D ublin , E. W . K op f. Som e Considerations in V ita l S tatistics E du ca tion . Am er. Statist. A ssoc. X V I).

1919* CTaTHCTHKa e cT b : 1. T oJ iK yeM oe KaK ejpiHCTBeHHoe h h c j io . B coBpeMeHHOM yn oT peSneH H H — p a 3 fle ji nccjieflO B aH H ii, H M eiom nii b KaueCTBe o d te K T a c 6o p H od p a oO T K y HHCJIOBHX (fiaKTOB HJIH flaHHHX OTHOCHTejIbHO j ih 6o cifiepbi uejiOBeuecKOH p;enTejibHOCTH, j ih 6o HBjieHHH n p n p o f lH . 2. T o j iK y e - M06 BO MHOJKeCTBGHHOM HHCJle. L1 HCJIOBbie (fiaKTM HJIH flaH H H e, c o d p a n H u o h p a cK jia cciH fiiin itp oB a n n i.ie (N ew O xford D ic t i o n a r y ) .

1921* CTaTHCTHKa — s t o MeTop;, K O T op u ii nocpep;cTBOM M a cc o B o ro npeflC T aB jie- HIIH HHCJieHHOrO Bl.ipajKCHtlH peSyjIbTBTOB npHBOflHT K OnHCaHHIO r p y n n o - B U X HBJieHHH II n03B0JIHeT HpOCJieflHTb B H X M H 0r006pa3H H KaK HOCTOHH- H oe h p e r y j in p n o e , TaK i i t o , h t o \ienfieTCH, B onpeK H K a a ty m e M y cn OHHOo6pa3Hio (A . Julin . Principes de statistique theorique et a p p liquee).

1921* CTaTHCTHKa HMeeT s a fla n y c fle jia T b flocT ynH H M n o 3 H a n u e TaK H a a n B a eM u x M a c c o B u x HBJieHiift, a HMeHHO, b n e p B y io o n e p e flb , i in T e p e c y io m u x H ac M a c c o B u x HBjieHHii ueJiOBeuecKH x JKH3Hen b o d iq ecT B e (F. 2iiek . G rund- riss der Statistik).

281

1 9 2 2 * CTaTH CTH K a e c T b o n u c a i m e n e K O T o p n x MeTOAOB, n p n M e i ia e M U x n p n n p e g -

CTaBJIBHHH H H lIT G p n p eT a p H H BHCJI6H H H X aC neK TO B flaH H O rO o S t e K T a

( G . R . D a v i e s . I n t r o d u c t i o n t o E c o n o m i c S t a t i s t i c s ) .

1 9 2 3 * CTaTH CTH K a — b t o H a y n a o M e i o ^ a x H cc jie A O B a m iH M a c c o B H X H E jie ir a f i ( J . H . v a n Z a n t e n . A n t r i t t s r e d e ) .

1 9 2 5 * CTaTH CTH K a e c T b c o B O K y m io c T b MeTOAOB h n p i n m n n o B , c o r j i a c u o k o t o -

pHM npoBO,n;HTCH c 6o p , an a ,T H 3 , c p a B H e n n e , npe,n;cTaBjieHHe h H H T e p n p e -

T a pH H h h c j i o b h x A m m b ix ( R . E . C h a d d o c k . P r i n c i p l e s a n d M e t h o d s o f

S t a t i s t i c s ) .

1 9 2 6 * CTaTHCTHKa — y u e i m e o M accoB H X h b j i c h i i i i x b oSipecTBeHHOH >k i i 3 h h ,

b o c o o e m io c T H o h p o h b j i h i o i h h x c h TaM aaKOHOMepHOCTHx b C T pyK T ype h B paBBHTIIH. OH a OXBBTHBaeT COBOKynHOCTH Ue.TOBCieCKUX H H^HBH^yajIb- HOCTefi (He3aBHCIIMO OT T o r o , HBJIHIOTCH Jin OHII peajIbHOII COBOKVnHOCTblO, 06pa30BaH H 0H JKHTejIHMH TOpO^a, HJIII JIOrHHeCKH MLICJIHMOH COBOKyn- n o c T b io , b KOTOpyro b x o a h t rp y A iiw e jic t ii h j ih c a i i o y o i i ih p . i ) , a T a m iie n a y -

u a e r ^eHTejibHOCTb b t i i x r p y n n ( F r . Z a h n . H a n d w o r t e r b u c h d e r S ta a ts w is - s e n s c h a f te n . 4 . A f l . ) .

1 9 2 7 * GraTHCTnKa ecT b B H c m a n M aTeM araK a. I ly c T b Hie TaK h G y a c t ( E . B . W i l

s o n . W h a t i s S t a t i s t i c s ) .

1 9 2 7 * CTaTH CTH K a b o 6in,eM CMHCJie , io j i ;K i ia n a y u a T b HBJieHHH c p e n b io n a o j n o A e - h iih M a c c o B b ix x a p a K T e p u c T H K n y T e M r p y n n n p o B K H h n o , ic u e T a , e c j i n n p n

3 t o m y.ia eT C H b h h b h t b t o , h t o n o flfla eT C H . la .T b i ie i im e i iy H 3 y u e n m o

( J . H . v a n Z a n t e n . L e h r b u c k d e r s t a t i s t i s c h e m e t h o d e ) .

1 9 2 8 * CTaTH CTH K a b m n p o K O M CMHCJie c n o B a e c T b o n p e ^ e jie H H U M o 6 p a 3 0 M y n o -

p H A o n e n H o e K O n iiu e C T n e H iio e n p e A C T a B jie n n e (Jm k t o b ; b y3K O M c i r a c j i e —

3T0 M eTOAH HCCJieAOBaHIIH MaCCOBHX HBJieHHH H H X B3aHM OOTHOHleHIIH,

nOBBOJIHKHUHe H aXO AH Tb aaK O lIO M epiIO C TH , 06l 6AHHHI0m li e 9TH HBJieHHH,

HJIH, K o p o n e TOBOpH , MeTOAHHHHH yUCT HBJieHHH n p n S ojIblH O M HHCJie H a 6-

jiioA eH H H ( C . A . V e r r y n S t u a r t . I n l e i d i n g t o t d e b e o e f e n i n g d e r s t a t i s t i e k .

2 e d . ) .1 9 2 8 * CTaTHCTHKa — b t o C H C T ena h h c j i o b h x u aG jiroA C U H n e o o o n i p ( I I . W e s t e r -

g a a r d , H . C . N y b o l l e . G r u n d z i i g e d e r T h e o r i e d e r S t a t i s t i k . 2 . A f l . ) .

1 9 3 0 3 a A a u a , K O T o p a n B H n a A a e T H a a o j iio H cu H cjie iiH H B e p o H T H o c T e ii b n p e - A C .ia x T a K H a3H B aeM O H M a T e M a T iiu e c K o ii CTaTHCTHKH, c o c t o h t b t o m ,

h t o 6 h H ccn e A O B a T b , o d p a 3 y e T j ih A a im w i i C T aT iiC T iiu ecK H H M a T e p n a .i

H eK O TO pH H KOJIJieKTHB, HJIH K3KHM o 6 p H 3 0 M OH MOJKeT S b lT b CBeAeH K KO.H-

jieK T H B aM c B03M 0JK H 0 S o j i e e n p o c T U M p a c n p e a e j i e H u e M ( P . M n 3 e c . B e -

pOHTHOCTb H CTaTH CTH K a).

T o , h t o C T aT H C T im ecK aH T eop H H iipeACTaB.TH OT c o 6oi"i n e K O T o p b iii « B T o p o -

CO pTH blito HJIII «TOJIbKO H p e A B a p H T e jIb H H H » CTTOCOO oS bH C H eilH H HBJieHHH n p u p o A H n o cpaB H eH H H ) c A eT ep M H iiH C T H 'ie cK o ii, K O T o p a n y A O B jic T n o p n c T

n a i n e n «H O T p e6n o c T H b h p h h h h h o c t h » , e c T b n p e A p a c c y A O ic , k o t o p h h h o h h -

TeH B n O p n g K e H CTOplIHeCKOrO pa3BH TH H eCTeCTB03H aH H H , HO KOTOPHH AOJI-

jK e n H c u e s n y T b c p o c t o m H ayH HOH c o 3 H a T e jib H o c T H ; h h b o a i io m c n y u a e a o

282

Chx nop He yn anocb x o th 6h HaMeraTb noaoonw ii «nporpecc» o t CTaTnc- TnnecKOH KOHn;eni;nii KaKoro-Jindo HBjieHHH k KaayajibHOH (TaM JKe).

1933 PaiiLine cjiobo CTaTHCTHKa oiiuauajio Ty oojiacTb rrojiitTH'iecKiix n a yK , KOTopan aaHHMaeTCH c6opOM, KjiaccitiJiTTKaipieH h oocyjKAGimeM ({lai-tTon (0C06eHH0 HHCJIOBHX), HMeiOLUHX OTHOIHeHHe K COCTOHHHH) rocyAapcTaa hjih o 6m,ecTBa. B nocjieanee BpeMH oho CTajio o6o3HanaTb ooJiacTb 3n a- h h h , HMeiomyio n;ejibio c6op h ynopHHOHiiEaiiHe h h cjio b h x (JiaKTOE hjih a a n - HHX, OTHOCHIUHXCH JIH60 K fleHCTBHHM JITOAGH, JIH60 K HBJieHHHM npHpOAU( O x f o r d E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y ) .

1 9 3 4 * CTaTHCTHKa ecT b uncjieH H O e Hayqeim o rp y n n iijih M a cc nyTeM n ayieuH H BXOflHIHHX B HX COCTaB eallllHli;, 6yab 3TH eaHlIHpi.1 Jlioail HJIH OObCKTl.1, oayineBjieHHbie hjih lieo p y m e n nouni,ic. B H acrrOHin,ee BpeMH CTaTHCTHKa HMeeT 6 o jie e nnipoKHH cm hcji — K O JiiP iecTnennoe H 3 y 'ie im e rp y n n , n 60- j ie e y3KHH cm hcji — KOjunecTBeim oe n ayieiiH e con ;H ajibH H X rp y n n ( W . W i l l c o x . E n c y c l o p a e d i a o f t h e S o c i a l S c ie n c e s ) .

1 9 3 8 CTaTHCTHKa m ojkgt 6HTb oxapaKTepH30Bana EK pam e KaK nayK a 0 coK pa- ipenHii h ana,Time liaoJiioAemioro MaTepnaJia (R . F ish er. S ta tis tica l M ethods f o r R esearch W o r k e r s ) .

1946 CTaTH CTH K a — O T p a c j ib o 6in,ecTBeH H O H H a y K H , H M e i o y a n n ;e jib io c 6o p , y n o -

pHAOHHBaniie, aHaJiH3 h conocTaEjreime (JjaKTOn, othochih,hxch k o 6m,e-CTBeHHHM, MOpajIbHHM , flyXOBHHM H MaTepHaJIbHHM yCJIOBHHM JKH3HHjiiO A e fi ( F u n k a n d W a g n a l l ’ s N e w S t a n d a r d E n c y c l o p a e d i a o f U n i v e r s a l

K n o w l e d g e ) .

1949 K jiacdPiecK aH CTaTHCTHKa, 6a3HpyK>maHCH n a no^cnere c o cto h h h h , npeACTaBJineT coooii npeAenbiiBiii c jiy ia n KBaHTOBofi CTaTHCTHKH, b k o - TOpofl HHCJIO COCTOHHHH HCHHCJIHeTCH HO UHCJiy paM.THHUHX BOJIHOBHX$yHKn;HH (mojkho cKa3aTb, h to KjiaccHnecKan CTaTHCTiiKa nojiyuaeTCH na KBaHTOBofi, ecim HHcjio Tac-m p b odieM e CpL'AlICii AJIHHH BOJIHH X3 MHOTO Menbine eAiim inH ). B KnaiiTOEOn oSjiacTH paa.TiriaiOT flne CTaTHCTHKH — CTaTHCTHKy CDepMn-flnpaKa (ajih 'tacTHn;, noyniiiHTOLLi,HxcH n p m ip im y IlayjiH , — a u t 11 cumaietj)u'in 1 ,te >p) h CTaTHCTHKy B o n e— OmimTeniia (ciim- MeTpiiBiiLie y , HacTHpi.T E o 3 e ). B cbohx npiiimnnira.Tbiii.Tx ocnOBax bth ABe CTaTHCTHKH, KOIIOHIIO, He pa3JIHUaiOTCH ( f l . H . B jiox h iih oe . O c h o b h KBAHTOBOH MexaHHKH).

1 9 5 0 IIo a CTaTiiCTHKOH mh noiiHMaGM KOJiHHecTBeHHHe AaiiHHe, oSycjioB jien- HHe MHoroo6p a3iiuM AencTBHeM MHOrouHcjieHHHX npiiuiiH. IIoa c t a t h - CTHuecKHMu MeTOAaMH mh noHHMaeM MeTOAH, cnepnajibHO npH cnocoSjicn - n u e a m 0CBem,eHiiH h HCTOJiKOBaHHH KOjiHuecTBeHiibix A am iH x, o6ycjioB- jiem iH x AeiicTBnoM MHOJKecTBa npiniHH. IIoa Teopneii CTaTHCTHKH hjiii, Kopoue, cTaTiicTHKoh mh noniiMaeM nocjieAOBaTejibnoe irajiojKemie CTa- th c th tg c k iix m gtoaob (fljK . 3 . K )ji, M. ,H,jk. KeiiAaJiJi. T eopn n cTaTii- CTIIKH. 19 6 0 ).

HanSoJiee, nojKajiyii, OTBjieuennoe SHanenHe 3Toro cjiOBa mh BCTpeuaeM b Teopnn TepMOAHHaMHKH, rge roBopHT 06 aHTpomiii KaK B ejin m n e ,

283

iipoiiopijH O H ajibH O H Jio rapn cjiM y CTaTH CTH uecitoii BepoHTHocTH B c e jie n -

h o h , — onpeflejienne, OTHOCHTejibHO KOToporo hh o rh h rocyaapcT Eeiiim ii penTeJib ne CTaneT OTpHii;aTb, h to oho hojihoctbto uaxopnTCn BHe c$ep H ero KOMneTeni^HH. H eT, opiiaiio , HyjKflH yMiioataTi, npiiM epu, htooj.t n o - Ka3aTb, HTO CJIOBO «CTaTHCTHKa» HHHe HOJIHOCTblO HOpBajIO CBOIO HepBO- HaHaJibnyio cbh3b c «EonpocaMH rocypapcTEOBepeimH)) (TaM JKe).T e o p H H CT3THCTHKH K aK o 6oCo6jieH H aH BeTBb HayHHOH MeTOpO.TOI’HH —

cpaBHHTejibHO H e ^ a B n e ro n p o n c x o J K p e iiiiH . E e KopH H M o ryT 6b ite n p o c jie -

SKenH b p a S o T a x J Ia n j ia c a h F a y c c a n o TeopH H o ih h S o k lia o jrro p e ira H , h o l ia 'ia n o p a c p e e T a caMOH H a yK H o t h o c h t c h t o j i b k o k n o c jie p iie ii neTBepTH

X I X CTOjieTHH. H o p BjiHHHneM T ajiBTO H a h K a p jia I l i i p c o n a n p o n c x o p H T

3aM eHaTejibH HH ee n p o r p e c c , a b n o c jie p H H e 3 0 jieT 3ajio JK eH H — h , K aK

0K a 3 a Ji0 C b , BeCbMa n p o n n o — o c h o b h H a y K H . O p im ico c a i i H i i npepM eT

H a yK H enj,e n e p o c T iir t o t o c o c t o h h h h , n p n k o t o p o m CTaJio 6h b o 3 M o jk h h m 3aKOHHeHnoe H3JioJKeH iie ee MeTopoB (TaM JKe).

