‚È’Ê ÁœŸË - SARASWATI HOUSE Material...U;w ljLorhgkm(baf(Mo)ibUzú(ynvuq 5 fganh vuqokn...

‹Áπ∑§Ê»Í§‹∑§Ê¢ÃÊ øÊfl‹Ê

‚¢S∑Î§Ã-◊Ü¡Í·Ê

(÷Êª-x)

‚È’ÊÁœŸË

U;w ljLorh gkml (bafM;k) izkúfyúŸß¸ ÁŒÀ‹Ë-vvÆÆÆw (bafM;k)

¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê∑§ —

U;w ljLorh gkml (bafM;k) izkúfyúnwljh eafty] ,eúthú,eú VkWoj] 19 valkjh jksM] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002 (bafM;k)ŒÍ⁄U÷Ê· — $91&11&yxzz{{ÆÆ»Ò§Ä‚ — $91&11&yxzz{{}}ß¸-◊‹ — [email protected]’‚Êß≈U — www.saraswatihouse.comlhúvkbZú,uú — U22110DL2013PTC262320•ÊÿÊÃ-ÁŸÿÊ¸Ã ‹Êß‚¥‚ Ÿ¢0 0513086293

‡ÊÊπÊ∞° —• • (Æ}Æ)vgenkckn � �(079) 22160722 ’¢ª‹ÍM§ w{{v~}}Æ, 26676396• • •øãŸß¸ (Æyy)� � �28416531 09837452852nsgjknwu xqokgkVh (0361) 2457198

(0141) 4006022• • •gSnjkckn tkya/j� � �(040) 42615566 ¡ÿ¬È⁄U (0181) 4642600]4643600 • •(Æy}y)dksfp dksydkrk� �4033369 (033) 40042314

• • •y[kuÅ ◊È¢’ß¸ ¬≈UŸÊ� � �(Æzww) yÆ{wzv| (Æww) (Æ{vw) wz|ÆyÆx28737050] 28737090• jkaph � (0651) 2244654

© ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§Ê⁄U ‚È⁄UÁˇÊÃß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê‡ÊŸ ∑§ Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë •¢‡Ê ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃÁ‹Á¬∑§⁄UáÊ, ∞‚ ÿ¢òÊ ◊¥ ÷¢«UÊ⁄UáÊ Á¡‚‚ ÿ„U ¬ÈŸ— ¬˝ÊåÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „UÊ•ÕflÊ SÕÊŸÊ¢Ã⁄UáÊ, Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë M§¬ ◊¥ •ÕflÊ Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ÁflÁœ mÊ⁄UÊ ÿÊ¢ÁòÊ∑§, ß‹Ä≈˛UÊÚÁŸ∑§, ¬˝ÁÃÁ‹Á¬, Á⁄U∑§ÊÚÁ«ZUª •ÕflÊ•ãÿ Á∑§‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ‚, ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê∑§ ∑§Ë ¬Ífl¸ •ŸÈ◊ÁÃ ∑§ Á’ŸÊ Ÿ„UË¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ–

eqæd % fodkl ifCyf'kax gkml izkúfyú] lkfgckckn (mRrj izns'k)

(iii)

¬˝ÊÄ∑§ÕŸ“‚¢S∑Î§Ã-◊Ü¡Í·Ê” “‚È’ÊÁœŸË” ∑§ la'kksfèkr ¬˝∑§Ê‡ÊŸ ¬⁄U ‚’∑§Ê fo'ks"k :i ls U;w ljLorh gkml (bafM;k) izkúfyú dks „UÊÁŒ¸∑§ ’œÊß¸ ŒÃ „ÈU∞, ¿UÊòÊÊ¥ ‚ ŒÊ ‡ÊéŒ ∑§„UŸÊ øÊ„Í°UªË– ‚fl¸¬˝Õ◊ ÿ„U „ÒU Á∑§ “‚È’ÊÁœŸË” ∑§Ê ∞∑§ “ªÊß«U ’È∑§” ∑§Ë ÷Ê°ÁÃ Ÿ ‚◊¤Ê¥, •Á¬ÃÈ •ë¿UË ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ‚◊¤ÊÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ∞∑§ ‚„UÊÿ∑§-¬ÈÁSÃ∑§Ê ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ Œπ¥– ÿ„UÊ° ÿ„U ¬˝‡Ÿ ÷Ë •ÊÃÊ „ÒU Á∑§ ¬Ê∆˜UÔÿ¬ÈSÃ∑§ ◊¥ ‚ÁflSÃÊ⁄U ‡ÊéŒÊÕ¸ ŒŸ ∑§ ©U¬⁄UÊãÃ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ¬Ê∆U ∑§Ê Á„UãŒË •ŸÈflÊŒ ŒŸ ∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ ÄÿÊ¥ „ÈUß¸? flÊSÃÁfl∑§ÃÊ ÿ„U „ÒU Á∑§ flÊÄÿ ∑§Ê ¬˝àÿ∑§ ‡ÊéŒ ‡Ê· flÊÄÿ ∑§ ‚ãŒ÷¸ ◊¥ ∑Ò§‚ ‚◊¤ÊÊ ¡ÊŸÊ øÊÁ„U∞óÿ„U ’ÊÃ ‚ê¬ÍáÊ¸ flÊÄÿ ∑§ •ŸÈflÊŒ mÊ⁄UÊ „UË S¬c≈U ∑§Ë ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃË „ÒU, •ãÿÕÊ Ÿ„UË¥– Á∑§ãÃÈ ¿UÊòÊÊ¥ ‚ •ŸÈ⁄UÊœ „ÒU Á∑§ fl ◊ÊòÊ •ŸÈflÊŒ ¬⁄U ÁŸ÷¸⁄U Ÿ „UÊ¥– S◊⁄UáÊ ⁄U„U-‚êÿ∑˜Ô§Ô ’Êœ ∑§ Á‹∞ ◊Í‹ ¬Ê∆U ∑§Ê flÊøŸ ◊„Uûfl¬ÍáÊ¸ „ÒU– ¬Ê∆U ∑§ •ãÃ ◊¥ •Ê∞ •èÿÊ‚-¬˝‡ŸÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬Í⁄UÊ ‹Ê÷ ©U∆UÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞, ¿UÊòÊ Sflÿ¢ ¬Ê∆U ◊¥ ©UûÊ⁄U …Í°U…∏¥U– Ãà¬‡øÊÃ˜Ô „UË “‚È’ÊÁœŸË” ◊¥ Œπ¥– ß‚ ‚ãŒ÷¸ ◊¥ flÊÄÿ-¬˝ÿÊª ∑§ Áfl·ÿ ◊¥ ŒUË ªß¸ √ÿÊ∑§⁄UáÊ-‚ê’ãœË ¡ÊŸ∑§Ê⁄UË ∑§Ê äÿÊŸ ‚ ¬…∏U¢– ∑§Êß¸ ∑§Á∆UŸÊß¸ •Ê∞ ÃÊ flÊÄÿ-¬˝ÿÊª ŒÊ„U⁄UÊ∞°– œË⁄U-œË⁄U ÁŸÿ◊ S¬c≈U „UÊÃ ÁŒπÊß¸ Œ¥ª– ‚¢S∑Î§Ã-Á‡ÊˇÊáÊ ◊¥ ‡ÊéŒ M§¬ ÃÕÊ œÊÃÈ M§¬ ∑§Ê ¬˝◊Èπ SÕÊŸ ÁŒÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU, Á∑§ãÃÈ ◊ÊòÊ ∑§á∆USÕ ∑§⁄U ‹ŸÊ ¬ÿÊ¸åÃ Ÿ„UË¥, ¬˝ÿÊª ‚◊¤ÊŸÊ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „ÒU– ¡’ Ã∑§ M§¬ ∑§á∆USÕ „UÊ¥, Ã’ Ã∑§ ¿UÊòÊ ¬ÈSÃ∑§ ◊¥ ŒË ªß¸ ÃÊÁ‹∑§Ê ‚ ‚„UÊÿÃÊ ‹¥, ∆UË∑§ ©U‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ¡Ò‚ flÃ¸ŸË •ÕflÊ ‡ÊéŒÊÕ¸ ¡ÊŸŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ‡ÊéŒ-∑§Ê· ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– œË⁄U-œË⁄U ‡ÊÈh-¬˝ÿÊª ◊¥ •èÿSÃ „UÊ ¡Ê∞°ª– ¬Ê∆˜UÔÿ¬ÈSÃ∑§ “‚¢S∑Î§Ã-◊Ü¡Í·Ê” ◊¥ •Áœ∑§Ê¢‡Ê ∞‚ ‡ÊéŒÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊª ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÊ‚ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU, ¡Ê •Ê¡ ¬˝Êÿ— Á„UãŒË ÃÕÊ Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝ÊŒÁ‡Ê∑§ ÷Ê·Ê•Ê¥ ◊¥ ¬˝ÿÈÄÃ „UÊÃ „Ò¥U– ‚¢S∑Î§Ã-Á‡ÊˇÊáÊ ∑§Ê ‚„U¡ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚⁄U‚ ’ŸÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ •¬ŸË ◊ÊÃÎ÷Ê·Ê ∑§Ë ∞‚Ë ‡ÊéŒÊfl‹Ë ∑§Ê ¬Í⁄UÊ ‹Ê÷ ©U∆UÊ∞°–

◊¢ª‹∑§Ê◊ŸÊ•Ê¥ ‚Á„UÃ– ó‹Áπ∑§Ê

v. ‚Èª◊◊˜Ô ‚¢S∑Î§Ã◊˜Ô (‚¢flÊŒ—) ................................................ z

w. flÎˇÊÊáÊÊ◊˜Ô ©U¬ÊŒÿÃÊ ......................................................... 11

x. vgks dk#.;a flagnEiR;ks— ............................................... 18

y. ÁfllÊ ŒŒÊÁÃ ÁflŸÿ◊˜Ô ....................................................... 24

• ¬Ê∆UÊ— v-y ¬ÈŸ⁄UÊflÎÁûÊ— ..................................................... 30 z. ÷Ê⁄UÃ¢ ◊ ªÊÒ⁄Ufl◊˜Ô ............................................................. 34

{. ◊ÊªÊ¸˘„U◊˜Ô ..................................................................... 41

|. ‡‹Ê∑§-‚◊Èëøÿ— ............................................................ 46

}. osQjy&izns'k% ................................................................. 54

• ¬Ê∆UÊ— z-} ¬ÈŸ⁄UÊflÎÁûÊ— ..................................................... 60 ~. ÁflÁøòÊÁ◊Œ◊˜Ô ¡ªÃ˜Ô ......................................................... 65

vÆ. ‹Ê÷Ê ◊Í‹◊Ê¬ŒÊ◊˜Ô .......................................................... 71

vv. ¬ÈòÊ¢ ¬˝ÁÃ ¬òÊ◊˜Ô ............................................................... 77

vw. ŒË¬Êà‚fl— .................................................................... 81

• ¬Ê∆UÊ— ~-vw ¬ÈŸ⁄UÊflÎÁûÊ— ................................................... 86 vx. ŒË¬∑§Sÿ •„UVÔUÊ⁄U— ......................................................... 91

vy. ÁøÁ∑§à‚∑§— ø⁄U∑§— ........................................................ 96

vz. ŸËÁÃ¬Õ— ................................................................... 100

• ¬Ê∆UÊ— vx-vz ¬ÈŸ⁄UÊflÎÁûÊ— ............................................... 107 v{. lw;Z% dk;kZojks/a xPNfr ............................................... 111

v|. ∑§◊¸flË⁄U— ÷fl .............................................................. 116

v}. ◊Á„U◊Ê ‚¢S∑Î§Ã&flÊæU˜Ô◊ÿSÿ ............................................. 123

• ¬Ê∆UÊ— v{-v} ¬ÈŸ⁄UÊflÎÁûÊ— ............................................... 128

Áfl·ÿ-‚ÍøË

(iv)

‚¢S∑Î§Ã-◊Ü¡Í·Ê (÷Êª-x) ‚È’ÊÁœŸË 5

fganh vuqokn (lqxe&laLÑr)

izhfr µ vjh lquhrk] D;k ckr gS mnkl gks\lquhrk µ D;k d:¡ ! laLo`Qr ijh{kk esa esjs vad vPNs ugha vk,Aizhfr µ nq[kh er gksvksA ifjJe djus ls vkSj oDr osQ lkFk lc Bhd gks

tkrk gSAlquhrk µ l[kh] rqEgsa lp crkm¡Qµeq>s rks laLo`Qr vPNh gh ugha yxrhA

D;k] ;g dfBu Hkk"kk rqEgsa vPNh yxrh gS\izhfr µ lquhrk] okLro esa laLo`Qr ljy gS] dfBu fcYoqQy ughaAlquhrk µ og oSQls\izhfr µ vH;kl djus ls gh fuiq.krk vkrh gSA 'kq: esa tks dfBu yxrk

gS] le; osQ lkFk] og ljy gks tkrk gSAlquhrk µ ij /krq :i] 'kCn :iµ;g lc oSQls ;kn gksxk\izhfr µ lquhrk] 'kCn:iksa rFkk /krq:iksa dk iz;ksx le> ysuk pkfg,A D;k

rqe ?kj tkdj ikB dk okpu fu;e ls djrh gks\lquhrk µ oSQls d:¡ \ vè;kfidk th tks d{kk esa i ikrhAizhfr µ fpUrk er djksA è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ckj&ckj (ikB dk) okpu

djus (i esa vk tk,xkAlquhrk µ 'kk;n rqe Bhd dg jgh gksA d{kk esa nÙkfpÙk (eu yxkdj)

cSBdj vkSj ikB dks nksgjk dj eq>s Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx le> ysuk pkfg,A

izhfr µ fpUrk er djksA eSa Hkh rqEgkjh enn d:¡ xhAlquhrk µ bl izdkj laLo`Qr dh ijh{kk esa esjs Hkh vPNs uEcj gks tk,¡xsAizhfr µ fcYoqQYk! l[kh] ;g le>@tku yks fd laLo`Qr ,d Hkk"kk gSA lquus]

cksyus vkSj okpu djus ls gh ys[ku 'kq¼ gksrk gSAlquhrk µ vc eSaus le>k@ tkuk (eq>s le> vk;k) fdµlaLo`Qr oSQls i

6 ‚¢S∑Î§Ã-◊Ü¡Í·Ê (÷Êª-x) ‚È’ÊÁœŸË

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ mPpkj.k djsaA izLrqr vH;kl esa loZuke ̂ vLen~* ̂ ;qq"en~* osQ :i ,dopu rFkk cgqopu esa fn, x, gSaA mPpkj.k djrs le; 'kCn :i rqyukRed n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[ks a_ ;Fkkµeke~µvLeku~ (vLen~µf}rh;k foHkfDr) Roke~µ;q"eku~ (;q"en~µf}rh;k foHkfDr) izR;sd foHkfDr :i dk nks ckj mPpkj.k djsaA

fyf[kre~ 1- ;g vH;kl iw.kZr% ikBk/kfjr gSA dks"Bd esa rhu fodYi fn,

gSaA ikB dh dFkkoLrq osQ vk/kj ij mfpr fodYi pqudj ,d in esa mÙkj nsuk gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksa o le>saA ̂ dL;k%* (fdlosQ) osQ mÙkj esa ^lquhrk;k%* (lquhrk osQ) mfpr fodYiA

izR;sd iz'u dk è;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA mfpr fodYi pqudj mÙkj nsaA*

mÙkjµ d- laLÑrijh{kk;ke~ [k- lquhrk;S x- vH;klsu ?k- ikBL; Ä- l[;k% (ewy 'kCn l[kh) p- izhfr% N- iz;ksx%AfunsZ'kµ (i) lEiw.kZ okD; osQ :i esa izR;sd mÙkj dk ekSf[kd&vH;kl djsa_ ;Fkkµijh{kk;ka lquhrk;k% vî-ïk% u 'kksHkuk%A (ii) 'kCn :i o iz;ksx dh vksj è;ku nsa_ ;Fkkµizhrs%] lquhrk;k%]

dL;k%µrhuksa in "k"Bh ,dopu_ izhR;S] lquhrk;S] dL;Sµrhuksa prqFkhZ ,dopuA laLÑrL;] ikBL;] dL;µrhuks a in "k"Bh ,dopu (iqfYayx)A*

