Air pollution leads to EGFR mutation and lung cancer 空污造成致癌基因突變和肺癌

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突變檢驗 前所未有的 精準 DNA Meet Unprecedented Precision DM僅供內部教育訓練使 Download GenonFire Android App

Transcript of Air pollution leads to EGFR mutation and lung cancer 空污造成致癌基因突變和肺癌

突變檢驗 前所未有的

精準

DNA

Meet Unprecedented

Precision

本DM僅供內部教育訓練使⽤用Download GenonFire Android App

陳佩琪告白 當肺腺癌擴散時

像被掐住了脖子,沒辦法呼吸

你知道得肺癌多悽慘?當肺腺癌擴散出去會喘的時候,甚至到肺癌末期會吸不到空氣,那種感覺就像是有人掐著你的脖子,那是一種很可怕的感覺。人的肺切掉就沒辦法再生,如果一個肺腺癌患者又復發的話,一個人有

多少的肺可以割?

醫師等待漫長的臨床試驗結果而不作為,是自己健康最大的風險,一個人有多少十年可以等待?

累積基因突變導致癌症 長期接觸到致癌因子(carcinogen),例如致突變劑(mutagen)、輻射(radiation)等,或是

病毒(virus)感染,這些外來因素影響,使細胞DNA受到損害,若細胞DNA損害無法修復,

也無法清除,這些損壞的DNA就會累積在細胞中。若DNA損壞累積發生在三類基因上:原

致癌基因(proto-oncogene)、抑癌基因(tumor suppressor gene)和DNA修復基因(DNA

repair gene),細胞基因不穩定、將導致癌化,終成為癌細胞1。

偵測癌前 基因突變

當血液中的細胞死亡時,死亡細胞的DNA會進入血液中,成為cfDNA (cell free DNA)。

同理,帶有DNA損壞的細胞死亡時,損壞的DNA,也會散布到血液中2,因此,當血液中檢

驗出損壞DNA,代表致癌因子(carcinogen)已經損害健康,身體內細胞產生DNA損壞3,4。 cfDNA在身體中快速代謝,代表當下的DNA損壞。如果已經自人體清除帶有損壞DNA的

細胞,血液中就偵測不到損壞的DNA。持續檢驗出損壞的DNA,代表體內存有基因突變的

異常細胞或癌細胞5-7。Genonfire cfDNA偵測致癌基因(oncogene)上面的基因突變。越多

處基因突變,代表暴露在大量致癌因子下,基因越不穩定(gene instability),基因損害越嚴

重1,8,9。 GeneonFire DNA突變檢驗,僅抽取15c.c.血液,簡便、連續的評估致癌物暴露造成的基

因損害。無年齡限制、無需限制飲食、無需空腹、無放射線暴露、無需其他侵入式檢查,如

:胃鏡、大腸鏡。 GeneonFire檢驗,運用分子病理診斷技術(CloDiA PCR),選擇性複製血液中的突變DNA

(target genomic

mutation

enrichment),

增加突變DNA的

濃度,大幅提高

靈敏度。原始樣

本低至萬分之一

的濃度,也可偵

測。樣本再以基

因定序的Golden

Standard,

癌細胞

DNA 癌細胞釋出DNA⽚片段到⾎血液中

cfDNA圖⽰示 Credit: AstraZeneca® Iressa® Official Page 阿斯特捷利康®⼤大藥廠肺癌標靶藥艾瑞莎®官⽅方網站

安全便利

Sanger Sequencing偵測DNA突變。目前尚無其他DNA定序方式正確率超過Sanger定序,

係最可靠的定序方式,對目標DNA突變靈敏性(sensitivity)達95%以上,專一性(specificity)