CjiO Ba «CTaTHCTHK», «CTaTHCTHKa», «CTaTHCTHHecKHH», no-BHRHMOMy, n p o - h c x o ^ h t 6o jie e h jih Menee KOCBenno o t jiaT H H C K oro cjiO Ba s t a t u s b to m e ro CMHCne, K a K o ii o h o npnoope.TO b cp ep iieB eK O B o ii jia T H m i, t . e.

b CM HCjie: nojiH TH H ecK oe COCTOHHHe (TaM H ie).

1 9 5 1 I I p e jK p e B c e r o m h x o t h m ocTanoBH TbCH n a paccMOTpeHHH T e x p a 3 i io p o p - HHX HBJieHHH, KOTOpHe BCTpeHaiOTCH IlOBCTOpy B HpaKTHHeCKOH JKH3HH h H CCJiepoBanne k o t o p h x ooor-nianaeTCH o 6h h h o c j io b o m «CTaTHCTHKa». B COOTBeTCTBHH He C HpOHCXOJKpeHIieM, a CO CMHCJIOM, KOTOpHH CJIOBO HMeeT B COBpeMeHHOM H3HKe, HOp CTBTHCTHKOH HOHHMaeTCH HCCJiepOBaHHe,o n n p a io m e e c a n a 6o jib in o e hhcjio p a m m x , « n a y K a o p a c n p e p e jie u u n x * .E e oSbeKTOM HBJIHIOTCH 6ojIbIH H e p n p H O plIO pO piIH X HBJieHHH, KOTOpHe

m o jk h o n p e p cT a B jiH T L K aK H H C jien n o HSM epenHHe K a K H M -jin 6o c n o -

c o 6om . . . I le p E o iia 'ia .T L iio e 3 iia H e im e cjiO Ba «CTaTHCTHKa», n o J K a jiy fi, —

«yH eim e o ro c y p a p c T E e » . . . Ile p B a H 6o jib in a H o 6jiaCTb npH M eneHH H Teo

pHH BepOHTHOCTefi, Ha KOTOpOH M H OCTaHOBHMCH, HBJIHeTCH CTBTHCTHKOH

b o 6h h h o m CMHCjie 3T o ro cjiO B a: H 3 y H e in ie h h c j i o b h x p n p o E , KOTopHe

o 6p a 3yio T C H nyT eM n o p cu e T a o p n o p o p H H X c o S h t h h b uejiO BeuecKOH

JKH3HH ( R . v o n M is e s . W a h r s c h e in l ic h k e it , S t a t is t ik u n d W a h r -

h e it ) .

1 9 5 2 M aTOMaTiiHCCKaH c/raTHCTHita HBjineTCH o d jia c T b io n p H K .a a p iio ii MaTeMa

THKH, HMeroin.eii p e jib io MaTeMaTHueCKOe o n n c a n u e h a n a jiH 3 lia o jifo p e -

HHH p.TH npe,T,CKa3aiIIIH HeKOTOpHX COSHTHH n p n 3 a p a iI IIH X yCJIOBHHX

(A . X a jib p ;. M aTeM aTH uecicaH CTaTHCTHKa c T exH im e cK H M ii h p h .to jk c iih jim h . 1 9 5 6 ) .

1 9 5 4 M aTeM aTH uecK an CTaTHCTHKa — pa3pe,T MaTeMaTHKH, nocBHm,eHHHH Ma-

TeMaTHHeCKHM MeTO^aM CHCTeMaTH3apHH, OOpaOOTKH H HCH0JIb30B BHHH

c i a i H C T H i e c K H X p a n n h x p jin n a y H iu .T X h n p a K T H u e cK H x e h e o p o e . I I p H 3TOM CTaTHCTH'ieCKHMH pailHBIM H Ha3HBaiOTCH CBepeHHH 0 HHCJie o S te K -

t o b b K aK O H -jin S o SoJiee h jih Menee o S in H p n o fl co B O K yn n ocT H , o S jia p a -

264

lOmHX TeMH HJIH HHHMH npH3HaKaMH (B C 3 , T. 2 6 , 2 -e H3A., A . H. K o jim o - ropoB. M aTeM aTH H ecK an CTaTHCTiiKa).

1 9 5 4 Pa3JiHHHHMH aBTOpaMH 6 h j io '(a h o m iio jk c o t e o onpeA evieH H ii c t b t h c t h k h . H3BeCTHO, HTO eBê [IIOCTJjÔCJIT JieT TOMy 11333,1; PlOMejIHH HaCHIlTHBaJI 63 o n p e ^ e jie n iM CTaTHCTiiKii, BKJHonaH n CBoe co6cT B eH H oe. E c j ih BepHTb M. P y d e p y 1, b 1940 r . n acH iiT H B ajiocb yarn 100 o n p o A e jie m iii . B n a c T o n - m;ee BpeMH 3 t h x orip eA e jieH iiu HM eercH e iq e S o jiL iu e . M m npiiBeACM s a g c b jih ih b H eK O T opae 113 on p e A e jie H iiii cTaTHCTHKii 113 n i ic j ia u a n S o jie e h c t k o ctfiop M yjin p oB aH H U x.

K ypH O (1801— 1877) b 1843 r . onpeA ejiH Ji C T aracT iiK y cjieAyiom ,H M oO p a soM : «IIoa C T aT n cn iK oii noHHMaioT rjiaBH H M o 6 p a 3 0 M c 6o p $aK TOB, B03HHKaion],Hx BCJieACTBiie o 6beAiineHHH jiiOAeii b r o c y A a p c T B a , h o a jih H ac b t o noHHTHe 6yAeT iimoti> S o jie e p a cn p ocrp aH eH H H H c m h c ji . M h SyAeM HOHHiitaTb h o a CTaTHCTHKoii H a y u y , iiM eiom ,yio c b o h m npe^MeTOM c o S n p a - H ne h n p irn e A e im e b cucTO M y M iioroH H C .iciim ,ix cJiaKTOB o n p e . ie n o i i i i o r o BHâ TaraiM o o p a 3 0 M , h t o 6 h n o j iy ia T b H iicjioB H e cooT H on iem iH , He 3 a- BiiCHm,iie, n o c y m e c T B y , o t c j iy n a im b ix o t k j io h 6 h h h 11 ycT aH aB jiiiB aioiuH e HajiHHHe i i o c t o h h h h x 3aKOHOMepHOCTeii, A eiicT B iie k o t o p h x coneTaeTCH c AeitcTBHeM c j iy ia i iH H x npiiH H n».

. . . f le T e $ , npeAceAaTejib Cegos2, nocjie Toro Kan oh npeACTaBHJi pnA HCCJieAOBaHHII O POJIH CTaTHCTIIKH B COBpeMeHHOH BKOHOMHKe, 33HBHJI CJie- Ayromee: «CiaTHCTHKa noAodHa Sojibihhm ropoAaM , KOHpeHTpaAHii n p o - MHinjieHHocTH, con;HajiH3My 11 coBpeMeHHoii Boim e: ona npeACTaBjineT c o 6o h MaccoBoe HBjienne. HeoSxoAHMocTb b ctaTHCTHKe B03HHKaeT kbjk- A h h p a 3 , KorAa nepexoAHT o t H3yHenpiH OTAejibiitix eAHHim; k pi3yHemiio MHOJKeCTB. B OAHOM POMOpiICTPIHeCKOM OnpeAejICHIIH rOBOpHTCH: «CTaTII- CTHK3 — 3TO IICICyCCTBO yTOHHHTb TO, HTO HBJIHeTCH HeH3BeCTHHM».

. . . IIpHBeAeM A p y r o e o n p e A e jie H iie , K O Topoe noM om eT pa3iH CH H Tb HaM B o n p o c 0 cy m n o cT H CTaTiiCTiiKH: « O n a hbjineTCH co B O K yn n ocT b io Me- TOAOB, IIMeiOIHHX CBOefi p e jlb io II3yHeHHe KOJIHHeCTBeHHOii CTOpOHH KOJI- jieK TiiB oB » (P . /f io M a . IIpeA npH H T ne h C TaT iicT im a. 1958).

1 9 5 4 T a fiH b iii H3HK CTaTiiCTHKH, KajKym,HHCH c t o j i b npH B jieK aTejibH H M n p e ft - CTaBHTe.HHM AHBHJIH3aii;HII, npHHIIMaromeH BO BHHMaHHe TOJIBKO (JiaKTlJ, iicn o jib syeT C H , h t o 6 h iip o ii3 B e cT ii c e n c a n i i io , h h $ jih h ;h io , CMHTenne h j ih n e p e c n y p y n p o cT H T t h t o - j ih 6 o . C TaTiicT iiH ecK iie Me-roAH h TepMHHH n e - o S x o a h m h a jih T o r o , h t o 6 h c o o 6ui,aTb o x a p a ic r e p H u x n e p i a x co p H a a b H H x h 3K0H0M HHecKiix TeH AeH piiii, o a o j io b o h A eH T ejibH ocT ii, p e 3 y jib T a T a x on- p o c a h j ih n e p e n iic n . O A H ano e c j in t o , k t o y n o T p e o jin e T o t h c j io B a , He 6y - AyT 3H aTb, HTO 3TII CJIOBa o6 o3 H a ia lO T , pe.iyJILTaTH M oryT OKaaaTbCH JIHHIb 6eccM H CjieH H oft n e n y x o i i (D . H uff. H ow t o L ie w i t h S t a t i s t i c s ) .

1 Cours de statistique app liquee aux A ffaires. H erm ann et C— ie, ed.2 PjiaBHaH k o m h c c h h n o nayH H Ofi opraH H 3aii;H ii Tpyna, IlapnpK.

285

1 9 5 4 C Moefi t o h k i i 3pem iH , co6cTBeHHO CTaTHCTHKy m o jk h o , noJKajiyfl, on pe- HejiHTb KaK HCKyccTBO onepnpoBaHHH c lieoiipeê.ieiniocTMO h paajiHHHHMH b noBeêHHH Jiroêfl b CHTyapnax npHHHTiin pexnenHH (L . J . S a v a g e . T he F o u n d a tio n s o f S ta t is tic s ) .

195 4 TepMHH «CTaTHCTHKa» h p o h cx o a h t o t jiaTHHCKoro cjioea «CTaTyc» (s ta tu s ) — cocTOHHiie. Ilepn oiiauani.no, b X V I I I b . , i;or;i,a CTaTHCTHKa nauana 0(|)op-MJIHTbCH B liayun yio fpHCJ(,Hn,TIIHy, TepMHH CTaTHCTHKa CBH 3U BajICH C CH-

CTeMoii onncaHHH ({jaKTOB, xapaKTepmyromHx c o c to h h ec rocyAapcTBa. I lp n 3TOM flaJKe ne npepnonaranocjj, h to Eopenmo CTaTHCTHKH npHHaAJie- JKBT TOJIbKO HBJieHHH MaCCOBOTO HOpHAKa. B HaCTOHm.ee BpeMH CTaTHCTHKa BKjHonaeT b ceon h 6ojibm ee, h b to m e BpeMH 6ojiee onpeAe.Temioc coAep- JK3HHe. A HMeHHO, MOJKHO CKaaaTB, HTO CTaTHCTHKa COCTOHT 113 CJieAyiOIAHX Tpex pa3AejioB:

1) c6op CTaTHCTHuecKsix CBeAeHHH, t . e. CBeAeniiH, xapaKTepH3yion],Hx OTAejiBHHe eflHimuM KaKiTx-HHoo M accoBHx coBOKynHOCTeii;

2) CTaTHCTHHecicoe HCCJieAosaHiie jum yuem iM x AaHHbix, 3aKjiio- HaromeeCH b BHHCHeHHH Tex 3aKonoM epnocTeii, k o to pare MoryT 6wTb ycTaHOBJieHH na ocHOBe Aa lm u x M accoBoro riaonroAeiiHH;

3 ) p a 3 p a o o T i;a npneM OB CTaTHCTHueciioro naojnoAeiiiiH h ana.Tim a CTaTHCTHHeCKHX AAHHUX. IIOCJieAHHH paSAC.T, Co6cTBeHHO, H COCTaBJIHeT coAepjKanne MaTeMaTHueci;oii CTaTHCTHKii (B . B . FHeAeHKO. K y p c TeopHH BepOHTHOCTefi).

1 9 5 4 CTaTH CTH K a K aK H a y K a h b j i h o t c h o a h h m H3 p a a p e n o E n p H K jia A H o fi M aT e

M aTH K H, h ee m o jk h o p a c c M a T p H B a T b K aK M aT eM aT H K y, n p n M e H H e M y io

n p n p a 3 p a 6 o T K e p e s y n b T a T O E M a c c o B o r o H a 6 jiio A e H iiH . . . C T aT H C T H K y

m o jk h o p a c c M a T p H B a T b K a n : 1 ) y i e i m e o c o B O K y n n o c T H X , 2 ) y a e j m e o B a -

p u a n H ii h 3 ) y i e i m c o M eT O A ax n p n B eA eH H H A a m i w x b K O M naK T H ofi c|)opMe (P . A . C P n in e p . C xaT H C T H U ccK H e M eT O p u a h h u c c jie A O B a T e j ie f i . 1 9 5 8 ).

195 5 . . . CTaTHCTHKy m o jk h o onpeAejiHTb KaK c 6o p , npeACTaBneime, aiia.’um h HHTepnpeTapnio H H c j ie m m x A a m u x .

. . . CTaTHCTHKy ne cJieAyeT npeACTannHTb KaK AHCUjm.THiiy, nopoonyTo $H3HKe, x h m h h , aKOHOMHKe h copHOjiorHH. CiaTHCTHKa — ne HayKa; 3to nayHHHH MeTOA (F . E . C ro x to n , D . J . C ow ilen . A p p lie d G eneral S ta tis tic s ).

195 5 IIjiaHHpoBaHHe n p n homoiii,h c th th c th k h nojiynaeT H3MepenHoe b nncjiax3HBHHe 00 BKOHOMHUeCKOM HO.TOJKCHHH ABA. KpOMe TOI’O, CTaTHCTHKa HBjiaeTCH BaJKHHM HHCTpyMeHTOM KoHTpoiiH 3a BbinojiHeHHeM njiana. 3 a -

Aana Hainefi CTaTHCTHKii, TaKHM o6pa3oM , conceM A P yran , neM Ta, KOTopyio BHnojiHaeT 6ypjK ya3H an CTaTHCTHKa. B y p m y a o n a n CTaTHCTjn;a, lianpnM cp CTaTHCTHKa 3anaAH0H FepMaHHii, c o c to h t HMeimo H3 a b h h h x 06 3koh o- MHnecKOM pa3BHTHH b 3anaAH ofi FepMaHHH; OAHaKo on a He npecaeAyeT n pn 3tom pe.TH npeACTaBHTb AehcTBHTejibHoe BKOHOMH'iecKoe nojiojKenne napoAa 3anaAH0H FepMaiutH, HanpoTHB, ona npHyKpauniBaeT bto h o jio - JKeHne h CKpbiBaeT AciicTEjfi'e.Tbiiwe cooTnonieniia b HHTepecax m oho-

286

nojnicTii'iecKoro itaim Tana, 6e3ycji0BH0H cjiy rofi KOToporo ceropHH h b jih - btch coEpeM eim aa 6yp ;K y a3iiaa CTaTHCTHKa (A . K in d e lb e rg e r . D ie s ta - tistisch e B erich tersta atu n g der p riv a ten W ir ts c h a ft ).

