Adv Mat Present

7/27/2019 Adv Mat Present

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ADVANCED BUILDING

MATERIALS AND

TECHNOLOGY

Ar.Pa.RaviReg No 112012201007

M Arch II sem

P M U


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ADVANCED

TECHNOLOGY


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Engineered Buildings are designed byarchitects and engineers and properly supervised

by engineering staff during construction such as

reinforced concrete and steel framed buildings.

Non-engineered Buildings are which are spontaneously

and traditionally built by masons and carpenters with-out

inputs from architects or engineering staffs in design or

construction, such as houses built using traditionalmaterials namely, stone, burnt- brick, clay mud or adobe,

wood and other bio-mass materials.


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Pre-engineered buildings: Those non-

engineered buildings which comply with the

provisions engineered buildings which comply with

the provisions in IS:4326,IS: 13827, IS:13828 and

IS:13935 in their construction and seismic

strengthening could be termed as pre-engineeredbuildings.

Reinforced concrete or steel column-beam

construction carried out by masons without

proper analysis and design for lateral seismicloads will also fall in the category of non-

engineered buildings.


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The building when built by traditional methods using

conventional building materials, does not exhibit thenecessary characteristics of earth quake resistant

building.

Therefore, new designs, non traditional building

materials and construction techniques need to bedeveloped.

The knowledge of failure patterns and their possible

reasons encouraged engineers to develop certain

lateral load resisting systems which can withstand

earthquakes.These lateral load resisting systems usually include

shear walls, braced frames, moment resisting

frames,diaphragms, horizontal trusses etc

Advanced Technology


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The Earthquake resistance of any building is

highly dependent upon the connections joining the

buildings larger structural members- walls, beams,columns, and floor slabs.

Concrete walls which have high plane stiffness,

placed at convenient locations are often

economically used to provide necessary resistance

to horizontal forces are called as shear wall.

The walls are an integral part of the column-slab

system, but carry only lateral loads.

In high rise buildings it is important to ensure

adequate stiffness to resist lateral forces induced by

wind, or seismic or blast effects


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These forces can develop high stresses and

produce sway movement or vibrations, therebycausing discomfort to the occupants.

The importance and the geometry of the shear

walls are discussed in this paper considering the

stiffening of framing action for high rise buildings.

Proper selection of load carrying system is of

utmost importance for earth quake resistant design

as intensity and orientation of loading is highlyuncertain


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An earthquake is basically a wave moving

along land. As the earth vibrates all buildings on

the ground surface will respond to the vibrations in

varying degrees

Response of Structures of Wave Motion


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The effects of the earth quakeStructural Damage:

Damage to structural , vertical and horizontal load-

carrying elements.

Non-Structural Damage:

Damage to non- structural or secondary structural

components.

Other Damage:

Damage to installations and adjacent earth retainingstructures.


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Shear walls are a type ofstructural system that provides

lateral resistance to a building or structure. They resist in-plane loads that are applied along its height. The applied

load is generally transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or

collector ordrag member. They are built

in wood, concrete, and masonry

Shear walls

Such walls can be either load bearing or non-load bearing.

These lateral load resisting systems usually include likeshear walls, braced frames, moment resisting frames ,

diaphragms, horizontal trusses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(structural_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(structural_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_system


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A shear wall is a wall that is designed to resist shear, the lateral

force that causes the bulk of damage in earthquakes.Manybuilding codes mandate the use of such walls to make

homes safer and more stable, and learning about them is an

important part of an architectural education

The wall ideally connects two exterior walls, and also braces

other shear walls in the structure. Bracing is accomplished

with metal brackets and heavy timbers or support beams that

keep the wall strong and sturdy

An effective wall of this type is both stiff and strong
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-earthquakes.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-building-codes.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-building-codes.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-earthquakes.htm


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Shearwalls are critical, because in addition to

preventing the failure of exteriorwalls, they also support

the multiple floors of the building, ensuring that they donot collapse as a result of lateral movement in an

earthquake.

A stiff, strong wall, on the other hand, resists lateral

forces while providing support. In multi-story structures

A shear wall is simply a cantilevered diaphragm to

which load is applied at the top of the wall, and is

transmitted out along the bottom of the wall. Thiscreates a potential for overturning which must be

accounted for, and any over-

turning force is typically resisted by hold-downs or tie-

downs, at each end of the shear element


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DIAPHRAGMS AND SHEAR WALLS DEFINITION

A diaphragm is a flat structural unit acting like a deep, thinbeam. The term "diaphragm" is usually applied to roofs and

floors.

