Michael D. Simms PE Feb. 23, 2017

Advanced Metering Systems IEEE PES

Cincy Section Meeting

Advanced Metering Systems • This is not advanced metering!

Advanced Metering Systems What is Advanced Metering? – AMI Metering Systems-Traditionally

• Digital revenue meters fitted with communication – Various implementations of AMI/AMR – starting with most recent

» Open way Mesh RF Cellular » Echelon LV PLC RF Cellular » TWACS MV PLC RF Cellular » Iden Private Cellular » BPL MV LV PLC

– Distribution Automation Metering Systems-In addition • Distribution Automation Advanced Metering

– Relays, Caps, Reclosers, Line sensors, Secondary regulation, PMU’s – Advanced Metering Benefits and Data Analytics-becoming a big focus

Advanced Metering Systems - AMI • 2015 U.S. electric utilities had 65 million advanced metering infrastructure

(AMI) installations. • About 88% of the AMI installations were residential customer installations. • Advanced metering infrastructure includes meters that measure and

record electricity usage at a minimum of hourly intervals • Provide data to both the utility and the utility customer at least once a

day. • AMI installations range from basic hourly interval meters (typical) to real-

time meters with built-in two-way communication that is capable of recording and transmitting instantaneous data (not as prevalent). Number of AMI installations by sector, 2015

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Total 57,000,000 7,300,000 310,000 800 65,000,000

Cellular

OpenWay RF/Cellular AMI Data Flow

Radio Frequency (RF) Mesh meters and Direct Connect (cellular) meters Mesh meters use IPV6 mesh network Direct Connect meters use 4G cellular

Pole mounted CGR. Gateway device allows the AMI meters to communicate with the Collection Engine via a cellular backhaul installed in the gateway. Supports 2500 meters in the mesh.

Pole mounted Range Extender. Range Extender extends the 900MHZ RF signal to allow meters to communicate that would have normally been outside the RF Mesh Network.

Itron OpenWay electric meter that measures energy usage and enables two way communication.

AMI Meter

Cisco Grid Router Range

Extender

OpenWay RF/Cellular AMI Field Components

OpenWay RF/Cellular AMI Meters • Single phase residential/commercial self contained meters • Bi-Directional Metering

– (kWh) delivered, received, uni-directional and/or net or apparent energy (kVAh) delivered and/or received

• OpenWay CENTRON forms 1S(120v 1ph), 2S(240/120v 1ph), 12S and 25S (network) meters with a 200 amp remote disconnect/reconnect switch

• Disconnect switch can be operated on demand, or automatically as part of a service-limiting configuration

• Tamper Detection • Tampers flags include: inversion, removal and reverse power flow • SiteScan Diagnostics (advanced polyphase register only) • Instantaneous voltage readings

OpenWay RF/Cellular AMI Communication • OpenWay RFLAN Module

– Two-way, unlicensed RF module – Adaptive-tree RFLAN architecture provides easy

installation and self-healing capabilities • Home Area Network (HAN)

– Every OpenWay CENTRON meter includes a ZigBee radio for interfacing with the HAN, in-home displays and load control devices

– OpenWay CENTRON electric meter can store consumption from 2.4GHZ OpenWay gas modules utilizing the ZigBee radio

Cellular

Echelon Ambient LV PLC AMI Data Flow

Echelon Ambient LV PLC Field Components

Communication Module/Box installed in power zone (earlier installations were installed in the power zone- this practice is no longer standard but will remain as an option when necessary)

Communication Module/Box installed on pad mount transformer

Meter disconnect switch

Echelon Ambient LV PLC Meters • Echelon Meter Data

– Single phase form 2S (240/120v 1 phase) meters only – Energy

• kWhd, kWhr, kVarhd, kVarhr, Kw Demand – Voltage

• Sag (under-voltage) and Swell (over-voltage) • Configurable threshold

– Over-current (RMS) • Total number and alarm for transmission

– Power Outages • Total number • Duration and time of last 8 power outages • Configurable outage threshold • No last gasp outage reporting