1955 K aK ii BCe MaTeMaTiruecKite pHCnim jiiniH, TeopHH BepoHTHOCTefi h MaTe- M aTiiiecitaa CTaTHCTHKa ii3yHaioT o 6m,He aaitonoMepnocTH MaccoBHx HBjie

HHH b adcTpaKTHofl $>opMe, 6e3pa3jiHHHofi k cnepH^OTecKOH npnpope p a c - CMaTpHBaeMHx oSieKTOB. . . n p m m iin npHMara Ka'iecTBeim oro anaJiH3a nan KonH'iecTBeiiiiiJM, npeponpepejiHTOTnnii nccjiepOBaune KOJitwecTBeii- HOH CTOPOHH HBjieHHH B Hepa3pHBH0H CBH3II C KaHeCTBeHHOH CTOpOHOH, b rexHHKe HBjiaeTCH peinaiomHM b npiiMeneHHH CTaTHCTiinecKHX h Teo- peTHKO-BepOHTHOCTHHX MeTOpOB (H . B . flyilHH-EapKOBCKHH, H . B . CMHp- HOB. TeopHH BepOHTHOCTefi H MaT6MaTlneCKaH CTaTHCTHKa B TeXHHKe).

1956 K orp a nopcTynaroT noSjituKe k HCTopirceCKOMy pa3BHTHio h o h h th h «cTa- THCTHKa», TO IiaXOPHT, HTO pOJIIOe BpeMH HOP 3THM nOHHMajIH TOJIbKO OHH- caHne «^oCTonpHMeHaTejibnocTeH rocypapcTBa» (HHCJieuuocTb nacejieHHH, cocTaB noHBbi h p p yrn e p a m n je o ro cy p ap crn e). TojibKO b nacTOHin,ee BpeMH CTaTiiCTHHecKHe chocoSm Hccjieponaunn npoHHKaioT b ecTecTBeHHHe n a - yKH. H3BecTHO, h to , x o th nejieriio itpaTKo oxapaK TepnaocaTb oom pe nonnTHe CT3THCTHKII, BCe JKe, MOJKeT StlTb, npaBH Te, KTO nOJiaraeT, HTO CTaTHCTHKa .'m oo 3aHHMaeTCH ii3yHeHHeM Hiijieimii, K o io p u e KacaioTCH Sojibinoro HHCjia HHpHBnpyyMOB, jinoo, KpoMe T oro, Kai;riM-im6y fpb oopaaoxt oSiepHHHioT M Horoo6pa3He epiiiiHHiibix Hnjieuini. B KanecTBe xapaKTepnofi nepTH CTa- THCTHKH MOHIHO paCCMaTpHBaTb, CJiepOBaTejIbHO, H3yHeinie MaCCOBHX HBJieHHH (L . Sch m etterer. E in fiih ru n g in die m a th em a tisc h e S ta t is t ik ) .

1957 CTaTHCTHKa — o6iH,ecTBennaH n ayK a, H3yHaioiii,aH KOJiHHecTnennyio c t o - p o n y MaccoBHx o 6m,ecrBeHHHX h b jk h h h b nepa3pi>iEiioii cbh3h c h x Ka- HecTBeHHOH CTOpOHOH; oHa uccjiepyeT KojiHHecTBeHHoe BHpaiKeHHe 3aKO- noMC|iiiocTei't oomeCTiieniioro pa3BHTHH b KOHKpeTHHx ycjioB n nx MecTa H BpeMeHH. . . IIopJIHHHaH HayHHaH CTaTHCTHKa IICCJie^yeT KOJIHHeCTBeH- HyiO CTOpOHy (JOipeCTBCHHHX HBjieHHH, JICXOpH H3 HOJIOJKeHHH H 33K0H0B ncTopHHecKoro MaTepHajiH3Ma n Mapkchctcko-jieHHHCKOfi nojiHTHHecKoft 3KOHOMHI1. O il a OCHOBHBaeTCH Ha JIO.TOJKeilHHX MapKCHCTCKOTO PHaJMKTH- HeCKOTO MeTOpa O B3aHMOCBH3H B33HMHOH OOyC.TOEJieiHIOCTH HBjieHHH, 06 h x nenpepHBHOM pa3BHTHH, o nepexope KOjiiiHecTBeHHHx H3MeHeHHft b Ka- necTBeHHBie. . . EypjKya3HaH CTaTiicriiita, KaK h p p yrn e coBpeMeHHHe uypiK yaanue nayK ii, ncnojib3yeTCH pjih 3am,HTH KannTaJiHCTHHecKoro CTpoH. Bvp;K ya3iiaH CTaTHCTHKa cnjioinb i i pnpoM (JjajibCinJmii.iipyeT p a n - Hbie (B C 3 , t . 4 0 , 2 -e n a p ., A . M . BocTpm toBa. CTaTHCTHKa).

1957 . . . ysJioBMM BonpocoM MaTOMaTiiqecicoii c t 3 t h c t h k h HBjineTCH B onpoc:KaK pa,t o k o M oryT o t k p o h h t i . c h BejiHHHHH, b h h h c jie H H H e n o B h io o p iie , o t cooT B eT C T B yiom iix u p e a n b H b ix 3HaneHHH? (B. JI. BaH pep B a p p en . MaTeMaTHHecKan CTaTHCTHKa. 1 9 6 0 ).

1957 Flop CTaTHCTHKoii nomiMaioT h ohth HCKjnoHiiTejibno coGiip anne hhcjioboto MaTepnajia 3a He cjihihkom pojiroe BpeMH, on ucanne «rocypapcTBeHHHx

287

fl0CT0npHMeHaTejibH0CTeft», T a r a x , KaK HHCaeHHOCTb u aceaem iH , CTpoe- h h g n o 'im j m . j . T a K liaaunaeM aa .MaTeMaTmecKaa CTaTHCTHKa n p n ojin - 3HTejibHO 3 0 jieT 3aim M aeTca npejKpe Bcero onucaHireM uncaoB oro MaTe- p n aaa nepes cpepnee siia 'ieim e h M epy pacceaHHH, npiraeM b t o lieopiio- KpaTiio npHBOfliuio k oecnaopiioii noaeMHice o npeBocxopcTBe n a n Bpepe aToro noKa3aTejiH (L . Schm itterer. G rundlagen der m athem atischen Statistik ).

1 9 5 8 C T aT H C T iraeC K aa H a y K a p a e i BoaM O JK iioC T b n p n o S p e T a T b h lia ita n .T H n a T b

a n a H iiH o M a c c o B H x , h o b t o p h k h u h x c h n p o i j e c c a x i i H B jie i i iM x n y i e M T e - Kym,ero n x y n e T a n a n cneH jH aabH O o p r a i m a y e M b i x l i a o a r o p e i m i i h o f i c a e -

p o B a m m (A . M. / ( a i m . M a T e M a T jp ie c K a ji CTaTHCTHKa b T e x H H K e ).

1 9 5 8 CTaTH CTHK a e c T b B eT B b n a y a n o r o M CTO pa, H 3 y a a io iii ,a H p a m i b i e , n o a y a e n -

H H e i i c a i i c a e n i i c M n a n j m t e p e i m c M c b o h c t b r e n e p a a b H u x c o E O K y n iio c T e i i

n p n p o f lH H x ^eH O M eH O B . B b t o m o n p e p e a e m i H « n p n p o n H H e $ e n o M e H H »

B K a ro n a io T B ee b o 3 m o >k h h g o S ie K T H B H e in n e r o M iip a , K aK C B H 3aH H H e, T aK

h n e CBH3aH H M e c h c j io b g k o m . B o H a oeiK a in ics l ie p o p a M Y M e im ft n p n T o a -

KOBaH H ii 3 T o r o o n p e p e a e i i i M c a e p y e T oT M eT H T b, h t o «cT aT H C T H K a» ita K n a : i -

B a n n e u a y n n o r o M e io p a H B aaeT C H c o S n p a T e a b H H M i m e n e M c y m e C T E H T c a b -

h h m h y u o T p e S a a e T C H b ep iracT B eH H O M u n c a e . T e M JKe ca o B O M «C T aTiiC TH K a»

H a 3 H B a ioT T e H iic a o B b ie p a n H b ie , c k o t o p h m h p a S o T a e T b t o t M e T o p , h b b t o m

C M H ca e c a o B o « c t aT H C T iiK a» o r in a 'ia e T M HOJKecTBo p a i i m j x . B p a a b i i c f i n n i x

p a 3,p e a a x 3 t o h i m u n i m u BCTpeTHMCH en j,e c o p u m t s iia H e im e .M c a o B a

«CTaTH CTHK a» — T a K H a3H B aiO T (joyilKHpITO OT BneM eH TOE EIJOOpivH H3 n e -

K O T o p o ii r e H e p a a b H o i i c o B O K y n n o c T i i (M. f l j K . K e H p a a a , A . C i b i o a p T .

T e o p n a p a c n p e p e a e m i H . 1 9 6 6 ) .

1 9 5 8 CTaTH CTpraeCK iie 3 a p a 'iH . . . c o c t o h t b S o a b im in c T B e c a y n a e B b t o m , h t o S h

H a OCHOBe 3H aH HH CBOHCTB COOTBeTCTBeHHO E H O p a i ll lo i l aaCTH MHOJKeCTBa

sa eM eiiT O E c p e a a i b e m e o p u o B ceM M iioJK ecT B e, a T a iO K e o t o m , K a K iie H3 H C C aepyeM j.T x c b o h c t b n e p e B e c T i i n a o c T a a b i m e H e ii3 B ecT H U e a a e M e iiT U

(M. Fisz. W ahrschein lichkeitrechung und m athem atische S tatistik ).1 9 5 8 P a 3 p a 6 o T K a M e io p o B p e m c T p a ii iH H , o n n c a H H H i i a n a a n 3 a c ta T H C T iin e cK H x

B K cn e p iiM e H T a a b H H x p a m i u x , n o a y n a e M H x b p e a y jr b T a T e l ia O a io p e i r a i i

M a c c o B u x c a y a a H i i u x HB.aeHHH, c o c T a n a a e T n p ep M C T c n e p i i a a b n o i i

H ayK H — M aTeM aTH H ecK O H CTaTiiCTiiKH ( E . C . B e H m e a b . T e o p n a B e p o a T -

H O C T efi).1 9 5 8 OCHOBHHM HOHHTHeM M 3 TeMETHHeCKOH CT3TIICTHKH HBaH eTCH E l jO o p it a H aH

c o B O K y n n o C T b l ia S a T o p e im f i K a n o r o - a n 6o K O n w 'ie c T B e im o r o H O K a 3 a T e a a

( K ) . B . J I h h h h k . M e T o p i ia n M e i iM in t x K B app aT O B h o c h o b u M a T e M a T in to -

cT a T H C T iiH ecK oii T e o p iiH o 6p a 6oTK H H a S a io p e H H H ).

1 9 5 9 H B H e m m M H K p oM H p a c a M ii n o c e d e C T a n icT iiH H H . I I o a T o M y p o a b C T aT n - C T H H ecK oro n o p x o p a n p e c b a n a a j iT e a b i i o r a y o a a p hc.m b MaKpo<J>H3HKe.

CTaTH CTH K a a p e c b n y jK H a n e t o h b k o p a n o o p a S o T K n p e a y a b 'r a T O B H 3 M e p e -

h h h , h o h p a n H syn eH H H c a M o ii n p i r p o p u n c c a e p y e M U x H BaeH H H

288

( B . H . F o J ib p a n c K H H , A . B . K y i j e i i K o , M . H . I I o p r o p e p K n i t . CTaTH CTHK a OTH6TOB n p n p e i ’H C T papH H H p ep lIb IX H aC T H p).

1 959 B iiacT O H in ,ee B p eM H T e o p n n c j i y n a i i i i u x oihh6ok H3M ep en H H h b jihgtch O T p e jioM p p y r o n , 6o j i e e o G n iH p n o i i n a y K H — M aTeM aTHHeCKOH CTaTHCTHKH,

p a 3 p a 6 a T H B a io m ;e H p a p n o H a J ib H H e n p n e M H o 6p a 6oT K ii o h h th h x p a m i b i x ,

othochbphxch k M a cco B H M H BjieH H HM h o T p a J K a ro n p ix BJiHHHHe p a c c e H B a i o - n p i x c j iy n a H H H x (J ia K T O p oe . 3 t h n p n e M H , c y m e c T E e i m o C B H 3 a m iH e c p o

n y m e im e M v c to h h jieo cth n acT H O C T eii h u a jiH H iteM BepOH TH OCTH H x 3 a K 0 -

HOB paC C eH B aH H H , HOCHT H a3B aH H e M aTeM aTH K O-CTaTH CTlPieCK H X MeTOAOB

( H . B . CM H pH O B , H . B . f ly H H H -B a p K O B C K H H . K p a T K H H K y p c M aTeM aTH H e

CKOH CTaTHCTHKH PJIH TeXH H H eCK H X HpHJIOJKeHHH).

1 9 5 9 B n a m e B peM H h p h h h t o CH H TaTb, h t o m a r e m h t h h g c k a h CTaTHCTHKa e c T b

n a y K a , H 3 y H a io in a H Teopino h p h h h t h h p e in e n H H b y c jiO B H H x l i e o n p e p e p e n -

HOCTH. 3 T 0 o n p e f l e j i e m i e M aTeM aTHHeCKOH CTaTHCTHKH B H K pH C T a,M IH 30-

B H B a jio c b b p e 3 y ,T i)T a T e m h o t h x JieT e e pa3B H T H H . / ( o c t o h iic t b o 3 T o r o o n -

p e p e jie H H H c o c t o h t b t o m , h t o o h o b cjK aT O H h h c h o h (jropM e H 3 J ia ra eT H a -

y n n o e cy m ,ecT B O CTaTHCTHKH ( F . B e p n o n , J I . M o 3 e c . 3 j ie M e H T a p n a H T e o -

p i w C TaTH CTH H ecK H x p e m e H H H . 1 9 6 2 ) .

1 9 5 9 « C £ ip b e M » p j ih C T aT H C T H H ecK oro i t c c n e p o E a i iH n c jiy jK H T c o B o i c y n n o c T b

p e 3 y j ib T a T 0 B n a O in o p e im f t ; b t h p e 3 y j ib T a T H n p e p c T a B j in io T c o 6o h 3 i ia n e -

h h h c j iy n a H H H x BejiHH HH X , p a c n p e p e n e i m e k o t o p h x P a x o t h 6h h h c t h h i i o

H 3B eC TH 0. . . H eO O XO pH M O CTb CTaTHCTHHeCKOI’ O a H a jIH 3 a B 03H H K aeT H3 t o t o (JiaKTa, h t o p a c n p e p e n e i m e X , a c j i e p O E a T e n b n o , h n e i t o T o p u e n e p T H

C H T y a p H H , j ie jK a m e i i b o c n o B e M aT eM aT H H ecK oii M o p e n H , H e n sB e cT H H

( 3 . J le M a H . I I p o B e p K a CTaTH CTH H ecKH x r i in o T 0 3 . 1 9 6 4 ) .