2- iz'u è;ku ls i


[k- ifjJes.k dkysu p lo± dk;± flè;frA x- lkoèkkua Jo.ksu iqu% iqu% p okpusu lo± cksèka xfe";frA ?k- Jo.ksu] Hkk"k.ksu] okpusu pSo Hkk"kk;k% ys[kua 'kq¼a HkofrA 3- fo'ks";&in dk fo'ks"k.k&in ls feyku djrs le; mPpkj.k

djsaA 'kCn dh vafre èofu@v{kj dh vksj è;ku nsaµ,dleku gSa_ ;Fkkµ^Hkk"kk µ dfBuk* esa vUr esa ̂ vk* vk;k gSA blh izdkj 'ks"k inksa esa ns[ksaA

mÙkjµ [k- ys[kue~ µ 'kq¼e~] x - laLÑre~ µ lqxee~] ?k- vî-ïk% µ 'kksHkuk%] Ä- lquhrk µ f[kUukA 4- e×tw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dk okpu djsaA vFkZ le>saA ;s lHkh

in ikB esa vk pqosQ gSaA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj vuqPNsn dk okpu djsaA izR;sd okD; dk vk'k; le>dj] e×tw"kk ls mfpr in ysdj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA (vuqPNsn ikB dh dFkkoLrq ij vkèkkfjr gSA dfBukbZ gksus ij izR;sd okD; dk okpu nks ckj djsaA)

mÙkjµ laLÑr&ijh{kk;ke~ (laLÑr dh ijh{kk esa)µokD; esa ^vî-ïk%* dk mYys[k gksus osQ dkj.k mfpr iz;ksxA

l[khe~ (l[kh dks)µ^onfr* (dgrh gS) dk deZ (f}rh;k foHkfDr esa) fo"kknsuµ^vya* osQ ;ksx esa mfpr iz;ksxA ikBL; (ikB dh)µ^okpue~* (okpu] reading) ls lEcU/A vH;klsu (vH;kl }kjk)µokD; esa ^dkS'kye~* dk mYys[k gksus osQ

dkj.k mfprA ljye~µ^laLÑre~* dk fo'ks"k.k&in (vkSj iwjd] complement),

bl lanHkZ esa mi;qDrA 5- igys loZuke rr~ (L=khfYakx) osQ 'kCn :i dh vko`fÙk dj ysaA e×tw"kk esa fn, x, loZuke 'kCnksa dks ns[ksaµrr~ (L=khfYakx) osQ

:i gSaA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj vuqPNsn dk okpu djsaA ns[ksaµ^lquhrk* osQ

fy, ^lk* dk iz;ksx vk;k gSA blh izdkj laKkin osQ LFkku ij mfpr loZuke (L=khfYakx) pqusaA*

* iwoZ&d{kk esa lh[ks x, vkdkjkUr o bZdkjkUr laKk 'kCnksa dh iqujko`fÙk fgrdj gksxhA


mÙkjµ rL;k% (mlosQ)µlquhrk;k% osQ fy,µ(nksuksa in L=khfYakx] "k"Bh] ,dopu)

rL;k% (mlosQ) ̂ l[;k%* (l[kh osQ) osQ fy,µ(nksuksa L=khfYakx "k"Bh] ,dopu)

rke~ (mls)µ^l[khe~* (l[kh oQks) osQ fy,µ(nksuksa L=khfYakx] f}rh;k] ,dopu esa)

rL;S (mls @mlosQ fy,)µ^l[;S* (l[kh dks @osQ fy,) osQ LFkku ij_ (nk èkkrq osQ ;ksx esaµnksuksa esa prqFkhZ)

r;kµ^l[;k* osQ LFkku ijµ(nksuksa esa r`rh;k (,dopu) lg osQ ;ksx esa)

okD;ksa dk okpu djrs le; iz;ksx (foHkfDr) ij è;ku nsaA

6- vLen~&;q"en~ osQ 'kCn :i dk mPpkj.k djsaA ,dopu osQ inksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA

e×tw"kk esa fn, 'kCnksa dks ns[ksaA [k.M (d) esa ^vLen~* rFkk [k.M ([k) esa ;q"en~ osQ ,dopu :i fn, x, gSaA mUgsa i


Ä- Rof; (rqe ij)µ^fo'oflfr* osQ lkFk lIreh foHkfDr dk inA

p- rqH;e~ (rqEgsa @ rqEgkjs fy,)µ^v;PNr~* (nk èkkrq) osQ lkFk prqFkhZ foHkfDr dk in (lEiznku gksus osQ dkj.k)A

7- mnkgj.k ns[ksaµfde~ bfrµfdfefr (e~ + b = fe)A mÙkjµ [k- eekfi µ ee vfi (v + v = vk) x- pSo µ p ,o (v + , = ,s) ?k- loZesrr~ µ loZe~ ,rr~ (e~ + , = es) Ä- vgefi µ vge~ vfi (e~ + v = e) uksVµ dks"Bd esa fo'ys"k.k Nk=kksa dh lqfoèkk gsrq fn, x, gSa ;s visf{kr

mÙkj dk va'k ugha gSaA

8- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA okD; esa jQp~ (jksprs) /krq dk iz;ksx vk;k gSA ^#p~* osQ ;ksx esa] ftldks vPNk@ jkspd yxrk gS mlesa prqFkhZ foHkfDr osQ iz;ksx dk fu;e gSA vr% izLrqr mnkgj.k esa ^losZH;%** (prqFkhZ] cgqopu) mfpr iz;ksx gSA (lokZu~¾lc dks)µf}rh;k] cgqopu_ losZ"kke~ (lc dk)µ"k"Bh cgqopuµvr% ;s nksuksa mfpr ugha)A

blh izdkj izR;sd okD; dks dks"Bd ls mfpr fodYi pqudj iwjk dhft,A

mÙkjµ d- dLeS (prqFkhZ] ,dopu)µ^jksprs* osQ ;ksx esa mfprA (de~µfdl dks) (deZdkjdµf}rh;k foHkfDr)] d% = dkSuµnksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh mfpr ugha)A

[k- rqH;e~µ#p~ /krq osQ ;ksx esa prqFkhZ foHkfDr okyk in mi;qDrA (Roe~µrqe_ Roke~µrqEgsaµnksuksa bl lanHkZ esa mfpr ughaA)

x- ckysH;%µokD; esa #p~ /krq dk iz;ksx] vr% prqFkhZ foHkfDr in mfpr (ckyk% = ckyd_ ckyku~ (f}rh;k foHkfDr)µckydksa dks (deZ dkjd)A

* fgUnh esa lEiw.kZ okD; dk vk'k;µ^vktdy lc dks fØosQV dk [ksy vPNk yxrk gS*µ;gk¡ ^dks* ijlxZ ls Hkzfer u gksaA ^dks* yx tkus ek=k ls ;g deZin ugha cu tkrkA okD; esa vkbZ ^#p~* /krq dh vksj è;ku nsaA fu;e ;kn j[ksaA mnkgj.kkFkZ fn, x, okD; dk okpu nks ckj dj ysus ls fu;e Lor% gh ;kn jg tk,xkA


?k- jksprs (vPNk yxrk gS)µ ^vkeze~* okD; dk dÙkkZ ,dopu esa] vr% fØ;kin ^jksprs*µ,dopu mfprA (jkspsrsµf}opu] jkspUrsµcgqopu)

Ä- jkspUrs (vPNs yxrs gSa)µ^eksndk%*µokD; dk dÙkkZµcgqopu] vr% fØ;kin ^jkspUrs* (cgqopu) mi;qDrA

ewY;ijdiz'uk%

1- ikBL; fu;eiwoZoaQ okpusu iquokZpusu p vè;;ua dÙkZO;e~A vFkok ikBL; okpua iquokZpua p fu;esu ÑRok vè;;ua dÙkZO;e~A

2- d{kk;ka lekfgrfpÙka@lko/kua fr"Bsr~A 3- vke~] iBu dk;sZ l[;k%@fe=kL; lgk;rk dÙkZO;kA

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- iz'u la[;k (6) osQ nksuksa [k.Mksa osQ okD;ksa dk okpu lkFk&lkFk bl izdkj djsaµ d- vge~ laLÑre~ iBkfeA Roe~ laLÑre~ iBflA [k- vè;kfidk eke~ vonr~A vè;kfidk Roka fde~ vonr~\ x- ijh{kk;ka ee vî-ïk% 'kksHkuk%A ̄d ijh{kk;ka ro vî-ïk% 'kksHkuk%\ bR;kfnA iz'u la[;k (8) osQ okD;ksa dk okpu djrs le; fjDr LFkku iw£r okys

inksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA Lej.k jgs ^#p~* /krq osQ ;ksx esa prqFkhZ foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

2- vLen~@;q"en~ osQ cgqopu :iksa osQ iz;ksx dk vH;kl djsaA ;Fkkµ d- o;e~ laLÑre~ iBke%A ;w;e laLÑra iBFkA [k- vè;kfidk vLeku~ vonr~A vè;kfidk ;q"eku~ fde~ vonr~\ x- ijh{kk;ke~ vLekde~ vî-ïk% 'kksHkuk%A ¯d ijh{kk;ka ;q"ekde~ vî-ïk%

'kksHkuk%\ bR;kfnA 3- Nk=k Lo;a vH;kl djsaA d{kk esa izR;sd Nk=k ,d&,d foHkfDr :i

dk ;fn mPpkj.k djs] rks lHkh ykHkkfUor gksaxsArr


fganh vuqokn (o`{kksa osQ ykHk)

gjs isM+] iwQyksa ls Hkjs isM+] iQynkj isM+] Nk;k nsus okys isM+µlc izdkj osQ isM+ gekjk midkj djrs gSaA o`{kksa dh gfj;kyh us=kksa dks lq[k igq¡pkrh gS] mudh Nk;k xehZ nwj djrh gS] iwQy okrkoj.k dks lqxU/ ls Hkj nsrs gSa vkSj iQy Hkw[k feVkrs gSaA

D;k&D;k ugha djrs o`{kµo`{k vkSjksa osQ fy, Nk;k djrs gSa] fdUrq Lo;a /wi esa [kM+ s jgrs gSaA muosQ

iQy Hkh nwljksa osQ fy, (ijkFkkZ;) gksrs gSaA o`{k lRiqjQ"kksa dh Hkk¡fr gksrs gSaAHkkoµftl izdkj lTtu LokFkZ osQ fy, ugha] tufgr osQ fy, thou

viZ.k djrs gSa mlh izdkj o`{k Hkh nwljksa dk midkj djrs gSaA os Lo;a d"V lgdj Hkh ijksidkj osQ dk;Z esa yhu jgrs gSaA

;fn o`{k u gksa] rks izkf.k;ksa@tho/kfj;ksa osQ fy, iQy dgk¡ ls vk,¡xs] FkosQ&ek¡nksa dks Nk;k dgk¡ ls feysxh] if{k;ksa dks vkJ; dgk¡ ls feysxkA vkSj rks vkSj ikuh cjlkus esa Hkh o`{k lgk;d gksrs gSaA okrkoj.k dks 'kq¼ djus esa o`{kksa ls cgqr ykHk gksrk gSA nwf"kr ok;q (xUnh gok) ls nks"k dkjd rÙo ysdj] o`{k gesa LokLF; dkjd rÙo vkWDlhtu nsrs gSaA

o`{k lc dk thou lq[ke; cukrs gSaA muosQ izfr gekjk Hkh dÙkZO; gSA o`{kksa osQ vkjksi.k (yxkus) osQ fy,] muosQ c


mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ izR;sd iz'u dk okpu è;kuiwoZd djsaA dks"BdnÙk fodYiksa dks ns[ksaA ikB osQ vkèkkj ij mfpr fodYi pqudj ,d in esa mÙkj nsaA mnkgj.k ns[ksa o le>saA ôsQ"kke~* (fduosQ) osQ mÙkj esa ô`{kk.kke~* (o`{kksa osQ) mfprA d- iq"ikf.k µ ^dkfu* osQ mÙkj esaµ (nksuksa in uiqald¯yx]

cgqopu)µdÙkkZdkjd [k- {kqèkke~ µ ^dke~* osQ mÙkj esaµ (nksuksa in L=kh¯yx]

,dopu)µdeZdkjd x- thfore~ µ ^fde~* osQ mÙkj esaµ (nksuksa in uiqald¯yx]

,dopu)µdÙkkZdkjd ?k- o`{kk% µ ôsQ* osQ mÙkj esaµ (nksuksa in iq¯Yyx]

cgqopu] izFkek foHkfDr) Ä- lq[ke;e~ µ ^dhn`'ke~* osQ mÙkj esaµ (nksuksa in uiqald¯yx]

,dopu] f}rh;k foHkfDr) izR;sd mÙkj dk lEiw.kZ okD; osQ :i esa ekSf[kd&vH;kl fgrdj gksxkA

fyf[kre~ 1- iz'u è;ku ls i


blh izdkj izR;sd okD;ka'k esa fn, x, fo'ks";&in (laKk) osQ foHkfDr] opu] fYakx vkfn dks igpkurs gq,] dks"BdnÙk fo'ks"k.k 'kCn dk mfpr :i fjDr LFkku esa HkjsaA

mÙkjµ d- lq[ke;e~ µ D;ksafd ^thoue~* uiqaldfYakx] ,dopuA [k- ijee~ µ D;ksafd ^dÙkZO;e~*] uiqaldfYakx ,dopuA x- gfjrk% µ D;ksafd ô`{kk%*µiqfYayx] cgqopuA ?k- nks"kizne~ µ ̂ rÙoe~*µosQ vuqlkj uiqaldfYakx ,dopuA Ä- gfjrkuke~ µ ̂ o`{kk.kke~* osQ vuqlkj] "k"Bh cgqopu dk iz;ksxA

3- e×tw"kk esa fn, x, iz'uokpd 'kCn isaA mfpr in pqusaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµjaxhu in osQ LFkku ij mfpr iz'uokpd yxkdj iz'u&fuekZ.k gqvk gS] okD; osQ 'ks"k lHkh 'kCn mlh izdkj iz;qDr gSA

mÙkjµ d- v|Ros osQ"kke~ egrh vko';drk\µô`{kk.kke~*µ"k"Bh] cgqopu in osQ LFkku ij ôsQ"kke~*µ^fde~* "k"Bh cgqopu dk iz;ksxA

[k- rjo% losZ"kke~ thoua dhǹ'ke~ oqQoZfUr\µfo'ks"k.k&in&^lq[ke;e~*& uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.kA

x- fde~ o`{kkfJra [kyq\µthfore~µuiqaldfYakx] ,dopu in osQ fy, uiqaldfYakx] ,dopu iz'uokpdA

?k- o`{kk% osQH;% vkJ;a ;PNfUr\µîf{kH;%*µprqFkhZ] cgqopu osQ fy, prqFkhZ cgqopu iz'uokpdA

Ä- o`{kk% Lo;a oqQ=k fr"BfUr\µ^vkris* (èkwi esa) osQ fy, ôqQ=k* (dgk¡)A

funsZ'kµ (i) loZuke ^fde~* osQ 'kCn :i dh vko`fÙk dj ysaA (ii) ftl in osQ vk/kj ij iz'u&fuekZ.k djuk gks] ml in osQ fYakx]

foHkfDr o opu osQ vuqlkj ^fde~* loZuke osQ :i dk iz;ksx djsa_ tSls mnkgj.k esaµ^n`f"Ve~* osQ fy, ^dke~*µL=khfYakx] f}rh;k] ,dopu dk iz;ksxA

(iii) lgt&cks/ osQ fy, vH;klksa esa vk, iz'u okD;ksa dk è;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA

4- okD; esa vk, izR;sd in dk vFkZ mlesa yxh foHkfDr osQ vuqlkj gh gksrk gS_ tSlsµfganh Hkk"kk esa ijlxZ vkSj vkaXyHkk"kk esa PrepositionA izLrqr okD; esa blh n`f"V ls izR;sd in dh foHkfDr o opu fufnZ"V djsaA


mÙkjµ d- ------- "k"Bh] cgqopuA (o`{kksa osQ) [k- ------- r`rh;k] ,dopuA (thou ls) x- ------- "k"Bh] cgqopuA (gekjk) ?k- ------- izFkek] ,dopuA (thou) µ ;gk¡ ^vfLr* (gS) lkFk esa

le> ysaA

funsZ'kµikB okpu osQ le; foHkfDr iz;ksx ij è;ku nsa vkSj foHkfDr osQ

vuqlkj izR;sd in dk vFkZ le>saA

5- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saµ^vLekde~*µmfpr fodYiA dkj.kµ ^x`g&m|kus* ls lEcU/µ(gekjs x`g&m|ku esa ----) vr% "k"Bh& foHkfDr vFkkZr~ lEcU/ dkjd okyk in iz;qDr gqvk gSA (vLen~µewy 'kCn] ^vLeH;e~* = gekjs fy,µbl lanHkZ esa nksuksa gh mfpr ugha)A

blh izdkj izR;sd okD; esa dks"Bd ls mfpr fodYi pqudj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA è;ku jgsµokD;&iz;ksx osQ vuqlkj foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

mÙkjµ d- vkezkf.k (uiqaldfYakx] cgqopu)µfo'ks"k.k ê/qjkf.k* gksus osQ dkj.k mfpr fodYiA (vkez%µv'kq¼ inµfYakx dh n`f"V ls_ vkeze~µ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.k mfpr ugha] D;ksafd fo'ks"k.k&in ê/qjkf.k*µcgqopu gS)A