A shear wall however, is a vertical, cantilevered diaphragm.

A diaphragm structure results when a series of such vertical and

horizontal diaphragms are properly tied together to form a

structural unit as shown below When diaphragms and shear

walls are used in the lateral design of a building, the structural

system is termed a "box system."

Shear walls provide reactions for the roof and floor diaphragms,and transmit the forces into the foundation.

.


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An accurate method for engineering diaphragms has

evolved from analytic models and extensive testing, and

will allow the builder to supply his client with a building

resistant to hurricanes or earthquakes at very little extra cost

The structural design of buildings using diaphragms is a

relatively simple, straightforward process if the engineer keepsin mind the over-all concept of

structural diaphragm behavior.

Actually, with ordinary good construction practice, any

sheathed element in a building

adds considerable strength to structure


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Roof (horizontal diaphragm

carries load to end walls)

Side wall carries load -

to roof diaphragm at top,and to foundation at

bottom

End wall (vertical diaphragm

or shear wall) carries load to foundation

v (lb per lin ft of diaphragm width) = wl/2b

w (lb per lin ft of wall) = F h /2

T= C = vh


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Thus, if the walls and roofs are sheathed with panels

and are adequately tied together, and to the

foundation, many of the requirements of a diaphragm

structure are met.

This fact explains the durability of panel-sheathed

buildings in hurricane and earthquake conditions even

when they have not been engineered as diaphragms

Panel diaphragms have been used extensively for roofs,

walls, floors and partitions, for both new construction

and rehabilitation of older buildings.

Shear Walls are vertical walls that are designed to

receive lateral forces from diaphragms and transmit

them to the ground.


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These lateral load resisting systems usually include

Shear Walls Braced frames

Movement resisting frames

Diaphragms

Horizontal trusses.


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The requirements of shear walls. The thickness of any pan of the wall shall preferably, not be

less 150 mm. The walls should be provided with reinforcement in the

longitudinal and transverse directions in the plan of the wall. The minimum reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0025 of the

gross area in each direction. The reinforcement shall be distributed across the crosssection of the wall uniformly.

The diameter of the bars to be used in any part of the wall

shall not exceed 1/10 of the thickness of that part.

The maximum spacing of reinforcement in either directionshall not exceed L/5,3t and 450mm .Where, 'L is the

horizontal length of the wall and t' is the thickness of wall

web.


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Shear wall Systems in Multistoried BuildingFlat slab Frame-Shear wall system

Frame action provided by flat-slabbeam and column interaction is

generally insufficient for

buildings taller than about 10

stories.

A system consisting of shear walls

and flat slab-frames may providean appropriate lateral bracing

system. Figure shows an example.

For building in high seismic zones the width of the equivalent beam is

limited to the width of the supporting column plus 1.5 times the

thickness of the slab

Only in this limited width are we allowed to place the top and bottom

flexural reinforcement.

This requirement precludes the use of flat slab-beams as part of a

seismic system in zone of high seismicity


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A system of interconnected shear walls exhibits

a stiffness that far exceeds the submission of

the individual wall stiffness. This is because the

interconnecting slab or beam restrains the cantilever

bending of individual walls by forcing the system to work

as a composite unit.The system is economical for buildings in the 40 -storey

range

Coupled Shear Walls

Since planar shear walls carry loads only in their plane,

walls in two orthogonal directions are generally requiredto resist lateral loads in two directions


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Shear WallFrame Interaction

more like a shear wall weakened by

large openings and acts more like a

frame by deflecting in a shear mode.

The combined structural action,therefore,

depends on the relative rigidity

of the two, and their modes of

determination.

This system is one of the most popular system for resisting lateral loads, in

medium to high rise buildings. The system has a broad range of application and

has been used for buildings as low as 10 stories to as high as 50 stories or eventaller

The linear sway of the moment frame, combined with the parabolic sway of

the shear wall is restrained by the frame. However, a frame consisting

closely spaced columns and deep beams tends to behave


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Composite Shear Walls

Figure 1

Composite shear wall


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A schematic plan of composite shear wall system is shown in Fig 1. This

is similar to a reinforced concrete shear wall system with the exception

that a structural steel frame placed within the walls speeds up the

construction process (see Fig). Generally in all concrete system, the wallsare interconnected with concrete beams, to increase their bending

stiffness.