1 960 C TaTH CTH K y b p e j io M K )ji l i e n p a E j in b i i o T p a K T y e T K a n n a y K y n e M a T e p n a jib -

n y i o , a M eT O ftO JioriiH eC K yio — K aK T e o p m o , b K o T o p o f t n o c .a e p o B a T e n b n o

H 3Jiara ioT C H CTaTHCTHHecKHe M eT o^ H (n p e p H C n . B . C . H eM H H H O Ba k k h . :

/J jk. 3 . IO ji, M . f l * . Kenpajiji. T e o p i w CTaTHCTHKH. 1 9 6 0 ).. . . M aT eM aT iw ecK aH CTaTHCTHKa — caM ocTO H TenbH an n a y K a . OH a

He HBjineTCH o 6m ,ecTBennOH n a y ic o it , n e e cT b n a cT b copHajibHO-BKOHOMH- H ecK ofl CTaTHCTHKH, a cocT aB jiH eT o p n y H3 o T p a c jie f l n p H K jiapH oii MaTeMaTHKH. B e e O T p a cjin MaTeMaTHKH c x o p n u n o coB ep in en H O a 6cTpaKTHOMy («MaTeMaTHHecKOMy») x a p a ic r e p y c b o h x n a y n i iu x n oJ io jK en n fl, cnen;H - ({>HKa JKe K ajK poft O T p a cjin e e OTpaiKaeT cn eu m JiiiK y o 6ieK TH B H H x c b o h c t b

h n ep T o n p e p e j ie n n o ft c ^ e p n HBJieHHH peftcTBHTejibHOCTH. C nepH ^H H ecK aH s a p a n a MaTeMaTHHecKoii CTaTHCTHKH — nojiyH H T b C E op n u e a 6cTpaKTHO- KOjiHHecTBennHe xapaKTepuCTH KH M a ccoB on coB O K ynnoCTH n p n OTBjiene- h h h o t p e a J ib H o ro c o p e p jK a n n n H B jien im . IIoBTOMy n p n o n p e p e j ie n n H x y c - JIOBHHX KaTerOpHH H MGTOpBI MaTeMaTHHeCKOH CTaTHCTHKH lipHMeHHMH k HCCjiepoBaHHio M accoB H X co B O K y n n o cT e n h b o 6jiacTH n p n p o p H — r jia B - h h m o 6 p a 3 0 M h b o 6nacTH o 6meCTBeHHoft j k h 3 h h — o p iia ir o b r o p a 3p o M eH binefi CTeneHH. B b iH cn e n n e c a m o ft b o 3 m o j k h o c t h h x npHMeHeHHH —

HeMaJioBaJKHan, n o p o n n e jie n ca H 3 a p a n a c a M o r o CTaTHCTHKa (ia M jkb) .

19 B. B. HamiMOB 289

1 9 6 1 T Ip ii CTaTHCTircecKOH o 6p a 6oT K e r a c .a a h b j ih io t c h H a ia J ib H H M n yn K T O M

p a ccM O T p e H H n ; p e r n i o , o p u a K o , h b j ih g t c h n o 3 H a n i ie o n p e p e j i e i i i m x 06-

m ecT B enH H x HBneHHft h h x 3a i ;o n o M e p i io c T e H ( A l l g e m e i n e T h e o r i e d e r

S t a t i s t i k . A u t o r e n k o l l e k t i v ) .

1 9 6 1 CTaTHCTHKa e cT b caMOCTOHTejibHan l ia y i ia 06 o 6m ;ecTBe. IIpepMGTOM CTaTHCTHKH HBjineTCH H ccjie^ oB a H n e o 6m ;ecTB eH H nx M a ccoB H x h b j ic h h h Ha TeopeTiinecK O H o c n o B e H C T op n 'ie cK oro M aTepiiaJiH3Ma h MapKCHCTCKO- JieHHHCKOH HOJIHTineCKOH 3K0H0MHH TaKHM o 6 p a 3 0 M , HTO Ka'ieCTEO 3THX HBjieHHH IKiMCpjieTCJT KOJIHHeCTBeHHO.CxaTHCTHKa HCcjie^yeT Bee o 6jiaCTH oSmecTEeinioii jk h 3 h h na ocnoBe MapKCH3Ma-jieHHHH3Ma, npinieM 0Bjiap;eBaeT 3aAaxiaMH Sonbinoro oSieM a, KOTopue npHMO h jih KOCBeHHO CBH33HH c HJiaHHpOBaHHeM napopHoro X03HHCTBa, H CTaBHT HepOp CO60II COOTBeTCTByK>m;He OCHOBHHe sapa'in HCXOPH H3 SaKOHOE, HOCTaHOBJieHHH n TpeSoBaHHH napTHH H npaBHTeJIb- CTBa.M a p icc h 3 n re J ib c CTaJiH, TaKHM o 6 p a 3 0 M , ocHOBaTeJiHMH n p o jie T a p c ic o fi CTaTHCTHKH, B03HHKIHeH liap H p V C 6yp jK ya3H 0H CT3THCTHK0H H no.lOJKHB- i n e f i n a 'ia j io n p rn m H im a .T M io h o b o h copH ajiH C TH necK oft CTaTHCTinte; o n a eCTb c e r o p u n b o B ce x K a n in a j i i i c t h h o c k h x C T p a n a x , r p e KOM M ynifCTim ecKiie h p a S o n n e napTH H B O srjiaB jin ioT 6opi>6y p a O o n e r o K Jiacca npoTH B c b o h x 3KCH JiyaTaT0p0B./(a i im je npojieTapCKoii CTaTHCTHKH npHMeHHiOTCH p j i h BepeuHii b t o h

6opb 6H 11 yKpenjieHHH M eiKpyiiapopnoro flEroKeimjr 3a Miip nyTeM p a3o 6- jianeHHH M a x m i a p i i i i HMnepnajiHCTOB ( A . K in d e lb e rg e r . W ie arb eitet die S ta t is t ik ? ) .C op H a.T H C T H n ecK aH CTaTH CTiiK a pa3B H B aeT C H E e 3 p e , r p e cT O H in n e y B jia cT H

p a o o 'm e h K p e d b H H e c t p o h t co ii;H a jiH 3 M (T aM JKe).1 9 6 1 M aTCM aTH 'iecK an CTaTHCTiiKa 3aHHMaeTCH KaK CTaTHCTnnecKHM on iica iiH eM

p e 3y,TETaT0E onuT O B h j ih H aSjnopeH H H , TaK h n o cT p o e im e M h n p o n e p ic o i i n o p x o p n m H X MaTeMaTHHecKHx M o p e jie ii, c o p e p jK a m n x n o n n T iie B ep on T - h o c t h . E e M e io p b i p a cin n p H ioT b o 3 m o jk h o c t h n a y i i i o r o n p e fpCK33aiiH n h p a p H o iia .T M io ro h p h h h t h h peineHHH b o m h o t h x 3 a p a n a x , r p e cy m ecT B eH - H tie n a p a M e T p a n e M oryT S h t b iir-m ecTim h j ih k o i i t p o ,th p y e m h c p o cT a T o n - h o h h g t k o c t l i o (r. K o p n h T . K o p n . C npaE o'iH H K n o MaTeMaTHKe p a n n a - yHHHX paSoTHHKOB H HHJKeHepOB).

1 9 6 3 CTaTHCTHKy im o r p a o n p ep e jin iO T K an nCKyccTBO h n a y K y K O .T iw ecT B eiiiioii o6pa6oTKH HaSjiropeimii, nopEep>Keiiin>ix H3MeHeHHHM (E . V . Lewis. S tatistica l A nalysis. Ideas and M ethods).

1 9 6 3 Ile p B a H 3a p a n a M aTeM aTH 'iecKoii c t 3 t h c t h k h c o c t o h t b y K a 3aH in i c n o c o - 6 o b c 6o p a h rp y n n n p o B K H (e c j in p a im u x on eH b .va ioro) CTaTHCTimecKHx CEepeimfi.B T opaa 3apa'ia MaTe.MaTnnecKoii c t 3 t i i c t h k h c o c t o h t b pa3pa6oTKe M eio- poB aHaJiH3a CTaTHCTipiecitiix p a n n iix b 3aBHCHM0CTH o t pejieii itccjiepo- BaHHH.

290

. . . H T a K , 3 a a a H a M a T e M a T m e c K o f i c t r t h c t h k h c o c t o h t b c o a p a H m i M e-

t o ^ o b c 6o p a h o 6p a 6o T im C T a T H C T H ie cm ix p a in ii.T x h j ih n o j i y q e u n n l i a y q - h h x h n p a K T H H ecK H X b h b o a o b ( B . E . F M y p M a n . B n c y ie im c b T e o p m o B e -

poH TH O C Teft h M aT eM aT H q eci-ty ro CTaTH CTH K y).1 9 6 4 3 n a q e i iH e b t o t o c .a o n a (CTaTH CTH Ka) 3 a n o c j i e p i m e A B a c t o j k i t h h n p e T e p -

n e . i o 311aqH TC.Ti.1iH e H 3M eneH H H . C j i o b o «C T aT H C T in ;a» H M eeT o p m i K o p e m -,

c o c j i o b o m « r o c y , i a p c T E o » {state) h n e p n o n a q a .T i .n o o h o o a u a i a j r o H C K y c-

c t b o h n a y K y y n p a B j i e m i i i : n e p n u e n p e n o .p a n a T e .T H CTaTiiCTH K ii y H H B e p c n -

T e r o B T e p M a H im X V I I I b . c e r o p i w H a 3 H B a jiH C b 6h cnei],H ajiH C T aM H n o

oS m ecT B eH H H M (n o jin T iiq e c K H M ) n a y K a M . IIoC K O .T i.K y pein eH H H n p a B H T e jib -

CTBa p o n e i t o T o p o i i C T eneH H o c h o b h b a io T C H n a p a m i u x o H a c e jie H ir a , n p o -

MHIHJieHHOCTH (p e M e C J ia x ) , CejIbCKOM X03H H C TBe H T . CTaTHCTHKH, e c T e -

CTBeHHO, CTajIH H lITC peC O naT I.C !! TaKHMH p a illlH M T I, H HOCTeneHHO CJIOBO

«CTaTH CTH K a» C T a n o o n iia q a T K c 6o p A a i m u x o r o c y n a p c T B e , a 3aT eM b o -

o 6m ;e c 6o p h o 6p a 6o T K y p a i i i m x . 3 t o 3H aqeH H e c jiO B a B e e em ,e i m i p o i i o

y n o T p e 6HMO, h o na fi.T T O A aexcn h p a .T K iie i ii i ie c H 3 .\ ie iie im e a u a q e i iH n . H e r

CM H C iia c o S n p a T b A a iim .ie , e c j i n H3 b t o t o n e H 3 B jie K a e T cn K a iia n -T o n o j i t a a ,

i i CTaTHCTHKH, e cT e cT B e H H o , lia q m ia T O T 3aH H M aTbCH H iiT e p n p e T a n H e ii , i a i i -

H blX . C O B peM eH H H H CT3THCTHK H S y q a e T MCTO.pH, n p H nO M O iqH K O TO pH X

m o jk h o c g e j i a T i . b h b o a h o n o n y jiH H H H n a o c n o B e h b h h h x , K o x o p u e o G u q u o

n o n y q a iO T H3 b h 6o p k h n o n y j i H q i iH ( J . L . H o d g e s , J n , E . L . L e h m a n n .

B a s i c C o n c e p t s o f P r o b a b i l i t y a n d S t a t i s t i c s ) .

1 9 6 4 B npoTHBOHOJiOJKHOCTb T e o p H H B ep oa T H O C T eft — b t o pa3 ,pe,T n p H K T a p n o i i

M aTeM aTH K H . j ih n e e x a p a K T e p n o r jia B H H M o 6 p a 3 0 M m ip y K T H n iio e n o -

C T p o e im e , n o c K O H b K y b b t o m c j i y n a e m h nppeM b o S p a T i io M H an paB JieH H H —

o t H aS jn oR eH H H c o 6 h t h h k r n n o T e 3 e . n p n b t o m a p ry M e H T a q H H o c n o B H B a - eTCH H a B H n o p a x T e o p H H E e p o jr r i i o c T e i i , B ce cT O p o H H e e 3H aH H e K O T O p ofi,

TaKH M o 6 p a 3 0 M , 0K a3H B aeT C H c o B e p m e H H O n e o S x o A H M M M ( / ( . X y n c o i i .

CTaTH CTH K a HJIH $>H 3HK0B).

1 9 6 5 O n H c a T e .T b iia n CTaTHCTHKa — b t o M e r o /i q H C T C in io ro o n u c a i i H i i m h o t o -

H IIC jieH H H X C O B O K ynH O C T efi. B AeHCTBHTejIbHOCTH CTaTHCTHKa — BTO M e-

t o a ; K O J iirq e C T B e iiiio ro o n n c a n n H , H c n o j ib 3 y io n i ;e r o q n c j i o b K a q e c in e o fr i .e K -

t h b h o h o c h o b h ( G . C a l o t . C o u r s d e s t a t i s t i q u e d e s c r i p t i v e ) .

1 9 6 5 B a n a n a CTaTHCTHKH — a H a jiH 3 H p o B a T b o S m e c T B e m it ie H B jie n n n h y i c a 3 H -

B a T b c o o T E e T C T E y io iq u e b h b o ^ h , K o r o p u e n o M o r a io T m ia H iip o B a H H io h

BeneH H K ) l ia p O p iIO I ’O X 03H H C TB 3.

O S m e n p H H H T o c T b C T a T H C T H q ecin ix n o n a 3 a T e j ie H n M eTOAOB, i ta n h n p n n -

HHh o b y q e r a , h e t h c t c h o o T .e K T iin i io ii o c h o b o h h j ih BOSHiiKHOBeHHH C T a-

TH C T im ecK O H H a y K H , T e o p H H c t b t h c t h k h .

. . . CTaTH CTHK a K aK T e o p e T i iq e c K a n A H C u pin .T m ia n n j i n e T c a c o c T a n n o i i

q a c T b io n a y K H 06 o o i p e c T E e , o c o o e m i o b k o h o m h k h . O n a n p H iia /p q e jK H T

k n a y n a M 06 o 6m ;ecT B e , T a n K a n e e M e r o A U n p e / i i i a a i ia q e i iH a j i h a H a jiH 3 a

HBJieHHH n p n p o f l H h o f o q e c T E a . . . B T e o p C T m ie c K o i i h i ip a K r n q e c K o i i p a -

6o T e CTaTHCTHKa m n p o K o n p H M o u n e T M a T e M a T iiq e cK iie m c t o a i . t , o c o o e m i o

19* 291

onn p aeT C H oH a Ha M aTeM aTH necKyio CTaTHCTHKy — oojiaC TB MaTeMaTHKH.

H o OHa TaK me .\iano h b a h c t c h MaTeMaTHHeCKoii a h c a h h jih h o h , K aK h tb o -

peTH H ecKafl (Jm anKa, KO Topan to jk o o S h jib h o n e p n ao T c b o h m c t o a h n a Ma

TeMaTHKH ( A llg e m e in e S t a t is t ik . L e h r b u c h . A u t o r e n k o lle c t iv ) .

1 9 6 5 M a T e M a T H ie c K a ji CTaTHcTH Ka — H a y K a 06 o 6h i,hx c n o c o S a x o b p a S o T K u p e 3 y jiL T a T o n aKcnepiiM O H Ta. 0 K cn e p iiM e iiT M b p a a jiiiH H u x H a y K a x —

(J)H3HKe, XHMHH, ShOJIOTHH, MeflHI^HHe H AP- — objlaflaiO T TeM 061IIITM C B O H -

ctb o m , h t o H a h x p c a y jn /r a T b j ih h io t He TOJibKo <J>aKTopH, p e ry jin p y e M H e

SKcnepH M eH TaTopoM , h o em,e h o rp o M n o e m h o jk o ctb o C J iy n a m iH x $ a iiT o -

po B . P e 3 y jiB T a T O K cnepnM euTa, cjieA o n aT C JiB iio , o S h h h o h b jih o t c h C Jiy -

naHHOH is e .n iH im o ii. 3 a A a n a y n e n o ro — yniiAOTB 3 a c jiyn aH H H M H KOJieoa-

h h h m h AoiiCTBHO npH H H H H oro 3a K 0 H a . IIpH M eH H eM H e n p H btom n p n e M H

M o ryT 6h t b o6ib;hmh a j ih pa3JiH H H £ix H a y K . 3 t h n p n cM H h ro yqaiO T C H Ma-

TeMaTHHeCKOii C T aT iiC T iiK o ii (0 . B . M a n r y p o B , 10. K . C ojn m ,eB , 10. H. C o -

pOKHH, H. r. OO AIIH. TOJIKOBHH CJIOBapb MaTOMaTIIHOCKHX TepMHHOB).