– Frequency • Maximum and minimum

– Phase Loss • Date and time of last occurrence

European Meter

US ANSI Meter

Echelon Ambient LV PLC Communication • LV PLC frequency range used by meters Cenelec Band B @ 63 kHz for the

consumer side. • Voltage measurements

– 2 versions-one 240v read(120v derived) or 2-120v reads – 2S meter has no neutral meter connection for ph to grd readings

• Ping Capability from control center • Ambient Communication modules for PLC

– Wifi to line sensors or gas modules • Disconnect/Reconnect capability (200A) • Communication node last gasp outage detection but not meter • Meter base surge protector communication affects with PLC? • Poor connections can affect communication via PLC • Impact to home automation systems

Two Way Automated Communication System(TWACS) Substation based MV/LV PLC Data Flow

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MTU AФ BФ CФ

OMU

CRU Fiber

Optics

Feeder 1

RCE 1

RCE 2

RCE 3

CT Connections

Outbound Modulation Unit Modulation Transformer Unit

One per substation bus

Remote communications equipment-meters

Control and receiving unit

IPU Inbound Power Unit

MV to 480V 3 phase xfmr

TWACS MV/LV PLC Field Components

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CRU

MTU OMU

FDS

• Pad mount transformer with some modifications

• Sizing based on substation xfmr

• 3-5MVA – 75KVA • 5-10MVA – 112.5KVA • 10-15MVA – 150KVA • 15-20MVA – 225KVA • 20-25MVA – 300KVA

Benefits • Single phase and three phase self

contained and xfmr type meters

• AMR

• Demand Response

• Outage Management Response

• Tampering and Theft Detection

• Predictive Maintenance

• Power Quality Monitoring

• Eliminates inside meters and reads

TWACS MV/LV PLC Meters Universal Metering Transponder(UMT)

• Reads from Metrology of meter

• No rotational counting

• Downloadable firmware

• On-board clock for accurate TOU

• 4 channels of data available

• Accurate voltage

• 35 days storage

• Storage of last 12 outages and duration

• Rf module for gas meters

TWACS MV/LV PLC Communication • Outbound voltage modulation around zero crossing over two cycles

representing binary 1’s and 0’s from sub to meters • Inbound current impulses generated by the meter 40-50 degrees before

zero crossing over four full cycles or 8 half cycles representing binary 1’s and 0’s from meters to sub – instantaneous current draw of around 100 amps on each signaled half

cycle. • Low speed and data rates • Long distance coverage(up to 130 miles)-can’t always do the entire circuit • Signals have to be repeated at times • Sub and circuit based-not easily reconfigurable unless entire area is

TWACS • RF module to communicate with gas register • Power quality impacts with substation voltage impulses and customer

current impulses

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TWACS MV/LV PLC Communication

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Voltage impulse at sub

Current impulse at sub

Voltage/Current impulse at meter with test set

Voltage

Current

iDEN Private Cellular AMI Data Flow

Mobile Data Gateway

Underglass CellReader

EBTS – Tower Site-Private

Utility Firewall

Harmony MSO Motorola

T1

Switch Router

MV90

External CellGateway

HHF

iDEN Private Cellular Communication • Three phase xfmr type larger customer meters

• iDEN – Integrated Digital Enhanced Network – Provides advanced wide area dispatch communications – Increased spectrum efficiency via digital modulation and TDMA – Allows for multiple services to be carried over one RF system – Harmony Wireless Communication System (HWCS) – iDEN system for

private customers (<50k users) • iDEN Packet Data

– Data network integrated within the iDEN system – Allows IP devices to exchange data via the RF medium – Each modem [meter] will have it’s own IP address on the “network”

3 4 5 6

iDEN Private Cellular Communication • TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

– RF channel is broken into 15ms Time Slots – 6 Time Slots = 1 Frame – Each voice conversation occupies 1 Time Slot (6:1) – Up to 6 simultaneous voice conversations per RF channel – Non used Time Slots can be dynamically used for Packet Data – Voice takes priority over data – Used for AMI as well as Distribution Automation-dropped for DA due

to unreliable data

15ms

1 2 3 4 5 6

90ms

Broadband Power Line (BPL) Data Flow

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Broadband Power Line (BPL) • Provided internet service as well as metering capability • Internet service provided on house wiring-Homeplug interface • BPL systems operate from 1.705 to 30 megahertz (MHz), but

occasionally up to 80 MHz, using MV and LV power distribution network lines.