If the link beams are relatively short, the resulting shear forces due to

lateral loads may be quite large.

This may lead to a brittle fracture of the beam unless

the beam is detailed with diagonal reinforcement as

mandated in most seismic provisions.

The resultant detail often leads to congestion of reinforcement.

A method of overcoming the problem is to use structural

steel beams as link beams between the shear walls,

as shown in Fig 1


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The moment capacity of steel

beam is developed in the wall by

welding shear

connectors to the top and bottomflanges of the

beam, as shown in Fig. 2.

For resisting large in plane

shear forces, a full -length steel

web plate attachedto a concrete shear wall may be

used.

Figure 2


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An example of such a

construction is the core wall ofthe Bank of China Building in

Hong Kong.

In this building all the lateral

forces are transferred to the

core at the base.

To resist the high shear forces,

steel plates are

attached to the concrete core

through shear studs

welded to the steel plates, as

shown in Fig. 3 .

Figure 3


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CONCLUSIONS

An earthquake is basically a wave moving along

the land and vibrates all buildings on the groundsurface in varying degrees.

The external horizontal force must be compensated by

equal and opposite forces coming from the strength of the

buildings if

it has to withstand the collapse.Buildings built of conventional materials and techniques

do not exhibit the necessary characteristics of earthquake

resisting building.

New design, non-traditional building materials andconstruction techniques need

to be developed


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Understanding the failure pattern

of the building due to earthquake is very important for

devising the appropriate technology to stand the

detrimental forces.

Shear walls are vertical walls that are designed to

receive lateral forces from diaphragms and transmit

them to the ground.

The walls are main structural elements with a dual roleof resisting both the gravity and lateral loads.

Considering the number of stories, the pattern of

building layout and the kind of loading coming on the

structure, the various shear

wall systems are developed.

Each system has certain unique function in safeguarding

the structure against earthquake force which may be

from any direction


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ADVANCED MATERIALS


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This presentation deals with present state of building

construction in India.

This brings out the emerging trends on utilization of moderntechnology and materials in construction of building.

The specific emerging areas where attention needs to be

given are quality assurance and improvement in

construction technology, utilization of new materials with

high-tech improvisation in construction, use of new

materials for maintaining the structures.

The use of Modern materials /techniques and utilization of

modern machinery is a must to economies the cost of

construction without affectingfunctional behavior and ensuring reliability and durability of

structures


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This part highlights the use of special types of concrete for

both original construction and maintenance for durableconcrete structure.

Concrete was considered such a building material

that blended all the positive qualities of cement and

steel to produce a wonder construction material.

This concept also, to some extent, has contributed

to develop a complacent attitude in dealing with

concrete.

Thereby requirement of large-scale rehabilitation

of structures or their pre-mature replacement by

new construction is becoming essential.

Special types of Concrete


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Use of special types of concrete for high performance and

durability in concrete has become essential

The emerging areas in concrete construction where specific

attention is required are

Quality assurance and improvement in construction

technology.

Utilization of New materials and high-techinvention in construction.

Use of Modern Machinery

Maintenance of Structure with new materials.

A variety of new composite materials can be producedby selectively combining these ingredient materials

and by undergoing through specific techniques of

production of such composite materials


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Special types of concrete used for high performance

and durability in concrete are below

Admixtures with concrete

Super plasticized concrete

Fly ash concrete

Condensed Silica fume concrete

Ready mixed concrete

Ferro cement concrete

Fiber reinforced concrete

Slurry in filtered fiber reinforced concrete

Polymer concrete.


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Fly ash Concrete

Fly ash is a waste collected in electrostatic

precipitators of the thermal power stations and isproduced due to the combustion of coal. With the

recent trends in combustion of pulverized coal some

of the fly ashes available in recent years are finer

and contain less un burnt carbon making them more

suitable for applications in concrete.