[k- losZH;%µfØ;kin ̂ jkspUrs*] vr% prqFkhZ foHkfDr dk iz;ksx mfprA x- o`{kk%µ^mioqQoZfUr* fØ;kin] vr% dÙkkZ esa izFkek foHkfDr]

cgqopu iz;ksx mfprA (o`{k%µ,dopu_ o`{kS%µ(o`{kksa }kjk)µr`rh;k foHkfDrµnksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh mfpr ughaA

?k- ijksidkjk;µmfpr fodYi] okD; osQ izlax esaA ôsQ fy,* osQ vFkZ esa prqFkhZ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA (ijksidkje~µijksidkj dks] ijksidkjs.kµijksidkj }kjkµdksbZ Hkh fodYi mfpr ugha)A

Ä- okrkoj.kL;µ^j{kk* ls lEcU/] vr% "k"Bh foHkfDr in mfprA okD;&iwfrZ osQ mijkUr okpu djsaA foHkfDr iz;ksx ij è;ku nsaA okpu iquokZpu djus ls Lor% gh 'kq¼ iz;ksx esa vH;Lr gks tk,¡xsA


6- loZuke ^,rr~* osQ :i nksgjk ysaA*

e×tw"kk esa ^,rr~* loZuke osQ oqQN :i fn, x, gSaA okD;ksa esa vk, laKk inksa osQ fYakx] foHkfDr o opu dk è;ku j[krs gq, mfpr loZuke :i pqusa vkSj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA

mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^vkezo`{k%*µiq¯Yyx] ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.k] ^,"k%*µiq¯Yyx] ,dopu :i dk iz;ksxA

mÙkjµ d- ,rfLeu~µ(i) m|kus&(iqfYayx)] lIreh] ,dopu vr% loZuke ,rr~&(iqfYayx) dk lIreh] ,dopu :i mfprA

[k- (i) ,rkfu (ii) ,rsH;% A (i) ^iQykfu* osQ lkFk] uiqaldfYakx] cgqopu dk iz;ksxA (ii) ^ckyosQH;%* osQ lkFk_ ^,rsH;%*µprqFkhZ cgqopuA x- ,rLeSµ^ckydk;*µprqFkhZ ,dopu (iqfYayx) osQ lkFkA ?k- (i) ,rr~ (ii) ,rL;A (i) ^x`ge~*µuiqaldfYakx ,dopu in gksus dkj.kA (ii) ckydL;µ(iqfYayx)] "k"Bh] ,dopu in gksus dkj.kA Ä- ,rs"kke~µ^ckydkuke~* (iqfYayx) "k"Bh] cgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA

Lej.k jgsµ loZuke 'kCn ftl laKkin osQ lkFk iz;ksx esa vkrs gSa] mlh dk ¯yx] foHkfDr o opu ys ysrs gSaA ikB&okpu osQ le; loZuke iz;ksx ij è;ku nsaA

7- izR;sd [k.M esa fn, okD; dks è;ku ls isaA vc iz'u i


mÙkjµ ([k) (i) prqFkhZµôsQ fy,* osQ vFkZ esa iz;qDrA (FkosQ ek¡nkas osQ

fy, Nk;k dgk¡ ls)

uksVµlHkh 'kCn :iksa esa prqFkhZ rFkk i×peh foHkfDr osQ :i

leku gksrs gSa_ ;FkkµckyosQH;%] yrkH;%] losZH;% bR;kfnA

okD; iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij gh foHkfDr dk irk py ldrk

gSA mnkgj.kr%µô`{ksH;% i=kkf.k irfUr* okD; esa i×peh dk

iz;ksx gS] ô`{ksH;% tya ;PNfr* okD; esa prqFkhZ dkA vr%

okD; esa vk, iz;ksx dks le>sa] rnuqlkj mÙkj nsaA

(ii) oqQr%µ(br%] rr%] oqQr% bR;kfn vO;; in gSaA)

mÙkjµ (x) (i) f}rh;kµ(rku~µrr~] f}rh;k] cgqopu&iqfYayx)µfu;eµizfr

osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k dk iz;ksx_ ;Fkkµx`ge~ izfr] fe=ka izfr]

firja izfr bR;kfnA

(ii) o`{kku~ izfr vLekoaQ foaQ dÙkZO;e~\

(^rku~*µf}rh;k] cgqopu&iqfYayx] mlh izdkjµô`{kku~*

(ô`{k* ewy 'kCn) f}rh;k cgqopu)

ewY;ijdiz'uk%

1- lTtuk% o`{kk% bo Lo;a d"Va lgUrs] ije~ vU;s"kka thoua lq[ke;a oqQoZfUrA

2- ;s vLekde~ midkja oqQoZfUr rku~ izfr vLekde~ vfi fdf×pn~ dÙkZO;e~

vfLrA

3- lRiq#"kk% o`{kk% @ rjo% bo ijkFkkZ; (ijs"kke~ midkjk;) thofUr] u rq

LokFkkZ;A

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- ikB~;iqLrd rFkk lkekU;cks/ osQ vk/kj ij o`{kksa dh mikns;rk osQ ckjs

esa d{kk esa ppkZ djsaA okLro esa i`Foh ij thou dk vfLrRo iw.kZr;k

o`{kksa osQ vfLrRo ij fuHkZj gSA izÑfr esa lc izdkj ls larqyu cuk,

j[kus dk Js; o`{kksa dks tkrk gSA o`{k thou dk vkJ; gSaµog thou

euq"; dk gks ;k i'kq&i{kh vFkok phaVh tSls dhV dkA


2- o`{kk%µvLekoaQ fe=kkf.kµo`{kk% lRiq#"kk% bo ijksidkja oqQoZfUrA rs

ijksidkjk; iQyfUrA Lo;e~ vkris fr"BfUr ije~ vLeH;a 'khryka Nk;ka

oqQoZfUrA JkUr% ifFkd% o`{kL; vèk% foJkE;frA lq[ka p vuqHkofrA

o`{kL; mifj [kxk% e/qja owQtfUrA rs o`{ks uhMa jp;fUrA Lo'kkodku~

p iky;fUrA o`{kL; ewys fiihfydk% fuolfUrA o`{kk.kke~ Ñi;k ok;q%

LoPN% okrkoj.ka p iznw"k.k&jfgra HkofrA ò{kk.kke~ izR;sde~ Hkkx% mikns;%A

vtk% i.kkZfu] [kknfUr] o;e~ iQykfu [kknke%A iq"ikf.k lqxUèksu okrkoj.ka

iwj;fUrA o`{kk.kke~ dk"Bsu fofo/a fuek.kZ&dk;± izpyfrA o`{kk% vLekoaQ

fe=kkf.k loZfoèke~ lkgkÕ;a oqQoZfUrA o`{knsosH;% ue%A

Nk=k bl izdkj Lo;a okD; jpuk djsaA laosQr esa fn, x, inksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; inksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

rr


fganh vuqokn (vgks] flagnEirh dh d#.kk)

(;g dFkk fgrksins'k ls ladfyr gSA ,d 'ksj nEirh Hkw[ks jgdj Hkh fl;kj

osQ f'k'kq dh gR;k Hkkstu osQ fy, ugha djrsA 'ksjuh mldk iq=kor~ ikyu

djrh gSA fl;kj dk cpiu 'ksj f'k'kqvksa osQ lkFk chrrk gSA tc jgL; lkeus

vkrk gS rks 'ksjuh fl;kj iq=k thfor jgsµblh dkeuk ls mls ogk¡ ls Hkkx dj

viuh tkfr okyksa osQ chp pys tkus osQ fy, dgrh gSA ,d ek¡ dh eerk

vkSj 'ksjuh dh vuqdEik!)

fdlh ouLFky esa flagnEirh fuokl djrs FksA le; osQ lkFk 'ksjuh us

nks iq=kksa dks tUe fn;kA vius nksuksa f'k'kqvksa osQ lkFk 'ksj nEirh dk le;

lq[k ls chr jgk FkkA

'ksj ges'kk gh i'kqvksa dks ekj dj 'ksjuh dks ns nsrkA dHkh ,d fnu mls

dksbZ Hkh tho (lÙoe~) ugha feyk (mlosQ }kjk dksbZ Hkh tho izkIr ugha

fd;k x;k)A ou esa ?kwers&?kwers lw;Z vLr gks x;kA

?kj ykSVrs gq, mls ,d fl;kj dk cPpk feykA ;g rks cPpk gh gSµ;g

lkspdj mlus 'ksjuh dks mls thfor gh lkSai fn;kA

^fiz;! gekjk oqQN Hkkstu yk, gks\*

^vkt bl Ük`xky f'k'kq osQ vfrfjDr vkSj oqQN ugha feykA ;g cPpk

gSµ;g lkspdj eSaus bls ugha ekjkA vc blh dks [kkdj viuh {kq/k 'kkUr

dj yksA*

^fiz;! ;g cPpk gSµ;g lkspdj rqeus bls ugha ekjk_ rks eSa bls oSQls ek:¡ A

^dgk Hkh x;k gSµizk.kR;kx dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksus ij Hkh vÑR; vFkkZr~ u

djus ;ksX; dke dks ugha djuk pkfg, vkSj u gh djus ;ksX; dke (ÑR;e~)

dk R;kx djuk pkfg,µ;gh lukru /eZ gSA*

(HkkoµdÙkZO; deZ izk.kksa ls Hkh vf/d fiz; gksuk pkfg,A izk.k pkgs pys

tk,¡] foQUrq dÙkZO; dk R;kx ugha djuk pkfg,A)

3 vgks dk#.;e~ flagnEiR;ks%


^vkt ls ;g esjk rhljk iq=k gksxkA* ,slk dgdj mlus Ük`xky osQ cPps

dks iq=k dh Hkk¡fr ikykA

bl izdkj os rhuksa f'k'kq ,d lkFk ?kweus yxsA os viuk cpiu fcrkrs

jgs] ijUrq ijLij dk tkfrHksn ugha tkurs FksA

,d ckj mUgksaus ou esa ?kwerk gqvk gkFkh ns[kkA (muosQ }kjk ,d ?kwerk

gqvk gkFkh ns[kk x;k)A mls ns[kdj nksuksa flag iq=k cgqr Øks/ esa vk x,

vkSj mldh vksj py iM+sA rHkh Ük`xky iq=k us dgk (mDroku~)µ^vjs] ;g

rks gkFkh gS] blosQ lkeus er tkuk*µ,slk dgdj og rs”k xfr ls ?kj dh

vksj HkkxkA os nksuksa Hkh cM+s HkkbZ osQ Hk; ls fu#Rlkfgr gks x,A fu#Rlkfgr

(mRlkg ghu) gks x,A Bhd gh dgk gSµ

j.k osQ izfr vFkkZr~ j.kHkwfe esa ,d Hkh /S;Zoku~ vkSj lkglh (;ks¼k)

gksus ls (lkjh) lsuk esa mRlkg vk tkrk gS_ (,d Hkh ;ks¼k osQ) VwVus ij

lEiw.kZ lsuk VwV tkrh gSA

(Hkkoµleqnk; esa ,d nwljs dks ns[kdj /S;Z o lkgl cuk jgrk gSA ;fn

,d lkgl vkSj /S;Z [kks cSBs rks nwljs Hkh fu#Rlkfgr gks tkrs gSaA)

rc nksuksa flag iq=kksa us ekrk&firk (fi=kks%) osQ vkxs cM+s HkkbZ dh ps"Vk dk

o.kZu fd;kµftl izdkj og gkFkh dks ns[kdj (oh{;) nwj Hkkx x;k FkkA ;g

lqudj mls Øks/ vk x;k vkSj og mu nksuksa osQ izfr dBksj opu cksyus yxkA

rc 'ksjuh us ,dkUr esa ys tkdj mls le>k;kµ^,sls er cksyksA ;s nksuksa

rqEgkjs NksVs HkkbZ gSaA Øks/o'k og cksykµ

^D;k eSa buls (,rkH;ke~) ohjrk esa] :i esa vFkok fo|k&vH;kl esa de

gw¡ tks ;s nksuksa esjk e”kkd mM+k jgs gSaA eSa bu nksuksa dks vo'; gh ekj Mkyw¡xkA*

;g lqudj 'ksjuh mlosQ thou dks pkgrh gqbZ cksyhµ^csVk] rqe 'kwjohj

gks] fo}ku gks] lqUnj gks_ foQUrq ftl oqQy esa rqe mRiUu gq, gks ogk¡ gkFk

ugha ekjk tkrkA

rqe Ük`xky osQ iq=k gks] eSaus Ñik djosQ rqEgsa vius nw/ ls iksf"kr fd;k

gSA vkt rd ;s nksuksa ugha tkurs fd rqe fl;kj gks] rks tYnh ls tkdj viuh

tkfr (osQ yksxksa) esa fey tkvksA ugha rks esjs ;s nksuksa iq=k rqEgsa ekj MkysaxsA


mlosQ opu lqudj] Hk; ls O;koqQy gks] og mlh {k.k ogk¡ ls iyk;u

dj x;kA

vgks] flag nEirh dh d#.kk ftlosQ dkj.k fucZy Ük`xky f'k'kq osQ izk.k

cp x,A

lp gh dgk x;k gS cqf¼ekuksa }kjkµnhu ij n;k djuh pkfg,A

n;k /eZ dh tUeHkwfe gSA

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ izR;sd okD; dk okpu nks ckj djsaA izLrqr okD;ksa esa xe~ /krq osQ yksV~

ydkj dk okD; iz;ksx gSA

fyf[kre~

1- lHkh iz'u ikBk/kfjr gSaA dks"Bd ls ikB osQ vk/kj ij mfpr

fodYi pqudj mÙkj nsaA

mÙkjµ d- flagnEirh [k- iq=k};e~ x- e`xku~ ?k- r`rh;%

Ä- T;s"B&Hkzkrq% p- Øks/kfo"V% N- thfore~

mÙkj 2- I. d- ,oeso (e~ $ , ¾ es) II. d- Hk{kf;Rok

[k- eek;e~ [k- mDRok

x- ckyks¿;e~ x- n`"V~ok

?k- =k;ks¿fi ?k- ifjR;T;

Ä- 'kwjks¿fl Ä- vkd.;Z

p- foaQfpnfi p- xRok

mÙkj 3- d- cky% v;e~ bfr eRok@fopk;Z flagsu Ük`xkyµf'k'kq% u gr%A

[k- v| izHk`fr v;a ee r`rh;% iq=k% Hkfo";fr bfr mDRok flagh

Ük`xky f'k'kqe~ viky;r~A

x- flagiq=kkS T;s"BHkzkrq% Hk;kr~ fu#RlkfgrkS vHkorke~A

?k- }kS vfi flagiq=kkS fi=kks% vxzs T;s"BHkzkrq% psf"Vre~ vo.kZ;rke~ ;Fkk

l% xta n`"V~ok nwjr% iz.k"V%@iykf;r%A


mÙkj 4- 1- (Ä) ,dfLeu~ ous flagnEirh fuolr% LeA

2- (x) flagh }kS iq=kkS vtu;r~A

3- ([k) ,dnk flagsu Ük`xky&f'k'kq% yC/%A

4- (?k) flagh ra Lodh;ikusu iq=kor~ viky;r~A

5- (d) =k;% vfi f'k'ko% ,d=k fogkja oqQoZfUrA

6- (N) ,dnk xta n`"V~ok Hkhr% Ük`xky&lqr% nzqra x`ga izfr v/kor~A

7- (t) y?kqHkzkrjkS fi=kks% vxzs T;s"B&Hkzkrq% psf"Vre~ vo.kZ;rke~A

8- (p) flagh ra izcksè; rL; izk.kku~ vj{kr~A

mÙkj 5- I. (d) f'k'ko% ([k) xt% (x) nzqrxR;k (?k) flag&iq=kkS

II. (d) ̂vgks xtks¿;e~] ek xPNre~ vL; vfHkeq[ke~* bfrA

([k) flagiq=kkS T;s"B&Hkzkrq% Hk;kr~ fu#RlkfgrkS vHkorke~A

III. (d) (i) f'k'ko%µ^=k;%* rFkk ^rs* ;gk¡ fo'ks"k.k gSa ^f'k'ko%*

osQA

(ii) ,oe~] ,d=k] p] ije~] u] ijLije~A

(iii) f'k'kq% f'k'kw --------------

djksfr oqQ#r% --------------

([k) (i) flagiq=kkS (fo'ks"; in) (ii) xte~

(iii) 1- Hk;kr~ 2- rhozxR;k

(iv) f}rh;k

(v) 1- xe~ 2- py~ 3- n`'k~

4- ozqQ/~ 5- Kk

mÙkj 6- d- iBUrq µ dÙkkZ izFke iq#"k cgqopuA

[k- iBr µ dÙkkZ eè;e iq#"k cgqopuA

x- iBkfu µ dÙkkZ mÙke iq#"k ,dopuA

?k- iB µ dÙkkZ eè;e iq#"k ,dopuA

Ä- iBrq µ dÙkkZ] izFke iq#"k ,dopuA

p- iBko µ dÙkkZ] mÙke iq#"k f}opuA

N- iBre~ µ dÙkkZ] eè;e iq#"k f}opuA


mÙkj 7- d- flagsu [k- flag%] Ük`xkyµf'k'kqe~

x- Ük`xky&lqr%] flag&lqrkS ?k- Ük`xky&lqrL;