達99%,沒有偽陽性(false positive)的問題。經第三方公正機構,工研院驗證:利用CloDiA

PCR加上Sanger定序法,檢測基因突變熱點(hot spot)突變,可偵測到97%以上的突變。原

致癌基因(proto-oncogene)、抑癌基因(tumor suppressor gene)和DNA修復基因(DNA

repair gene)的突變,才會引起癌化。定序直接偵測此三類的基因突變,可以準確偵測重要

基因是否損壞。

空氣汙染引起基因突變與肺

研究證實,空氣汙染暴露時間越長、暴露量越高,罹患肺癌的機會就越大10。空氣汙染中

氮氧化物、PM2.5、PM10濃度提高與肺腺癌發病率上升關系尤為明顯。來自荷蘭、奧地利、

義大利、希臘、西班牙、丹麥、挪威、瑞典、英國,9個歐洲國家、歷時13年的空氣汙染追

蹤(ESCAPE study)發現,暴露的PM2.5每增加5微克/立方公尺,患肺癌風險增加18%,罹肺

腺癌的風險增加51%  11。暴露的PM2.5每增加10微克/立方公尺,肺癌死亡率增加8%  12;暴

露的PM10每增加10微克/立方米,患肺癌風險增加22%,罹肺腺癌的風險增加55%  11。

空氣汙染中,除了PM2.5、PM10會導致癌

症,世界衛生組織(WHO)所屬的國際癌症研究

院(International Agency for Research on

Cancer, IARC),根據已有的致癌證據,分為「在

人體有充足證據致癌性」的第一級致癌因子

(group 1 carcinogen)、「在動物試驗中有充足

證據致癌性」的第二級A類致癌因子(group 2A

carcinogen),以下列出空氣汙染中,常見的致

癌第一級致癌因子與第二級A類致癌因子13:

• 柴油引擎廢氣

• 燃燒煤和木材產生之煙霧

• 多環芳香烴(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH):包含苯、苯並[a]芘(B[a]P)

• 揮發性有機物(Volatile organic compounds, VOC):氯乙烯(vinyl chloride monomer,

VCM)、四氯乙烯、三氯乙烯

• 重金屬:鎘及其化合物、六價鉻化合物、鎳化合物、鉛的無機化合物

空汙導致基因突變禍延子孫

煤炭燃燒產生含有多環芳香烴等物質的微小塵粒與煤灰(PM2.5、PM10),是造成基因突變、

容易發生肺癌的主要原因。環境汙染權威、台大公共衛生學院副院長詹長權教授和胡素婉教

授的調查發現,台灣本土石化業、燃煤發電廠周邊,多環芳香烴(PAH)、氯乙烯(VCM)暴露

可能造成附近居民之健康風險增加。大規模的基因檢測研究發現,基因的突變頻率與多環芳

烴的暴露量成正相關。《Science 科學》《PNAS 美國國家科學院院刊》期刊研究實驗更進

一步證明,空氣汙染造成的基因突變會遺傳到下一代。這些研究結果顯示了空氣汙染導致基

因損害突變、誘發肺癌發生,而且基因突變會傳遞到下一代14,15。

照顧自己家人健康

醫師何需等待

漫長臨床試驗 長期來看,我們都死了 等待漫長的臨床試驗而不作為,是最大的風險

Long-term effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year

follow-up of five randomised trials. Lancet 376, 1741–1750 (2010). 臨床試驗使用

臨床試驗期間

超過十年

Randomized controlled trials (RCT) take over

10 years.

Act now! 照顧自己家人  醫師何需等待  漫長臨床試驗

1978-2009年的追蹤資料,2010年發表試驗統計結果,得到結論:使用5年以上的阿斯匹靈

aspirin可以減少大腸癌風險16。

如果有醫師,自1978年開始,從研究中8年的觀察結果,發現阿斯匹靈aspirin可能可以

預防大腸癌,但是等待研究發表等了24年,最終研究證實使用5年以上阿斯匹靈aspirin可以

預防大腸癌,醫師在研究發表後5年期間固定服用阿斯匹靈aspirin。從開始到獲得好處,29

年。40歲開始,69歲才享受到好處。等待值得嗎?或者,在等待的過程中,就已經罹患癌

症,甚至死亡。

醫師不是一般民眾,醫師熟知醫學原理、醫學文獻、並有能力做出正確的臨床決策,而且醫師自己最了解自己。如果做醫療決定完全仰賴隨機雙盲安慰劑對照臨床試驗證實,在漫長等待中,我們都死了。

