Achieve, Inc.
description
Transcript of Achieve, Inc.
Achieve’s American Diploma Project: Cross-State Initiatives to Prepare
Students for College and Work
Urban Mathematics Leadership Network Meeting
April 20-22, 2006
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Achieve, Inc.
Created in 1996 by governors and concerned CEOs
Bipartisan, independent, non-profit
Work with states to improve the quality of standards, tests and accountability systems
Organized 1999, 2001, and 2005 National Education Summits
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Achieve’s purpose is to:
Prepare all young people for postsecondary education, work and citizenship by raising academic standards and achievement in America's schools.
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Achieve’s work:
help states benchmark their standards, assessments and accountability systems against the best in the country and the world
build partnerships that allow states to work together to improve teaching and learning and raise student achievement
provide sustained public leadership and advocacy for the movement to raise standards and improve student performance
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American Diploma Project
How well prepared are our students for the world after high school?
What does it mean to be prepared for college and work?
Do we expect all of our students to be prepared?Closing the expectations gap — what will it take?
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American Diploma Project
How well prepared are ourstudents?
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U.S. high school graduation rates have dropped over past 20 years
60%
65%
70%
75%
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Source: Mortenson, T., “Chance for College by Age 19 by State in 2000,” Postsecondary Education Opportunity: The Environmental Scanning Research Letter of Opportunity for Postsecondary Education, No. 123, The Mortenson Research Center on Public Policy, September 2002.
Public high school graduation rates, 1981–2000
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High school graduation rate: United States trails most countries
OECD Reporting Country
Graduation Rate (%)
1 Denmark 100 2 Norway 97 3 Germany 93 4 Japan 92 5 Poland 90 5 Switzerland 90 7 Finland 85 7 Greece 85 9 France 82
9 Hungary 82 9 Italy 82
12 Czech Republic 81 13 Belgium 79 13 Iceland 79 15 Ireland 77 16 United States 73 17 Sweden 72 18 Luxembourg 68 18 Spain 68 20 Slovak Republic 61
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Education at a Glance 2004, 2004.
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A high school diploma is not the last educational stop required
Jobs that require at least some postsecondary education will make up more than two-thirds of new jobs.
Share of new jobs, 2000–10
10%
22%
36%31%
0%
20%
40%
60%
High schooldropout
High schooldiploma
Somepostsecondary
Bachelor'sdegree
Source: Carnevale, Anthony P. and Donna M. Desrochers, Standards for What? The Economic Roots of K–16 Reform, Educational Testing Service, 2003.
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Change in the Distribution of Education in Jobs, 1973 v. 2001
32%40%
12% 16%9%
31% 28% 32%
0%
20%
40%
60%
High SchoolDropouts
High SchoolGraduates
Some College /Assoc. Degree
Bachelor's Degree& Higher
Employment Share, 1973 Employment Share, 2001
-23%
-9%
+16%+16%
Source: Carnevale, Anthony P. and Donna M. Desrochers, Standards for What? The Economic Roots of K–16 Reform, ETS, 2003.
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Too many U.S. students drop out of the education pipeline
Source: National Center for Public Policy & Higher Education, Policy Alert, April 2004. Data are estimates of pipeline progress rather than actual cohort.
68%
40%
27%18%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Graduatehigh school
Start college Persist 2ndyear
Earn degree
Per
cent
age
of 9
th g
rade
stu
dent
s
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Only about half of African American and Latino students graduate from high school in four years
Source: Manhattan Institute, Public High School Graduation and College-Readiness Rates: 1991–2002, February 2005, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/ewp_08.htm.
On-time high school graduation, 2002
52% 56%
78%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Latino AfricanAmerican
White
Per
cent
age
of 9
th g
rade
stu
dent
s
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College bound does not necessarily mean college ready
Nearly three in 10 first-year students are placed immediately into a remedial college course.
Percentage of U.S. first-year students in two-year and four-year institutions requiring remediation
28%
22%
14%
11%
0% 20% 40% 60%
Reading, writingor math
Math
Writing
Reading
Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Remedial Education at Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions in Fall 2000, 2003.