Ä- flaák%] Ük`xky&lqr%

ewY;ijdiz'uk%

1- (i) izk.kku~ vfi jf{krqa uj% vuqfpra deZ dnkfi u oqQ;kZr~A

(ii) izk.ki.ksu vfi LodÙkZO;a iky;sr~A

(izk.ki.ksu ¾ izk.kksa dh ck”kh yxkdj)

2- (i) d"Vs vkxrs nykr~ iyk;ua u oqQ;kZr~] loZFkk /S;Ze~ vkpjsr~A

(d"Vs vkxrs ¾ d"V vkus ij)

(ii) ;fn ,dfLeu~ nys (lewgs) ,d% vfi lkgla n'kZ;fr rfgZ 'ks"ka

nye~ lksRlkga (mRlkgiw.kZe~) HkofrA

(iii) dfLaef'pr~ lewg&dk;sZ (lkewfgd&dk;sZ) ,dks¿fi lkglh lq/hj%

ldya dk;± liQya djksfr] u rq dkrj% ew[kZ%A (dkrj% ¾ dk;j)

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- ppkZ djsaA ;Fkkµeuq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA lekt dh O;oLFkk esa

izR;sd tu viuh vko';drk iwfrZ osQ fy, nwljs ij fuHkZj gSA ,slh

ifjfLFkfr esa nhu&ghu dk 'kks"k.k u gks] blosQ fy, vko';d gS fd

cy'kkyh fucZy ij] le`¼ fu/Zu @ of×pr oxZ ij vkSj l'kDr v'kDr

ij n;k djsA lEekuiwoZd thou;kiu djus dk leku vf/dkj lcdks

gSA n;k dh Hkkouk /eZ dk ewyea=k gS] ,d LoLFk lekt dh lqn`


(ii) v.kZo% vki.ka xPNfrA µ v.kZo% vki.ka xPNrqA

(yV~) (yksV~)

(iii) Hkoku~ mifo'kfrA (yV~) µ Hkoku~ mifo'krqA (yksV~)

([k) (i) uj% dÙkZO;e~ djksrqA µ ujk% dÙkZO;a oqQoZUrqA

(,dopu) (cgqopu)

(ii) Nk=k% ikBe~ viBr~A µ Nk=kk% ikBe~ viBu~A

(,dopu) (cgqopu)

(iii) foaQ Roa Hkkstue~ v[kkn%\ µ foaQ ;w;e~ Hkkstue~ v[kknr\

(,dopu) (cgqopu) bR;kfnA

rr


fganh vuqokn (fo|k fou;'khyrk iznku djrh gS)

ekrk µ csVk v.kZo] D;k ckr gS rqEgkjh deh”k iQVh gSA ;g rks ubZ gh gS] iqjkuh rks ughaA

v.kZo µ ek¡! vkt eSa LowQy osQ [ksy osQ eSnku esa Hkkxrs gq, fxj x;kAekrk µ lp crkvks] D;k LowQy esa rqEgkjk fdlh ls >xM+k rks ugha gqvk\v.kZo µ lp crkrk gw¡A ;g vuqjkx eq>s jks”k ihVrk vkSj xkyh nsrk jgrk gSA

vkt eSaus lkspk (esjs }kjk lkspk x;k) fd nq"V osQ lkFk nq"Vrk dk O;ogkj djuk pkfg, ^tSls dks rSlk*A

ekrk µ csVk! D;k rqe ugha tkursµ^fo|k fouezrk iznku djrh gS vkSj fouezrk ls O;fDRk ;ksX;rk izkIr djrk gSA* (fo|k ikdj euq"; fou;'khy cu tkrk gS] vkSj fouez O;fDr esa ;ksX;rk vk tkrh gSA)

v.kZo µ tkurk gw¡ ek¡! eSa Hkh >xM+kyw ugha gw¡A ijUrq owQV LoHkko okyksa osQ lkFk lh/kiu mfpr ughaA

ekrk µ LoHkko ls rqe 'kkfUr ilUn djrs gksA blhfy, rqEgkjs bl >xM+kyw O;ogkj dks ns[k (tkudj) eSa fpfUrr gw¡A

v.kZo µ ekrk! ;fn dksbZ lnSo >xM+k djs rks eSa D;k d:¡ \ekrk µ ̂ cSj ls cSj ugha 'kkUr gksrk* ;g ckr rqEgsa ;kn j[kuh pkfg,Av.kZo µ ek¡ eq>s {kek dhft,! eSa ;kn j[kw¡xk fd dyg ls 'kkfUr ugha vkrhAekrk µ csVk] rqe cgqr ;ksX; gks] rqEgkjs ij eq>s iwjk fo'okl gSAv.kZo µ eSa ekrk dk fo'oklik=k gw¡] ;g tkudj fpÙk izLkUu gqvk gSAekrk µ rqe esjs Lusg osQ ik=k Hkh gksA ekrk iq=k ls lnk Lusg djrh gSAv.kZo µ ek¡! vkt geus laLo`Qr dh iqLrd esa iqdrs gSa vFkkZr~ fouez gksrs gSaA

ekrk µ ;g lp gS! gesa fouez gksuk pkfg,A xq.kh yksx lnk fouhr LoHkko okys gksrs gSaA

4 fo|k nnkfr fou;e~ (laokn%)


v.kZo µ ek¡! eSa rqEgkjs ls izfrKk djrk gw¡ fd lnk fou;'khy jgw¡xkAekrk µ vk;q"eku gksoks csVk! fou;'khy cuks!v.kZo µ ek¡! eSa vkidk vkHkkjh gw¡A vki (Hkorh) eq>s lnk lUekxZ fn[kkrh gSaA

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~

mPpkj.k djsaA ckb± ls nkb± vksjµ 1- ekr` 'kCn osQ ,dopu osQ :iµlkrksa foHkfDr;ksa esaA 2- Hkw&/krqµfof/fyÄ~ ydkjµizFke] eè;e] mÙke iqjQ"kµrhuksa opuksa esaA 3- Ñ&/krqµfof/fyÄ~ ydkjµrhuksa iqjQ"k] rhuksa opuksa esaA

lgt jhfr ls okpu&iquokZpu djsaA izR;sd iqjQ"k osQ /krq :i dk nks ckj okpu djsaA Li"V mPpkj.k djus ls ykHk gksxkA

fyf[kre

1- izR;sd iz'u dk è;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA jaxhu in osQ vk/kj ij ikBkuqlkj] dks"Bd ls] rF; dh n`f"V ls] mfpr fodYi pqusaA è;ku nsaµizR;sd dks"Bd esa fn, x, fodYi fYakx] foHkfDr o opu esa le:i gSaA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA ^dhn`'ke~* osQ mÙkj esa ^fo'kh.kZe~* ikBkuqlkj mfpr fodYiA fy[krs le; orZuh dh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA

mÙkjµ d- ØhMkX.ksµ(^oqQ=k* osQ mÙkj esa lIreh foHkfDr inA uksV djsaµdks"Bd esa lHkh fodYi lIreh ,dopu esa gSa)A

[k- fou;e~µ(^fde~* osQ mÙkj esa f}rh;k foHkfDr inA uksVµdks"Bd esa fn, x, lHkh fodYi deZdkjd esa gSa)A

x- ik=krke~µ(^dke~* osQ mÙkj esa f}rh;k foHkfDr in (L=khfYakx)A 'ks"k fodYi Hkh le:i)A

?k- xqf.ktuk%µ(^dhn`'kk%* (oSQls) osQ mÙkj esa_ 'ks"k fodYi Hkh le:iµiqfYayx cgqopu esa)A

Ä- iQfyu%@iQy;qDrk%µ(^dhn`'kk%*µoSQlsµosQ mÙkj esa)A (nksuksa in cgqopu)


2- iz'u è;kuiwoZd isa_ lgh mÙkj osQ fy, ikB esa

ns[ksaA mÙkj fy[kus ls igys ikBxr okD;@okD;ksa esa izlaxkuqlkj

visf{kr ifjorZu djuk u HkwysaA

mÙkjµ d- vuqjkx% fuR;eso v.kZoe~ rkM;fr vionfr p_ vr% rsu lg

v.kZoL; dyg% HkofrA (uksVµizLrqr mÙkj esa ikBxr ̂ eke~* osQ

LFkku ij ^v.kZoe~* vkSj ^vuqjkxs.k* osQ LFkku ij ^rsu* iz;qDr

fd;k x;k gS)A

[k- v.kZo% fopkj;frµ^vktZoa fg u oqQfVys"kq uhfr*µvr% l%

vuqjkxs.k lg dyga djksfrA

vFkok

^vktZoa fg u oqQfVys"kq uhfr* bfr fopk;Z v.kZo% vuqjkxs.k lg

dyga djksfrA

x- v.kZo% ek=ks@vEck;S izfrtkukfrµvga lnk fouhr% Hkfo";kfe bfrA

3- ijLij esyµ

mÙkjµ I. lekukFkZd&inµ[k- nnkfrµ;PNfr] x- iQfyu%µiQy;qDrk%]

?k- ;kfrµxPNfr] Ä- lekpjsr~µoqQ;kZr~] p- voxE;µfoKk;A

II. foykse&inµ[k- fuR;e~µ;nk&dnk] x- dygfiz;%µ'kkfUrfiz;%]

?k- lR;e~µfeF;k] Ä- xqf.ku%µxq.kghuk%] p- rqH;e~µeáe~A

ijLij esy djus osQ ckn lgt jhfr ls okpu djsaA

4- ikBka'k dks è;ku ls i


5- fofèkfyÄ~ osQ èkkrq :i dh vko`fÙk dj ysaA okD;ksa dks isa] e×tw"kk ls izlaxkuqlkj mfpr in pqusa vkSj okD; iwfrZ djsaA lHkh okD; ikB ls m¼`r gSaA

· izLrqr vH;kl djus ls igys yksV~ o fof/fyÄ~ ydkj osQ /krq :i dh vko`fÙk djuk fgrdj gksxkA fiQj Hkh ;fn dfBukbZ vf/d gks rks /krq :i rkfydk dh lgk;rk yh tk ldrh gS] Bhd mlh izdkj tSls orZuh vkfn ns[kus osQ fy, 'kCndks'k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA


mÙkjµ d- oSjs.k] oSjkf.k_ [k- iq=ks_ x- ekrq% (ekrk dk) ?k- vk;q"eku~

Ä- fou;'khyk% (fouhr LoHkko okys)

7- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saµ ukfLe ¾ u $ vfLe µ ̂ u* osQ vfUre

v{kj ^v* rFkk ^vfLe* osQ izFke v{kj ^v* dk esy gksus ij ^vk*

gks x;k gSµvkSj ^ukfLe* lfUèk;qDr 'kCn cu x;k gSA ;g Loj lfUèk

dk mnkgj.k gSA* mÙkjµ d- v| $ vge~ [k- fo|k $ vky;%

x- p $ vfi ?k- osQu $ vfi

Ä- lnk $ ,o (vk $ , ¾ ,s) p- lq;ksX;% $ vfl

ewY;ijdiz'uk%

1- fo}ku~ fou;'khy%@ fouez% tk;rsA

2- oSja 'kkef;rqa fe=krka oqQ;kZr~] u rq oSje~A

3- xqf.ku% tuk% LoHkkosu fouezk% HkofUr u rq xfoZrk% (nfiZrk%)A

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- lgikfB;ksa esa ;nk&dnk dyg gks tkuk LokHkkfod gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa

fou;iwoZd O;ogkj gh mfpr gSA ;fn nksuksa i{k foosd ls dke ysa rks

leL;k dk lek/ku gks ldrk gSA vU; lgpjksa dk Hkh ;gk¡ mÙkjnkf;Ùo

curk gS fd os 'kkfUriw.kZ rjhosQ ls leL;k osQ lekèkku esa ;ksx nsaA

mnkjpfjr gksus ls vkRelEeku Hkh cuk jgrk gS vkSj 'kkfUr HkhA

2- okD; osQ fØ;kin esa ydkj ifjorZu dk vH;kl djsaA ;Fkkµ

yV~ ydkj&iz;ksx yksV~ ydkj&iz;ksx fof/fyÄ~ &iz;ksx

l% iBfrA l% iBrqA l% iBsr~A

rkS iBr%A rkS iBrke~A rkS iBsrke~A

rs iBfUrA rs iBUrqA rs iBs;q%A

· foLrkj osQ fy, ns[ksa µ ^lfU/ cks/%* µ ^ifjf'k"Ve~* ikB~; iqLrd esaA


vFkok


ckyd% xPNfrA ckyd% xPNrqA ckyd% xPNsr~A

ckydkS xPNr%A ckydkS xPNrke~A ckydkS xPNsrke~A

ckydk% xPNfUrA ckydk% xPNUrqA ckyd% xPNs;q%A

eè;e iq#"k rFkk mÙke iq#"k eas Hkh okD;&jpuk dk vH;kl djsaA

blh izdkj vU; èkkrqvksa dk fofo/ ydkjksa esa iz;ksx djus dk vH;kl

djsaA fofHkUu ydkjksa osQ /krq:i esa Hksn dh vksj è;ku nsaA

2- yksV~ fof/fyÄ~&vH;klµoqQN vU; okD;_ ;Fkkµ


Roa iBflA Roa iBA Roa iBs%A

;qoke~ iBFk%A ;qoke~ iBre~A ;qoke~ iBsre~A

;w;e~ iBFkA ;w;e~ iBrA ;w;e~ iBsrA

vge~ iBkfeA vge~ iBkfuA vge~ iBs;e~A

vkoke~ iBko%A vkoke~ iBkoA vkoke~ iBsoA

o;e~ iBke%A o;e~ iBkeA o;e~ iBseA

;fn Nk=k bl izdkj vkeus lkeus] ydkjksa osQ fØ;kinksa dks rqyukRed

n`fa"V ls ns[ksa] rks fgrdj gksxkA

rr


ikBk% 1&4 iqujko`fÙk%

1- iz'u è;ku ls idj mfpr vO;;&;qXe pqusaA

mÙkjµ d- ;kor~ (T;ksa gh) µ rkor~ & (rHkh) [k- ;nk (tc) µ rnk µ (rc)


x- ;=k (tgk¡) µ r=k (ogk¡) ?k- ;Fkk µ (ftl izdkj) µ rFkk & (ml izdkj) okD;ksa dk okpu djsaA iz;ksx le>saA 4- e×tw"kk esa fn, 'kCn isaµizrhr gksrk gS fd ppkZ o`{k]

iznw"k.k] i'kq&i{kh] jksx vkfn osQ fo"k; esa gSaA fjDr LFkku NksM+dj laokn i


6- loZuke vLen~ rFkk ;q"en~ osQ 'kCn :i dh iqujko`fÙk djsaA bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ge cgqèkk djrs gSaA vr% ;s 'kCn :i egÙoiw.kZ gSaA

mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA dks"Bd ls mfpr fodYi pqudj okD; iwfrZ djsaA

mÙkjµ d- ro [k- vLeku~ x- rqH;e~

?k- vLekfHk% Ä- ;q"eku~ p- e;kA

okD; iwfrZ osQ mijkUr lEiw.kZ okD; dk okpu djsaA foHkfDr dk iz;ksx

Hkh le>sa_

;FkkµokD; (x) esa #p~ èkkrq osQ dkj.k prqFkhZ] okD; (?k) esa lg osQ

;ksx esa r`rh;k] okD; ([k) rFkk (Ä) esa deZ esa f}rh;k] okD; (d)

esa lEcUèkdkjd esa "k"Bh iz;ksxA

7- I. mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saµfjDr LFkku esaµ^iBs;q%* (iB~& fofèkfyÄ~)A

dkj.kµokD; esa dÙkkZ ^Nk=kk%*] vr% fØ;kin izFke iq#"k] cgqopu esaA

izR;sd okD; dks i


II. fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD; i


fganh vuqokn (Hkkjr esjk xkSjo gS) I;kjs cPpks! Hkkjr gekjk xkSjo gSA gekjh izkphu laLo`Qfr vkt Hkh thfor gSA nsorkvksa dh e/qj ok.kh laLo`Qr] vius 'kCn Hk.Mkj ls ns'k dh vusd izkUrh;&Hkk"kkvksa dk iks"k.k djrh gSA ;g dEI;wVj osQ fy, lcls ”;knk mi;qDr Hkk"kk gS] ,slk lalkj osQ vusd fo}kuksa dk er gSA