1965 MaTOMaTHHecKaH C TaT iiC T iiK a p a 3 p a 5 a T H B a e T n p n e M H . . . , C T a p a n cB 11c -

H epnH Baiom H M o 6 p a 30 M H cnoJiB 30B aT B bcm iiH ({)o pM ai;in o , co A e p jK a m yio cH

b HMeiomeMCH orpaiiiiH eH H O M M a T e p n a jie . . . (H . B . C m h p h o b , H. B . f l y -

H H H -BapK O BCK H ii. K y p c TeopH H B cp oH T iioC T eii h M aTCM aTim ecKoii CTa-

t h c t h k h ) .

1965 K an H3BecTHo, CTaTHCTHKy nacTO oupcA CJiH iox Kan H a y n y 0 MOTOflax h c -

CJieAOBaHHH 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH MaCCOBHX HpopeCCOB. /J,JIH MaTCMaTHHCCKOH

CT8THCTHKH 3T0 06m ee OnpeAOJIOHHO MOJKHO MOAH(|)imHpOBaTL CJieAyiOmHM

o 6 pa30M : MaTCMaTHHCCKaH CiaTH CTHKa eCTB H a y K a o MOTOflax y M 0 3 a n Jiio -

neH H fl, 0 CBOHCTBax cooTBeTCTByiom eH re n e p a jiB H O ii coBOKynHOCTH Ha o c-

HOBe HaSjiiO AO H iiii HaA pen pe3eH T aT H B H 0ii b h S o p o h h o h coBO K ynH ocTBio,

npH neM AaHHH e H abjiiO A O m iii OTbupaiOTCfi H3 reH epajiBH O H co B o K y n n o cT H

b cjiyH a ttiio M n o p « A K e .

T aK H M o 6 p a 30 M , oCHOBHafl a a fla n a M aTOM aTiiHecKoii CTaTHCTHKH — p a 3 -

p a S o T K a MeTOAOB, iio 3b o jih k > ii];h x o oo Sm aTB p e 3 y jiB T a T H ua S jiiO A e m tii

(3 . I la B jio b c k h h . BBeAeHHe b MaTCMaTHHCCKyio CTaTHCTHKy).

1965 B OCHOBe CTaTHCTHHCCKOrO BHBOAa JICJKIIT HHAyKTHBHOe paCCyJKAOUHO, npHBOAflm ee k yTisepjKAOHHHM, BepHH M jih ih b c o n p eA O Jieim o ii «CTeneHBio

A0CT0B epH 0CTH». CTpOTHH CMHCJI «CTeneHH A0CT0B epH 0CTH» oSecnoHHisaoTCH

MaTeMaTHHeCKHMH MeTOAaMH I I BepOHTHOCTHHM nOAXOAOM, o 6paayiOIH,HMII

OCHOBH COBpeMeHHOH CTaTHCTIFieCKOH TeopHH (C. P. PaO . JlH H e ilH H e CTa-

THCTHHecKiie MeTOAH h h x n p iiM e H e H iie . M ., 1968).1967 B a a A a n y MaTCMaTiiHeCKoii CTaTHCTHKH b x o a h t iia y H e m io MeTOAaMH Teo

pHH nepoHTHOCTOii M a cco B H x HBJieHHH b n p u p o A e , oSm ecTBe 11 T e x H im e 11 h x HayH Hoe oboCHOisaHiie (P . IIItopm. T e o p iif l isepoHTHOCToii. M aTeM aTH-

■iccKaH CTaTHCTHKa. C T a T iiC T in e c K H ii k o h t p o jib KaneCTisa).

1967 T e o p n a B e po flT H ocT eii h M aTC M anraeeK afi CTaTHcTHKa — o G jia c T ii, TecHo

CBH3aHHHe A p y r c A p y ro M . B a a A a n a x TeopHH b o p o h t h o c t o ii Ha OCHOBe

npiiHHTOH CTaTHCTHHOcKOH m o ac-u i paccM aTpH BaioTCH BepoHTHOCTH n o -

292

H BjieH H H p a 3 j i n iiH i.ix C o S b i t h h , T o r f la n a n b 3 a A a u a x M aTeM aT im eC K O H C T a-

THCTHKH M H HM eeM H eK O T O pH e p e 3 y jIB T a T H H aS.aiOAOUHli H h o o S x o a h m o H aiiT H m o a o j ib , n p H eM J ieM y io p,Jia o n i i c a m i H s t h x p e 3y jib T a T O B ( I \ X a H ,

C . I I la n H p o . CTaTH CTH H ecK H e m o a c j ih b iim K C H O p u M x a a p a 'i a x . 1 9 6 9 ) .

1 9 6 8 iM a T O M a T in ecK a H T eop H H c t a t h c t h k h , h j i h M a T O M a T in e cK a a CTaTHCTHKa,

H BJiaeTCH paafle.T O M T e o p H H B e p o H T H o c T e ii . K a J K A a fl a a ^ a 'ia M aT O M aT H 'iecK oii

CTaTHCTHKH, K aK OHa noH H M aeT C H b 3 t o h K H H re, h b j i h c t c h , n o C y m e C T B y ,

a a A a 'i e i i T e o p H H n e p o H T H o c T e i i ( 1 0 . I l e i i M a u . B b o a h h h K y p c T e o p ir a B e -

p o f lT H o c T e fi h M a T O M a T in e cK o ii c t a t h c t h k h ) .

. . . M aTOMaTHHOCKaH CTaTHCTHKa — 3T 0 BCTBL T e o p H II BepOHTHOCTCH. B H e n p a ccM a T p H B a ioT C H a a A a 'in , cB H 3aH H H e c on ep a T H B H H M ii x a p a K T e p i i -

CTHK8MH n paB H JI H HAyKTHBHOrO HOBOAOHHH, OCHOBaHHHX n a C JiyH aH H H X

3 K cn e p H M e H T a x (T aM H te).

1 9 6 8 M eT O A H , n p H n o M o m ii k o t o p h x C T a T H C T in e cK iie A a a u M e co S n p a iO T C H , c y M -

M H pyiO TC fl H H CnOJIB3yiOTCfl H a OCHOBe OOOOIIICUHH, H 3BeCTIIH K aK CTaTH -

C T H necK H e m o t o a h , h j ih CTaTHCTHKa ( D . D . B u g g , M . A . H e n d e r s o n ,

K . H o l d e n , P . J . L u n d . S t a t i s t i c a l m e t h o d s i n t h e s o c i a l s c i e n c e s ) .

1 9 6 8 M o j k h o cK a 3aT i> , h t o M a T O M a T ir ie cK a fi CTaTHCTHKa h b j ih c t c h n a y K O H o M e-

T o s a x KOJiHHOCTBOHnoro aH aJiH 3a M a c c o B H x h b j i c h h h , yH H T M B a io in e ii o a h o -

BpeM eH H O H KaHCCTBOHnoe C B O e o 6 p a 3 H e 3T IIX H BjieH H H ( B . B . PuCAOH KO.

B e c e A H o M aTOMaTHHOCKoii CTaTH CTH K e).

1 9 6 8 C j i o b o «cTaT H C TH K a» M o w e T y n o T p e fijiH T b C H b A B y x a u a u cH H H X . n e p B o e

O B H auaeT — n o c j iO B a p io — «C H C T eM aTH uecK H c o o p a H iiL ie M H O r o r a c jie H -

H H e (|)aKTM». B T o p o e a u a 'i e a n e — « n a y K a c S o p a , K J ia cciK jjH K aA iiH h h c -

n o J ib 3 o B a H H fl T a K H x (|)aKTOB». E c j i h n p H A ep J K H B a T b cn 3 t h x o n p e A e jie H H H ,

TO CT8THCTHK — 3T 0 JIh6o 'lOJIOBOK, 3aH H TH H c S o p O M A a H H H X , JIH0O SoJIOC

h j ih M eH ee c n e A n a J in c T h n p eA C T a B H reJ ib H a y K H c t h t h c t h k h , h h m g h h o n y -

TaHHU,a 3TH X nOHHTHH nO M O raeT O0BHCHHTB AOBOJIbHO H OSjlal'OIipH HTHOO

oT H o m e H H e u n ip o K H X K p y r o B k CTaTHCTHKaM ( J . M . C r a d d o c k . S t a t i s t i c s

i n t h e C o m p u t e r A g e ) .

1 9 6 8 CTaTHCTHKa — s t o M aTO M aTinecK aa TeopH H T o r o , KaK y3HaTB h o h t o o MHpe u e p e 3 on H T ( W . T h o m p s o n . T h e F u t u r e o f S t a t i s t i c s ) .

1 9 6 8 CTaTH CTHK a B HeKOTOpOM p o A e HBJIHCTCH COBOKynHOCTBK) 3H3HHH 0 c o b o -

K y n H O C T flx 3H aH HH h j i h B 3 rjiH A aM H h m c t o a b m h B e e p a 3 p a c T a io in ;H x C fl o d j ia c T O ii 3H aH H H . H o o T o M y T p y A H o c ita 3 a T B , h b j i h c t c h j ih o n a H a y i t o i i

B C T porO M CMHCJie HJIII COBOKynHOCTBK) 3&3H HH O AeHCTBHTeJIBHHX C O 0H -

t h h x H a y K H h H e h b j i h c t c h j ih CTaTH CTHKa, c i t o p e e , (|m jioco(J )H eii h j i h m ii-

p o B o 33p eH H eM , u eM coS cT B eH H O H ayK O H ( S . G e i s s e r . I b i d . ) .

1 9 6 8 M H e H paBH TCH c j i e A y io m e e i t o p o T K o e h t o h u o c o n p e A e j i e n n e CTaTHCTHKii:

«C T aTH C T H K a 3aH H M aeTCH c S o p o M h H H T O p H p eT a p H eii A a H H H X » ( J . T u k e y . I b i d . ) .

H 6h co r jia cH J iC H c o c jie A y io m ,H M on p e A e J ie H H e M CTaTH CTHKii: s t o o T p a c J ib

n pH K A aA H O H M aTeM aTH K H , K O T O pafl 3aH H M aeTC fl B OCHOBHOM ( x o t h H H e

HCKJIIOUHTejIBHo) CTOXaCTHUOCKHMH n pop O C C aM H (T aM H te ).

293

H h o r h h CTaTHCTHK He M oweT He HpH3HaTi>, h t o o h a o ji/K o h npHHHM aTB M np

TaKHM, KaKOB OH OCTL (TaM H te).

H t o T aK oe CTaTHCTHKa? B h j i o M Horo ee o np eflejiO H tra; b u a y H iiu x c ia T B f ix S m jih T in axo jiB H o co Sp aH M c o t h h o n p e p o jie m iii. f l caM fla.T h o c k o j i lk o . . .

E c t b n a S irra H o cT p o T a : c t h t h c t h k — s t o h o .to b o k, K o ro p M ii Ha ocHoBe He-

apeKBaTH M x f la in iu x penaOT p a n e K o ii f ly m iic BMBOflM. . . O flH a k o ro p a 3 flo

So.Tee afleKBaTHHM o n p efle jie n H e M 6m jio 6m c jie p y io m e e : «CTaTiiCTHKa —

s t o 'ia c T L 3a n yT aH H o ft i i nep enjiO T eH H o ii ceTH , cBH3HBarc>meM M a T C M am u y,

u a y n iiy io <J>iuioco<j>Hio h f lp y m e o T p a c jiH n a y it , B K Jiio 'ia n h sitcn e p H M e n -

T a .a m y io B M o o p K y , c TeM, h to flonaoTCH n p H aH aJiH 3e n m o r f l a n p H c6 o p e flaiiH M X)) (TaM Hte).

CTaTHCTHKa CBH3aHa c TeM, h to flenaeTCH n p n a n a fliia e fla H H H x — co e c o m n p o p e cc o M , KOTopHft flOJinteH B K jno n aT b u e p c fla H y p e 3y jib T a T 0 B H a fljie n ta -

m,eii r p y n n e m m c j ih ih h x iiH fliiiiiiflO B (TaM Hte).

19 6 8 T o , HeM m h aaim.MaOMCH, sto n e h t o HHoe K a it caM ocTOHTejiBHHH MeTOfl

H a y n H o ro iiccjieflO B aH H H — H cityccT B o co3flaH H H h a H a jiH 3 a fla H H H x , n p n

noMom;H k o t o p h x m h y3H aeM neHTo HOBoe ( G . E . P . B o x . I b i d . ) .

U p o p e c c onTHMH3aii,HH n a y H H H x HCCjieflOBanHH — h He 3H aio , n a y n a s t o

h j ih HeT, h o s t o , n o-M oeM y, t o , H ero m h nHTaeM Cfl a o c t h h l (tsm Hte).

f l fly M a io , 6 h j io B o o 6in e 60 jib h i o il o ii ih 6 k o h H 3o6pecT H TepMHH «MaTeMaTn-

n e c K a fl CTaTHCTHKa». O t o t it p y m iH H n p o M a x n p H B e ji it b o 3 h h k h o b 6 h h io d o flb iu o ro HHCjia T p y flu o c T o ii (TaM Hte).

1 9 7 0 CTaTHCTHKa — H a y ita , H 3yH aioin;aH itojiHH ecTBeH HH e oTHonieHHH M acco

B H x oSm ecTBeH H H X flB jie H H ii. C iaT H C T H K a p a 3p a 6aTHBaOT MeTOflH k o jih -

H e cT B e n n o ro aH a JiH 3a , ito To pH e b coBO K ynH ocTH o 6 p a 3 y io T CTaTHCTHHecityio

MeTOflOJiorHio i i H cnoJiB 3yio T C H f lp y n iM ii n a y K a M H (<f>H jioco$CKafl 3 h d ;h k jio -

n e flH fl, t . 5 ).

B c o flH a JiL H o ii o 6 ;ia c T n CTaTHCTHHecKiie 3a K o n o M e p n o cT H fle iicT n yiO T K ait

33 K 0H H MaCCOBHX HBjieH HH , B03H H K 3H Ha 6 a 30 3aito H a 6 o j i l i i i h x H H ceji:

o np efle jie H H H e 3aKOHOMepHHe ItojiHH ecTBeH HH e cooTHom eHHH b h h b jih io t c h 3flOCL TOJIBKO B CTaTHCTHHeCKOH COBOItynHOCTII (TaM Hte).

1 9 7 0 B CTaTHCTHKy BXOflHT TeopHH BepOHTHOCTOii H CJiyHailHHO n p o p e c c b l. C T a

THCTHKa, cjieflO BaTeJiBH o, BKJHOnaeT Bee Te o T p a c jin MaTeMaTHKH, K O T opue

HcnoJiB3yiO TCH flJIH a n a JiH 3 a h noH HM anHH h h c jio h h h x iia 6 jiio f le iiH ii (113- M epenH H ), o C o 6o uh o T e x , KOTOpHe uo fln e p /K e iiM b j ih h h h io c j iy n a a

(H . 0 . L a n c a s t e r . P r o b le m s i n th e B i b l io g r a p h y o f S t a t is t ic s ) .