Fly ash as a mineral admixture in concrete is of great utility

to the present day construction industry. It is available in

abundance from the combustion of coal in thermal powerstations and its characteristics primarily depend on the

geological factors related to the coal deposit. The various

properties of concrete are improved by addition of fly ash


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Ready Mixed Concrete

The advantages of ready mixed concrete have been well

recognized in recent years due to its extensive use in most

advanced countries

Ready mixed concrete has undergone several major changes, in

terms of both materials,mixes, admixtures and the equipment

for its making like batching, mixing, transporting,

placing/pumpingetc.The use of controlled concrete, through a well planned

batching and mixing set ups has been an accepted fact in most

major construction activities of recent times in India.

The limited availability of transit mixer oflarge capacity still limit the extensive use of RMC

even in these situations.


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Ferro cement

Ferro cement is a term commonly used to describe

a steel and mortar composite material. Essentially a

form of reinforced concrete, it exhibits behavior sodifferent from conventional reinforced concrete in

performance, strength, and potential application that

it must be classed as a completely separate material.

It differs from conventional reinforced concrete in that

its reinforcement consists of closely space, multiple

layers of steel mesh completely impregnated with

cement mortar. Ferro-cement can be formed into

sections less than one inch thick, with only a fraction

of an inch of cover over the outer most mesh layer.Ferro cement reinforcement can be assembled over

a light framework into the final desired shape and

mortared directly in place, even upside down, with

thick mortar paste.


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Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Fiber reinforced concrete is concrete made

from hydraulic cements with or without aggregates

of various sizes and incorporating, discrete fiber

reinforcements. For reasons of volume instability it is

very doubtful if the cement paste alone can ever be

used as the matrix in practical composites. All fiber

concrete composites are. therefore, likely to containsome aggregate inclusions, with possible exception

of asbestos cement products

Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Reinforced Concrete

This is a new and special class of steel fiberconcrete in which a very high percentage of steel

fibers is incorporated into the cement matrix


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Polymer Concrete

Polymer concrete materials stand today as a promising group of

new building materials.Incorporating a polymer in a cementitious mix brings key

advantages, particularly in terms of workability, abrasion and

impact resistance ,with the resulting physical and chemical

properties dependent upon the natureof the polymer material and quantity used in relation to the cement

phase.

The applications include bridge decking and motorways structures,

underwater structures, housing applications and concrete piles.

Use of polymers in concrete in various industrial applications along

with the advantages entered in industry


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Conventional concrete contains port land

cement, water, and mineral fillers such as sand and

aggregates. When the cement hydrates, the

ingredients, bind to form a solid matrix.Polymer-modified cement concrete is concrete that has been

modified by replacing some of the Portland cement with

ingredients that react to form a synthetic organic polymer

when the material is mixed.(A polymer is a type of plastic that is produced by chemically

linking a large number of chemically separate molecules in to

larger stable molecules.)

Polymer Concrete (PC) is a composite material

formed by combining mineral aggregates such as

sand or gravel with a monomer. Rapid-setting organic

polymers are used in PC as binders


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Polymer concrete is made from selectively graded

aggregates bound with polyester resins. When

combined through a process of mixing, molding andcuring, an extremely powerful cross-linked bond

is formed.

Precast polymer concrete is reinforced

with fiberglass for exceptional strength, rigidity and

lightweight. Its lightness makes it extremely easy to

fit on site, and its low water absorbency ensures

complete leak tightness.

It is also impervious to freezing thawing processes and

highly resistant to most products and to impacts, and suffersonly minimal wear from abrasion. All these characteristics

make polymer concrete a high-quality material.


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W d l I l ti b d


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Wood wool Insulation boards

Good acoustical quality is of major importance in a school

building to create good hearing condition and for the

functioning of its intended use.

One of the critical factors to be always considered is

building acoustics.

Prefabricated multipurpose wood wool insulation boards andmineral fiber boards are available for application on walls

and ceilings.

They are pest resistant, highly fire resistant, and fungus

resistant and having good sound absorption and noise

insulation property


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Wood wool insulation boards are used as sound absorbingmaterial as well as good sound insulating material.

Its porous inner structure effectuates an effective sound

absorption and simultaneously good sound insulator.