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Very few high school graduates are “college ready”
27%34%
45%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Lowest: Alaska United States Highest: New Jersey
Perc
enta
ge o
f 9th
gra
de s
tude
nts
grad
uatin
g on
tim
e co
llege
read
y
Source: Manhattan Institute, Public High School Graduation and College-Readiness Rates: 1991–2002, February 2005, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/ewp_08.htm.
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Too few minority students in U.S. graduate from high school “college ready”
20% 23%
40%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Latino African American White
Perc
enta
ge o
f 9t
h gr
ade
stud
ents
gr
adua
ting
on ti
me
colle
ge r
eady
Source: Manhattan Institute, Public High School Graduation and College-Readiness Rates: 1991–2002, February 2005, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/ewp_08.htm.
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Source: National Center for Education Statistics, The Condition of Education, 2004.
Most U.S. college students who take remedial courses fail to earn degrees
Many college students who need remediation, especially in reading and math, do not earn either an associate’s or a bachelor’s degree.
Percentage not earning degree by type of remedial coursework
76%
63%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Remedial reading Remedial math
Per
cent
age
of c
olle
ge s
tude
nts
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Clearly, we’ve got a problem
Students are following all the rules;
Meeting all of the requirements for a HS diploma; and still--
Falling through the cracks between high school and the expectations of postsecondary institutions.
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American Diploma Project
What does it take to beprepared for postsecondary education and work?
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American Diploma Project
Partnership of Achieve, Inc.; The Education Trust; and the Thomas B. Fordham Foundation.
Partnered with Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Nevada and Texas.
Involved wide variety of K–12, higher education and business representatives.
Key finding: Unprecedented convergence of skills required for success in college and work.
Created end-of-high-school benchmarks to convey the knowledge and skills graduates will need to be successful in college and the workplace.
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Expectations are the same for both college & “good jobs”
The knowledge & skills that high school graduates will need in order to be successful in college are the same as those they will need in order to be successful in a “good job” that pays enough to support a family well above the
poverty level, provides benefits, & offers clear pathways for career advancement
through further education & training.
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American Diploma Project Methodology
Coming from the workplace perspective:
Defining workplace expectations
Securing input from employers on preliminary workplace expectations
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What does it take to succeed in “good” jobs?
ADP research found that:
84 percent of highly paid professionals took Algebra II or higher in high school.
Employees in vast majority of good jobs took four years of grade-level English.
Employers emphasize importance of workers being able to think creatively and logically and to identify and solve problems.
Fastest growing occupations require some education beyond high school (e.g., certificate, bachelor’s degree, associate degree, on-the-job training).
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American Diploma Project Methodology
Coming from the postsecondary perspective:
Defining postsecondary expectations for credit-bearing work Test content analyses
Meetings with higher education faculty
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American Diploma Project Methodology
Meetings with 2-year and 4-year college faculty:
Define math content and skills needed for success in
credit-bearing courses
Articulate and prioritize these competencies
Determine degree to which state standards contain these
competencies
Identify gaps
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American Diploma Project
Convergence of workplace and postsecondary findings:
Similar intellectual demands
Some variation in relative emphasis
Importance of reasoning and problem-solving skills
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ADP Post-secondary Institution Study: Key findings
In math, graduates need knowledge and skills typically taught in Algebra I, Algebra II and Geometry, as well as some Data Analysis and Statistics.
In English, graduates need strong reading, writing and oral communication skills equal to four years of grade-level coursework, as well as research and logical reasoning skills often associated with honors courses.