• Current Communications and Cinergy Corporation planned to offer internet service to 250,000 customers-did offer to some

• Current Communications and TXU Corporation of Dallas, Texas planned to offer service to two million homes and businesses in the Dallas Fort-Worth metroplex area.

• Multiple Issues with MV equipment and costs to install and support equipment

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Advanced Metering Substation Relays

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• Substation Scada/RTU’s

• Distribution Circuit Relays - Near real time Volts, Amps, Watts, Vars, Bkr counts, fault data

• Transformer –secondary tap position, volts, amps, watts, vars, temperature, tap counters

• Not metering accuracy due to instrument xfmrs (relay vs metering)

• Power Accuracy at low currents and lagging pf levels is not great

• Scada sampling rate 10s scanning

Advanced Metering Substation Relays

Waveform requires remote manual download

Logged data captured and archived

Advanced Metering Line Reclosers • Near real time Volts, Amps

Watts, Vars, Op counts

fault data

• Status and alarm indication

• Settings configuration

• Communication status

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Advanced Metering Line Reclosers Recloser Waveform Fault Data

Advanced Metering Clamp On Line Sensors • Cooper/Tollgrade Sensors

• Tollgrade can use AMI comm node and head end software

• Cellular direct connect available

• Fault Locating

• Outage detection

• Load data for operations and capacity planning

• Cooper Direct connect cellular

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Advanced Metering Clamp On Line sensors Tollgrade Waveform Fault Data

Advanced Metering Line Post Sensors • Lindsey CVMI 9650/E1004

• Current and voltage combination line post sensor rated for 15/35 kV line to line voltage

• Uses a resistive divider providing a low voltage ac output signal proportional to the primary line to ground voltage

• Resistive divider is internally connected to the conductor clamps and to the system neutral or ground

• Output voltage waveform is in phase with the input primary voltage waveform – Senses current using two Hall Effect current transducers to output a low voltage signal. • Accuracy voltage <1% • Accuracy current +/-1% • Vertical or horizontal mounting • Weight 35kV 49 pounds

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Advanced Metering Line Post Sensors + Capacitors

Three Phase Cap with Lindsey Line post sensors & Beckwith M6283A Capacitor control

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• Avg 3-5 cap locations per circuit could be leveraged

• Three Line post sensors for single phase voltage and current sensing

• Fault detection/magnitude capability • Voltage, current, power data for

operations and DMS • DMS-DPF/BLA integration for improved

power flow, load allocation and IVVC operation

Advanced Metering Line Post Sensors + Capacitors

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Voltage Logging

Current Logging

V&I Harmonics

Waveforms

Fault currents

Advanced Metering Secondary Electronic Regulator

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Power Data with 10kW PV System Installed a test unit on residential customer with PV

Voltage sag mitigated

Advanced Metering Modular Pole-Mounted SVC-20

Pole-Mounted SVC-20 Specifications

Phase Single / Three

Rating 23.2 KVAR @ 277 V 17.4 KVAR @ 240 V

Form Pole-Mount

Modularity Plug-and-Play VAR Modules

Steps 4

Frequency 50 / 60 Hz

Voltage 208 V, 230 V, 240 V , 277 V

Voltage Range 120 V – 306 V

Voltage Boost Typically 1-3% (depending on transformer/line impedance)

Control Mode CVR (low voltage threshold) or Fixed VAR (fixed KVAR setting)

Operation / Management Autonomous, local, remote via GMAP

Sensing Line Voltage (min, max, avg) KVAR Injected (min, max, avg) Injected Current THD (Line Voltage & Injected Current) Temperature

Cooling Passive (air)

Enclosure NEMA-4X, aluminum

Operating Temperature -40° to +55° C

Approx. Dimensions (H x W x D) 22” x 20” x 8”