These boards offer total building solution and meet varyingrequirements of acoustics, fire, thermal and diverse application

of industrial, commercial and residential spaces


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WOOD WOOL INSULATION BOARD

They are manufacture from wood fibers

mineralized with magnesite and binded with cementand additives and hydraulically compressed

Mineralisation of the wood fiber makes it an

inert inorganic material that eliminates problems

of termites, vermin and fungus attack.

Bonding with cement makes board strong which does not

shatter or crack and is fire resistant.

Due to this matrix boards are light in weight and good in

strength and having functional properties like

sound absorption, thermal insulation and fireresistance.


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Thermal insulation:

Can resist heat to great extent maintaining about

10 to 15F cooler in summer and warmer in

winter without installing AC.Fire resistance:

The mineralized wood fiber will remain intact for

a long time when subjected to direct fire.

Resistance depends upon thickness of material.Termite resistance:

Good resistance to termite or vermin and insect

attack.

Humidity resistance:

It acts as hygrometric regulator. It absorbs excess

humidity and releases it when normal conditions

returns without any deformation.


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Water resistance:

Do not deteriorate or deform when immersed in

water. So in humid conditions no swelling or

crumbling.

Acoustical insulation:

Because of the cellular structure it has good

Absorption coefficient and good noise reduction

Durability:Not affected by biological, chemical or meteorological

phenomenon over time, cement content in the board increases

the level of resistance.

Finishes:Accepts all kinds of rendering, plastering,

decorative materials. They can be also painted,tiled

wallpapered.


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In today's time an architect can not think of a modern

building without incorporating glass in his building design.

Either because of an aesthetic look or because of

environmental reasons, he is compelled to think of using

glass m modern buildings.

The glass places optical emphases and provides numerous

technical functions.

Because of its inherent properties if we can construct apure glass building, it will be the greenest building in

today's time.

Glass


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As on today the glass industry offers glazing with individual

technical features that can be used for heat, solar or sound

protection, as design components, as safety glass or as part of

solar system

The global warming also has compelled our architects to think

about an alternate

materials which by virtue of their use as building material canhelp in containing global warming.

Glass is one of such material which if used in a building can

save lot of energy thus contributing in reducing global

warming.

Glass is no longer just a filler element in a building hut is

rather nowadays is used for enveloping purpose


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Glass is a solid material, typically a mix of inorganic

compounds, usually transparent, hard, brittle and impervious to

the natural elements.

It is made by cooling molten ingredients fast enough so that no

visible crystals form.

It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.

It takes on colours when certain metal oxides are included in

the mix.


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Patterned or Obscure Glass

Made from flat glass, this type has a design

rolled onto one side during manufacture.It can be used for decorative effect and/or to provide privacy.

Patterned glass is available in a range of coloured

tints as well as plain.

A variety of pattern designs are available, each pattern

normally has a quoted distortion number from 1 to 5. 1 being

very little distortion. 5 being a high level of diffusion.

On external glazing, the patterned side is usually on the inside

so that atmospheric dirt can easily be removed from the

relatively flat external face.


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Float Glass

Float glass gets its name from the method ofproduction used to manufacture it. 90% of the

world's flat glass is produced by the float glass

process invented in 1950 by Sir Alastair.

The molten glass is floated onto a bed of molten tinthis

produces a glass which is flat and distortion free. It is producedin standard thickness of

2.3.4.5.6.8.10,12,15.19 & 22mm.

Float glass is suitable for fixed and opening windows above

waistheight.


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Low-Emission Glass

Low Emission is a clear glass that has amicroscopically-thin coating of metal oxide

This filters the sun's heat while allowing considerable

amount of light to enter.

Low E glass is a type of insulating glass, which increases

the energy efficiency of windows

by reducing the transfer of heat or cold through

glass.


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Reflective Glass

Reflective window glazing is commonly used in hot climates

where solar heat gain control is critical.

Reflective Glass reduces heat and light with a metal

oxide roaring that provides a mirrored effect.

In addition to daytime privacy and minimized ultravioletdamage.

Reflective Glass provides a dramatic visual impact and is

often used as an architectural design

element.


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Energy Efficient Glass

Some manufacturers produce float glass with a

special thin coating on one side which allows the

suns energy to pass through in one direction while

reducing the thermal transfer the other way.

The principle behind this is the difference in thermalwavelength of energy transmitted from the sun and that

transmitted from the heat within a room.