1 9 7 0 B O J l b f l l H X f l H C E J I 3 A K O H b S K O H O M H H e c i t o i i h a y k e h b c o -

H H a j I B H O - S K O H O M H H e C K o l C T a T H C T H K e . . . He B CO-

CTOHHHH HH H3MeHIITb CpeflHHH ypO BeHb HBjieHHH, HH BH 3BaTB yCTOHHn-

b o c tb flH H aM H necK oro p H fla y p o B H e ii, i i n n p e flO n pefleJiiiT B paa.ucpM o t -

K Jion en H H o t cp e flH e ro yp o B H H , h h TeM 6o :ie e c jiy n t iiT b o 6a ,f ic iie iiin o p e a n b -

h h x n p iiH H H Bo3HiiKHOBeHHH ca M o ro ypo B H H h j i h OTKJioHeHHH o t H e ro .

OTCiOfla f lc n a n o jm a a HecocTOHTeJiBHOCTB a H T H H aym iM x n onH TO K HeKOTo-

p n x 6 y p H ty a 3 H H x y a e H i.ix u p iin n c a T B B o jib im ix n u c e ji 3 a it0 H y 'ly f lo fle ri-

294

C T B em iyio , h o h t h M iiC T iiqecK yio cn ocoO iioC T L TisopiiTL 3aK0H0MepH0CTi> Ha x a o c a a r o S n x ca ya a ftH oC T oii, p a w e c c a n b h h x BHyTpeHHHH h c o S x o p h m o c t b , B nyTpeH H flfl 3aK0H0M epH0CTb n He a aa o /K C u a , — a in iiL 6h 6i.m o «6oJii>moe H H cao» e p in n ip , K O T opoe h k o S u ca m o n o c e 6e , He3aBHCHM0 o t cynpHoCTH MaCCOBOro flnaCHHH HpiIBOPHT K B03HHKH0BeHHI0 3aK0H0MepH0CTH B HeM. BonLum x HH ceji 3 3 k o h He o 6 p a 3 y e T 3 a k o hom o p h o c t l , a j ih h ib ynpanaH O T ee npoH B Jiem ieM ( ® . J Ih b h ih i;. B C 3, 3-e H3p . , t . 3, 1970).

1971 IIpepM eT h c o p e p w a H iie MaTOM aTiiqecKoii c t 3 t h c t h k h KaK p a 3 h c o c t o h t b p a 3 p a 6 o T K e papH O H aabH H x u p n oM on h M eTopoB naSaiopciinH, c S o p a h aH a jn i3 a C T aT iicT n iecK H X paH H U x (H . II. I (a p e r p a p c K n i i . K ypc acKpirii no TeopH H BOpOflTHOCTOii H MaTeMaTHHeCKOH CTaTHCTHKe).

I I p i M O J K e H n e I I

Ilepe^ieH b KapTHH [ 9 8 ]

1 . H036(j> IlCTJiep (cOBpCUOililWii XypontH H K , BeXOCJIOBaKHfl) — «HaTK>pMOpT»( M a c a o , 5 0 X 6 1 cm ), 1 9 4 9 .

2 . fD p a H T H u ieK O o p t h h ( c o B p e M e im U H x y p o jK H H K , H e x o c a o B a i t H f l ) — « M a c a o » ( M a c a o , 8 0 X 1 1 6 cm ), 1 9 3 5 — 1 9 3 6 .

3 . P o S e p T r a y i i i e i i o e p r ( p . 1 9 2 5 r . , C I I I A ) — « K p o n a T L » (K o n c T p y K p iiH1 8 8 X 7 9 cm ), 1 9 5 5 .

4 . H h K o t h k ( c o B p e M o im b m x y p o w n i i K , H e x o c a o B a K H f l ) — « } I { i iB o n n c i> b n p o - C T paH C T B e» ( a K p n a . x o j i c t , B U c o T a 5 7 cm ), 1 9 6 6 .

5 . B a c n a H H K a H p iiH C K iiii ( 1 8 6 6 r . , M o c K B a — 1 9 4 4 r . , I l e i m - i i a - C o H e ) — «T e M H o -K o p H H H 6B0e » ( 8 3 X 7 2 cm ), 1 9 2 4 .

6 . B acH H H H K aH p H H C K iifi — « K o M n o 3Hu;Hfl X » ( 1 3 0 X 1 9 5 cm ), 1 9 3 9 .7 . H > K y 3 e n n e CaH T0M a30 (p . 1 9 0 7 r . , B e a e n p e , I lT a a n a ) — «B H T a c e r p e T a » , 1 9 6 1 .8 . P o S e p T O M a T T a ( p . 1 9 1 2 r . , C a H T -H r o , H h .u i) — (J jp ecK a b 3paH H H C e K p e -

T a p n a T a I O H E C K O b I la p H H te , 1 9 5 8 .9 . K a 3HMHp M a a eB H H ( 1 8 7 8 r . , K rieis — 1 9 3 5 r . , J l e m m r p a p ) — « C y n p e M a -

T H a ecK a H KOM no3HH;HH» ( M a c a o , 5 0 X 4 4 cm ), 1 9 1 5 .1 0 . K a p a A n n e a r . ( p . 1 9 2 1 r . , A M C T ep p a M ) — (J )p ecr ;a b 3paH H H C e K p e T a p H a T a

I O H E C K O b I la p H H te , 1 9 5 8 .1 1 . B n a a e M p e K y H H H r ( p . 1 9 0 4 r . , P o T T e p p a M ) — « I I o a p e H b » ( M a c a o , x o a c T ) ,

1 9 4 7 — 1 9 4 8 .1 2 . 3 a r . J Ih c h h p k h h ( 1 8 9 0 r . , M o c K B a — 1 9 4 1 r . , C M o a e n c K ) — « I I p o y H 3 0 - T »

(K O M SH H H pO B aH H afl T ex H H K a , 5 0 X 6 2 cm ), 1 9 2 0 .1 3 . A i i t o i i I I e B 3H ep ( 1 8 8 6 r . , O p e a — 1 9 6 2 r . , I la p H H t) — « K o M n o 3iin,H H »

(Macao, pepeBO, 5 3 X 3 5 cm ), 1 9 2 3 .1 4 . X y a H M n p o ( p . 1 8 9 3 r . , B a p c e a o H a ) — « y K i iB o im c b » ( M a c a o , x o a c T ) , 1 9 5 3 .1 5 . O r i o c T X 3p 5n n ( p . 1 8 8 2 r . , C D p a im iM ) — « J I e T o » ( M a c a o , x o a c T ) , 1 9 5 2 .1 6 . J l y m o fD o H T a H a ( 1 8 8 9 — 1 9 6 8 ) — «H p o cT p a iT C T B e H H o ~ o6 'f.eM iToe n oH H T H e —

0H tH p a iin e » ( 5 e a o e n o a o T H o ) , 1 9 5 9 .1 7 . 3 K a n A p n ( p . 1 8 8 7 r . , O r p a c 6y p r ) — « P e a b e $ b p e p e B e » , 1 9 2 2 .1 8 . M a n e B n a a ( p . 1 9 0 8 r . , HlBefipapHfl) — « H e T u p e p f lp a b 3eaenoM n o a e »

(Macao, 8 0 X 8 0 cm ), 1 9 6 6 — 1 9 6 7 .1 9 . B a p a a n B o u i t h k (c o b p c m c h h m h xypojKnHK, HexocaoBaKHfl) — «K p a C H an

ii 3eaenafl» (M a ca o , x o a c T , 2 0 X 1 6 cm ), 1 9 4 5 .

I I p e f f M e T H b i H y K a a a i e j i b 1

AptfiaBHT 4 5 — 4 7 , 155aOcTpaKraoft jkhboiih ch 179 reH eraneCK oro K opa 1 9 6 , 1 9 7 , 199 MOp4>OJIOrHH HBCeKOMBIX 190 npepM eraoiS ikhboiih ch 1 9 0 , 191

A H rpn iicK aH PHHrBHCTHHecKan n n topa 3 7 , 3 8 , 5 5 , 5 6 , 6 7 — 6 9 , 81

BettecaOnorpatfiHH 74 TeopeM a 7 4 — 77

H BepOHTHOCTHajr MOHejIb HBHKa 77 — 96 , 1 4 8 , 2 0 4 , 21 7

B pHTMHHeCKHX TeKCTax 241 B H3BIK03HaHHH H KOHpenpHH COBpeMeil-

HOft 4>h3hkh 1 0 9 — 111 b H3HKe OHOJiorHHeCKoro Kopa 199

BeiiCKHit K p yw oK 2 8 , 34

repePH TeopeMa 6 9 — 74CJiepCTBHH H3 n ee 4 3 , 9 9 , 198

rpaMMaTHKa 2 2 , 2 7 , 3 0 , 3 2 , 4 5 — 47aOcTpaKTHOtt jkh bo iihch 1 7 9 — 1 8 0 , 189 reneTHHeCKoro Kopa 1 9 6 , 1 9 7 , 19 9 KOHTeKCTHO-CBOSopHOrO H3BIKa 14 4 — 145 H JiorHKa 1 6 , 2 8 , 4 8 , 5 8 , 6 5 , 6 6 , 8 3 , 9 6 —

1 0 5 , 1 0 8 — 1 0 9 , 1 4 3 — 1 4 5 , 1 5 7 , 1 6 2 , 16 7 jiornqeCKaH 3 6 , 3 7 , 4 7 , 4 8 , 6 6 , 6 7 , 6 9 , 7 2 ,

9 0 — 9 1 , 9 7 , 99 Mop4>OJiorHH HaceKOMBix 190 HopoiKHaiomaH 144 npepM eraoft HraBonHCH 190 npHKpapHOft MaTeMaTHKH 1 6 8 , 169 <j)HJIOCO({)CKaH 4 yHHBepcajiLHan 6 , 147

gOnOJIHHTejIBHOCTH npHHPHn 103HoKyMeHT 11 8

HHaK H 3HaHeHHe 1 7 — 2 4 , 2 7 , 2 8 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 6 , 4 7 — 4 8 , 5 9 , 7 4 — 9 6 , 10 5 — 1 0 8 , 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 9 , 191 — 1 9 5 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 8 , 20 0

I I m h 1 0 — 1 1 , 1 9 , 3 4 , 5 8 , 66 b B h Op h h 1 0 — 11 B B e p a x 1 0 — 11 y IIjiaTOHa 10 TeopHH HMeHH 2 0 2 — 212

IlmjjopM aiiHH 4 0 , 4 2 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 9 , 21 0 B aOCTpaKTHOft HIHBOnHCH 178 B OHOjiorHiecKOM Kope 4 2 , 1 9 6 — 201

T lH tfto p M a T H K a 5 , 2 5 8 K O H T H H ya P B H O C T B C 03H aH H H

Iip H OHOXHMHHeCKOM B 03 ;re ftC T B H H 2 3 3 — 2 3 4 , 251

b rH n H 0 3e 2 3 1 — 23 2b m n o T e s e o n oT O K a x co3HairaH 2 5 0 — 25 4 b KypB Type cpepneBeKOBoii P o c c h h 2 1 9 —

220b M ep H T aH H H X 2 2 6 — 231B M H p 0 B 0 3 3 p e H H H H C H X a3M B 2 3 5 — 237 B M y 3 B IK a jIB H H X T e K C T a x 208 B npH O B IB C K MOJIHaHIIIO 112 b n o i i H M h h h h i i a y q i i b i x t b k c t o b 2 2 5 — 226 b n oH H M a H H H B p e M e H H 2 4 6 — 250 B p H T M e TeK CTO B 2 3 9 — 246 B CeM BHTHHeCKOM M H 0 r 0 0 6 p a 3 H H H 3 H K a

9 — 32 B CH O B H peH H H X 233 B CH H eCTeTH H eCK O M KHHO 237 — 239 B <J>HPOCO({>HH P 3 3 H 107 , 2 3 4 — 235 b $ h p o c o $ h h p p e B i i e f t H h p h h 1 9 3 — 195

J lo r H H e C K H e aT O M H 2 8 , 3 6 , 8 2 , 9 6 , 2 0 4 J X orH H eC K H ii n o3 H T H B H 3 M 2 9 , 3 5 , 3 6 , 3 7 , 3 8 ,

4 9 , 6 6 , 6 7 , 6 9 , 9 1 , 9 6 , 195

MeTan3BiKn e p a p x H H h 3b ik o b 5 3 — 5 9 , 98 M aT eM araK a KaK MeTaH3BiK 1 6 7 , 168 MaTeMaTHHeCKaH CTaTHCTHKa K an M eTa-

H3BIK 1 2 5 , 1 3 0 , 1 6 7 , 1 6 8 M e T a tfio p a 1 0 0 — 104

b H ayH H oit TepM HHOPOrrai 1 1 9 — 1 2 1 , 1 2 3 , 174

H n p H H iiH n p o n o J iH H T e jiB iio C T H B o p a 103 M h 4>

M H$ H HMH 2 0 5 — 2 0 6My3BIKajIBHHe npOH3BepeHHH KaK MHlilH

2 0 8 — 21 2m h4>o H 3H K e — b l i c k a 3 bib a n ii i i M C TaiiaO jno-

p a T e p n 2 5 9 — 261

I t a p a p o K C B i ceM a H T H P eC K H e 5 3 — 5 5 , 9 6 — 1 0 0 , 24 4

I l e p e B o p 1 4 5 — 148BepOHTHOCTHOe TOPKOBaHHe 8 9 — 90 KaK H H TepnpeT apH H 5 9 — 6 0 , 8 9 , 1 4 5 — 146 ManiHHHBift 3 6 , 1 4 8 , 20 7 c a n rp H iiC K o ro H3Bm a 147 c o p H o r o p n a p e K T a MaTeMaTHKH H a p p y r o f l

171c $ p a i m y 3 C K o r o H 3 H K a 1 4 6

1 B yiiaaaT ePb He BKpioHeHBi TepMiniBi, ncTpcqaioipiiecfi b npH JioiK em inx.

296

C H3HKa aOCTpaKTHOft JKHBOHHCH 1 8 7 , 18 8 h ocoOeim ocTH p y cc K o ro asbiKa 147

IlOHHTHe 1 4 , 1 8 , 2 7 , 2 9 , 3 8 IlpOTHBOpeHHH

b HayK e 1 0 2 — 1 0 4 , 121 b MaTeMaTHKe 1 0 3 — 104 B $H 3H Ke 10 2 — 103B oOupeHHOft p en n 9 6 — 1 0 2 , 1 0 4 — 1 0 5 ,

2 4 3 — 2 4 4

C h h o h h m h h 8 4 — 8 5 , 1 9 8 , 2 4 1 — 24 2 C T p y K T yp a jiH 3M 6 , 1 7 , 2 5 , 3 0 , 32

TepMHHHBaBHJIOHCKHe TpyjtHOCTH 13 3 — 135 BHCKa3HBaHHH O TepMHHe

«BOJIHH BepOHTHOCTH» 151 — 153 «HH$opM anHH» 1 2 6 — 129 «MaTeMaTHHeCK3H CT3THCTHKa» 125 — 1 2 6 ,

1 3 0 , 2 7 2 — 2 9 5 «MOHejib» 1 2 4 — 125 «3KcnepHMeHT» 1 3 8 — 13 9

MeTa$opHaeCKHft xapaK T ep 1 1 9 — 1 2 1 , 1 2 3 , 17 3

B H ayK e 3 4 , 3 5 , 4 9 , 8 4 , 11 6 — 130 OTKpuTHft xapaK T ep 139 KaK noKa3aTeJib npHHapjiejKHoCTH K KJiaiiy

13 4nOJIHMOp$H3M 1 2 1 — 130 npeCTHJKHHft xapaK T ep 130 CJieHroBHft xapaK T ep 1 3 0 — 132

H 3H KaOcTpaKTHoft JKHBonHCH 5 0 , 1 0 5 , 1 7 8 — 1 9 5 ,

2 0 9KaK aJireOpa 1 2 , 1 3 , 2 6 , 2 9 , 3 6 , 38 apxH TeK Typa 114 6e33HTpOHHtoOCTb 6 0 — 61 OHOjiHOrpatfiHqecKHx cc h jio k 4 5 , 5 1 — 52 OHOJiorHHeCKOro K opa 5 — 6 , 1 0 , 4 2 , 4 4 ,

