ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate
description
Transcript of ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate
![Page 1: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ACT-R ΦACT-R WITH A PHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE
Christopher L. Dancy
Ph.D. CandidateApplied Cognitive Science Lab
The College of Information Sciences and TechnologyThe Pennsylvania State University
1
ACT-R Workshop July 11, 2013
“Science involves confronting our `absolute stupidity'. That kind of stupidity is an existential fact, inherent in our efforts to push our way into the unknown.” – Schwartz, 2008
![Page 2: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ways Physiology can Modulate Cognition and Behavior (some priming…)
2
Appetitive Motivations1,2
Hunger, Thirst, Thermal Balance, etc. Sleep Stress3
Need to void4
1. Panksepp (2012) 2. Mogg et al. (1998)3. Joëls and Baram (2009)4. Tuk et al. (2011)5. Montano et al. (2012)
And these all interact!5
![Page 3: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Biology/Physiology in ACT-R3
Ritter (2007, 2009) – Simulating the effects of stress & caffeine
![Page 4: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Biology/Physiology in ACT-R4
Ritter (2007, 2009) – Simulating the effects of stress & caffeine
Changed parameters to simulate participants in different groups (challenged, threatened, caffeine)
seconds-per-syllable (SYL) base level constant (BLC) activation noise (ANS)
Parameter values were found using GA & were static across the task
![Page 5: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Biology/Physiology in ACT-R5
Gunzelmann (2009, 2012) - Simulating the effects of Fatigue/Sleep deprevation
![Page 6: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Biology/Physiology in ACT-R6
Gunzelmann (2009, 2012) - Simulating the effects of Fatigue/Sleep deprevation Used a model of fatigue (cognitive
throughput or alertness) due to sleep deprevation (CNPA)
Connected model to DM (activation) and Procedural (utility)
![Page 7: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Questions from the two examples
7
How can we make cognition change physiology too (and in real-time)?
How can we combine results? How can we generalize the results?
![Page 8: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
HumMod1
8
1. Hester et al., 2011
![Page 9: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why HumMod?9
Integrative model1 Want to avoid “micro” computational models
of physiology Top-down organization
Provides macroscopic representation of physiology and some underlying functionality
Open-source model (XML) Allows verification, validation, and
modification (if needed) It’s software that works(!!!)
1. Hester et al., 2011
![Page 10: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
About HumMod10
Inputs (parameters) Exogenous changes to variables
e.g. Epinephrine pump, IV drip
Modify autonomic nerve activity
“Lifestyle” settings e.g. - Air supply, Exercise, Diet
![Page 11: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
About HumMod11
![Page 12: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ACT-R12
1. Anderson et al., 2008
1
![Page 13: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ACT-RΦ : An Extension to ACT-R13
![Page 14: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A Modification of a Subtraction Model1,2
14
2. Dancy et al., Accepted1. Ritter et al., 2009
![Page 15: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Subtraction model results1 (n=200)
15
1. Dancy et al., Accepted
![Page 16: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Subtraction model results (n = 1,582,000 OR 2 * 3955 * 200)
1. Dancy et al., Accepted
![Page 17: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Subtraction model results (n=200 * 3955 * 2)
1. Dancy et al., Accepted
![Page 18: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
A Thirsty model
1. Dancy et al., 2013
![Page 19: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Thirsty model Results
1. Dancy et al., 2013
0.50.0-0.5-1.0-1.5
10
8
6
4
2
0
Accept Utility
Subj
ectiv
e Th
irst
Reject production rule utility
Decision Osmolarity (sd)
Subj. Thirst (sd)Acceptexperiment Not Reported 8.90(1.7)Accept model 306.37(0.2) 7.94(1.2)Rejectexperiment Not Reported 5.60(1.6)
Rejectmodel 305.86(3.74) 4.82(1.2)
Bothexperiment 310(5.0) 7.30(1.6)
Bothmodel 306.27(1.7) 7.29(1.7)
![Page 20: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DiscussionSome things for which it could be useful
20
Perseveration & Autonomy Do you know what Perseveration is? Do you know what
Perseveration is? Do you know what Perseveration is? Do you know what Perseveration is? Do you know what Perseveration is?