gekjk ns'k izfrHkk'kkyh gSA Kku dk mn; lcls igys bl ns'k dh Hkwfe ij gqvk FkkA fpfdRlk&'kkL=k esa vk;qosZn dk ^pjd lafgrk* lcls izkphu xzUFk ekuk tkrk gSA bldh fpfdRlk&i¼fr (rjhdk) vkt Hkh u osQoy vius ns'k esa cfYd fons'k esa Hkh lEeku ikrh gSA izfl¼ xf.krK vk;ZHk^ÔU us vusd o"kZ igys x.kuk esa 'kwU; dh dYiuk dh FkhA foKku osQ {ks=k esa ;g egÙoiw.kZ miyfC/ gSA ;g ik'pkR; ns'kksa osQ yksx Hkh ekurs gSaaA izkphudky esa ijk'kj Íf"k us o`{kk;qosZn esa ;g crk;k Fkk fd ikS/ksa esa Hkh thou gksrk gSA os Hkh lq[k&nq[k eglwl djrs gSaaA vkt osQ le; esa Jh txnh'kpUnz clq us iz;ksx'kkyk esa ;g izekf.kr fd;k gSA ldy lalkj Hkkjrh;ksa dh bu miyfC/;ksa ls pfdr gSaA izfl¼ oSKkfud vkbUlVkbu egksn; us ,d ckj dgk Fkkµ^ge Hkkjrh;ksa osQ vkHkkjh gSa] foKku osQ {ks=k esa mudk cgqr gh cM+k ;ksxnku gSA*

ukscsy iqjLdkj osQ fotsrk MkWú lhúohú jeu~] johUnzukFk BkoqQj vkSj gjxksfoUn [kqjkuk Hkkjr ek¡ osQ ;'kLoh iq=k ns'k osQ fy, xkSjo osQ ik=k gSaA bu egkiqjQ"kksa dh liQyrk,¡ gekjs fy, lp esa izsj.kk dk Ïksr gSaA [ksy txr esa lfpu rsUnqydj dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA ;g lqizfl¼ fØosQV f[kykM+h iÁHkw"k.k] iÁfoHkw"k.k bR;kfn vusd iqjLdkjksa dk fotsrk gSA LoHkko ls vfr fouez vkSj [ksy esa vfr fuiq.k ;g lcdk Lusgik=k gSA yksdlsok osQ {ks=k esa] jk"Vªh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa }kjk iqjLÑr (honoured)] Hkkjrh; iqfyl dh igyh efgyk vf/dkfj.kh (officer) fdj.k csnh viwoZ lEeku osQ ;ksX; gSaA frgkj tsy esa] cfUn;ksa osQ m¼kj osQ fy,] muosQ }kjk fd, x, la'kks/u (reforms) iz'kaluh; gSaA

ifjJe vkSj n`


dh gh jpuk@o`Qfr gSA Hkkjrh; fons'kksa esa Hkh mPp inksa ij fojkteku gSa vkSj ns'k dk xkSjo c


mÙkjµ d- vge~ liQy% Hkfo";kfeA (dÙkkZ) (fo'ks"k.k) (fØ;kin)A [k- l% vfi lq[k&nq%[ke~ vuqHkfo";frA (dÙkkZ) (vO;;) (deZin) (fØ;kin) x- vge~ vuqx`ghr% vfLeA (dÙkkZ) (fo'ks"k.k) (fØ;kin)A

fyf[kre~

1- izR;sd iz'u dk okpu è;kuiwoZd djsaA jaxhu in (iz'uokpd in) ij è;ku nsaA dks"Bd esa fn, x, fodYiksa dks i


mÙkjµ o`{kk;qosZnsµ(okD; esa îjk'kjÍf"k.kk* rFkk îzfrikfnre~* 'kCn vkus osQ dkj.k mi;qDr)A

thoue~µokD; esa îknis"kq* rFkk ôrZrs* 'kCn gksus osQ dkj.k mfprA lq[knq%[ke~µ^vuqHkofUr* fØ;kin okD; esa gksus osQ dkj.k mfprA iz;ksx'kkyk;ke~µD;ksafd okD; esa ^txnh'kpUnz&olquk* vkSj îzekf.kre~*

'kCn vk;k gSA miyfC/fHk%µokD; esa ^,rkfHk%* fo'ks"k.k&in iz;ksx esa vk;k gS]

mlosQ lkFk ^miyfC/fHk%* fo'ks";&in fYakx] foHkfDr o opu esa le:i gSA

oSKkfud%µokD; esa ^vkbUlVkbuµegksn;%* gksus osQ dkj.k mi;qDrA Hkkjrh;kuke~µ^vuqx`ghrk%* osQ ;ksx esa izlaxkuqlkj mfpr fodYiA fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr vuqPNsn dk okpu djsaA 4- lekukFkZd inksa dk esy djosQ okpu djsaA mÙkjµ [k- HkwekSµ/jkrys_ x- b;e~µ,"kk_ ?k- furjke~µvrho_ Ä- u%µ

vLekde~_ p- vf[kye~ txr~µldy% lalkj%A 5- izR;sd ikBka'k è;kuiwoZd i


[k- Hkw /krq%] yÄ~ ydkj%A

x- orZrsµ(o`r~ /krq%)

?k- lIreh] ,dopue~µ[;FkkµerkS (ewy 'kCn&efr)]

Ä- izfrHkklEiUu%µ[è;ku jgsµfo'ks"k.k esa ogha fYakx] foHkfDr

o opu gksrk gS tks fo'ks";@laKk in esaA vr% ^ns'k%*

izFkek] ,dopu] iqfYayx gksus osQ dkj.k fo'ks"k.k

^izfrHkklEiUu%* le:i gSA (vLekde~µ"k"Bh foHkfDr]

lEcU/dkjd in ^ns'k%* ls lEcU/_ orZrsµfØ;kinA

vr% nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh fo'ks"k.k&in osQ :i esa mfpr

ughaA)

ewY;ijdiz'uk%

1- cfUnu% vfi m¼kj;ksX;k% lfUr% rs u osQoya n.Muh;k%A

2- dk;Zflf¼% ifjJes.k n`saµmÙkj ,d in esa fn;k tkuk gSA iz'uokpd

'kCn osQ ¯yx] opu rFkk foHkfDr dk è;ku j[ksa_ ;Fkkµ;gk¡ ^dL;* osQ

mÙkj esaµvk;qosZnL;µik¡p v{kjµmÙkj osQ fy, ftrus oxZ fn, x, gSa]

mÙkj in esa mrus v{kj gSaA


I. 1- µ p j d%

2- p Rok j µ

3- ÍX os µ

4- µ ;Z Hk ^ÔU %

5- µ O;k ls µ

6- e gk Hkk µ r L;

7- v "Vk n µ

8- Hk µ r µ

9- Hkk j r µ dk j L;

10- eq .M dks µ fu µ

11- Í "k ; µ

12- µ "Vk n 'k

13- µ i jk 'k j µ

14- j oh Unz µ Fk VS xks j µ

15- lk fg R; µ

16- fo µ ek fn R; µ

17- r {k f'k µ

18- lw ;Z µ o µ

19- dk fy nk l%

20-


II. ukscsy&iqjLdkj rFkk blosQ Hkkjrh; fotsrk

johUæukFk VSxksj igys Hkkjrh; gSa ftUgsa ukscsy iqjLdkj dk lEeku izkIr gqvkA ;g iqjLdkj bUgsa viuh loksZRÑ"V Ñfr ^xhrk×tfy* osQ fy, lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esa 1913 esa feyk FkkA

buosQ vfrfjDr oqQN vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa dks Hkh ukscsy iqjLdkj feyk gSA Jh pUæ'ks[kj osadV jeu~ dks HkkSfrdh (Physics) esas] fo|qr~ Kku osQ

fy,_ Jh lqczã.; pUæ'ks[kj dks HkkSfrdh esa] u{k=k&Kku osQ fy,] Jh gjxksfoUn [kqjkuk dks vk;q£oKku esa thUl (genes) ij dk;Z djus osQ fy,] Jh veR;Z lsu dks yksd dY;k.k&vFkZ'kkL=k (Welfare Economics) esa vuqie dke djus osQ fy, ukscsy iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k tk pqdk gSA gky gh esa osadV jeu~ jkeÑ".ku~ dks jlk;u'kkL=k osQ {ks=k esa ukscsy iqjLdkj fn;k x;k gSA

enj VSjslk dks (tks ;|fi fons'k esa tUeh Fkha fdUrq vc Hkkjr dh ukxfjd cu pqdh Fkha) ;g iqjLdkj lekt esa nfjæksa dh lsok osQ fy, fn;k x;k FkkA

rr


fganh vuqokn (eSa ekxZ gw¡)

eSa ekxZ gw¡A eSa jktekxZ (eq[; ekxZ) gw¡A cgqr nwj rd pyrk gw¡] yxkrkj pyrk gw¡] fnu&jkr pyrk gh jgrk gw¡A

dÙkZO; osQ ekxZ ij yxkrkj pyrs gq, eSa cgqr d"Vksa dk vuqHko djrk gw¡A fdUrq eSa mudh ijokg ugha djrk (mUgsa ugha fxurk)A ;fn eSa viuk dÙkZO; u d:¡ ] rks yksx vius xUrO; LFkku ij oSQls igq¡psaxsA yksxksa osQ dk;Z iwjs gks tk,¡ ;g dkeuk eq>s dÙkZO;fu"B cukrh gSA blls eq>s lUrks"k gksrk gSA dÙkZO; ikyu esjk larks"k cs efyu dj nsrs gSaaA esjs nksuksa vksj [kM+s isM+ okguksa osQ /q,¡ osQ dkj.k d"V vuqHko djrs gSaA ;g ns[k eq>s Hkh nq[k gksrk gSA mudk d"V esjk d"V gSA

le; osQ lkFk vkSj ;krk;kr (VªSfI+kQd) osQ dkj.k esjs 'kjhj ij ?kko gks tkrs gSaA bu xM~s LoPN vkSj lqUnj j[kus dk iz;Ru djksxs\ rqe yksxksa ij gh eq>s fo'okl gSA rqe yksx] ns'k osQ usrk] (esjs) j{kd cudj esjs d"V nwj djksxsA

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ 1- mnkgj.k ns[ksaµôsQ* osQ mÙkj esa îfFkdk%* vFkkZr~ îfFkdk% ekxsZ

vodja f{kifUr*A

6 ekxksZ¿ge~


iz'u i ysaA

2- ikB osQ bl vuqPNsn dk okpu è;kuiwoZd dj ysaA rRi'pkr~ fjDr LFkku HkjsaA

mÙkjµ dÙkZO;iFksu] d"Vkfu] x.k;kfe] oqQ;kZe~] tuk%] dk;kZf.k] dkeuk] djksfrA

* è;ku jgsµ^Írq* 'kCn iqfYayx gSA vr% iz'u esa ^dfLeu~* (iqfYayx loZuke) dk


3- I. foijhrkFkZd&inµmPpkj.k djsaA mÙkjµ [k- efyue~ µ LoPNe~] fueZye~] x- ;kfUr µ vk;kfUr] ?k- vkinke~ µ lEinke~] Ä- fe=ke~ µ fjiq%A

voèks;e~µ;k èkkrq&(tkuk] to go)µ^;kfUr*µyV~] izFke iq#"k] cgqopuµ(tkrs@tkrh gSa)A

(^;krk;kr* 'kCn ^;k* èkkrq ls cuk Hkkookpd laKk in gS)

II. lekukFkZd&inµesy djrs le; mPpkdj.k djsaA mÙkjµ [k- lrre~ µ fujUrje~_ x- je.kh;e~ µ lqUnje~_ ?k- tk;rs µ Hkofr_ Ä- vkinke~* µ d"Vkuke~A

4- I. okD; dk okpu djrs le; izR;sd in ij è;ku nsuk fgrdj gksxkA

mÙkjµ d- (i) ekxZ%µ(è;ku jgsµ^vge~* 'kCn ̂ ekxZ%* osQ fy, iz;qDr gqvk gSA)

(ii) dÙkZO;iFksuµ^osQu* osQ mÙkj esaµ(nksuksa in leku

foHkfDr] opu rFkk fYakx esa)

(iii) d"Vkfuµ^dkfu* osQ mÙkj esa (nksuksa in deZdkjd]

f}rh;k] cgqopu] uiqaldfYakx)

[k- (i) cgwfuµ(^vusdkfu* dh Hkk¡fr uiqaldfYakx] cgqopu] deZdkjd esa)

(ii) ^vge~*µ(dÙkkZµmÙke iqjQ"k ,dopu] fØ;kin

^vuqHkokfe* osQ lkFk)

(iii) d"Vkfuµ(^cgwfu*µfo'ks";&in)

mÙkjµ II. (i) f}rh;k foHkfDr% D;ksafd ^mHk;r%* osQ ;ksx esa f}rh;k dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA (;Fkkµunhe~ mHk;r% o`{kk% lfUr)

(ii) (v) d"Ve~ µ deZ in vr% f}rh;k foHkfDrA

(vk) Hkw µ (vuq $ Hkw → vuqHkofr)

· ;gk¡ ewy 'kCn ̂ vkin~* gS] ̂ vkinke~*µ"k"Bh cgqopu :i gSA ;g gyUr 'kCn gS_ tSlsµlEin~] mifu"kn~] laln~ vkfnA lfoLrkj ppkZ vxyh d{kk esaA vHkh bruk tku ysa fd ;gk¡ ̂ vkink* 'kCn ugha gSA


(iii) (v) o`{kk.kke~µ[ ^rs"kka d"Ve~ ee d"Ve~*µbl okD; esa

^rs"kke~* in o`{kksa osQ fy, (o`{kk.kke~ Ñrs) iz;qDr

gqvk gSA ]

(vk) o`{kk.kke~ d"Ve~ ee d"Ve~A [rs"kke~ (mudk)

vFkkZr~ o`{kk.kke~ (o`{kksa dk)]

5- mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^fo'okl%*µ,dopu_ 'ks"k in cgqopu esaA

mÙkjµ d- gfjrkfuµfo'ks"k.k&in_ 'ks"k laKk inA (uiqaldfYakx] cgqopu)

[k- ekxZe~µiq¯Yyx in&f}rh;k foHkfDr_ 'ks"k uiqald¯yx inA

mÙkj 6- d- eekfiµ(v $ v ¾ vk) [k- eeksifjµ(v $ m ¾ vks) x- ;fn $ vge~ µ(b µ ;~) ?k- o"kZrkSZµ(vk $ ½ ¾ vj~) Ä- d% ¾ vfiµ(v% & vks] v & ¿) p- ekxksZ¿ge~µ(v% & vks] v&¿)

ns[ksaµ;s lHkh 'kCn ikB esa vk, gSaA

(foLrkj osQ fy, ns[ksa&^ifjf'k"Ve~* esa lfUèkcksèk% A)

ewY;ijdiz'uk%

1- d"VL; Hk;kr~ LodÙkZO;a dnkfi u R;tsr~A

2- dÙkZO;&ikyusu ekxZL; larks"k% tk;rsA vFkok ekxZ% d"Vkfu lksdj

mfpr in pqusaA

mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^clLFkkudL;*&(cl&LVkWi dk) 'kCn dk ^fp=ke~* ls

lEcUèk] vr% "k"Bh foHkfDr inµmfpr iz;ksxA

fp=ko.kZu dks ljy rFkk jkspd cukus gsrq vè;kid@vè;kfidk igys


fp=k ij vk/kfjr ljy iz'u bl izdkj iwNsa] fd Nk=k@Nk=kk,¡ e×tw"kknÙk

'kCnksa dh lgk;rk ls ljy o laf{kIr mÙkj laLÑr esa ns losaQ_ ;Fkkµ

,rr dL; fp=ke~ vfLr\ ,rr~ clLFkkudL; fp=ke~ vfLrA

v=k tuk% foaQ oqQoZfUr\ v=k tuk% izrh{kUrsA

tuk% fdeFk± izrh{kUrs\ tuk% cl;kue~@cl;kuk; izrh{kUrsA

ekxsZ dkfu xPNfUr\ ekxsZ okgukfu xPNfUrA bR;kfnA

mÙkjµ d- izrh{kUrsµ(izrh{kk djrs gSa)µdÙkkZ&tuk% (cgqopu) rFkk deZin&

cl;kue~&osQ lkFk mfpr fØ;kin&opu dh n`f"V ls dÙkkZin ls

leUo;A

[k- (i) ;qod% (;qod)µ,d% (iqfYayx)µfo'ks"k.k&in osQ lkFk

iq¯Yyx fo'ks";&in ,dopuA

(ii) ;qorhµ(;qorh)µ,dk (L=khfYakx)µfo'ks"k.k&in osQ lkFk

L=khfYakx fo'ks";&in ,dopuA

x- (i) okgukfu (okgu&cgqopu)µfØ;kin&^xPNfUr*µdk dÙkkZ& cgqopuA

(ii) vkxPNfUr (vkrs gSa) µ ^p* gksus osQ dkj.k nks fØ;kin lkFk&lkFk ;Fkk&^iBfr fy[kfr p*A