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To be college and work ready, students need to complete a rigorous sequence of courses
In math: Four years Content equivalent to
Algebra I and II, Geometry, and a fourth course such as Statistics or Precalculus
In English: Four years Content equivalent to
four years of grade-level English or higher (i.e., honors or AP English)
To be college and work ready, high school graduates need:
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American Diploma Project
The final steps:
Synthesizing preliminary workplace and
postsecondary expectations for review
Convening content area expert/employer panels
Gathering tasks and assignments from employers
and postsecondary faculty
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ADP expectations ensure high school graduates are prepared to succeed
In English, the benchmarks cover: Language Communication Writing Research Logic Informational text Media Literature Cross-cutting college/workplace
tasks
In math, the benchmarks cover:
Number sense and numerical operations
Algebra Geometry Data interpretations, statistics
and probability Math reasoning skills Cross-cutting
college/workplace tasks
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American Diploma Project Mathematics Benchmarks
Benchmarks, supported by examples
Asterisks used to identify content recommended for all
but required for students planning to take calculus
Technology as an important tool in problem solving but
not as a replacement for fluency and accuracy in
computation
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American Diploma Project Mathematics Benchmarks
How are they being used?
Benchmarking state high school standards
Comparative analyses in states embarking upon the
development of college-readiness standards
Basis of comparison in analysis of tests
Backmapping to create sequences of high school courses
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K-12 progression and high school course descriptions
ADP benchmarks are for all students.
They are cumulative— “end-of-high school” (but not through calculus)
In mathematics, we are currently “backmapping” from end of high school to create a K-12 progression (building on pre-existing K-8)
Developing course descriptions as well
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American Diploma Project Mathematics Benchmarks
So how are we “unpacking” the ADP benchmarks?
Identifying assumed prerequisite knowledge and skills
Defining a “universe” of content and skills that “bleeds into”
middle school
Creating a progression of knowledge and skills
“Evening out” the grain size
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American Diploma Project Backmapping Progression
Where are we now?
Draft strands of the universe of content
Working to parse expectations into course sequences -
traditional and integrated
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American Diploma Project
What do we expect of ourhigh school graduates?
StandardsCourse-taking requirementsAssessments
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Do state graduation requirements reflect “college- and work-ready” content?
To answer this question, Achieve:
Reviewed minimum high school course requirements in all 50 states.
Compared each state’s requirements to what students need to be successful in college and the workplace.
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I D
AZ
UT
MT
W Y
N M
CO
AL
FL
S C
TN
K Y
I NOH
N C
S D
K S
N E
MN
W I
I A
I L
MO
AR
MS
OK
N D
OR
CA N V
W A
TX
AK
PA
ME
VA
N Y
CT
W V
MDN J
VTN HMA
DE
RI
H I
LA
MI
GA
44 states require students to take certain courses to graduate from high school
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I D
AZ
UT
MT
W Y
N M
CO
AL
FL
S C
TN
K Y
I NOH
N C
S D
K S
N E
MN
W I
I A
I L
MO
AR
MS
OK
N D
OR
CA N V
W A
TX
AK
PA
ME
VA
N Y
W V
MD
VTN HMA
LA
MI
GA
23 states require Algebra I
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I D
AZ
UT
MT
W Y
N M
CO
AL
FL
S C
TN
K Y
I NOH
N C
S D
K S
N E
MN
W I
I A
I L
MO
AR
MS
OK
N D
OR
CA N V
W A
TX
AK
PA
ME
VA
N Y
W V
MD
VTN HMA
LA
MI
GA
16 states require Geometry
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I D
AZ
UT
MT
W Y
N M
CO
AL
FL
S C
TN
K Y
I NOH
N C
S D
K S
N E
MN
W I
I A
I L
MO
AR
MS
OK
N D
OR
CA N V
W A
TX
AK
PA
ME
VA
N Y
W V
MD
VTN HMA
LA
MI
GA
Only 8 states require Algebra II
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A strong high school curriculum* improves college completion and narrows gaps
*Completing at least Algebra II plus other courses.Source: Adapted from Adelman, Clifford, U.S. Department of Education, Answers in the Toolbox, 1999.
61%
75%86%
73%
45%
79%
0%
100%
All college entrants Entrants who had strong highschool curriculum
African American Latino White
30%
13%
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Only four in 10 high school students complete a college- and work-ready math curriculum
41%
71%
20%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Lowest: Nevada United States Highest: West Virginia
*Trigonometry or Precalculus.Source: Council of Chief State School Officers, State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education 2002, 2003, p. 27.
