冨⽥沙羅(⻘⼭学院⼤学) ⼤平豊(東京⼤学) ⼭ …...Yalinewich & Zwart 2019...
Transcript of 冨⽥沙羅(⻘⼭学院⼤学) ⼤平豊(東京⼤学) ⼭ …...Yalinewich & Zwart 2019...
冨⽥ 沙羅(⻘⼭学院⼤学)⼤平 豊(東京⼤学)⼭崎 了(⻘⼭学院⼤学)
Tomita, Ohira, & Yamazaki ApJ, 2019
Gamma-ray Bursts (GRB)とその残光• ガンマ線(数10〜100 keV)で約1⽇1回の頻度で0.1-10秒間輝く。
• 〜TeV ガンマ線、X線、可視光、電波で、数⽇から数年かけて、残光が観測される。
• 距離: ~ 100億光年(10Gpc)
• 宇宙最⼤級の光度: ~𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟐erg/s
• 残光はGRB天体から出る相対論的(𝒗~𝒄)ジェットからの放射
GRB駆動天体の正体、相対論的ジェットの⽣成機構、そして放射機構は未解明。
Time [s]
10�4<latexit sha1_base64="ILhZT6FABay5ajcAQJzCgIo4bGw=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="ILhZT6FABay5ajcAQJzCgIo4bGw=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="ILhZT6FABay5ajcAQJzCgIo4bGw=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="ILhZT6FABay5ajcAQJzCgIo4bGw=">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</latexit>
F⌫[m
Jy]
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J. L. Racusin et al. Nature 2008
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1 10
GRB 080319B
102 103 104 105 106
GRB
残光
Ajello et al. 2019, Mirzoyan, 2019
Taylor et al. 2004; Mooley et al. 2018
Ama: et al. 2002
Metzger et al. 1997
GRB残光の標準モデル
GRB駆動天体(⼤質量性の重⼒崩壊?, 中性⼦星連星合体?)
Jet星間物質 / 星周物質
衝撃波衝撃波
R
~10*+cm .*/01
*/3 4* cm51
6*/3 7*/8
69/3
残光(数⽇〜数年)
可視光
𝜸-rayX-ray
電波
GRB残光検出!!
時間(秒)
Flux
[mJy
]
1 106
衝突
𝚪
𝒏𝐮𝐩𝑩𝐮𝐩←---衝撃波圧縮------
無衝突衝撃波でのエネルギー散逸
磁場に渡るエネルギー⽐𝜺𝑩 = B𝑼𝑩
𝑼
⾼エネルギー電⼦に渡るエネルギー⽐𝜺𝒆 = B𝑼𝒆
𝑼
Maxwell分布的電⼦や陽⼦のエネルギー
ジェットの運動エネルギー (𝑼)
プラズマ不安定性や乱流による増幅
粒⼦加速
上流(星間空間)下流(ジェット側) 衝撃波遷移層
e-
p
pp
e-電磁場
𝒏𝟐 = 𝟒𝚪𝒏𝑰𝑺𝑴𝑩𝟐 = 𝟒𝚪𝑩𝑰𝑺𝑴
プラズマが集団的に作る電磁場によって、粒⼦の軌道が曲がり、衝撃波が形成される。→無衝突衝撃波
B
𝑒6シンクロトロン放射
ガンマ線バースト(GRB)における磁場増幅問題GRB残光の観測:衝撃波下流の広い放射領域で、星間磁場(~μG)の衝撃波圧縮値(𝝐𝑩~𝟏𝟎6𝟗)より、100倍以上⼤きい磁場が⽰唆される。
𝝐𝑩 =磁場のエネルギー
ジェットの運動エネルギー~106L − 1063 平均106N
𝝐𝑩の分散が⼤きい。磁場の増幅機構は不明。
Santana et al. 2014
-8.0 -7.0𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝜺𝑩
-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0
10
GRB
個数
⽐(3
5個中
, 可視
光)
5
15
20
25
0
Kumar et al. 2015
ワイベル不安定性による磁場増幅⾮等⽅的な速度分布を持つプラズマにおいて⽣じ、磁場を⽣成する。
磁場の擾乱𝜹𝑩𝟎𝒆𝒊𝒌𝒚V𝒛
1. 対向流プラズマは、磁場δBによって曲げられる。
2. 電流が発⽣。3. 電流は摂動磁場を増幅。
→不安定。-
--
-J
δB
𝑦
𝑥
𝑧
𝒗𝒆
Weibel1959Medvedev&Loeb1999
この現象の時間・空間スケール:プラズマ振動数𝝎𝐩 (T〜10-3秒)プラズマ慣性⻑ 𝐜/𝝎𝐩 (107 cm)≪天体現象の時間・空間スケール
Spitkovsky et al. 2008
密度空間構造
𝝐𝑩空間構造
密度 1次元空間発展
𝝐𝑩1次元空間発展
ワイベル不安定性による磁場増幅相対論的無衝突衝撃波の数値シミュレーション:ワイベル不安定性で⽣成される磁場は、すぐに減衰するため、衝撃波下流の広い放射領域を占めることができない。残光の放射時間 𝒕𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢 ≥ 𝟏𝟎𝟕 − 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝝎𝐩
6𝟏 ≫磁場の減衰時間 𝒕decay~𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝎𝐩6𝟏
(下流静⽌系)
下流 上流(残光の放射時間 ≥衝撃波の減速開始時間)
𝒙 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝒑
ϵ o∝𝐵9
衝撃波⾯
先⾏研究衝撃波上流の密度を⼀様分布と仮定した。
しかし、星間空間や星周空間には密度ゆらぎが存在する。例) 星間空間の乱流や分⼦雲による密度ゆらぎ。
星⾵⾃⾝の不安定性による密度ゆらぎ。連星系が作る星⾵のスパイラル構造。
流体 シミュレーション:下流での乱流ダイナモによる磁場増幅で、慣性⻑より⼗分⼤きな空間スケールの磁場が⽣成されるが、粒⼦加速は同時に解けない。(Inoue et al. 2011)
8
Chugai & Danzieger 1994,Smith et al. 2009,Yalinewich & Zwart 2019 Radio Supernova
衝撃波と上流の⾮⼀様性の相互作⽤(流体シミュレーション)
9
空間座標
⼊射波:エントロピー波*
衝撃波⾯
⾳波𝑘9s ≈ 𝑘*u
エントロピー波𝑘9u,w ≈ 3𝑘*u
𝑘*u
*温度と密度の揺らぎを持つ.
(Shu & Osher, 1989, Arshed & Hoffman, 2013)
衝撃波⾯
流体近似した場合、下流で⾳波とエントロピー波をつくる。しかし、無衝突衝撃波では粒⼦拡散が働くため、下流でこれらの波ができるかわからない。• 下流でのワイベル不安定性が起きる前に密度揺らぎ構造が壊れるかも?
速度
密度
空間座標
本研究• ⽬的:GRBの起源解明に向けて、周辺環境と磁場増幅や粒⼦加速の関係を明らかにする。
• ⼿法:プラズマのミクロ(L〜慣性⻑)な運動を解く数値シミュレーションを⽤いて、マクロスケール(L≫慣性⻑)の⾮⼀様媒質中を伝播する相対論的無衝突衝撃波での磁場増幅機構を調べる。
本研究課題
10
先⾏研究:衝撃波は⼀様媒質中を伝播していた。磁場はすぐに減衰する。GRBの正体に迫る情報が得られない。
衝撃波のシミュレーションセットアップ• PCANS公開の2次元 電磁プラズマ粒⼦シミュレーションコード。• ローレンツ因⼦𝚪= 10, 熱速度0.1cで+𝒙⽅向に流⼊する𝒆±プラズマ流• 粒⼦の空間分布: 𝒏 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒏𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜹 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒙/𝑳𝒙)
𝜹 = 𝟎 (⼀様), 𝜹 = 𝟎. 𝟓 (⾮⼀様)• 密度揺らぎ波⻑=1200 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝐩 ≫ 𝟏 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝐩
⼊射⾯ 反射⾯
𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒙 = 𝑳𝒙
上流 下流
下流静⽌系
衝撃波
初期磁場𝑩𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒏 = 𝟑𝒏𝟎
𝒚 = 𝑳𝒚
𝒚 = 𝟎
𝝎𝐩𝐞= 𝟒𝝅𝒏𝒆𝒆𝟐𝜞𝒎
𝚪=10
Tomita, Ohira & Yamazaki, 2019, ApJ
計算機 :Cray XC50(144コア)@国⽴天⽂台計算領域: 𝑳𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟒 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝐩 , 𝑳𝒚 = 𝟖𝟔 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝐩 (∆𝒙 = ∆𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟏 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝐩)粒⼦数 : 80個/cell, 全粒⼦数〜1010個
衝撃波のシミュレーションセットアップ• PCANS公開の2次元 電磁プラズマ粒⼦シミュレーションコード。• ローレンツ因⼦ 𝚪= 10, 熱速度0.1cで+𝒙⽅向に流⼊する𝒆±プラズマ流• 粒⼦の空間分布: 𝒏 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒏𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒙/𝑳𝒙)• 密度揺らぎ波⻑=1200 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝒑 ≫ 𝟏 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝐩
下流静⽌系
