Advisor: Hsin-Hsi ChenSpeaker: Yong-Sheng Lo

Date: 2008/03/14

SIGHAN - 2006

Introduction The Third SIGHAN Chinese Language Proc

essing Bakeoff ( Bakeoff2006 )

Chinese Word Segmentation CKIP (中研院的語料 )

Closed Test – the highest F measure This paper (0.958)

Open Test – the highest F measure This paper (0.959)

Conditional Random Fields (CRF)

CRF is a statistical sequence modeling framework

Work by Peng et al. first used this framework for Chinese word segmentation by treating it as binary decision task such that each Chinese character is labeled either as the beginning of a word (B) or not (I) ( Peng et al., 2004 )

Λ={λ1,λ2,…} y = { y1,…,yT } : tag set x = { x1,…,xT } : Chinese character set

Conditional Random Fields

For example Training format

王 B 建 I 民 I 是 B 真 B 男 B 人 I

王建民 /是 /真 /男人

Feature template Unigram

Cn, n = -1,0,1 Bigram

Cn Cn+1, = -1,0

Testing Result 王 建 民 是 真 男 人

Conditional Random Fields

For example Training format

王 B 建 I 民 I 是 B 真 B 男 B 人 I

王建民 /是 /真 /男人

Feature template Unigram

Cn, n = -1,0,1 Bigram

Cn Cn+1, = -1,0

Testing Result 王 B 建 I 民 I 是 B 真 B 男 B 人 I

Tag Set Selection There are two kinds of schemes that are used to

distinguish the character position in a word in previous work

Xue and Ng Maximum entropy model

Peng and Tseng CRF model

Tag Set Selection

In this paper To effectively perform tagging for long words

To expend the 4-tag set of Ng / Xue into a 6-tag set Begin Middle End Single B2 B3

長詞範例 : 故宮博物院 == { B, B2, B3, M, E }

Feature Template For Closed Test

Feature Template For Closed Test

Code e : date, digital and letter Class 1 = Number Class 2 = Date Class 3 = English letter Class 4 = Other

Code f : tone For example :

中 , 國 , 很 , 大 , 嗎 == { 1, 2, 3, 4, 0 }

Feature Template For Open Test

(1) External Dictionary To use the online dictionary from Peking University

Consisting of about 108000 words of length 1 to 4 characters

If there is some sequence of neighboring characters around Co in the sentence that matches a word in this dictionary

Greedily choose the longest such matching word W

For example 中國大陸 => 中國 大陸 => { B E B E } 若 字典有『中國大陸』 則 中國大陸 => { B B2 B3 E }

Feature Template For Open Test

(1) External Dictionary (cont.)

Feature Template For Open Test

(2) Assistant Segmenter Idea ( observation )

Most words are still segmented in the some way according to different segmentation standards

Thus, though those segmenters trained on different corpora will give some different segmentation rules Main segmenter Assistant segmenters

A feature template will be added for assistant segmenter : t (Co) The output tag of the assistant segmenter for Co ( ex. B)

Feature Template For Open Test

(2) Assistant Segmenter (cont.) To integrate all other segmenters that a

re trained on all corpora from Bakeoff-2003, 2005 and 2006 with the feature set used in closed test.

The segmenter, MSRSeg, described in (Gao, 2003) is also integrated, too.

Feature Template For Open Test

Assistant segmenter method VS. The additional training corpus method

The performance of additional corpus method depends on the performance of the trained segmenter that carries out the corpus extraction task

If the segmenter is not well-trained, then it cannot effectively extract the most wanted additional corpus to some extent

The additional corpus method is only able to integrate useful corpus, but it cannot integrate a well-trained segmenter while the corpus cannot be accessed

The additional corpus is very difficult to use in CRF model The increase of corpus can lead to a dramatic increase of me

mory and time consuming in this case

Evaluation Results

Evaluation Results