Taking a math course beyond Algebra II* by graduation (2002)
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Do assessments measure “college-ready” skills?
Half the states require students to pass one or more exams to earn a high school diploma.
What does it take to pass these tests?
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The tests Achieve analyzed
StateGrade Given Reading Writing Math
First Graduating Class Facing Requirement
Florida 10th • • 2003
Maryland End of course • • • 2009
Massachusetts 10th • • • 2003
New Jersey 11th • • • 2003
Ohio 10th • • 2007
Texas 11th • • • 2004
Source: Achieve, Inc., Do Graduation Tests Measure Up? A Closer Look at State High School Exit Exams, 2004.
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Good news: States are measuring algebra and geometry
12%
31%
38%
19%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Number Algebra Geometry &measurement
Data
Per
cent
age
of to
tal p
oint
s
Source: Achieve, Inc., Do Graduation Tests Measure Up? A Closer Look at State High School Exit Exams, 2004.
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Bad news: States tend to measure lower-level content
56%
30%
15%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Prealgebra Basic algebra Advanced algebra
Per
cent
age
of to
tal p
oint
s
Source: Achieve, Inc., Do Graduation Tests Measure Up? A Closer Look at State High School Exit Exams, 2004.
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Students can pass state math tests knowing content typically taught in 7th and 8th grade internationally
7.1
8.68.1
7.4
8.2 8.3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Inte
rnat
iona
l Gra
de P
lace
men
t
FL MD MA NJ OH TX
Source: Achieve, Inc., Do Graduation Tests Measure Up? A Closer Look at State High School Exit Exams, 2004.
Grade when most international students cover content required to pass state math tests
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American Diploma Project
What will it take to close the expectations gap?
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ADP Network: 22 states committed to improving student achievement
CO
ID
RINJ
FL
OK
TX
KY
IN
PA
GA
OR
OH
LA
MI
MA
MS
AR
AL
MN
NC
DEMD
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Closing the expectations gap requires states to take action
Align high school standards and assessments with the knowledge and skills required for success in postsecondary education and work.
Administer a college- and work-ready assessment, aligned to state standards, to high school students so they get clear and timely information and are able to address critical skill deficiencies while still in high school.
Require all students to take a college- and work-ready curriculum to earn a high school diploma.
Hold high schools accountable for graduating students who are college ready, and hold postsecondary institutions accountable for their success once enrolled.
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Postsecondary must be involved
A clear, consistent definition of “college ready” from state postsecondary institutions.
What does it take to align high school standards with “college-ready” standards?
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Some states are using high school assessments for postsecondary purposes
California State University system augmented the state’s high school test and now uses it for placement purposes.
City University of New York uses scores on the state’s Regents exam for admissions and placement purposes.
Texas students who earn a certain score on the state TAKS exam can be placed in college-level courses.
Some states are considering incorporating the SAT or ACT into their high school assessment systems.
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High schools must be held accountable for student preparation
A data system based on individual student unit records that permits an honest count of graduation and dropout rates
Measures of college and work readiness aligned to state standards
To ensure high schools are graduating students who are “college and work ready,” states need:
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ADP Algebra II Assessment
Partnership of States Collaborating on a Common Algebra II Test
Mathematics Content – defining a common core of content and identifying other optional add-on modules
Assessment Specifications – defining parameters for test development, format, administration guidelines, etc.
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Postsecondary institutions must be held accountable for student success
Focused goals for each institution, including persistence and graduation rates
Data systems linked to K–12
Appropriate incentives
Holding postsecondary institutions accountable for the success of the students they admit requires:
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Achieve’s Study of College Placement Tests
Uses same methodology as exit exam study, with refinements/extensions of content taxonomy
Includes analysis of national tests (SAT, ACT, Accuplacer, Compass) and state/institution-specific tests
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For more information,please visit Achieve, Inc., on the Web at
http://www.achieve.org
Achieve’s American Diploma Project: Cross-State Initiatives to Prepare
Students for College and Work
Urban Mathematics Leadership Network Meeting
April 20-22, 2006