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Adolf Hitler i nacionalsocijalizam
V. gimnazija
9. prosinca 2010.
Teodora Lazović
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Adolf Hitler (1889 – 1945. )
• činovnički malograđanski sloj
• čudno podrijetlo• Hütler HitlerAlois Schickelgruber> nasilni carinski pedantKlara Pozl> brižna i popustljiva
majka
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• dobar učenik u osnovnoj školi• upisao Realschule po očevoj želji• 1900. umire otac• maštao o tome da postane umjetnik• 1905. završio Realschule• August Kubizek
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Beč– 1907. majka umire– Akademija likovnih
umjetnosti– kultura (opera - Wagner)– 1908. ponovo pokušao upisati
Akademiju
– ulični slikar i beskućnik– politika
•kantina Doma za samce•Karl Lueger – antisemitizam•nationalist
– Aryanski ideal, svastika
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Prvi svjetski rat
1913. München• bijeg od regrutacije (habsburška
vojska) > proglašen fizički nasposoban
1914. • ‘Listov puk’ – bavarska vojska• kaplar, Željezni križ II. klase, čudak
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1918.kratkotrajno sljepilo od bojnog otrova > Željezni križ I. klase• KAPITULACIJA NJEMAČKE • vojni doušnik1919.• Odjel za obučavanje i propagandu
(Reichwehr) – Internacionalno Židovstvo, komunisti
• Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – Dietrich Eckart
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Njegov očaj Hitler shrvan, osobno shvatio poraz
• 'Es war also alles umsonst gewesen. Umsonst all die Opfer und Entbehrungen, umsonst der Hunger und Durst von manchmal endlosen Monaten, vergeblich die Stunden, in denen wir, von Todesangst umkrallt, dennoch unsere Pflicht taten, und vergeblich der Tod von zwei Millionen, die dabei starben.‘ Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler
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Politička karijera
1920.• govorništvo, inteligencija,
nadahnjivanje osobne lojalnosti• ulični govori – Židovi, socijalisti, liberali, kapitalisti,
komunisti
1921.• vođa stranke• Nationalsozialistische Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) – nacisti• obožavatelji – feldmaršal Erich Ludendorff
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Hitlerov ‘Putsch’ 8.11.1923
• tzv. Marš na Berlin• neuspio, brzo ugušen, Hitler uhićen• iskoristio je suđenje za pridobijanje
pozornosti (farsa)
• optužen za veleizdaju• osuđen na 5 g. zatvora• odslužio je 9 mjeseci(1924 - amnestija) - Mein Kampf
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Mein Kampf (Moja borba)
• Demokracija kao destabilizirajuća sila (daje moć u ruke etničkih manjina koje su slabe)
• Velike nacije nastaju iz vojne moći, koja prirodno nastaje u racionalnoj civiliziranoj kulturi
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Doktrina (Mein Kampf)• Arijevska rasa – vrhunska rasa, superiorna svim
ostalim
• Najniže inferiorne rase (Untermensh) – Židovi, Romi (ljudi bez domovine- parazitske rase)
> temelj njihovom kasnijem masovnom istrebljenju (ako superiorna rasa treba životni prostor (Lebensraum) ima pravo iseliti (istrijebiti) nižu rasu)
• Protiv multikulturalizma u državi
• cilj: ujedinjenje svih Nijemaca koji su “nepravedno raseljeni” po drugim državama
• Ideološki temelji – romantizam 19. stoljeća (snaga, strast, tradicija, zajednica..), F. Nietzsche (nadčovjek)
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Ključni elementi nacističke ideologije– Rasizam