𝝎𝐩𝐞= 𝟒𝝅𝒏𝐞𝒆𝟐𝜞𝒎
⼊射⾯ 反射壁
𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒙 = 𝑳𝒙
上流 下流
衝撃波⾯
𝒚 = 𝑳𝒚
𝒚 = 𝟎
𝚪=10
𝑩𝟎=0
Tomita, Ohira & Yamazaki, 2019, ApJ
計算機 :Cray XC50(144コア)@国⽴天⽂台計算領域: 𝑳𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟒 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝐩 , 𝑳𝒚 = 𝟖𝟔 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝐩 (∆𝒙 = ∆𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟏 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝐩)粒⼦数 : 𝒏𝟎 = 80個/cell, 全粒⼦数〜1010個
⼀様密度(at 𝐭𝝎�� = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎)
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ϵo
B𝛿𝑛 𝑛/
上流 衝撃波⾯ 下流
𝑥 − 𝑥s� [ ⁄𝑐 𝜔��]
下流磁場は、下流で単調に減衰。先⾏研究と⼀致。
-300 -200 -100 100 200 3000
⾮⼀様(shock in the 𝒏
𝒏𝟎= 𝟏. 𝟓
region ) at 𝐭𝝎𝒑𝒆 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎
⾮⼀様(shock in the 𝒏
𝒏𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟓
region ) at 𝐭𝝎𝒑𝒆 = 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝒙 − 𝒙𝒔𝒉 [ ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝒑𝒆]
shock
shock
B𝑛 𝑛/
B𝑛 𝑛/ 𝑥
𝑥
1200 ⁄𝑐 𝜔�� -300 -200 -100 100 200 3000
密度
磁場
密度
磁場
1200 ⁄𝑐 𝜔��
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y[c/
! pe]
<latexit sha1_base64="R80+mt6SeOZvD3GVQ8uLj0ndIwA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="R80+mt6SeOZvD3GVQ8uLj0ndIwA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="R80+mt6SeOZvD3GVQ8uLj0ndIwA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="R80+mt6SeOZvD3GVQ8uLj0ndIwA=">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</latexit>
ϵo
(e)
(f)
B𝑛 𝑛/
-300 -200 -100 100 200 3000
下流に強い⻑波⻑磁場があるy[c/
! pe]
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y[c/
! pe]
<latexit sha1_base64="R80+mt6SeOZvD3GVQ8uLj0ndIwA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="R80+mt6SeOZvD3GVQ8uLj0ndIwA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="R80+mt6SeOZvD3GVQ8uLj0ndIwA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="R80+mt6SeOZvD3GVQ8uLj0ndIwA=">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</latexit>
ϵo
B𝑛 𝑛/ 強く⼤きな空間スケールの磁場が⽣成され、減衰せず
に下流へ運ばれている
上流 衝撃波⾯ 下流
15
𝒙 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝒑
衝撃波⾯ 下流
密度 & 速度 ⁄𝒗𝒙 𝒄の1次元空間発展
9000 110009500 10000 10500
⾚:密度⻘:速度
エントロピー波( 𝝀𝐞 ≈𝟏𝟑𝝀𝐮 )
(𝒕 = 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝎𝒑6𝟏)
⾳波( 𝝀𝐬 ≈ 𝝀𝐮 )
⁄𝒗 𝒙
𝒄
B𝑛𝑛 /
流体計算の結果と同様に、無衝突衝撃波でも⾳波とエントロピー波ができた!!