1 9 6 — 201 HByH3HKOBaH CTpyKTypa

&H3HKH 15 4oO u H e H H o ro H3MKa 1 5 4 , 155

A33H-<J>hjiocoi{ihh 1 0 7 , 1 2 1 , 2 3 4 — 2 3 5 , 2 4 3 — 2 4 4

ApeBHeeBpeftCKHX k h h t 1 1 3 , 24 2 ApeBHeHHAHftCKOft $HJIOCOltlHH 1 0 6 — 1 0 7 ,

191 — 195

HepapxHaeCKaH CTpyKTypa 4 9 — 5 3 , 1 6 7 — 16 8

HKOHOnHCH 72c jKeCTKOft CTpyKTypoii 3 3 , 3 5 — 3 6 , 3 8 ,

1 0 5 — 1 0 8 , 1 9 6 — 201 jK apron a 9 3 — 95 ,HrpoBan m oacjih 2 6 — 2 7 , 3 2 — 3 3 , 3 7 — 3 9 ,

7 3 — 7 4 , 1 9 8 " ------HCKycCTBa 2 6 , 5 2 , 5 9 , 1 0 8 — 1 0 9 , 1 7 8 — 1 9 5 ,

2 0 8 — 20 9 HCKycCTBeHHuA 3 1 , 6 7 , 6 8 , 154 K H O e p H e T H n e cK H ft n o A x o A k H a y n e H H io

5— 7 , 1 4 , 1 9 , 2 5 , 3 1 , 3 7 , 114 KOHTeKCTHO-CBOOOAHHft 14 3 — 14 8 KJiaCCH<(>HKaHHH KaK H3HKOBue 3aAaHH

6 3 — 6 4 , 1 1 7 — 11 8 H K yjibT ypa 1 1 2 , 1 1 4 , 1 9 5 , 2 1 0 , 211 JiHHetaoCTb 24j io r H H e c K a H C T p y K T y p a 4 , 1 6 , 3 7 , 38 M aT eM aT H K H 9 1 , 1 0 5 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 4 , 1 4 0 — 1 4 3 ,

2 5 9b $ H 3 H K e 1 4 8 — 15 8 B A P y T H X 3HH H H H X 1 5 8 — 162 AHajieKTH 1 7 1 — 173

MeTaHaOjuoAaTejiH BHCKa3HBaHHe 2 5 9 — 26 2 H B3TJIH A H a m h p 12 — 1 3 , 1 7 , 1 0 7 , 11 4 H M H iH jie H H e 7 , 12 — 1 3 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 0 — 2 2 , 2 7 ,

2 9 , 3 1 , 4 4 , 4 9 , 7 2 , 1 0 8 — 1 0 9 , 195 c M H T K oft C T p y K T y p o i i 3 4 , 3 6 , 3 8 , 1 0 5 —

1 0 8 , 1 7 7 — 195 H e J iH H e t o o c T b 61HeAOCTaTOHHOCTb H3HKOBHX B03MOJKHOCTefl

111 — 115 H nCHXOJIOTHH 14onpeaejieHHe 7 , 1 7 , 2 2 , 2 4 , 3 1 , 3 9 , 4 1 , 49 H npeAM eraaH JKHBonHCb 5 1 , 1 9 0 , 2 0 9 pa3MepH0CTb 6 1 — 6 4 , 20 0 KaK caMoopraHH3yioiAaHCH CHCTeMa 5 H CBepTKa HHtfjopManHH 4 1 , 4 5 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 ,

198ceManTHHeCKaH niK ajia 1 0 5 — 1 0 8 , 2 0 0 H cjiynaiiHOCTb 44 niH30({ipeHHKOB 9 2 , 1 0 4 — 105 niyTKa 8 7 , 9 2 , 2 0 3 , 2 1 6 — 21 7 H (JjHiiocotfiHH 3 , 2 8 — 2 9 , 3 8 , 1 2 2 , 195 $HJIOCO$HH 3K3HCTeHHHajIH3Ma 195 HBeTOBoro BocnpHHTHH 6 2 — 63

A b T O P C K H H

A apoH C O H 2 3 2 , 271 A O e jib 1 5 0 — 1 5 3 , 2 6 8 A e o p h h h c e C. 2 5 2 , 2 7 0 A BryCTH H 2 4 8 AA aM ap 1 7 4 , 2 2 1 — 2 2 5 , 270 A a jie p 2 3 3 , 271 A k h h a h h 2 3 6AjieKcaHAPOB A . 2 0 7 , 2 6 9 AjieKcaHSpoBa 3 . E . 8 4 , 8 5 , 2 6 6 AHaHA 2 5 3 , 27 1 A H aK carop 2 1 7 A h a p o h h k PoAOCCKHii 53 AHAPyKOBHH II . <D. 9 5 , 1 7 8 — 1 9 1 , 26 6 A h t o h h o h h 20 5 AnpeCHH K ). f l . 4 7 , 2 6 9

1 B y K a 3 aT eJ ib H e BKjnoqeHH aB T O p u ,

y K a a a i e j i b 1

A p 6 n 6 7 1 , 26 5 ApHCTOTejib 5 3 , 2 4 6 , 24 8 AxMaHOBa O . G. 1 2 7 , 1 2 8 , 2 1 3 , 267 AHHHCTefiH 3 5 , 3 7 , 1 1 6 — 1 1 9 , 2 6 4 , 26 7

E a jiA e B C h h t x 2 5 3 , 271 B ajuiH 2 5 , 3 6 , 6 1 , 26 4 BapHHOBa 3 . B . 1 9 1 — 1 9 5 , 2 6 8 BappeTT 2 1 2 , 2 6 9 BapTJieii 1 9 , 26 9 BapTJieT 161 Bap$HJiA 100B ap-X H JU ieji 4 , 5 , 1 2 8 , 2 6 3 , 26 9 B a cK a K O B B ji. 2 0 5 , 26 9 BaCTHH 25 0

ynoMHHaeMbie h pHTHpyeMLie b npHjioiKeHHHX.

297

B a T y jio n a r . A. 213B eftec 7 4 — 96 , 148 , 154 , 199 , 2 0 4 , 213 , 217 ,

241 BeKKeT 108 B ep rcoH 2 4 0 , 248 B ep K a 54 , 265 EepKMaH 234 , 270 B ernt 2 5 1 , 271 B h p io K o b B . B . 178 , 268 E j i o k A . 112 E jio x m m e B II . 157 EayM(|)HJiH 19 , 264 BJI3K 4 , 46 , 48 , 54 , 66 , 101 , 263 , 265 B on yaH « e K ypTeH 3 15, 17, 263 BOKC 176 , 268 BojibijM aH 249 BoHnapeHKO B . H . 112 , 270 B o h h h 2 4 9 , 270B o p 1 0 2 — 103 , 150 , 250 , 266 , 268E op H 151B o t t 147 , 267BpaMC 224E p a y a p 166BpHH/KMCH 152B p o t a b J ly a ne 109 , 14 5 — 146 , 151 , 153 , 267S p a n ™ 67Bp3KxeftH>K 238E y n a roB P . A . 129 , 267EypOaKH 70 , 140 , 160 , 167 , 265E io n e p 21

B a m e p 224 B a H -r o r 107 B apnaaM 236 B a x eK 2 2 , 264 B eG raep 79, 85 , 2 1 5 , 266 B e itep n rrp a cc 172 B e t a b 141 , 166 , 267 B efiitaeK op 152 BeH R jiep 74 265 BeT poB A . A . 31 , 264 BiuibM aH -rpaCoBCKa 192 , 194 , 268 B ra iep 28 , 126 , 159 , 264 BHTreHnrreftH 10 , 19 , 2 6 — 2 8 , 29 , 30 , 35 , 37,

40 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 55 , 56 , 73 , 79 , 81 , 82 , 90 , 97 , 102 , 107 , 113 , 114 , 2 0 6 , 2 2 6 , 2 4 4 — 245 , 2 6 3 , 264

BmnHHKOBa C. M . 215 , 269 BojlKOHCKHti G. 2 4 2 , 270 B o j io i i i h h o b B . H . 113 , 267 B orn ,® X . 156 B o p o o b e s T . B . 127 , 267

raBpaiOBa JI. n . 199, 269 T a ftn e H K O n . 195, 269 raitnH 209 T a j ib n e p H H I I , P. 215 T a jib T O H 222, 223 ra ffln m ra K . H . 61 rapTHH 12, 263 rap$HHH 50, 265 r a y c c 222T e re jib 66 , 195 , 248Teft3eH0epr 103, 109, 113, 151, 2 48 , 266PettTH Hr 166, 268T eftra ep 151TeJiJiep E . C. 178 , 268rernmep 69, 73, 74, 265re jib B em iit 67 , 265rennejib 209T e c c e 32 , 38 — 39, 191 , 264 re n e j ib 43 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 148 , 160 rm ibO epT 53 , 71 , 123 , 141 , 142

298

rm iapeBCK tift P . C. 1 2 6 , 1 2 7 , 2 6 7 r n H 3 6 y p r 1 4 3 , 1 4 5 , 26 7 ro66c 1 1 , 2 6 3 P o ro jib H . B . 20 5 TojiHMan 2 1 2 , 26 9 TopCKHfl II . 1 7 8 , 2 6 8 rpanoBCKHii K ). B , 1 3 5 , 26 7 TpaccM aH 62 TpeK C>. 2 3 6rpuCKOB B . C. 9 5 , 1 7 8 — 1 9 1 , 266F p H r o p b e B a T . I I . 107 , 266rpHM3eJib 15 6T p h m m 13ryaHb-p3H 112r y H 7 5 , 2 6 5rynn 2 1 9 , 27 0ryMOojibHT 7 , 1 2 , 1 7 , 3 6 , 114 T y p a J iH H K 2 1 5

fla jiH 1 0 8 , 2 6 8fla jib B . I I . 79KaHOHH 10 . B . 99 , 101 , 266f le f l K M a H 2 2 7 — 2 2 8 , 2 7 0II t5p(t>(t>ejii> 59HmeMC 2 3 4 , 2 5 4 , 2 7 0 , 271H j k h h c 152H m oH ac 237 , 271H h o h o p K p o h o c 98J(HpaK 14 9J Io O p O H p a B O B I I . 2 3 , 26 4 f lo f i j i 1 7 6H p o r a j i H H a IK. A . 2 3 9 — 24 6 II9BHCCOH 151 H h h k o b 3 2 , 2 6 8

E b k j i h h 70 EjibMCJieB 7 , 24, 25

JKerHH JI. <D. 52, 265

BaOojiopKHii H . 242 3aBaHCKan E . B . 107 , 112 , 266 3 a n e 96 , 269 3 a p a n o B P . X . 209 , 269 3B erHHpeB B . A . 12 , 13, 14 , 16, 20 , 21 , 24,

25 , 263 3B0HKHH A . K . 42 , 264 3enOH 2 47 , 249 HBaHOB B . B . 10 , 263

IlHifeJibH 12 1 , 267 H oaHH 12 8 , 2 0 6 , 2 6 0 HoHecKO 10 8 I lq a c 1 9 6 — 1 9 8 , 2 6 8

K a3an H H 1 0 5 , 26 6 K aft3ep 76 KaHHHHCKHit B . 187 KaHT 6 3 , 6 6 , 1 2 2 , 1 9 5 , 24 8 K a n p a 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 , 271 K apaT eon opH 149K a p n a n 3 7 , 38^ 6 7 , 7 1 , 102 , 1 1 6 , 1 2 8 , 245 , 26 4KappeBCKHfl G. O . 20KacaM OTyc 2 5 3 , 271K a c ra e p 166 , 268K e n y jie 22 4KeMenH 67KeiinaJiJi 1 6 6 , 2 6 7 , 20 8 K ero iep 120 K ep yaK 107 Kmfcep 2 5 3 , 271 KJiee 1 8 0 , 2 0 8

K jie fin 123K jiH M eH K O A . n . 86, 265 K jiiihh 57 , 141 , 142 , 168 , 265 K o6o3eB H , H . 60 , 205 K o 3 J iO B a M . G. 19, 36, 38, 69, 263 Ko3i>ipeB B . n . 95, 17 8 — 191, 266 K o j i M o r o p O B A . H . 42, 43 , 44 , 128 , 159 , 109,

268K o it f la K O B H . H . 97 , 126, 260 K on p a fl H . H . 107, 260 K oiuieH A 224K o m n m n . B . 3 , 31 , 113 , 263K op6io3i>e 114KopnaHO 224K ocT H H a C. r. 155K ora n 174— 175K pefl3ep 54, 265K pra i 196 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 269K p m m iie p 224 , 232 , 271KpiiniHaMypTH 1 1 3 , 2 2 6 , 24 3K p o r e p 232 , 271KyHHTOH 29 , 30 , 264K y 3 H e p o B O. A . 228 , 229KyJMKOB H . 1 0 8 , 26 6K yra n ep B . A . 167 , 269K a p o jm 15, 36 , 104 , 263

JIaKaTOc 1 3 9 , 26 7J la n re p 52 , 113 , 204 , 2 0 8 , 265J Ia H A a y JI. 157JIaftOHC 144 , 267J la n n a c 157JleBH -Bprojib 108 , 210 , 261 , 269JleBH -CTpocc 208JleBHH JI. A . 42 , 264J leftfim m 3 4 , 109 , 115 , 141 , 160 , 169JleK T opC K iift B . A . 55 , 265-HeM 8 3 , 2 6 6 , 2 6 9J leoH T beB 176 , 268JIiiBeHTajib 201 , 269Jlm iA ceii 253 , 271Jliitfmiim E . M . 157JIok k 12 , 263J I o m o h o c o b M . B . 156JIopeH p 225JIblOHC 54JIapA 95, 266JIjm yn oB A . A . 134 , 267

M aK -K m a 223 , 271 M aK -K opM aK 120 , 121 , 267 MaKCBena 248 MajieBHA K . 189 ManAenbraTaM JI. H . 225 , 270 MaHAeAbniTaM O. 9 . 19, 264 MapTHHO 234 , 235 , 270 M a ca o 244 , 247 , 270 , 271 M aTeaiiyc 22 M a rn cc 107 , 112 M efieiiA O p$ 219 . 235 , 270 MeiSpiiHK 113 , 267 Mepe.q.q 249 , 250 , 270 MemaHHHOB II. II . 22 , 264 M u iijiep 26 , 264 MiuiKOBCKHii 63 M h t p o x h h J I . 2 54 , 271 MiixaitAOB A . H . 126 , 127 , 267 M o ra p 223 , 271 MopaHAH 209 MoppHC 23 , 264 M opapT 209M yabqeHKO 3 . M . 73, 135, 162 , 259 , 265 , 268 M y p 28 , 37 , 67 , 265

M io jijiep 223 , 271

Ha6oKOB B . 94 , 14 6 — 147, 268 H a re jib 71, 72 , 265 H aftAa 84 , 266HajiHMOB B . B . 73 , 95 , 123 , 135 , 158 , 160 ,

162 , 166 , 167 , 170 , 173 , 178— 191 , 191 — 195 , 255 , 256 , 2 5 9 , 265 , 266 , 268 , 271

H a p c M ii I I . C. 47 , 263 H efipaT 35HeMBpoBCKan E . M . 52, 265 H opM aH 253 , 271 HbioMeH 71 , 72 , 265 H b i o t o h 120 , 149 , 160 , 169 , 173