» antisemitizam (kulminirao u Holokaustu)» Formiranje “nad-rase” (Herrenrasse)» Antislavenstvo» Vjerovanje u superiornost bijele, njemačke, arijevske rase
– Eutanazija i sterilizacija mentalno oboljelih i “nesposobnih” s ciljem “rasne higijene”
– Antimarksizam, antikomunizam, antiboljševizam
– Negiranje demokracije (nestanak stranki, sindikata i slobodnih medija)
– Princip bezuvjetne vjere u vođu
– Izraženo pokazivanje lokalne kulture (nacionalizam)
– Socijalni darvinizam
– Obrana krvi i tla (crvena i crna boja na nacističkoj zastavi)
– Politika životnog prostora (Lebensraum) – stvaranje više prostora za Nijemce
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1925.• jača utjecaj stranke –
mediji, ulični govori, • Schutzstaffel (SS)– elitna
zaštitarska jedinica > Heinrich Himmler• antisemitizam + kritika
Weimarskog sistema + podržavanje neizvršavanja Versajskog sporazuma
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• Ekonomska kriza nakon I. svj. rata (Velika depresija 1930. -inflacija, nezaposlenost)
• Nedostatak orijentacije ljudi nakon sloma monarhije
• Percepcija da postoji neproporcionalan broj Židova u njemačkim višim klasama
• Percepcija Židova kao ratnih profitera
• Poniženje Njemačke Versajskim ugovorom
• Percepcija da su Židovi vođe socijalizma i komunizmabivši vojnici smatraju da su ‘izdani’
• strah od komunističke revolucije – Freikorps
• Weimarska republika nije riješila krizu
• političari nemaju viziju rješenja krize
Faktori koji su doprinijeli usponu nacionalsocijalizma
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Izbori za Reichstag 1931.• nacisti – 18% glasova (2. po veličini)• (seljaci, vojni veterani, srednji sloj)
• komunistiIzbori za Reichstag 7/1932.• nacisti najveća stranka (230 mjesta)• komunisti (2. po veličini) – nemoguća
koalicijska vlada
• na izborima vlada je izgubila većinu• Heinrich Brüning – ne može stabilizirati
Weimar • vlada nastoji izbjeći predsjedničke izbore
– žele produljenje mandata predsjednika Paula von Hidenburga
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Predsjednički izbori 1932. - Hidenburg pobijedio - nacisti - 35% glasova• Hidenburg > nova vlada - Franz von Papen• izglasano nepovjerenje Papenovoj vladi (84%)• pregovori za koaliciju (Papen, (ZP) + NSDAP) –
failIzbori za Reichstag 11/1932.>sve isto, nacisti izgubili nešto glasova• Papen nije uspio formirati vladu> Hidenburg
imenuje novu vladu – Kurt von Schleicher• Papen(ZP), Hugenberg(DNVP) nagovaraju
Hidenberga da imenuje Hitlera kancelarom u koaliciji s DNVP-om
• Schleicher nije uspio stvoriti koalicijsku vladu
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Hitler kancelar • Hidenburg otpušta
Schleichera i imenuje: Hitler – kancelar, Papen – zamjenik kancelara, Hugenburg – ministar ekonomije
30. 1. 1933 – Hitler polaže službenu zakletvu kancelara Reichstaga
Izbori za Reichstag 1933.• nacisti dobili 44% glasova i u
koaliciji s DNVP-om drže većinu u Reichstagu
• koalicijom isključeni komunisti
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Požar U Reichstagu = Parlament
• 1933.• Nacisti zapalili
Reichstag• Htjeli optužiti
komunste
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Hitler - Der Fürer • Zakon o punomoći• niz dekreta o zabrani rada stranaka1934. • umire Hidenburg• zakon o spajanjuuloga>Hitler diktator:• predsjednik NSDAP• kancelar• predsjednik države
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NOĆ DUGIH NOŽEVA 29.-30.6.1934.