波⻑は、流体解析の結果と⼀致した。振幅は、流体解析の結果より⼩さい。(衝撃波⾯通過時、粒⼦拡散が効いたため。)
𝝀𝐞 :エントロピー波の波⻑𝝀𝐬 :⾳波の波⻑𝝀𝐮 :上流の密度揺らぎの波⻑
平均速度 ⁄𝒗𝒙 𝒄 & 温度⾮等⽅性の空間発展
16
⼀様な場合: 温度⾮等⽅性は下流でほぼ0.
⾮⼀様な場合:⾳波とともに温度⾮等⽅性は振動している。平均振幅は約0.05.
⾳波振動と⾼エネルギー粒⼦の拡散によって、温度⾮等⽅性が⽣成された。
衝撃波⾯
⿊:⼀様な場合⾚:⾮⼀様な場合⻘: ⁄𝒗𝒙 𝒄
下流
-0.1
Ty
/Tx
�1
9000 10000 10500 11000
0.1
0
9500
(Yoon 2007)
上流
⁄𝒗 𝒙
𝒄
(𝒕 = 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝎𝒑6𝟏)
-0.2
-0.4
0.2
0.4
𝒙 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝒑
温度は局所プラズマ静⽌系で、下記の式から計算する。
Tomita, Ohira & Yamazaki, 2019, ApJ
��,���8 � ∫�
� ��,�8
��8�8 (��,��,�¡)
⾮⼀様媒質中を伝播する相対論的無衝突衝撃波では、
• 衝撃波遷移層で、⻑波⻑磁場が⽣成され、下流広域で磁場が維持される。
• 無衝突衝撃波で⾳波とエントロピー波が⽣成される。(世界初!!)
• ⾳波振動の運動エネルギー (2%)と温度⾮等⽅性の⾃由エネルギー (5%)は、観測が⽰唆する下流磁場のエネルギー(𝟏𝟎6𝟑%)に⽐べて ⼗分⼤きい。磁場の起源になりえる。
• 下流広域の強い磁場や⾳波は、残光放射に必要な⾼エネルギー粒⼦を作れる。
上流の⾮⼀様性は下流で磁場を作る。→GRB残光とGRB親星の周辺環境の関係が得られる。⾮⼀様性が与えるGRB残光放射への影響について、より定量的な理解が進めば、GRBの起源に迫ることが可能である。
結論
⻑波⻑の磁場揺らぎの起源shock
𝒇 𝒗𝒙
𝒗𝒙
𝒇 𝒗𝒙
𝒗𝒙
shock⾮⼀様⼀様B𝒏 𝒏𝟎 B𝒏 𝒏𝟎
⾼温粒⼦がたくさん染み出す
𝒙 𝒙
電⼦のエネルギースペクトル(in下流)
19� � 1
⿊ : ⼀様な場合⾚ : ⾮⼀様な場合
�dN
d�
uより現実的なプラズマ中を伝播する相対論的無衝突衝撃波での磁場増幅課程を調べる。• 背景磁場あり• 多次元的な密度構造• 電⼦陽⼦プラズマ
u減衰磁場中でのシンクロトロン放射に加え、他の放射機構を考慮した残光放射モデルを構築する。
u構築した理論モデルと観測の⽐較から、GRB駆動天体の周辺環境に制限を与え、GRBの起源に迫る。
今後の展望:
上流の密度揺らぎ波⻑への制限⾳波がGRB残光の放射に影響を与えるための条件:上流の密度揺らぎ波⻑𝝀𝐮(in 上流静⽌系)
< GRBジェットの減速半径𝑹𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐮
⾳波が作る温度⾮等⽅性から磁場⽣成を起こすための条件:⾳波の寿命 tlife>GRBジェットの減速時間 tu
dec
�u > 9.6⇥ 1016⇣ cs0.62c
⌘�1
✓hvi0.2c
◆✓E
iso,53
nu
0
◆1/3
�u �2/3sh,2 cm
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いま散逸時間を考慮していないので、現実ではこの最低値はさらに短くなる。
22
⻑時間発展(𝒕 = 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝎𝒑6𝟏)を追った時の、
下流領域のY⽅向に平均化した𝜺𝑩 の空間発展
X ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝒑
衝撃波遷移層で作られた⻑波⻑磁場は、下流遠⽅でも、振幅が変わらず維持されている!!
