Academic Writing

Academic Writing – Using and citing sources of ideas, Article, Report, Case, proposal writing, Group Discussions, Software for learning to assess

similarities/originality with other texts/papers/reports.

Plagiarism

• Plagiarism is usually defined as a discrete offense, a specific failure to give credit to a particular source.

• Plagiarism is the use of another’s work, words, or ideas without attribution. The word “plagiarism” comes from the Latin word for “kidnapper” and is considered a form of theft, a breach of honesty in the academic community.

Three categories of plagiarisms

• Plagiarism takes many forms, but it falls into three main categories:

• using a source’s language without quoting• using information from a source without

attribution, and • paraphrasing a source in a form that stays too

close to the original.

Why Cite?

• When you cite a source, you show how your voice enters into an intellectual conversation and you demonstrate your link to the community within which you work.

• Working with sources can inspire your own ideas and enrich them, and your citation of these sources is the visible trace of that debt

http://writing.yalecollege.yale.edu/advice-students/using-sources/principles-citing-sources

Why are there different Citation Styles?

• Academic disciplines have varying expectations for how to list citation information; in some instances, even two journals in the same field will use different styles.

• We will discuss three main styles of citing sources• MLA – Modern Language Association• APA-American Psychology Association• Chicago Footnotes Style

Citation Styles• The first two styles i.e. MLA and APA are known as “in-text” citation

styles, which means that you give some information about the source directly after the quotation, but leave the rest to a list of References (APA) or Works Cited (MLA) at the end of the paper.

• (1) MLA style, defined by the Modern Language Association, is most common in the humanities

• (2) APA style, defined by the American Psychological Association, is most common in the social sciences. Although the author’s name is an important element in APA citations, this style emphasizes the year the source was published, rather than the page number, which allows a reader to see quickly how the research you’re writing about has evolved over time.

Citation Styles continued……

• The alternative to in-text citation is to use footnotes, which give source information at the bottom of the page. The footnote style we demonstrate here is called Chicago style, defined by the University of Chicago. Chicago style is especially popular in historical research.

Official websites of these citation styles

• Official sites:http://www.mla.org

http://www.apastyle.org/

http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/index.html

Citing Articles• Article in a book1. MLA Style[Author of the Article] [Title of the Article][Title of the Book][“Ed.” book editor(s) by first name.] [city of publication: publisher, year.] [page numbers.]

Example : Bialostosky, Don H. “Liberal Education, Writing, and the Dialogic Self.” Contending with Words: Composition and Rhetoric in a Postmodern Age Ed. Patricia Harkin & John Schilb. New York: MLA, 1991. 11-22.

2. APA Style[last name, initial.] [(year).] [title of article, no quotation marks.][In editor(s) of book,] [title of book in italics][(page numbers of article).] [city of publication: publisher.]

Example :Bialostosky, D. H. (1991). Liberal education, writing, and the dialogic self. In P. Harkin & J. Schilb (Eds.), Contending with words: composition and rhetoric in a postmodern age (pp. 11-22). New York: MLA

3.Chicago Style[fn. #.] [author last name, “shortened title,” page quoted.][Note: In the Bibliography, Chicago style adds “In” before the book’s title.]

Example 7. Bialostosky, “Liberal Education,” 17.

Article in a journal• MLA:

Masri, Heather A. “Carnival Laughter in the Pardoner’s Tale.” Medieval[author of article.] [“title of article.”]Perspectives X (1995): 148-156.[title of journal.] [volume number] [(year):] [full page numbers for article.]

• APA: Masri, H. A. (1995). Carnival laughter in the pardoner’s tale.[author of article.][(year).] [title of article, no quotation marks.]Medieval Perspectives X, pp. 148-156.[title of journal] [volume number,] [full page numbers for article.]

• Chicago: 8. Masri, “Carnival Laughter,” 151.[fn. #.] [author last name, “shortened title,” page quoted.]

Article in a magazine• MLA:

Considine, J. D. “Radical Shriek.” Guitar World. Dec. 1999: 62+.[author by last name.] [“article title.”] [magazine title.] [issue date:] [first page number and “+.”]

• APA: Considine, J. D. (1999, December). Radical shriek. Guitar World. 62-68, 210-214.[author by last name.] [(issue date).] [article title, no quotation marks] [magazine title,] [full page numbers.]

• Chicago: 9. Considine, “Radical Shriek,” 212.[fn. #.] [author last name, “title,” page quoted.]

Citing a Case Study

• In MLA7: Hill Linda, Tarun Khanna, and Emily A. Stecker. HCL Technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing, 2008. Print.

• In APA: Hill, L., Khanna,T., & Stecker, E. A. (2008). HCL Technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing.

• In Chicago: Hill Linda, Tarun Khanna, and Emily A. Stecker. HCL Technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing, 2008

Citing a report

• References to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization assigned a number (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.

Examples for citing a report• MLA Style - After you discuss information from a research report, use an in-text

citation within parentheses. Insert the last name of the author and page number of the material

Example (Doe 230)• APA Style - format references to technical and research reports and other gray

literature as you would a book retrieved onlineExample 2012 annual report of the American

Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs /info/reports/2012-report.pdf

• Chicago Style - Author First Name/Initial Surname, Title: subtitle (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page #(if there is one).

Example 1. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia: Between Two Rivers (Mesopotamia, OH: End of the Commons General Store, 1957).

Proposal Writing and Citations

• downs\359_Research_Proposal_Guidelines_Sp_2012.pdf

Citing Group Discussions

• downs\Citing a Class Lecture1 presentations and discussions.pdf

Software for learning to assess similarities/originality with other texts/papers/reports.

• Turnitin - Papers submitted to Turnitin may be compared against billions of internet documents, archived internet data that is no longer available on the live web, a local repository of previously submitted papers, and subscription repository of periodicals, journals, and publications. The comparison may be against any or all of these repositories as set on a specific assignment by the instructor of the class.

• The comparison document is called an Originality Report. This document details the matching or similar text between a submission made on Turnitin and the documents the submission was compared against. This document is listed in the instructor’s view of the class assignment inbox

Similarity Index• Similarity Index• The color of the report icon is linked to one of five tiers of the

Similarity Index. This is based on the amount of matching text found by the repository comparison. The possible similarity index percentage ranges are linked to a corresponding color:

• blue (no matching words)• green (one matching word - 24% similarity index)• yellow (25-49% similarity index)• orange (50-74% similarity index)• red (75-100% similarity index)

Viper

• Viper is fast becoming the plagiarism checker of choice, rising over and above other plagiarism checkers, with over 10 billion resources scanned and an easy interface which highlights potential areas of plagiarism in your work

Thank You.