Military Simulations Energy, Fatigue, and Stress (Physical and Mental)
![Page 21: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
DiscussionSome Possible Road Blocks
21
Visceral Sensory/Perception Conflict E.g. Hunger and Pain
What direct connections should we make?
SPEED!!! Ease of Use and Visualization
E.g., for 6,000+ variables
![Page 22: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ConclusionA Future for ACT-R (and other architectures)?
22
This approach has several areas of improvement (see last slide) but that’s expected…
How do we use existing literature to develop these connections? Reviews of moderators that acknowledge
multiple levels (e.g., Joëls, 2009; Pankepp, 2012) are helpful.
Experiments that record (& control for) physiological data with psychological data (e.g., Wright, 2012) are helpful.
![Page 23: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Acknowledgements23
ACS Lab @ Penn State Robert Hester Keith Berry Jon Morgan
![Page 24: ACT-R Φ ACT-R with a physiological substrate](https://reader036.fdocument.pub/reader036/viewer/2022062521/56816938550346895de09ff0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
References24
Anderson, J. R., Fincham, J. M., Qin, Y., & Stocco, A. (2008). A central circuit of the mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(4), 136-143. Dancy, C. L., & Kaulakis, R. (2013). Towards Adding Bottom-Up Homeostatic Affect to ACT-R. In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling:Ottawa, Canada. Dancy, C. L., Ritter, F. E., & Berry, K. (Accepted). Using a cognitive architecture with a physiological substrate to represent effects of psychological stress on cognition. Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory. Gunzelmann, G., Gluck, K. A., Richard Moore Jr, L., & Dinges, D. F. (2012). Diminished access to declarative knowledge with sleep deprivation. Cognitive Systems Research, 13(1), 1-11. Gunzelmann, G., Gross, J. B., Gluck, K. A., & Dinges, D. F. (2009). Sleep deprivation and sustained attention performance: Integrating mathematical and cognitive modeling. Cognitive Science, 33(5), 880-910. Hester, R. L., Brown, A. J., Husband, L., Iliescu, R., Pruett, D., Summers, R., et al. (2011). HumMod: A modeling environment for the simulation of integrative human physiology. Frontiers in Physiology, 2(12). Joëls, M., & Baram, T. Z. (2009). The neuro-symphony of stress. [10.1038/nrn2632]. Nature Review in Neuroscience, 10(6), 459-466. Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Hyare, H., & Lee, S. (1998). Selective attention to food-related stimuli in hunger: Are attentional biases specific to emotional and psychopathological states, or are they also found in normal drive states? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(2), 227-237. Montano, N., Tobaldini, E., & Porta, A. (2012). The Autonomic Nervous System Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space. In A. Chouker (Ed.), (pp. 71-86): Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Panksepp, J., & Biven, L. (2012). The Archeology of Mind:
Neuroevoloutionary Origins of Human Emotions. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. Ritter, F. E., Kase, S. E., Klein, L. C., Bennett, J., & Schoelles, M. (2009). Fitting a model to behavior tells us what changes cognitively when under stress and with caffeine. In Proceedings of the the Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures Symposium at the AAAI Fall Symposium. Keynote presentation, 109-115:Washington, DC. Ritter, F. E., Reifers, A. L., Klein, L. C., & Schoelles, M. J. (2007). Lessons from defining theories of stress. In W. D. Gray (Ed.), Integrated Models of Cognitive Systems (pp. 254-262). New York, NY: OUP. Tuk, M. A., Trampe, D., & Warlop, L. (2011). Inhibitory Spillover. Psychological Science, 22(5), 627-633.Wright, N. D., Hodgson, K., Fleming, S. M., Symmonds, M., Guitart-Masip, M., & Dolan, R. J. (2012). Human responses to unfairness with primary rewards and their biological limits. [10.1038/srep00593]. Scientific Reports, 2.