上流 衝撃波⾯ 下流 ⿊線: ⼀様な場合⾚線: ⾮⼀様な場合
Tomita, Ohira & Yamazaki, 2019, ApJ
𝝐𝑩 =𝑩𝟐/𝟖𝝅𝟒𝚪𝟐𝒏𝒎𝒄𝟐
𝚪:上流静⽌系で測った噴出物質のローレンツ因⼦𝒏:上流静⽌系で測った上流の密度B:下流静⽌系でで測った下流の磁場強度
基礎⽅程式:
Particle-in-Cell法:粒⼦はシミュレーション空間内の任意の点に存在する。電磁場は空間内のグリッド上に定義される。1. ある位置の粒⼦の速度から、
グリッド点での電流密度を計算する。2. 電流密度から、電磁場を計算する。3. 電磁場から粒⼦の位置と速度を更新する。 pCANSのHPより
PICシミュレーション• Maxwell⽅程式
𝟏𝒄𝝏𝑬𝝏𝒕 = 𝛁×𝑩 −
𝟒𝝅𝒄 𝒋 ,
𝟏𝒄𝝏𝑩𝝏𝒕 = −𝛁×𝑬
• 多数粒⼦の運動⽅程式𝒅𝒖𝐬𝒅𝒕 =
𝒒𝐬𝒎𝐬
𝑬 +𝒖𝐬𝒄𝜸𝐬
×𝑩 ,
𝒅𝒙𝐬𝒅𝒕 =
𝒖𝐬𝜸𝐬
• ⾳波
• エントロピー波
25
𝒙 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝒑
衝撃波⾯ 下流
密度 & 速度 ⁄𝒗𝒙 𝒄の1次元空間発展
9000 110009500 10000 10500
⾚:密度⻘:速度
エントロピー波( 𝝀e ≈𝟏𝟑𝝀u )
(𝒕 = 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝎𝒑6𝟏)
⾳波( 𝝀s ≈ 𝝀u )
⁄𝒗 𝒙
𝒄
B𝑛𝑛 /
流体計算の結果と同様に、無衝突衝撃波でも⾳波とエントロピー波ができた!!
波⻑は、流体解析の結果と⼀致した。振幅は、流体解析の結果より⼩さい。(衝撃波⾯通過時、粒⼦拡散が効いたため。)
𝝀e:エントロピー波の波⻑𝝀s:⾳波の波⻑𝝀u:上流の密度揺らぎの波⻑
Decay timescale of these waves
≫ The simulation time 𝒕 = 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝎𝒑6𝟏
tdecay
=�2
down
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tdecay =
8>>>><
>>>>:
9.9⇥ 10
5 !�1pe
�✏B
10�2
�1/2 ⇣ �down
1.1⇥103c/!pe
⌘2
(for sound wave)
1.3⇥ 10
5 !�1pe
�✏B
10�2
�1/2 ⇣ �down
4.0⇥102c/!pe
⌘2
(for entropy wave).<latexit sha1_base64="/Yj/4aB4G286Vl7gPf3mvV1Buuw=">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</latexit>
⇠ 1
3rgc =
1
3p8
c2
!pe✏�1/2B .