O jibAeHOepr 191 , 288

n a n a ia a 236 naH K e 230 — 231 , 271 IlanqeHKO A . H . 248 , 270 IlaiiajieKCH H . f l . 155 , 156 HapMeHHA 247 I la c OKTaBiio 32 , 264 n a y A b 16, 263 , 265 IlaxoM H ii 235nepeBomHKOB n . m . 1 5 5 , 156IleTpyraeBcKHtt 4>. <P. 156 I t a p c 66, 266IIjiaTOH 10 , 160 , 202 , 2 0 4 , 207 , 236 , 247 , 251 ,

263n oA rop ep K H ii M . I I . 102 , 121 , 266 I lo iia 143 , 267IIOMepaHA E. C. 107 , 219 , 220 , 2 6 6 , 267 , 270n oH T parrar JI. G. 171IIonOBHq M . B . 257 , 269I lo n n e p 35 , 69 , 73 , 245 , 265IIOTeOHH A . A . 14 , 16, 263n o y j i 29 , 67 , 264ITpeo6pa;KOHCKari E . B . 135 , 267IIpyTKOBa H . M . 135 , 267IlyaH K ape 2 2 1 , 225 , 248ily ra K H H A . C . 112

P a ita 2 8 , 47 , 264 P a iiT 75, 266 PaMaoit 74P a cce ji 4, 18 , 28 , 35 , 37 , 54 , 59 , 67 , 82 , 97,

109 , 123 , 141 , 162 , 171 , 175 , 22 3 — 224 , 249 , 263 , 268

PanieBCKHii 128 P eftx 2 1 0 , 269 PeiSxenOax 153 , 249 , 270 PeCKHH 112 PiiMan 70 , 123 Pnc-flaBH C 191 , 268 PaqapAC 230— 2 3 1 , 271 Po>KA6CTBeHCKnft 10 . B . 202 , 203 P orae 215 P o j k h o b B . E . 229 PySjieB A . 236

C a p T p 260 C e im p 20 , 21 , 264 C ep B aH T ec 219 G e p B e m i 62 C e ra e 26CiraaiiK O 207 , 269CKajiHqaa 24CjiaBH H ft B . A . 76 , 266CMHPHOBa E . 54, 122 , 265 , 267CMopoAHHCKHit H . A . 102 , 121 , 266CoOoneB P . 208 , 269C o cc io p 17, 24 , 25 , 263

299

CnepaHCKHit M . 156 GnHH03a 139 Ctrapm r A . C. 199 , 269 CtmpKHH A . r . 29 , 31 , 264 CTann 109CTenaHOB K ). G. 3 1 , 26 4 CTOJiapoijxI) 2 2 3 , 271 Ctpo c o h 6 8 , 26 5Cyn3yKH 2 3 4 , 235 , 251 , 2 5 3 , 270 CynepaH CK an A . B . 202 , 269 CsjiHHWKep 107 CsHKOtfxj) 96 , 266

T anaH en n , B . 54 , 265 T a r o p 226 TaMM H . E . 157 TapCKHft 54 , 57, 58 , 59 , 67 T apT 227 , 251 , 270 , 271 T epexH H A . T . 95 , 178 , 266 ToJicTOii JI. H . 219 T o n o p o s B . H . 192— 193, 268 TpotfiHMOBa M . K . 205 , 244 , 269 TypreH eB II . C. 54 TioTBeB C>. II . 112

yH H K jiep 78 , 266 VjibM aH 233 , 271 VopHOK 2 9 , 264 y o p T 219 , 270 y o p $ 22 . 46 , 114 , 264 yoTTC 235y p e y j i A . 77. 127, 267 ycneHCKHi! B . A . 29 , 264 y a j i c 24

O am iM aH 223 , 271 OaTKHH JI. 128 , 267 O a y jiK e c 2 3 3 , 271 O eA opoB H . T . 62 , 265 O eitreH O epr H . M . 92 , 269 OeftHeMaH 249 OeiiepaOeHH 118 , 120 , 267 <PeT A . A . 112 O hjiht K occm rtt 98 O h .t .t h h C 200 , 269 C>Hmep 41 , 128 , 161 ®JiopeHCKHli A . n . 52 , 249 , 265 OMa 2 0 5 — 206 , 246 OopTyHaTOB C>. <D. 16 , 263 C>paHK 153<Ppere 4 , 28 , 3 7 , 6 6 , 82 , 9 7 , 1 0 9 , 1 4 1 , 1 6 0 ,

162O peftH 1 3 4 , 1 8 9 , 23 3 peHKejib 4 , 2 6 9 •DpOMM 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 5 1 , 27 0 O p o cT 2 2 4

x a ft a e r r e p 112 X a o BaH 103 , 266 XapM aH 223 , 271 X a p p a H 254 , 271 XapTJiH 128XaTTeH 95 , 113 , 116 , 123 , 127 , 128 , 14 8 —

150 , 266 , 267 XHHTHKKa 220 , 271 X a p a p H 253 , 271 X pH 3H nn 98XOMCKHft 6, 143 , 144 , 147 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 7 , 26 X bmii 19 , 264

IlBeTaeBa M . 240 IlHntf) 164

68 , 265

q ep H H it A . II . 126 , 127 , 267 B b p p h 90 , 266 TIep'!HJiJib 101 H 8 p q 67y t a a o KDaHb-HteHb 122 , 267 ■qjKyaH-pSH 112 , 226 , 247 ■qinepHH A . B . 2 2 0 , 270 qxH H a 253 , 271

IU apnaH Tbe 93 IH Bapii 161 , 176 , 268 IIlB eih iep 44 , 269 IIlBbipeB B . G. 35 , 38 , 264 IIIeKcnH p 203 IITeHHOH 128 , 176 , 268 IUHBaHaHjia 112 , 267 H L n e feep 7, 14 , 36 IH hhk 35m o n e H ra y a p 112 , 251 , 269 m o p 2 3 2 , 271 IIIpenHH rep 151IB p eita ep K>. A . 7, 49 , 124 , 125 , 128 , 133 ,

143 , 249 , 263 , 265 , 267 , 2 6 9 , 270 IIlTeflHTajib 14IB y jib ii 253

BOTHHrTOH 152B itH niTeta 129 , 152 , 223 , 2 2 4 , 225 , 267 BftxeH Bajibn A . A . 155 , 157 3HTyjfCT.il 26 , 46 , 264 3$P0HMC0H B . 208 , 269

IOji 125 , 267 IO m 257IO hb 112 , 251 , 252 , 270

H H r6jiaA 237 , 238 , 270HHOBCKan C. A . 38 , 72, 141 , 263 , 2 6 4 , 267H p x o A . B . 9

C o f l e p j K a H n e

BBep,eHHe ..................................................................................................... 3

TnaBa nepBaa*lTO eCTb H3M K ............................................................................................. 9

1. IIoaoopKa BUCKaaHBaHHii o H 3 b i n e ....................................................... 92. XapaKTepucTHKH hshkobhx aaaKoBux c u c T e M ........................... 39

OyiiKpHoiiaJibHHe xapaKTepHCTHKH................................................. 40CTpyKTypa H3HKa: aJi$aBHT h rpaMMaTHKa.................................... 453 aaK h 3iia a e H H e .................................................................................... 47IlepapxHaecKaa CTpyKTypa H3H K a ..................................................... 49HepapXHH H3HKOB — MeTafl3H K H ..................................................... 53IlHTepnpeTHpyeMoCTb cmhcjioboto coflop>Kamia, Bi.ipa>Keuuorob 3HaKOBoii CHCTeMe............................................................................... 59Be39HTponHHHOCTb H3HKa .................................................................. 60Pa3MepiiocTb H3biKa h ero HonHiieiiuocTi,........................................ 61

FaaBa BTopaaBepoHTHocTHaa Teopna 3HaaeHna ......................................................... 651. IIoCTaHOBKa 3a g a a H ............................................................................... 652 . IIonHMopiJ)H3M a 3HKa a TeopeMa r e g e n a ........................................ 693 . BefiecoBCKaa MOgeJib a 3HKa .............................................................. 744 . PoJib npoTHBopenaBHX BHCKa3H B a H iiii............................................ 965 . CeManTHnecKaa niKana b 3H k o b ......................................................... 1056. 0 aeKoTopHx MOTOflonoriiaecKHx. iipe.Tiioci.MKax BepoamocTHoft

MogenH a 3HKa ........................................................................................ 1087 . 3 aKJH0HHTejibHHe 3aMenaHHa .............................................................. I l l

TnaBa TpeTbaH3bIK HayKH ................................................................................................. 116

1. TepMHHH b H a y K e .................................................................................... 116CBH3h TepMHHOB c T e o p H e fi.................................................................. 118MeTa^opnaecKaa CTpyKTypa H3HKa n a y K H .................................... 119IIoJIHMOp(J>H3M HayaHHX TepMHHOB..................................................... 121CiiemKjHinecKiie H3HKH HayKH, hx cnenroBMa xapaKTep . . . . 130

2 . BaminoHCKHe ipygiiocTH b i i a y K e .................................................... 1333. FIpoOnoMa CTaHgapTH3aii,HH nayanoii TepMHHOJiorHH.................. 135

301

TjiaBa aeTBepTaa

MaTeMaTHKa KaK H 3 b i K ....................................................................................... 140

1 . OCOOOHHOCTII H3HKa MaTeMaTHKH B TeKCTax «HI1CT0H» MaTeMaTHKH 1402 . MaTeMaTii'iecKaa TeopHH H3HKa — Konpenm iH ko h t6kcth o -

CBoSopHHX H3HK0B ................................................................................................... 1433 . MaTeMaTHKa KaK H3MK <|h 3h k i i ....................................................................... 1484 . MaTeMaTHKa KaK h 3h k p p y r n x paapenoB 3h 3 h h h ................................. 158

J Ion w ecK aa CTpyKTypa iipiiKJiapnoii M aT eM aT H K H ............................ 158H3MK npiiKJiaptioii .M aTCM axiiKii........................................................................ 162H 3 h k npHKnapiioH MaTeMaTHKH KaK M e T a a 3 H K ...................................... 167CTpyKTypa «qiiCToii» MaTeMaTHKH KaK rpaMMaTima H3MKa np ii-KJiapHoii M aTeM aTH KH ................................................................................................... 168MHO/KeCTBO piia.rteKTOB H3bIKa M aT eM a T H K H ............................................ 171Il0JIHM0p<|>H3M H3HKa MaTeMaTHKH ............................................................. 173MaTeMaTH3an;HH r .n y n o c T c i i .................................................................................. 175

1’ jiaBa HHTaa

M arK ae h 3m k h ................................................................................................................... 177

1 . H3MK aScTpaKTHoii j k h b o h h c h ............................................................................. 1782 . H 3HK ppoBiieii hhph hckoh i | h . t o c o $ h h ....................................................... 191

FjiaBa rnecTaa

/KecTKHii H3UK DHo.Torii'iccKoro K o p a ....................................................... 196

FaaBa cepbMaa

IIpoOpeMa HMeHH .............................................................................................................. 202

lVtaBa BocbMaa

AnajieKTHKa lienpepbiBiiocTii h pacKpeTHOCTH b MbimJieiiiiii h a3bii;e 213

1 . B c .u p ain w H aa pe.piiMOCTB CMHCJia cjiob KaK noKaaaTe.ib Henpe- pUBHOCTH M H ira esiw ............................................................................................. 213

2 . H eoSuPH oe — H3MeneiiHoe cocTOHHHe co3HaHiia KaK npaMoenpoaBJtemie HenpepuBiiocTH M B in u ie H H a .................................................. 220Pe<|jieKTHBHoe MunmeHHe h TBopiecK oe 0 3 a p e H H e ...................... 220IIoHHMaHHe Ha BHeJiorniecKOM y p o B H e ....................................................... 225MeptrraipiH — npaM oe oSpaipeinie k KoiiTiiHyaJibimM noTOKaMC 03 H a H H H .............................................................................................................................. 226rilim o.'i KaK OpHa H3 <|opM H3MeHeHH0r0 COCTOHHHH C03HaHHH . . 231C oh KaK npoHBJieinie H3MeHemioro coctohhhh co3HaHHH . . . 233Bo3HHKHOBeHHe H3MeHeHHOTO COCTOHHHH C03HaHHH IIOp BJIHH-HHCM npHMOTO SHOXHMHieCKOrO BOBpefiCTBHH ....................................... 233BHea3MKOBaH KyjtbTypa <|hjioco(|>h h p 3 3 H .................................................. 234IIcHXOcoMaTH'iecKaH npaKTiiKa b BH3aiiTHiicKOM ncnxa3M e . . 235IIonMTKa nOCTpoeHHH BHeH3HKOBOH KOMMyilHKapHH C0BpeM6H- llHMIl TeXHHieCKHMH C p C p C T B aM H .................................................................. 237

302

3 . C eM aH T H K a p i m m . P h t m K a K i ie i i o c p e f lC T B e in io e u x o jK p e fm cB KOHTHHyaJIBHHH HOTOK 0 6 p a 3 0 B .................................................................. 239

4 . n a p a g o K C ii upoTHBOuocTaBJieHHH jp icK p e T iio r o H enpepH BH OM y 2465 . n p a B O M e p u a j ih n m o T e n a o cy m ecT B O B a H H H « n o J ie H c o 3 i i a i n w » ? 2 5 0

6. 3aKJHO'iHTejii>Hhte naMeKainiH ............................................................................. 254

BMeCTO saKJHOHeHHH ........................................................................................................ 257

J lH T e p a T y p a .............................................................................................................................. 263

IIpHJioJKeHHe I

IioJHieKHiiH B b iC K a 3 b iB a H n ii o T ep M H H e «ciaTHCTHKa» ......................... 2 7 2

IIpH JioJK eH H e IIIlepeqeHb KapTim .............................................................................................................. 295

IIpe«MeTHHH y i;a 3 a T e J ib ................................................................................................... 296

A b t o p c k h h yi:a3aTeJib ................................................................................................... 297

Bacu.iuu BacuAbeeuH H oau m os

B ep o H T H O C T H a H MOfle.Tb H 3bIK a

O COOTHOHIEHHH ECTECTBEHHbIX H HCKyCCTBEHHbIX H3bIKOB

yT B e p * fle H o k ncaaTH H avaiiLiM coBeTOM n o K oM njiencH oii npoBjieine

«KnBepHeTHKa»

PeflaKTop B . M . C okojiob X yHOHtHHK M . M . 3jiaTKOBCKHft

XyflOiKecTBCimMii pe fla irrop H . H . B jia cn n T ex iiii 'ie cK iie p e fla m o p H A . M . CaTapoBa, P . I ’ . PpyanHOBa

K oppeK T O p B . A . EoO poB

H E 7596CaaHO B HaBop 29 .1 2 .7 8

r io a n n c a f io k n e a a ra 15.06 .79 T-08657. opMaT 60X 841/ , , .E y jta r a T H norpacfcnaa Aft 1 TapHHTypa oSbiKHOBeHHaa

r ie a a rb BHCOKaa y e n . nen. ji. 18,0. y n .-H 3 H. ji. 20,2

T u p am 5350 3K3. T n n . 33K. 5 IleH a 1 p . 40 k .

IlaaaTeahOTBo « H a y n a »117864 r c n -7 , MoCKBa, B -4 8 5 , npo<J>coK>3Haa y j i . , 90

O pflen a T p y flo a o r o K p a cH o ro 3aaM eH n I le p B a a TimorpaiJiHa H3flaTejitCTBa « H a y n a »

199034, JleHHHrpap,, B -3 4 , 9 jihhh h , 12

AKA fl EMM fl II AV Ii GGGP BB HAAMMOB 0 COOTHOIHEHHH E ...

Documents

Transcript of AKA fl EMM fl II AV Ii GGGP BB HAAMMOB 0 COOTHOIHEHHH E ...