?k- cl;kue~µ(,dopu)µfØ;kin&^vkxPNfr* (,dopu) dk dÙkkZ (,dopu)A

Ä- (i) efgysµ(efgyk,¡&f}opu)µ^}s* (L=khfYakx)µfo'ks"k.k&in osQ ;ksx esaA

(ii) vkjk sgfUrµ(p


fganh vuqokn ('yksd&laxzg)

1- lnk vfHkoknu'khy (lnk nwljksa dk vfHkoknu djus okys) O;fDr dh

vkSj o`¼tuksa osQ izfr lsok&Hkko j[kus okys dh vk;q] fo|k] ;'k vkSj

cyµbu pkjksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

vFkkZr~ tks euq"; fou;'khy gS] lc dk vknj&lEeku djrk gS] feyulkj

gS] fucZy vlgk; o`¼ yksxksa dh lsok djus osQ fy, rRij jgrk gS] mls

cgqr oqQN fey tkrk gSA mldh dhfrZ iSQyrh gS] og vk;q"eku] cyoku

vkSj fOk}ku cu tkrk gS] D;ksafd mls mudk vk'khokZn vkSj 'kqHkdkeuk,¡

feyrh gSaA ln~lEioZQ c ysa fd og fdlh LokFkZ&iwfRkZ

osQ fy, ,slk dj jgk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa foosd ls dke ysuk] (lroZQ

jguk) mfpr gksxkA

HkkoµlPPks fgrS"kh vkSj viuk mYyw lh/k djus osQ fy, fgrdkeuk

djus okyksa esa Hksn le> ysuk pkfg,A

3- tks ihB ihNs gekjk dke fcxkM+s] fdUrq eq¡g ij ehBh&ehBh ckrsa djs]

,sls fe=k dks NksM+ nsuk pkfg,] D;ksafd og ,slk fo"k dk ?kM+k gS] ftlosQ

Åijh Hkkx esa rks nw/ gS] fdUrq vUnj ”kgj Hkjk gSA

7 'yksd&leqPp;%


vFkkZRk~ oqQN yksx nksLrh vkSj Lusg dk fn[kkok djrs gSa_ ckrsa rks fe=kksa

tSls djrs gSa] fdUrq ihB ihNs 'k=kq cudj gekjs dke esa jQdkoVsa mRiUu

djrs gSa] ,sls fe=k dk loZFkk ifjR;kx djuk gh Js;Ldj gSA ,sls fe=k

ls ykHk de vkSj gkfu vf/d gksus dh lEHkkouk cuh jgrh gSA

HkkoµlPps fe=k dh igpku gksuk vko';d gSA 4- oqQfVy LoHkko okyk O;fDr] ;fn fiz; opu cksys rks Hkh fo'okl osQ

;ksX; ugha gksrkA mldh ftg~ok ij e/q] fdUrq ân; esa ”kgj Hkjk gksrk gSA

vFkkZr~ nq"V LoHkko okys O;fDr ij dHkh fo'okl ugha djuk pkfg,]

D;kasfd ,slk O;fDr Lusge;h e/qj ckrsa Hkys gh djs] fdUrq mlosQ eu esa

Ny&diV Hkjk jgrk gSA ,sls O;fDr ij fo'okl djuk ew[kZrk gSA og

dHkh Hkh èkks[kk ns ldrk gS] D;ksafd mldk LoHkko gh ,slk gS fd vkSjksa

dks Nyus esa mls vkuUn vkrk gSA

Hkkoµfpduh&pqiM+h ckrsa djus okys nqtZu ls lko/ku jgus esa gh gekjk fgr gSA

5- eq[;r;k yksxksa osQ LoHkko dh ij[k dh tkrh gS] muosQ vU; xq.kksa (qualifications) dh ughaA xq.kksa dh vis{kk euq"; dk LoHkko izeq[k (vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ) ekuk x;k gSA

vFkkZr~ ;fn fo|k] dyk&dkS'ky vFkok vU; ;ksX;rk,¡ vFkok xq.k O;fDr

esa fo|eku gksa] fdUrq og lq'khy u gks] rks ,sls O;fDr dh x.kuk

Js"B&oxZ esa ugha dh tkrhA iz;kl }kjk ;ksX;rk fodflr dh tk ldrh

gS] fdUrq LoHkko ugha cnyk tk ldrkA mnkgj.kr% ;fn dksbZ ?ke.Mh

LoHkko dk gS] vkSjksa osQ lkFk fey&tqydj dke ugha djuk pkgrk] rks

og ,sls in osQ ;ksX; ugha ekuk tk,xk] tgk¡ ,dtqV gksdj dke djuk

vfuok;Z gS] pkgs mlus ml {ks=k esa fdruh Hkh mPp f'k{kk D;ksa u ikbZ

gksA vr% vPNk LoHkko gksuk lcls cM+k xq.k le>k tkrk gSA·

Hkkoµ;ksX;rk dh ij[k euq"; osQ LoHkko osQ vk/kj ij dh tkuh pkfg,A

· vkt osQ ;qx esa cM+h&cM+h laLFkk,¡ fdlh in ij O;fDr dh fu;qfDr djus osQ iwoZ mlosQ LoHkko dks gh vf/d iz/kurk nsrh gSaA f'k{kk rks lHkh ik ysrs gSa] fdUrq liQy vkthfodk gsrq vPNk LoHkko cgqr egÙo j[krk gSA


6- fons'kksa esa fo|k gh /u gS] ladV osQ le; lqefr (vPNh cqf¼) gh /u gS] ijyksd esa bgyksd esa fd;k x;k iq.;deZ gh /u gS] fdUrq lq'khyrk vFkkZr~ vPNk vkpj.k (lnkpkj) lc txg /u gS (vR;f/d egÙo j[krk gS)A

vFkkZr~ fons'k esa O;fDr dk fuokZg rHkh lEHko gS ;fn mlosQ ikl dksbZ fo'ks"k Kku gks] tks mldh vkthfodk dk lkèku cu losQA blfy, fo|k dks /u vFkkZr~ egÙoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gSA foifÙk vkus ij izk;% yksx ?kcjk tkrs gSa vkSj ladV dks ikj djus dk mik; ugha


vFkkZr~ thou esa O;fDr dks mfpr dk;Z 'kSyh viukuh pkfg,A izR;sd dke

fof/iwoZd gksuk pkfg,µ;Fkk dne ck¡ddj

ns[kus ls gh lgh ekxZ fn[kkbZ ns tkrk gSA

mÙkjkf.k

'yksdksa dk okpu djsaA izR;sd 'kCn dk vFkZ le> ysaA

ekSf[kde~

'yksdka'kksa dk ijLij esy djus ls iwoZ ikBxr 'yksdksa dk okpu&iquokZpu

dj ysa] ftlls =kqfV u gksA mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA (;fn 'yksd okpu

osQ le; izR;sd 'kCn dk vFkZ rFkk 'yksd dk Hkko le> ysa] rks vH;kl

ljy gks tk,xk)

mÙkjµ [k- ijyksosQ /ua /eZ%] 'khya loZ=k oS /ue~A (nksuksa 'yksdka'kksa esa

^/ue~* dk mYys[k)

x- dk;Zdkj.kr'pkU;s HkofUr fgrcq¼;%A

?k- pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k;'kkscye~A

Ä- e/q fr"Bfr ftàkxzs âfn p gykgye~A

p- otZ;sr~ rkn`'ka fe=ka] fo"koqQEHka i;kseq[ke~A

fyf[kre~

1- izR;sd iz'u dk okpu è;ku ls djsaA jaxhu in ij fo'ks"k è;ku

nsaA dks"Bd esa fn, x, inksa dk okpu djsaA ikB osQ vk/kj

ij mfpr fodYi pqudj ,d in esa mÙkj nsaA izR;sd iz'u


dk lEiw.kZ okD; vFkok 'yksdka'k osQ :i esa mÙkj nsus dk

ekSf[kd&vH;kl fgrdj gksxkA

mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^dL;* osQ mÙkj esa ^vfHkoknu'khyL;* vFkkZr~

^vfHkoknu'khyL; pRokfj oèkZUrs*A (ns[ksa 'yksdµvfHkoknu'khyL;

--------- vk;qfoZ|k;'kkscye~)A

mÙkjµ d- e/q µ (e/q fr"Bfr ftg~okxzs] âfn rq gykgye~)

[k- fe=ke~ µ (otZ;sr~ rkn`'ka fe=ke~] fo"koqQEHke~ i;kseq[ke~)

x- LoHkko% µ (LoHkkoks fg xq.kku~ lokZu~ vrhR; ew£èu orZrs)

?k- efr% µ (---O;lus"kq /ue~ efr%)

Ä- oL=kiwre~ µ (oL=kiwra tya ficsr~)

p- fons'ks"kq µ (fons'ks"kq èkua fo|k)

N- eu%iwre~ µ (eu%iwre~ lekpjsr~)

mÙkj 2- d- ijks{ks dk;ZgUrkja izR;{ks fiz;okfnue~A

otZ;sr~ rkǹ'ke~ fe=ke~] fo"koqQEHke~ i;kseq[ke~AA

vFkok

ijks{ks dk;ZgUrkja] izR;{ks p fiz;okfnue~ fe=ka otZ;sr~A

[k- nqtZu% fiz;oknh p uSrn~ fo'okldkj.ke~A

eèkq fr"Bfr ftg~okxzs âfn p gykgye~AA

vFkok

nqtZu% fiz;oknh p fo'okldkj.ke~ u Hkofr] ;r% rL; ftg~okxzs

eèkq fr"Bfr] ija ân;s gykgye~ orZrsA

3- fjDr LFkku NksM+dj izR;sd 'yksoQka'k i


[k- o/ZUrsµokD; dk dÙkkZ ̂ pRokfj* (cgqopu) vr% cgqopu fØ;kin

mfpr (o/Zrsµ,dopu_ o/sZrsµf}opu)A

x- 'khya loZ=k oS /ue~µ'yksdkuqlkjA

?k- LoHkkokr~µikBxr 'yksdkuqlkjA

Ä- ficsr~µ'yksdkuqlkjµ(è;ku jgsµtgk¡ dÙkkZ dk mYys[k u djrs

gq, lkekU; funsZ'k vFkok fl¼kUr dh ckr dgh tkrh gS rks

fof/fyÄ~ ] izFke iqjQ"k] ,dopu dk fØ;kin iz;ksx esa yk;k

tkrk gS_ ;Fkkµle;s iBsr~ (le; ij isaA

mÙkjµ [k- cgo% µ vusosQ] x- oqQ#rs µ djksfr] ?k- vU;s µ brjs]

Ä- O;lus"kq µ ladVs"kq] p- ew£èu µ loksZifj@eLrosQA

5- e×tw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCnksa dk okpu dj ysa] vFkZ le> ysaA

fjDr LFkku NksM+dj 'yksd i

ysa] rks 'yksdiwfrZ esa dfBukbZ ugha vk,xhA)

mÙkjµ ijks{ks (ihB ihNs)] izR;{ks (lkeus)_ otZ;sr~ (NksM+ nsuk pkfg,)]

fo"koqQEHke~ (fo"k dk ?kM+k vFkkZr~ gkfu igq¡pkus okyk] dke fcxkM+us

okykA)

6- 'yksd osQ 'kCnksa dk Øe tc bl izdkj gksrk gS] tSls x|&ys[ku

esa] rks mls vUo; (Prose-order) dgrs gSaA

loZizFke ikB esa vk, 'yksd dk è;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA rr~i'pkr~

e×tw"kk esa fn, 'kCnksa dks isa] fiQj fjDr LFkku NksM+dj

'yksd dk vUo; i


mÙkjµ ijh{;Urs] xq.kk%] LoHkko%] xq.kku~] orZrsA

fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr okpu djsa ns[ksa] 'yksd dk vFkZ

vfèkd Li"V gks x;k gSA lcosQ (loZL;) fu'p; gh (fg) LoHkko

(LoHkkok%) ij[ks tkrs gSa (ijh{;Urs)] nwljs xq.k (brjs xq.kk%) ughaA

(ij[ks tkrs&ijh{;Urs) LoHkko fu'p; gh (LoHkko% fg) lokZu~

xq.kku~ (lc xq.kksa dks) vrhR; (ikjdj@yk¡?kdj) loksZifj (ew£èu)

gS (orZrs)A

(è;ku nsaµvUo; djrs le; 'yksd osQ 'kCnksa esa lfUèk&foPNsn

fd;k tkrk gS_ ;FkkµLoHkkoks fg → LoHkko% fg] usrjs → u brjs)A

7- 'yksd dk okpu djsa] vFkZ le>saA izR;sd iz'u dks è;kuiwoZd

isaA nkb± vksj fn, x,

HkkokFkZ i dj 'yksdka'k dk mfpr HkkokFkZ ls

esy djsaA

mÙkjµ d- pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k;'kkscye~A (mldh pkj ph”ksa c


ewY;ijdiz'uk%

1- ekrq% firq% p vkKk ikyuh;k ;r% ekrk firk p@firjkS LoHkkokr~ larrs%

fgre~ bPNr%A (larrs% ¾ lUrku dk)

2- ujL; thoua ijkFkkZ; L;kr~ u rq LokFkkZ;A

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

'yksdksPpkj.k esa izR;sd in osQ 'kq¼ o Li"V mPpkj.k dh vksj fo'ks"k

è;ku nsaA ,slk djus ls u osQoy okpu esa vkuUn vk,xk] izR;qr Jo.k

Hkh e/qj yxsxk vkSj Hkk"kk&cks/ Hkh lqxe gksxkA

rr


fganh vuqokn ('yksd&laxzg)

vè;kfidk µ Nk=kks] Hkkjr fo'kky ns'k gSA Hkkjr esa x.kra=k jkT; gSA ;gk¡ murhl jkT; vkSj lkr osQUnz&iz'kkflr izns'k gSaA osQjy jkT; buesa ls ,d gSA rqe yksx blosQ fo"k; esa oqQN tkurs gks\

Nk=k µ eSMe] ;g jkT; Hkkjr osQ nf{k.k Hkkx esa fLFkr gS] cgqr gh lqUnj vkSj i;ZVdksa dk vkd"kZ.k gSA blosQ fo"k; esa ^nso dk viuk ns'k* ,slk foKkiu ;gk¡ ogk¡ (vFkkZr~ lc txg) fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA (ge ns[krs gSa)

vè;kfidk µ ;g lp gSA bl jkT; osQ ,d vksj vjc lkxj vkSj nwljh vksj ioZr Ük`a[kyk gSA ;gk¡ izkÑfrd n`'; vuqie gSA izÑfr dh lqUnjrk] ?kus taxy] leqnz dk rV jE; tyizikr (>jus) bldks lqUnj cuk nsrs gSaA lc txg gfj;kyh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA 'kkfUr fojkteku gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd nsork ;gk¡ jgrs gSaA

Nk=k µ eSMe] bl jkT; dh jkt/kuh D;k gS\vè;kfidk µ fr#ouariqje~ bldh jkt/kuh gSA dksfPp ,d vkSj izfl¼ uxj gSANk=k µ osQjyokfl;ksa dk izeq[k mRlo D;k gS\vè;kfidk µ vks.ke~ ;gk¡ osQ yksxksa dk izeq[k mRlo gSA ;g Ñf"k mRlo gSA

mRlo osQ le; lkjs jkT; esa dgha lqlfTtr gkfFk;ksa dh 'kksHkk ;k=kk dgha liZukSdk izfr;ksfxrk,¡ vkSj dgha fofo/ ikjEifjd [ksy vk;ksftr fd, tkrs gSaA yksx u, oL=k /kj.k djrs gSa] fof'k"V Hkkstu rS;kj djrs gSaA ?kj osQ vkaxu esa efgyk,¡ ukuk o.kks± osQ iwQyksa ls iq"i&lTtk djrh gSaA 'kkL=kh; u`R;] yksdu`R; ukVd xhrk vkfn osQ vusd dk;ZØe tuthou esa vkuan dk l×pkj djrs gSaA