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温度⾮等⽅性の起源
断熱圧縮+ ⾼エネルギー(𝑷𝒚 < 𝑷𝒙 )粒⼦の拡散
- -領域A,C 静⽌系
𝑻𝒙 > 𝑻𝒚 in 𝜵𝜷𝒙 < 𝟎
𝑻𝒙 < 𝑻𝒚 in 𝜵𝝆 > 𝟎
領域A, Cからの⾼エネルギー(𝑷𝒚 < 𝑷𝒙 ) 粒⼦の逃⾛
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px
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0x
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B DCA−領域B静⽌系
低密度⾼密度
ドップラーシフト
平均速度
A B C
下流の運動量空間の空間発展 py<latexit sha1_base64="NBqNfRYKTFzLL4M6H7lB2+JlyiE=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="NBqNfRYKTFzLL4M6H7lB2+JlyiE=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="NBqNfRYKTFzLL4M6H7lB2+JlyiE=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="NBqNfRYKTFzLL4M6H7lB2+JlyiE=">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</latexit>
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px
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B DCA
ドップラーシフト
• 領域A, Cから逃⾛してきた⾼エネルギー粒⼦• ⾮対称性は、密度勾配を反映している。
contor:RdN/dp dpR
(dN/dp)/2⇡p dp<latexit sha1_base64="+BU6G7IsAuu1OsjXoZcJWzqwrCk=">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</latexit>
下流で⽣成された温度⾮等⽅性からのワイベル不安定性成⻑率
温度⾮等⽅性の振動周期
磁場は成⻑しているはず。 だとすると、
下流で⽣き残る⻑波⻑磁場で埋もれているか、解析的な成⻑率が数値計算と異なっていて、まだ成⻑していない。
tosc
⇠ 102 � 103!�1
pe
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(Yoon 2007)
for
✏Bdwei ⇠ T
y
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Temperature Anisotropy
3700 !pt 4000
�x
X ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝒑
上流
上流の密度揺らぎが、衝撃波⾯で下流へ伝播する⾳波を⽣成!
下流の密度揺らぎは、⾳波で⽣成されている。
密度1次元プロファイル
2000 36002400 2800 3200
下流
下流:速度(x成分)�
x
タイムスケール
上流静⽌系上流 下流
⾮⼀様媒質中を伝播する相対論的衝撃波下流で期待されること
衝撃波⾯
上流の等⽅的な⾼密度な固まり(Clump)(上流静⽌系).
低温・等⽅的
𝒗𝒙
𝒗𝒚
: ⾼密度Clump
衝撃波静⽌系上流 下流
上流の⾼密度Clumpがローレンツ収縮によって、変形される。(in 衝撃波静⽌系)
衝撃波⾯
⾮⼀様媒質中を伝播する相対論的衝撃波下流で期待されること
: ⾼密度Clump
衝撃波静⽌系上流 下流
衝撃波⾯
上流の⾼密度領域がローレンツ収縮によって、変形される。(in 衝撃波静⽌系)
⾮⼀様媒質中を伝播する相対論的衝撃波下流で期待されること
※下流静⽌系先⾏研究と同様
⾼密度Clumpはさらに衝撃波圧縮され、⾮等⽅な密度構造になる。速度分布が⾼温で等⽅的になる。ワイベル不安定性
=> 磁場⽣成
: ⾼密度Clump
衝撃波静⽌系上流 下流
: ⾼密度Clump
⾼密度Clumpが下流へ運ばれると共に、⾼速で運動する粒⼦が、⾼密度Clumpから衝撃波伝播⽅向へ逃げていく。
衝撃波⾯上流の⾼密度Clumpがローレンツ収縮によって、変形される。(in 衝撃波静⽌系)
⾮⼀様媒質中を伝播する相対論的衝撃波下流で期待されること
⾼密度Clump はさらに、衝撃波圧縮され、⾮等⽅な密度構造になる。速度分布が⾼温で等⽅的になる。
衝撃波静⽌系上流 下流
衝撃波⾯上流のClumpがローレンツ収縮によって、変形される。(in 下流静⽌系)
Clump は、衝撃波圧縮され、
熱化される。ワイベル不安定性
=> 磁場⽣成
その結果、温度⾮等⽅性が下流の密度Clumpで現れる。=>第2ワイベル不安定性
⾮⼀様媒質中を伝播する相対論的衝撃波下流で期待されること
※下流静⽌系
※下流静⽌系
※上流静⽌系
: ⾼密度Clump
衝撃波静⽌系上流 下流
衝撃波⾯上流のClumpがローレンツ収縮によって、変形される。(in 下流静⽌系)
Clump は、衝撃波圧縮され、
熱化される。ワイベル不安定性
=> 磁場⽣成
第1ワイベル不安定性(in 衝撃波⾯付近)
+第2ワイベル不安定性
(in 下流)
⼀様媒質中の場合よりも、下流の広い放射領域で磁場が増幅される!