Approx. Weight (lbs.) 45 lbs

Lifetime (years) >15 years

Communication Cellular modem Utility specified radio

20kVar electronically switched capacitor with communication (4-5kVar steps)

Specifications

20 installed for evaluation

Advanced Metering Secondary SVC Voltage Data

240V connected

• Power Quality Mitigation– Flicker, Sags, Swells and Harmonics • Spot steady state voltage mitigation-could be more cost effective and

provide more benefit than upgrading transformers or secondaries

Blue=PU voltage output On/off

Red=SVC reactive power output on/off

Advanced Metering PMU’s PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNITS • Next-Gen measurement devices for power grid • Collect measurements (frequency, voltage, current, phase angle) at 30

measurements per second • Typically used on transmission systems • With widespread DER and Microgrids introduce dynamic issues • Distribution voltages previously denoted by magnitude only • Phase angles become more relevant with DER • Can be deployed standalone or incorporated into an IED • Data integrated into Distribution Management Systems • Meter Traditional AMI Meter PMU Reads/month 1 2,880 77,760,000

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Advanced Metering PMU’s

• DER, Microgrids and CLFISR will require advanced system monitoring capabilities

• Island state detection • Power swing recognition • Voltage stability monitoring • Event troubleshooting • Phase detection • Improved state estimation-power flow • Power system restoration improvements

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Advanced Metering PMU’s 37

Industrial view of frequency event plus local pulsed load

Frequency drop caused by loss of generation Pacific Northwest Frequency spikes caused by furnace load away from sub

Phasor data High resolution data

Advanced Metering Benefits

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Advanced Metering Benefits AMI

– Remote meter reads-no meter reader on premise

– Remote connect/disconnect (for normal residential)-reduced truck rolls

– Allow customers more real-time and granular view of their energy usage

– Time of use pricing or dynamic rates – Outage notification and restoration

– Predictive Analysis data availability

– Analyzing customer and usage data allows customers to be identified who are more prone to reduce energy consumption in exchange for lower rates

Advanced Metering Benefits AMI Predictive Analysis(FP&L)

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Advanced Metering Benefits AMI Predictive Analysis(FP&L)

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Advanced Metering AMI Benefits Theft Detection

• According to the annual Emerging Markets Smart Grid: Outlook 2015 study by the Northeast Group, LLC, the world loses US$89.3 billion annually to electricity theft, with the top 50 emerging market countries losing $58.7 billion annually compared with $30.6bn in the rest of the world, including the largest industrialized economies.

• Ukraine 20% non technical losses • US utility losses 3.2% average

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Advanced Metering AMI Benefits Theft Detection(BC Hydro)

• Weed farmers illegally diverting power from BC Hydro’s lines. • Biggest offenders by far • Accounted for the majority of the estimated $100 million in yearly

revenue losses from theft in the utility’s territory. • In 2005, BC Hydro piloted distribution system meters and analytics

software to compare primary-power levels with local electricity consumption. The utility has since uncovered 2,600 instances of electricity theft and saved millions of dollars.

Advanced Metering Benefits Distribution System reliability

• Geospatial and visual analytics – Near real time geographic system view-real time model dynamics – Load allocation and power flow calculations and measurements – Fault location measuremens and restoration data – Self Optimizing grid data and operation

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Advanced Metering Benefits Distribution System Reliability

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Self Optimizing Reliability Benefits(Duke MW)

• Self optimization was made possible due to the addition of communication to field devices and measurement data from field devices and substations

• 2009-2016 55,000,000 Customer Minutes Saved

• 2009-2016 479 Self healing operations • 70 Self healing teams • 143 Self healing circuits

Advanced Metering Benefits Distribution System Efficiency

Grid Optimization-Volt/Var control • CVR Peak Demand Reduction-deferment of generation, avoidance of load

shed- 310 MW of demand deferred • CVR Energy Reduction

– - 255,000 – 400,000 MWh saved since 2013

• Loss management • Var management

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Advanced Metering Benefits Distribution System Efficiency

• Maintain voltage in the service range (Reliability 114-126V) • Conserve Demand/Energy with Voltage Reduction (Savings)

• A drop in Voltage ,CVR (Conservation Voltage Reduction), gives a reduction in energy supplied.