偵測肺癌 基因突變及早發現 及早介入

基因突變可以作為致癌因子(carcinogen)是否已經產生危害的指標17,因致癌因子暴露引

起的癌症,如肺癌、黑色素瘤,細胞具更多處突變18。

空氣汙染常造成TP53 R273突變19-22。TP53突變常見於各種癌症中18,TP53為重要抑癌基因,調控DNA修復、cell cycle以及apoptosis,受損的TP53基因,無法發揮正常調控作用,抑制DNA受損的細胞進行複製1。

暴露在空氣中的揮發性有機物(VOC)、多環芳香烴(PAH)、PM 10與PM 2.5、抽煙、二手菸,會造成K-ras突變1,20,23-28。而K-ras突變會導致細胞失去控制而過度增生。多種惡性腫瘤組織當中都可發現 K-ras 突變,常見於肺癌、大腸癌、胰臟癌中。無論早期或晚期腫瘤均常檢出K-ras突變,說明K-ras突變可以引起癌化29。

空氣汙染會造成EGFR突變30,每一年的香煙暴露,增加5倍的EGFR突變風險31。EGFR突變在東亞人種、女性、非吸菸者的肺腺癌中,最為常見。在東亞人種中,約有30%肺癌具EGFR突變。台大楊泮池院長研究發現,亞洲女性晚期肺腺癌超過50%具有EGFR突變32 。

K-ras

TP53

EGFR

Genetic mutations cause cancers and are identified by DNA sequencing. Nonlethal genetic damage lies at the heart of carcinogenesis.

The initial damage (or mutation) may be caused by environmental exposures, may be inherited in the germline, or may be spontaneous and random, falling into the category of “bad luck.” The term environmental, used in this context, refers to any acquired mutation caused by exogenous agents, such as viruses or environmental chemicals, or by endogenous products of cellular metabolism.

暴露於空氣汙染、致癌因子(carcinogen)中,引起致癌基因、抑癌基因突變。

基於千錘百鍊的醫學原理,基因突變增加癌症風險,定序檢查後天環境造成的基

因突變需要等待20年嗎? 以便利安全的血液,檢查基因突變,減少致癌因子(carcinogen)暴露,追求更健康

的生活,照顧自己和家人,醫師不需要完全仰賴臨床試驗告訴醫師該怎麼做。

癌症前血液中可測得基因突變 • 確診胰臟癌以前,血液中可以測得K-ras DNA突變33。

• 確診肺癌之前,從氣管黏膜的檢體(biopsy)和血中,可以偵測到癌化的基因異常(loss of

heterozygosity)  34。

• 長期暴露在多環芳香烴(PAH)的空氣汙染中,在痰中可檢驗到代表癌症前的癌化基因

TP53, K-ras突變26。

• 若大腸息肉、大腸直腸癌具有K-ras突變,? 92%的案例,可在血液中測得K-ras突變35

• 若肺癌組織具有EGFR突變,80%以上的案例,可在血液中測得EGFR突變等待漫長的臨床

試驗而不作為,是最大的風險。

Act now!

C H A P T E R

7 Neoplasia

NeoplasiaRobbins and CotranPATHOLOGICBASIS OF DISEASE NINTH EDTION

Figure 7-22 Development of a cancer through stepwise acquisition of complementary mutations. The order in which various driver mutations occur in initiated precursor cells is not known and may vary from tumor to tumor. See text for details.

Initiating mutation

Normalcell

Carcinogen-inducedmutation

Mutation affectinggenomic integrity

Additional drivermutations

Additional mutations,Emergence of subclones

Accumulation of driver andpassenger mutations

Diagnosis

Initiated precursor withstem cell-like properties

Precursor withmutator phenotype

Foundingcancer cell

Geneticallyheterogeneous

cancerAcquisition of

genomic instabilityAcquisition of

cancer hallmarksFurther genetic

evolution

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