• čišćenje redova u Nacističkoj stranci• ubijeno: 77 visokih časnika SA odreda
jurišni odred= smeđe košulje
ubijeni i svi ostali politički protivnici (pa i potencijalni politički protivnici)
• 2.8.1934. Hitler se imenuje Führerom
> potvrđeno plebiscitom 19.8 (90%)
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Totalitarizam
• Gestapo - Tajna policija - Herman Göring - špijuni (nadzor javnih i privatnih sfera
života)
• ograničavanje ljudskih prava• progoni, nasilje• ukinute demokratske slobode • nemilosrdan obračun s protivnicima
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Medijska kampanja
• šef propagande – Dr. Joseph Goebbels• Njemački kršćani – novo
kršćanstvo, Isus zamijenjen Hitlerom (Nijemci)
• Nacistička crkva (Reich Kirche) – misticizam oko prirode i njemačkog naroda (SS i SA)
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Ekonomska ekspanzija
• izgradnja autocesta (Autobahn), željeznica, akumulacijskih jezera, stambenih zgrada > smanjena nezaposlenost
• razvoj zdravstva, školstva • veliki arhitektonski projekti: ljetne Olimpijske igre u Berlinu
1936. planovi preuređenja Berlina
(Germania)
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HITLER JUGEND
• Baldur von Schirach
• Svastika • Pozdrav “Heil Hitler”- “ogrubjela, stroga, neustrašiva i okrutna mladež”
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1935.
• NIRNBERŠKI ZAKONI• ŽIDOVIMA ODUZETA
GRAĐANSKA PRAVA protjerani sa svih državnih poslova, nije im
dozvoljeno posjedovati tvrtke
• medijska kampanja mržnje
• OTVARANJE LOGORA – ANTISEMITIZAM - GENOCID
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• The Nazis had to figure out a way to implement the Nur. Laws…the layers of fault/blame in implementation of Nur. Laws can be portrayed in a bull’s eye pattern…
• Innermost layer – Hitler/Nazi core …
• The idealists/careerists - SS/Gestapo
• Someone in the Min. of Welfare who makes the rule that Jews can’t redeem vouchers for glasses, so Jewish opticians end up with a ltd. customer base (these “micro” details don’t come from the top but instead come from a bureaucrat who is working for promotion)
• An opera director is fired because he is a Jew, and his replacement takes the job, even if thinks that it might not be fair…
• The racial laws, inc. the Civil Service Law, have the effect of tranquilizing the situation (the law is not the fault of the bureaucrats – the government passed it – but it is the role of the bureaucrats to implement it)
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Kristalna noć 9. -10. 11.1938.
• najmasovniji progon teror nad Židovima
• ubijeno i odvedeno u logore tisuće Židova
• uništene trgovine i sinagoge• spaljene knjige židovskih pisaca• 180 000 Židova pobjeglo (imovina> nacionalizirana)
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1941.
• Židovi su u nacističkoj Njemačkoj morali nositi Davidovu zvijezdu. Nacizam je Židove smatrao nižom rasom koju treba iskorijeniti.
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3/1935.
• regrutacija (i žene! ;)), remilitarizacija• Kriegsmarine – ratna mornarica• Luftwaffe – vojno zrakoplovstvo
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3/1935.
• regrutacija (i žene! ;)), remilitarizacija• Kriegsmarine – ratna mornarica• Luftwaffe – vojno zrakoplovstvo
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3/1935.
• regrutacija (i žene! ;)), remilitarizacija• Kriegsmarine – ratna mornarica• Luftwaffe – vojno zrakoplovstvo
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Rhineland – reokupacija7.3. 1936.
Rhineland – reokupacija7.3. 1936.
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Anschluss 12.3.1938.Anschluss 12.3.1938.
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“Problem” Sudetenland“Problem” Sudetenland
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Kompenzacija:Minhenski sporazum, 9/1938
Kompenzacija:Minhenski sporazum, 9/1938
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do
business with.
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do
business with.
britanski premijer britanski premijer Neville ChamberlainNeville Chamberlain
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Španjolski građanski rat: 1936 - 1939
Španjolski građanski rat: 1936 - 1939
Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco
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“Guernica” - Pablo Picasso
“Guernica” - Pablo Picasso
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Molotov-Ribbentropp pakt 23.8.1939. Molotov-Ribbentropp pakt 23.8.1939.
Ministers von Ribbentrop & Ministers von Ribbentrop & MolotovMolotov
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6omQ5JjjLsE