This type of glass is normally used in sealed double (ortriple) glazed units with the special coating on the

inside as the coating is not a long lasting material.


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Self Cleaning Glass

Some manufacturers produce float glass with a

special thin photo catalytic' coating on one side.

This coating uses the ultraviolet rays from the sun

to steadily break down any organic dirt on the

surface using the photo catalytic effect and thus loosen

the dirt from the glass.

Self-cleaning glass also has hydrophilic' properties

which means that when rain runs down the pane of

glass, it will wash away the dirt previously loosened.

Together, the photo catalytic' and 'hydrophilic' effects

allow the glass to stay cleaner for a longer period

than untreated glass.


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Aluminium Composite Panels

Aluminium Composite Panel (ACP) is a sandwich

type composite material consisting of two sheets

of high strength anti corrosion aluminium skins

permanently bonded to a non toxic polyethylene

core in a continuous laminating process.

The exterior outer skin coating is with fluorocarbon coating

and the interior is coated with polyester resin

ACP is extra-resistant against corrosion,chalking, and colour fading

It protects from dampness and seepage and is environment-

friendly


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The features of the ACP are excellent color uniformity,

superior flatness, temperature resistance, easy maintenance,

lightness and rigidity, corrosion resistance, superior

workability and UV resistance.

With array of colours and finishes ACP is a fantastic material

and is excellent cladding material for exterior and interior

wall decorations as well as facade, ceiling, columns,signboards.

ACP is also lighter and stronger than conventional

materials like marble or granite


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WHY USE ACP?

Lightweight and high strength and density

Excellent flatness and good anti-scratching surface

Weatherproof and good UV resistance

Versatility

Resistance to blow and breakage

Colour uniformity


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Reduction of dead weight of the building

Quick and simple installation

Excellent in heat and sound insulation

Fire-resistance

Resistance to water, acid and alkali:

Easy maintenance

Environment-friendly


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A world-class sensibility, contemporary aesthetic

with a wide range of colours, freedom from

maintenance, better resistance against the elements,

lightweight and high strength, superior insulation,

ease of installation and environment- friendliness

are some of the many reasons that ACPs are

becoming increasingly popular in the building

community

Every architect dreams of a marriage of form and

function, making this union possible are aluminium

composite panels.


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AAC BLOCK

The prime function of a building is to provide a

comfortable indoor environmentTraditional buildings of early times had many built-in

architectural features for achieving comfort.

They were shaped and planned to take maximum advantage

of the climate and their surroundings.

Wall as a building envelope plays a crucial role

in thermal comfort of the occupants and cost on

energy.

Cost of maintenance and energy cost

needed for cooling and heating is additional cost for

realizing the required passive cooling


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Aerated Concrete (AAC) also known as Autoclaved

Cellular Concrete (ACC) or Autoclaved Light weight

Concrete (ALC) was invented in the mid-1920s bythe Swedish architect and inventorJohan Axel

Eriksson.

It is a lightweight, precast building material

that simultaneously provides structural strength along

with insulation, fire and mold resistance. AAC productsinclude blocks, wall panels, floor and roof panels,

and lintels.


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AACs excellent thermal efficiency makes a major

contribution to environmental protection by sharply

reducing the need for heating and cooling in buildings.

AACs easy workability allows accurate cutting, which

minimizes the generation of solid waste during use, unlikeother building materials

AAC can eliminate the need to be used in combination with

insulation products, which increase the environmentalimpact and cost of construction.


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AACs high resource efficiency gives low

environmental impact in all phases of its life cycle rightfrom processing of raw materials to the disposal of AAC

waste.

AACs light weight also saves energy in transportation.

The fact that AAC is up to five times lighter than

conventional concrete leads to significant reductions in

C02 emissions durin transportation.

In addition, many AAC manufacturers apply the

principle of producing as near to their consumer markets

as possible to reduce the need for transportation.


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CONCLUSIONS Savings in Structural Cost - 15% to 22%.

Savings in time and therefore the saving in

opportunity cost of Investment

This saving cannot be quantified, but any possibility for

early completion of project will resulting in saving in

interest and Overhead cost.

Saving in recurring cost (energy cost) - Energysaving 25 to 30%

LEED Points(Carbon Credits & also discount on

Premium in Corporation Limit Projects)


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Thank You

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