⾮⼀様媒質中を伝播する相対論的衝撃波下流で期待されること
※下流静⽌系
※下流静⽌系※上流静⽌系
本研究モデル
先⾏研究: ⾼密度Clump
下流静⽌系上流 下流
衝撃波⾯上流のClumpがローレンツ収縮によって、変形される。(in 下流静⽌系)
Clump は、衝撃波圧縮され、
熱化される。ワイベル不安定性
=> 磁場⽣成
⾮等⽅な密度構造が実際に、温度⾮等⽅性と磁場を、⽣成するのだろうか?
↓まず衝撃波下流域だけを2次元PICシミュレーションで調べてみた。
⾮⼀様媒質中を伝播する相対論的衝撃波下流で期待されること
: ⾼密度Clump
シミュレーションセットアップ2次元PICシミュレーションコード(PCANS公開コード)• 背景磁場のない電⼦・陽電⼦プラズマ
B= 𝟎, 𝒏𝐞´ = 𝒏𝐞5
• 𝒚⽅向の対向する2つのビームドリフト速度𝒗𝐝 = ±𝟎. 𝟓𝒄,熱速度𝒗𝐭𝐡 = ±𝟎. 𝟏𝒄
• 電⼦・陽電⼦の空間分布𝒏 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒏𝟎𝒏 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒏𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ⁄𝟐𝝅𝒙 𝑳𝒙⾮等⽅な密度構造
𝒚
𝒙
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝝎𝒑𝒆
𝒇 𝒗
𝒗𝒚−𝟎. 𝟓𝒄 𝟎. 𝟓𝒄
低密度
⾼密度
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝝎𝒑𝒆
衝撃波静⽌系上流 下流
: ⾼密度領域
⾮⼀様媒質中を伝播する相対論的衝撃波下流で期待されること
𝟏𝟎6𝟏
𝟏𝟎6𝟑
𝟏𝟎6𝟒
𝟏𝟎6𝟐
𝒕𝝎𝐩
⁄𝑩𝟐(𝟒𝝅𝒎𝒆𝒏
𝒆𝒗𝒅𝟐 )
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
⾮⼀様な場合
第1ワイベル不安定性
第2ワイベル不安定性!
S. Tomita &Y. Ohira ApJ 2016
磁場エネルギー密度の時間発展
𝒕𝝎𝐩
第1サチュレーション時
⁄𝑻 𝒚
𝑻 𝒙−𝟏
⿊:⼀様分布⾚:⾮⼀様分布(⾼密度領域)⻘:⾮⼀様分布(低密度領域)
第2サチュレーション時(𝒕~𝟏𝟎𝟐𝝎𝒑6𝟏)
温度⾮等⽅性A〜0.25
温度⾮等⽅性の時間発展 (𝝀 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝒑)
⼀様な場合
101 102 103
温度⾮等⽅性の起源
X ⁄𝒄 𝝎𝒑
ローレンツ因⼦別に引いた温度⾮等⽅性の持つエネルギー⽐
熱的から⾮熱的粒⼦に変わる粒⼦が、温度⾮等⽅性の持つエネルギーを⼀番多く担う?
� � 1
ベキ指数~215 < � 18
下流域のみ
10 100 10001
�dN
d�
102
103
104
105
106
1 < � 3
3 < � 6
6 < � 9
9 < � 12
12 < � 15
15 < � 18
18 < � 21
21 < � 24
24 < � 27
27 < � 30
30 < � 33
33 < � 36
36 < � 39
✏ f=
|Tx
�T
y
|/(�
�1)m
c2
+ :(温度⾮等⽅性)*0.3