• Reduce Losses (Savings) • Losses in transmission are driven by two terms • By attaining a closer to unity power factor you can reduce

the reactive current achieve less losses

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0

500

1000

1500

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2500

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3500

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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

7:30 8:42 9:54 11:06 12:18 13:30 14:42 15:54 17:06 18:18 19:30

Rankin Ave. Substation

1.2 MW Solar

3 miles

kW (s

ubst

atio

n lo

adin

g)

Circuit 1208 (12.47 kV)

kW (solar output)

Substation load without solar

Substation load with solar

Load fluctuations at the substation

Advanced Metering Benefits Distribution System Efficiency - DERM

Advanced Metering Benefits Distribution System Efficiency - DERMS

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Battery Solar EV Charging Station Line Sensor

Distribution Transformer w/ DR Available Distribution Transformer w/ DR Available

Advanced Metering Benefits Operations and Maintenance Savings

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• Vacuum under oil switches • Possibly low vacuum causing -

restrike • Catastrophic failures-water

leakage

Advanced Metering Benefits Data Analytics-Cold Load Pickup

Cold Load Pickup (CLPU) is the phenomenon that takes place when a distribution circuit is reenergized following an extended outage.

When load is restored, the load demand may be greater than the level before the outage, usually due to a loss of load diversification.

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Advanced Metering Benefits Data Analytics-Cold Load Pickup

CLPU – Table estimates are very conservative at longer outage durations – Other factors not included: circuit-specific characteristics,

weather, and timing (season and time of day)

Cold Load Pickup estimate is too high: – Outage duration will be greatly lengthened while engineers

prepare additional capacity, resulting in • significant negative impact on CSAT and • Increased SAIDI score

Cold Load Pickup estimate is too low, the returning load can:

– trigger sympathetic outages after reenergization, – produce outage(s) affecting a new set of customers, – damage and stress protective devices and conductors, and – increase risk of safety issues.

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Outage Duration

Multiple of Previous Load

5 Minutes 1.15

10 Minutes 1.3

20 Minutes 1.6

30 Minutes 2

60 Minutes 2.3

3 Hours 3

4 Hours 3.3

8 Hours 4

Figure 1 – Engineering Estimated Cold Load Pickup Table

Advanced Metering Benefits Data Analytics-Cold Load Pickup

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Outage Overview

Date Tuesday 1/29/2014 12:03

Duration 177 Minutes

Temperature

27º F

Humidity 49%

Wind 8.1 MPH (Avg.)

Season Winter

Phase

Avg. Pre-Outage

Load (30 min)

Model Prediction @ 3 Hours

Lookup Table

Prediction

@ 3 Hours

Actual CLPU (Max Amps

15 min)

Lookup / Model

Prediction Delta

A 144 Amps

271 +/-98 Amps

(Range 172 - 370)

432 Amps

316 Amps

432 – 370 = 62 Amps

Lower

Also working on a load projection tool

Advanced Metering AMI Safety and Exposure

• Frequency of operation is typically in the 902 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands. • Power output is typically 1 watt in the 902 MHz band and much less in the 2.4 GHz

band. • Studies examined the effect of smart meters on pacemakers and implantable

defibrillators found that the smart meters did not interfere with these devices. • Smart meters are typically installed outside the home, either in place of or as part

of existing meters. • RF energy exposure depends on how far they are from the smart meter antenna

and how the smart meter sends its signal. • Frequency and power of the RF waves by a smart meter similar to that of a typical

cell phone, cordless phone, or residential Wi-Fi router. Smart meters typically send and receive short messages about 1% of the time.

• Smart meter antenna usually located outside the home the farther away from the source of RF waves than personal cell phones and cordless phones.

• Walls between the person and the smart meter’s antenna further reduce the amount of RF energy exposure.

Advanced Metering Future State

Demo 3D PV Circuit Application (DukeAlstom_3D_IVVC.mp4)

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