Nk=k µ bl mRlo dks ysdj dksbZ yksddFkk izpfyr gS] ,slk lquus esa vkrk gSA

8 osQjy&izns'k%


vè;kfidk µ gk¡! izkphudky esa egkcfy uke dk jktk FkkA og vlqjksa dk jktk Fkk foQUrq LoHkko ls n;kyq vkSj nku'khy FkkA mldh nku'khyrk dh ijh{kk ysus osQ fy, ,d ckj fo".kq okeu (ckSus) osQ :i esa vk,A vfr nku'khyrk osQ dkj.k og fo".kq }kjk ikrky yksd esa Hkst fn;k x;kA iztk dk n'kZu djus og iztkfiz; (jktk) izfro"kZ jkT; esa vkrs gSa] ,slh yksxksa dh ekU;rk gSA vks.ke~ mRlo ml jktk osQ Lokxr gsrq mYykliwoZd euk;k tkrk gSA yksx izlUu gksdj vius fiz; jktk osQ fy, mRlkgiwoZd mRlo dh rS;kjh djrs gSaA

Nk=k µ eSMe! ukSdk izfr;ksfxrk osQ fo"k; esa ge lquus dks mRlqd gSaAvè;kfidk µ ;s izfr;ksfxrk,¡ cgqr yksdfiz; gSaA izfr;ksfxrk esa vusd lqlfTtr

vyaÑr ukSdk,¡ gksrh gSaA ukSdk dh vkÑfr liZ dh Hkk¡fr gksrh gS] blfy, liZukSdk uke gSA izR;sd ukSdk esa lkS ls vf/d ukfod gksrs gSa tks cM+s dkS'ky ls uko dks pykrs gSaA nks rhu tu xhr xkrs gSa vkSj


Nk=k µ gesa Hkh 'kS{kf.kd Hkze.k osQ fy, osQjy vo'; tkuk pkfg,Avè;kfidk µ Bhd gh dgk x;k gSµ^nsork dk viuk ns'k*] lp esaA

mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~

izLrqr iz'u ikBk/kfjr gSaA dks"Bd esa ls mfpr fodYi pqudj izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj ,d in esa nsaA mÙkjµ d- fo'kky% [k- uofoa'kfr% x- nf{k.kHkkxs ?k- fr#ouariqje~ Ä- vks.ke~ p- egkcfy% N- vlqjjkt%

fyf[kre~

mÙkj 1- I. lEcU/okpd 'kCn II. fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"; 'kCn [k- i;ZVdkuke~ vkd"kZ.ke~ [k- izkÑfrde~ n`';e~ x- xtkuke~ 'kksHkk;k=kk x- jE;k% tyizikrk% ?k- leqnzL; rVe~ ?k- uohukfu oL=kkf.k Ä- osQjyokfluke~ Hkk"kk Ä- vyÄï` rk% ukSdk% p- ukSdk;k% vkdkj% p- gfjrs"kq ous"kqmÙkj 2- d- osQjy&izns'kL; fo"k;s ̂ nsoL; Loh;% ns'k%* bfr foKkiua i';ke%A [k- vks.ke~ bfr mRlo&dkys fofo/k% lekjksgk% HkofUr rn~ ;Fkk

xtkuka 'kksHkk;k=kk] liZukSdk&izfr;ksfxrk%] ikjEifjd&[ksyk%] 'kkL=kh; u`R;&yksdu`R;&xhrknhuka p dk;ZØek%A

x- jktk egkcfy% iq=kor~ Lusgsu iztk% viky;r~A ?k- ukSdk&izfr;ksfxrk;ka lqlfTtrk% vyÄï` rk% likZdkjk% ukSdk% lfUrA Ä- ukSdk;ka fLFkrk% tuk% dkS'kysu ukSdka pky;fUrA rs'kq osQfpr~ xhra

xk;fUr


lEekue~ µ ̂ yHkUrs* dk deZinµf}rh;k esaA

izÑfr% µ ̂ je.kh;k* fo'ks"k.k osQ lkFk mfpr laKk in] leku fyax

o foHkfDr esaA

tuk% µ fØ;kin ^vkxPNfUr*µcgqopu osQ lkFk mfpr dÙkkZin

cgqopu esaA

vk;qosZn&fpfdRlk&i¼R;Sµ(vk;qosZn fpfdRlk i¼fr osQ fy,)µ

iz;kstu (purpose) osQ vFkZ esa prqFkhZ ^fo[;kre~ tkre~* (izfl¼

gks x;k) osQ lkFkA

osQjyokfluke~ (osQjyokfl;ksa dk)µ^mRlo* osQ lkFk lEcU/A

mÙkj 4- I. (d) egkcfy% ([k) Lusgsu@iq=kor~

(x) fo".kquk (?k) lqf[ku%

II. (d) jktk egkcfy% n;kyq% nku'khy% p vklhr~A

([k) vks.ke~ bfr mRlo% jkK% egkcys% LokxrkFk± lksYykle~

vk;ksT;rsA

III. (d) vdjksr~ ([k) (i) losZ (ii) lqf[ku%

(x) (i) tuk%µdÙkkZin izFkek esa gksrk gS_ ̂ rL;* "k"Bh foHkfDr

in gS_ ̂losZ* ;gk¡ lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k gS ̂tuk%* dkµvr%

;s nksuksa in dÙkkZ ugha gks ldrsA

(ii) jkK% @ egkcys%

(iii) v- -------- r;ks% rs"kke~

c- lq[kh lqf[kukS --------

mÙkj 5- d- fo'kky% µ ^ns'k%*µiqfYayx] izFkek ,dopu 'kCn dk

fo'ks"k.k rnuqlkjA

[k- n`';e~ µ ^n`';* 'kCn uiaqldfYakx gksrk gS_ okD; esa mlosQ

fo'ks"k.k in ^izkÑfrde~* rFkk ^vrqY;e~* Hkh

uiqaldfYakx ,dopu esa gSaA

x- Ñf"k&mRlo% µ iqfYayx] izFkek foHkfDr ,dopu in mfprA


?k- vks"k/;% µ ewy 'kCn ̂ vks"kf/* bdkjkUr iqafYayx 'kCn] izFkek cgqopu esa mfpr :iA

Ä- iztk% µ iztk 'kCn vkdkjkUrµf}rh;k cgqopu&deZ in_ ^yrk* dh Hkk¡fr (yrke~ yrs yrk%)

mÙkj 6- ikB dk okpu è;kuiwoZd dj ysaA Nk=k mlh osQ vk/kj ij ljy laLÑr esa ik¡p okD; fy[ksa_ ;Fkkµ

1- osQjy&izns'k HkkjrL; nf{k.k&Hkkxs fLFkr%A 2- vL; izns'kL; jkt/kuh fr#ouariqje~ vfLrA 3- v=k izÑfr% vrho je.kh;k orZrsA 4- lk{kjrk&fo"k;s v;a ns'ks loZizFkea lFkkua HktrsA 5- vk;qosZn&fpfdRlk&i¼R;S v;a izns'k% fo'o&fo[;kr% orZrsA Nk=k bl izdkj vU; okD; Lo;a cuk,¡A mÙkj 7- d- v;eqRlo% ldys jkT;s dFka lek;ksT;rs\ ^lksYykle~* (mYykliwoZd) osQ fy, iz'u esa ̂ dFke~* (fdl izdkj) [k- vL; gfjrs"kq ous"kq osQ lqyHkk%\ ^vks"k/;%*µiqfYayx] cgqopu] izFkek foHkfDr osQ fy, iz'u esa ̂ osQ*A x- efgyk% oqQ=k iq"i&lTtka oqQoZfUr\ ^x`gL; izkÄõ.ks (?kj osQ vk¡xu esa) osQ fy, oqQ=k (dgk¡)A ?k- vks.ke~ osQ"kke~ izeq[k% mRlo%\ osQjyokfluke~ (osQjyokfl;ksa dk) osQ fy, ^osQ"kke~* (fdudk)

iz'u esaA Ä- iqjk osQjy&jkT;s foaQ uke jktk jkT;a djksfr Le\ egkcfy uke (egkcfy uke dk) osQ fy, iz'u esa ^foaQ uke*

(fdl uke dk)

ewY;ijdiz'uk%

1- tukuka lk{kjrk egÙoiw.kkZ vfLrA 2- (i) efgykuka f'k{k.ke~ vko';de~A (ii) efgyk% iq#"klee~ vknj.kh;k%A

(iii) vke~] f'k{k.kkFk± ns'k&ns'kkUrjk.kka Hkze.ke~ ykHkizne~ vfLrA


ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

1- (d) ns'k osQ fofHkUu jkT;ksa_ ;Fkkµiatkc] gfj;k.kk jktLFkku] rfeyukMq

dukZVd] caxky fcgkj vkfn dh laLÑfr] Hkk"kk u`R; laxhr vkfn

osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djsaA

([k) osQjy izns'k osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dj lf×pdk esa fp=k

yxk,¡_ ;FkkµdFkdyh urZd] iq"iksa dh jaxksyh] liZukSdk&izfr;ksfxrk]

gkfFk;ksa dh 'kksHkk ;k=kk vkfn osQ fp=kA

2- Nk=k jktu~ 'kCn osQ :i dk nks rhu ckj mPpkdj.k djsaA (ns[ksa ifjf'k"Ve~)

vkSj izLrqr okD;ksa dks mfpr :i ls iwjk djsaA dks"Bd esa fgUnh Hkk"kk esa

jktk 'kCn osQ ijlxZ dh lgk;rk ls mfpr :i dk p;u djsa_ ;Fkkµ

1- jktkue~ µ f}rh;k foHkfDr] ,dopu deZdkjd esaA

2- jkKs µ ftlls fuosnu fd;k tkrk gS] mlesa prqFkhZ dk iz;ksxA

3- jkK% µ "k"Bh ,dopu :i] lEcU/ dkjd esaA

4- jkfK µ lIreh ,dopu :iµftlij fo'okl gksrk gs] mlesa

lIreh dk iz;ksxA

5- jktlq µ ^jktu~* 'kCn dk lIreh cgqopu :iA

rr


ikBk% 5&8 iqujko`fÙk%

1- iz'u dk okpu djsa] jaxhu in ij è;ku nsaA dks"BdnÙk izR;sd

fodYi dks è;ku ls i


Ä- mRlo&dkys osQjy&izns'ks vusosQ lekjksgk% HkofUrA ;Fkkµjktkuka

'kksHkk;k=kk] liZukSdk&izfr;ksfxrk% ikjEifjd&[ksyk% 'kkL=kh;u`R;&

yksdu`R;&xhrkn;% pA

mÙkj osQ okD;ksa dk okpu lkoèkkuh ls djsaA izR;sd in ij è;ku nsaA

funsZ'kµiz;ksx le>sa vkSj ;kn j[ksa_ ;Fkkµ^vusdk% Hkk"kk%&(f}

rh;k iz;ksx&deZ esa)] us";ke% (uhµus)_ ekxZe~ mHk;r%µ(f}rh;k

iz;ksx)µ^mHk;r%* osQ ;ksx esaA (^thoue~*] ̂ d"Ve~*µlaLÑre~µvkfn

uiqald¯yx in gSa bR;kfnA ikB okpu osQ le; blh izdkj iz;ksx

ij è;ku nsus ls ykHk gksxkA)

3- fjDr LFkku NksM+dj okD;@lwfDr is)µdeZin dk fo'ks"k.kµnksuksa in f}rh;k]

,dopuA


jf{krqe~µ^iz;Rua dfj";Fk* osQ lkFk] rqequ~ izR;;kUr dk iz;ksxA

dfj";Fkµ^;w;e~* osQ lkFk fØ;kin dk mfpr :iA

okD;iwfrZ osQ i'pkr~ lgt jhfr ls okpu djsaA iz;ksx le>saA

okpu&iquokZpu ls 'kq¼ iz;ksx dk vH;kl Lor% gksus yxrk gSA

5- e×tw"kk esa fn, x, 'kCn isa fd vèkksnÙk laokn dk

laosQr fdl vksj gSA Li"Vr% o`{kkjksi.k egksRlo dh vksjA

laokn dks fjDr LFkku NksM+dj i


x- cgwfu µ ^d"Vkfu* (deZin) uiqaldfyaxµf}rh;k] cgqopu

gksus osQ dkj.k fo'ks"k.k ^cgq* Hkh leku ¯yax]

foHkfDr o opu esaA (ns[ksa ikB esa iz;ksx)

?k- vH;klsu µ (vH;kl }kjk)µ^}kjk*@ ̂ls* osQ vFkZ esa r`rh;k

iz;ksxA

Ä- yksHkkr~ µ (yksHk ls@osQ dkj.k)µ^dkj.k* vFkZ n'kkZus osQ fy,

i×peh iz;ksxA

p- fo".kos µ ^ue%* osQ ;ksx esa prqFkhZ iz;ksxµ^fo".kq*µmdkjkUr

iqfYayx ^xq#* dh Hkk¡frA (fo".kqosµv'kq¼ :i)

7- fp=k ns[ksa] cxhps dk fp=k gSA ekyh ikS/k yxk jgk gSA cxhps

esa isM+&ikS/s iwQy vkfn gSaA e×tw"kk esa fn, 'kCnksa dks isaA mnkgj.k ns[ksaA izR;sd okD; è;kuiwoZd i


Ä- iq"iS% µ ̂ fofo/o.kSZ%* fo'ks"k.k&in osQ lkFk mfpr

fo'ks";&inµnksuksa leku foHkfDr o opu esa

(r`rh;k cgqopu)

fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr mnkgj.k lfgr lHkh okD;ksa dk okpu

djsaA

(i) izlaxkuqlkj oqQN u, 'kCn lh[k ysa_ ;Fkkµ[kfu=ks.k ([kqjih ls)_

osQnkjs"kq (D;kfj;ksa esa)A

(ii) igys lh[ks gq, 'kCnksa rFkk 'kCn:i iz;ksx dh vko`fÙk dj

ysa_ ;Fkkµ

iknik% µ izFkek foHkfDr in] dÙkkZ dkjd esaA

ikniku~ µ f}rh;k foHkfDr in] deZ dkjd esaA

,rfLeu~ µ lIreh foHkfDr inµloZuke ,rr~ bR;kfnA

(iii) izR;sd in ij è;ku nsdj] okD;&jpuk osQ vH;kl dk ykHk

mBk,¡A

ewY;ijdiz'uk%

1- vkdja dnkfi ekxsZ u f{kisr~] lnSo vodj&ik=ks LFkki;sr~A

2- fouez% LoHkko% vFkok fou;'khy% tu% loZ=k 'kksHkrsA

3- lnSo vfHkoknu'khy% o`¼lsoh p L;kr~A

rr


fganh vuqokn (fofp=k gS ;g lalkj)

;g txr~ fo'kky gS vkSj fofp=k HkhA euq"; osQ vfrfjDr ;gk¡ vusd izdkj

osQ izk.kh fuokl djrs gSaA ;g fofo/rk bl lalkj dks lqUnj cukrh gSA

;fn vki dHkh tUrq'kkyk (fpfM+;k?kj) tk,¡] rks izkf.k;ksa dh fofp=krk

dk izR;{k vuqHko djsaxsA dgha lkSE; i{kh owQdrs gSa] dgha Hk;kud i'kq xtZuk

djrs gSaA dgha lkSE; rksrs] eSuk vkSj eksj fpÙk gj ysrs gSa_ vkSj dgha Hk;kog

(Mjkus okys) 'ksj] phrs vkSj ck?k Hk; mRiUu dj nsrs gSaA

,d ckr vkSj_ oqQN tUrq NksVs vkdkj okys] rks oqQN cM+h dk;k ('kjhj)

vkdkj okys gksrs gSaA oqQN ty esa fuokl djus okys] oqQN LFky (”kehu)

ij jgus okys vkSj oqQN o`{kksa ij jgus okys gksrs gSaA oqQN ekalkgkjh vkSj oqQN

?kkl [kkus okys gksrs gSaA

izkf.k;ksa dk LoHkko vkSj mudk [kku&iku muosQ fuokl&LFkku osQ vuqlkj

gksrk gSA oqQN tho ?kus taxyksa esa jguk ilUn djrs gSa] oqQN foLr`r ?kkl osQ

eSnkuksa esaA oqQN xje izns'kksa esa jgrs gSa] oqQN 'khry LFkyksa esaA

;fn vki mÙkj rFkk nf{k.k osQ /qzo izns'kksa osQ cI+kQhZys bykdksa ls xje

izns'kksa dh vksj tk,¡] rks bl l`f"V dh fofoèkrk vf/d Li"V gks tk,xhA

u osQoy i'kqvksa] if{k;ksa dk ijUrq ikS/ksa] o`{kksa vkSj iwQyksa dk Hkh oSHko rFkk

fofp=krk n`f"Vxkspj gks tk,xhA

i`Foh osQ nks Hkkx esa ty gSA leqnzksas esa Hkh vn~Hkqr thou gSA eNfy;k¡]

exjePN] dNq, ;k vU; tyoklh tUrq fdl izdkj ty esa jgrs gSa vkSj viuh

lUrku dk ikyu djrs gSa ;g lc tkuus osQ fy, oSKkfudksa dh mRlqdrk lnk

cuh jgrh gSA bl {ks=k esa 'kks/ dk;Z (research work) fujUrj pyrk gSA

bl lalkj esa ekuo] i'kq] dhM+s] i{kh] isM+&ikS/s lHkh ,d&nwljs ij

fuHkZj gSaA vr% lcdk ,d leku egÙo gSA ;g l`f"V lp esa lqUnj gS vkSj

fofp=k HkhA

9 fofp=kfene~ txr~


mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~

mPpkj.k djsaA bu 'kCn :iksaµlaKk o loZuke esa ls oqQN :i ikB esa iz;ksx esa vk pqosQ gSa_ ;Fkkµizkf.ku%] tyokflu%_ b;e~ bne~] vL;k%] vfLeu~ bR;kfnA uksV djsaµlHkh loZukeksa osQ :i ,d leku pyrs gSa_ ;Fkkµ vL;@rL;@dL;@;L; bR;kfnA

fyf[kre~ 1- mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^dhn`'ke~** osQ mÙkj esa ^fofp=ke~*A (fo'ks"k.k&in

Hkh uiqaldfYakx ,dopu esa) LkEiw.kZ okD; esa Hkh mÙkj le> ysa vFkkZr~ ^bne~* txr~ fofp=ke~

vfLrA izR;sd iz'u dk okpu djsaA dks"Bd ls mfpr fodYi pqudj ,d

in esa mÙkj nsaA iz;ksx ij è;ku nsaA lEiw.kZ okD; esa izR;sd mÙkj dk ekSf[kd&vH;kl djsaA

mÙkjµ d- jE;e~ [k- izkf.ku% x- lkSE;k% ?k- i`fFkO;k% Ä- vn~Hkqre~ p- foy{k.kk N- lUrfre~ fy[krs le; orZuh dh vksj è;ku nsaA

2- iz'u i


mÙkj 3- I. fjDr LFkku NksM+dj izR;sd okD; dk okpu djsa] dÙkkZ in igpkusa] rRi'pkr~ mfpr fØ;kin dk p;u dj] okD; iwjk djsaA

d- orZrs µ okD; dk dÙkkZµ^tye~* izFke iqjQ"k ,dopu gksus osQ dkj.k (ôrsZ*µmÙke iqjQ"k ,dopu mfpr ughaA ô`r~* /krq vkReusinh] vr% ôrZfr*µv'kq¼)

[k- iky;fUr µ okD; dk dÙkkZµ^tUro%* cgqopu esa gksus osQ dkj.k (^tUrq*µmdkjkUr 'kCn ^lk/q* î'kq* ^xqjQ* dh Hkk¡fr)

x- fuolfUr µ fØ;kin cgqopu esa D;ksafd dÙkkZinµîzkf.ku%*µ cgqopu (ns[ksaµêkSf[kde~*µ izk.kh] izkf.kukS] izkf.ku%)

?k- (i) xPNsr~· µ ̂Hkoku~* osQ ;ksx esa izFke iqjQ"k fØ;kin dk iz;ksx gksrk gS_ (xPNflµeè;e iqjQ"kµyV~ ydkj] xPNs%µeè;e iqjQ"k fof/fyÄ~µvr% nksuksa esa dksbZ Hkh mfpr ughaA)

(ii) vuqHkfo";fr· µ ^Hkoku~* osQ ;ksx esa izFke iqjQ"k] ,d opu dk fØ;kin mfpr (^vuqHkfo";fl*µ eè;e iqjQ"k] ,dopu_ ^vuqHkfo";Fk*µ eè;e iqjQ"kµ cgqopu µ vr% nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh mfpr ugha)

Ä- gjfUr µ okD; dk dÙkkZµîf{k.k%*µcgqopu in_ (;Fkkµ izkf.ku%] ̂ tyokflu%*] ̂ LFkyokflu%* bR;kfn)A

;|fi izLrqr vH;kl esa fn, x, lHkh okD; ikB esa vk pqosQ gSa rFkkfi dks"Bd esa fn, x, fo'ys"k.k }kjk O;kdj.k osQ rÙoksa dk cks/ iq"V gks tk,xkµbl ckr dks è;ku esa j[kdj okD;ksa dk okpu&iquokZpu fjDr LFkku iwfrZ osQ mijkUr lko/kuh ls djsaA okpu djrs le; izR;sd in ij è;ku nsuk Js;Ldj gksxkA* · ^;fnµrfgZ*µvO;;&;qXe iz;ksx esa vkus ij fof/fyÄ~ osQ iz;ksx dk fu;e gSA vFkok y`V~

ydkj iz;qDr gksrk gSA izLrqr okD; esa blh dkj.k nksuksa ydkjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA


II. izR;sd okD; dk okpu djsa] rRi'pkr~ dks"Bd ls mfpr 'kCn :i pqusaµorZuh vFkok foHkfDr dh n`f"V ls_

d- tUro% µ orZuh dh n`f"V ls mfpr fodYiA [k- tUrwuke~ µ mdkjkUr 'kCnksa esa "k"Bh cgqopu esa nh?kZ ^Å*

dh ek=kk yxrh gSA (^tUrks%*µ"k"Bh] ,dopu] vr% mfpr ughaA)

x- ous"kq µ fo'ks"k.k&in ^l?kus"kq*µcgqopu gksus osQ dkj.kA ?k- losZ"kke~ µ cgqopu iz;ksx mi;qDr gksus osQ dkj.kA (;gk¡

vusd izdkj osQ thoksa dh ppkZ gks jgh gSA) Ä- fofo/ku~ µ ̂ i'kwu~*µcgqopu gksus osQ dkj.k fo'ks"k.k&in

cgqopu esaA

4- nkb± vksj osQ LrEHk esa fn, x, 'kCn ikB esa vk pqosQ gSaA è;kuiwoZd okpu djsaA uksV djsaµizR;sd in esa nks 'kCn vk, gSaA izR;sd in leLr in · (Compound word) gSA ckb± vksj bu leLr inksa dk foxzg (Analysis) fn;k x;k gS tks leLr in osQ vFkZ dks n'kkZrk gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµo`{ks olfUr bfrµ(tks ò{k esa jgrs gSa)µò{kokflu%µ(ò{k esa jgus okys)A blh izdkj nksuksa LrEHkksa esa fn, x, inksa dk ijLij esy djsa vkSj vk'k; le>saA

mÙkjµ [k- LFkys olfUr bfrµLFkyokflu%_ x- m".ks"kq izns'ks"kqµm".kizns'ks"kq_ ?k- 'khrys"kq LFkys"kqµ'khry&LFkys"kq_ Ä- fo'kky% dk;% ;s"kke~µ fo'kkydk;k% (fo'kky 'kjhj okys)

5- dks"Bd esa fn, x, fo'ks"k.k&inksa dk okpu djsa] vFkZ le>saA fiQj okD; isaA ;g rks iqujko`fÙk gS] tks f'k{k.k dk vfuok;Z vax ekuk tkrk gSA (Repetition is a necessary part of learning.)

· lekl@leLr in dh lfoLrkj ppkZ vxyh d{kkvksa esa dh tk,xhA


mÙkjµ I. d- l?kukfu µ oukfu dk fo'ks"k.k leku fYakx o opu esaA foLr`re~ µ ê#LFkye~* dk fo'ks"k.k vr% uiqald¯yx

,dopu esaA [k- 'khryk µ ^Nk;k* dk fo'ks"k.kµnksuks a in L=khfYakx]

,dopuA izp.M% µ ^vkri%*µiq¯Yyx 'kCn dk fo'ks"k.k leku

¯yx o opu esaA x- je.kh;k µ ^l`f"V%*µL=khfYakx in gksus osQ dkj.kA II. dks"Bd esa fn, x, loZuke ^bne~* osQ fofHkUu :i gSaA

fo'ks";&in osQ vuqlkj] mfpr loZuke] tks ;gk¡ fo'ks"k.k osQ :i esa iz;qDr gS] pqusa vkSj fjDr LFkku HkjsaA

b;e~ µ D;ksafd ̂ fofo/rk*µL=khfYakx in izFkek] ,dopu esaA bne~ µ D;ksafd ^txr~*µuiqaldfYakx in] izFkek] ,dopu

esaA v;e~ µ ^lalkj%*µiqfYayx in] izFkek ,dopu gksus osQ

dkj.kA vfLeu~ µ (iqfYayx)µlIreh] ,dopu] vr% ^lalkjs* osQ

;ksx esa mfpr iz;ksxA (lalkjsµlIreh ,dopu] ^ckyosQ* dh Hkk¡fr)A

vL;ke~ µ (L=khfYakx)µlIreh ,dopuµvr% ^jpuk;ke~* osQ lkFk mi;qDrA (^jpuk;ke~*µlIreh ,dopu ^yrk;ke~* dh Hkk¡fr)A

6- okD; dk okpu djsaA izR;sd in ij è;ku nsaA iz'u dk okpu djosQ okD; osQ vk/kj ij mÙkj nsaA

mÙkjµ d- vfi [k- vn~Hkqre~ x- thoue~ (izFkek foHkfDr esa) ?k- lIreh cgqopue~ (;Fkkµô`{ks"kq*] ^ckyosQ"kq*] ôus"kq* bR;kfnA) Ä- o`r~ /krq%] yV~ydkj%A

ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

e×tw"kknÙk 'kCnksa dks i


mÙkjµ 1- (i) fp=ks (fp=k esa)µ^vfLeu~* (blesa) loZuke&fo'ks"k.kµosQ lkFk mfpr laKkinµleku foHkfDr] opu rFkk fYakx esa (lIreh ,dopu&iqfYayx)

(ii) tUro% (tUrq&cgqopu)µ^fofo/k%* fo'ks"k.k&in ls lkFk mfpr fo'ks";&inµleku foHkfDr rFkk opu esaµizFkek cgqopuA

2- (i) ykSgi×tjs (yksgs osQ fiatjs esa)µokD; esa ̂ flag% xtZfr*µvr% LFkku okpd mfpr inA

(ii) u`R;frµdÙkkZin ê;wj%* osQ ;ksx esa mfpr fØ;kinA 3- (i) o`{ksµokD; esa ôkujk%* dÙkkZin fp=k esa o`{k ij cUnj] vr%

LFkkuokpd in mfprA (ii) owQnZfUrµokD; osQ dÙkkZ ôkujk%* osQ ;ksx esa mfpr fØ;kinA

(opu dh n`f"V ls Hkh mfprµdÙkkZin fØ;kin nksuksa cgqopu)

4- (i) tyxrsZ (ikuh osQ xM~


fganh vuqokn (yksHk lc vkifÙk;ksa dh tM+ gS) (fgrksins'k ls ladfyr bl dFkk esa i'kqvksa osQ pfj=k&fp=k.k osQ ekè;e ls bl rF; dks izekf.kr fd;k x;k gS fd yksHk osQ o'k esa O;fDr viuk foosd [kks cSBrk gSA iQyr% og vusdkusd foinkvksa dk f'kdkj cu tkrk gS_ tSls ,d gkFkh yksHko'k /wrZ fl;kj dh ckrksa esa vk x;k vkSj vius thou ls gkFk /ks cSBkA f'k{kkµyksHk dnkfi u djsaA)

fdlh ou esa ,d eksVk&rk”kk gkFkh jgrk FkkA taxy esa jgus okys fl;kj ml nh?kZdk; (cM+s 'kjhj okys) gkFkh dks ns[kdj lksprs Fks] ;fn fdlh izdkj bldh e`R;q gks tk, rks fpjdky rd gesa Hkkstu dh dksbZ fpUrk u gksxhA blosQ ejus dk dksbZ mik; lkspuk pkfg,A

;g lkspdj muosQ ny dk Lokeh ,d cw


mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~

mPpkj.k djsaA

(d) ^Ñ* /krq] fof/fyÄ~ osQ :i dk lgt jhfr ls mPpkj.k djsaA uksV djsaµbuesa ls oqQN /krq:i dk iz;ksx ikB esa vk;k gSA

([k) izLrqr [k.M esaµ^Hkor~* (vki) 'kCn osQ oqQN :iksa dk okD;&iz;ksxµ izR;sd okD; igys ,dopu] fiQj cgqopu esa fn;k x;k gSA lgt jhfr ls okpu djsaA jaxhu inksa ij è;ku nsaA (^Hkor~* 'kCn dh 'kCn:i rkfydk ns[ksaµîfjf'k"V* esaA)

fyf[kre~ 1- izR;sd iz'u dk okpu è;ku ls djsaA dks"Bd esa fn, x, fodYiksa

ij è;ku nsaA ikB osQ vuqlkj 'kq¼ fodYi pqusaA ,d in esa mÙkj nsaA iz'u esa iz;qDr iz'uokpdµjaxhu in dh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA mÙkj mlh ij vk/kfjr gSA mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ^dhn`'k%* (oSQlk) osQ mÙkj esa] îhui`Fkqy%* (eksVk&rk”kk)A fodYiksa dk okpu djrs le; uksV djsaµlHkh leku fYakx foHkfDr o opu esa gSaA vr% Hkk"kk&cks/ dh n`f"V ls è;kuiwoZd okpu fgrdj gksxkA

mÙkjµ d- ous µ [ôqQ=k* dgk¡ osQ mÙkj esa] [k- xtL; µ (^dL;* osQ mÙkj esa) x- Hkkstu&yksHkkr~ µ (^dLekr~* osQ mÙkj esa) ?k- jkT;yksHksu µ (ôsQu* osQ mÙkj esa) Ä- egkiV µ [dfLeu~ (fdl esa) osQ mÙkj esa] p- o×pd% µ (^dhn`'k%* osQ mÙkj esa) N- yksHk% µ (^d%* osQ mÙkj esa)

2- iz'u isa] ikB dh lgk;rk ls mÙkj fy[ksaA mÙkjµ d- ;kor~ xt% jkT;yksHksu rhozxR;k Ük`xkye~ vuqxPNfr rkor~

egkiV irfrA [k- iV ifrra xte~ n`"V~ok Ük`xky% vonr~µ^{k.ka fr"BrqA ,"k

vkxPNkfeA*


x- ;fn vL; xtL; dFkf×pr~ e`R;q% Hkosr~] rfgZ fpjdkya ;kor~ u dk¿fi HkkstuL; fpUrk L;kr~ bfr fopk;Z Ük`xkyk% rL; ej.kL; mik;e~ vfpUr;u~A

?k- Ük`xkyk% cgwfu fnukfu i;ZUre~ rL; xtL; ekale~ v[kknu~A Ä- iV ifrr% xt% Ük`xkye~ vonr~µ^vgg! egkiV ifrr% vge~

(ifrrks¿ge~)A =kkfg eke~*AvFkok

vgg! egkiÄïs ifrrks¿ge~_ =kkfg eke~ bfr iÄïs ifrr% xt% Ük`xkye~ vonr~A

3- e×tw"kk esa fn, 'kCnksa dks isaA fiQj fjDr LFkku NksM+dj vuqPNsn osQ okD;ksa dks iq.M dk Lokeh) µ ^rs"kka* 'kCn ls lEcU/A vxPNr~ (x;k) µ dÙkkZin ^;wFkifr%* osQ lkFk

,dopu fozQ;kinA Hkoku~ (vki) µ 'ks"k okD; osQ vk/kj ijA vuqx`ghrk% (vuqx`ghrµobliged) µ ^o;e~* dk fo'ks"k.k&inµvr%

cgqopuA fjDr LFkku iwfrZ djosQ okpu djsaA

4- mnkgj.k ns[ksa izR;sd dFku i


5- mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saµ^ouokflu%* (cgqopu)µmfpr dÙkkZin D;ksafd fØ;kinµ^fpUr;fUr Le* cgqopu gSA (ouoklhµ,dopu_ ouokflukSµf}opu) izR;sd okD; dks è;kuiwoZd i


x- d{kk;ke~ Nk=kk% lko/kua fr"Bs;q%A [Nk=k%] Nk=kkS] Nk=kk%_ fr"Bsr~] fr"Bsrke~] fr"Bs;q%A

(uksVµ^Nk=k%* dÙkkZin esa opu&ifjorZu vr% fØ;kin ^fr"Bsr~* esa Hkh :ikUrj)]

?k- foa Q ;q"ekde~ dk;± iw.kZe~\ (ro] ;qo;ks%] ;q"ekde~) Ä- Hkoku~ bPNkuqlkja Lodk;± djksrqA (dÙkkZin esa opu ifjorZu

osQ dkj.k fØ;kin Hkh izHkkfor) II. mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA ̂ HkorqµyksV~ ydkj] Hkosr~µfofèkfyÄ~

nksuksa fØ;kin izFke iqjQ"k] ,dopu esaA 'ks"k okD; esa dksbZ :ikUrj ugha vk;kA

blh izdkj izR;sd okD; esa funsZ'kkuqlkj fØ;kin esa :ikUrj djosQ okD; dks iqu% fy[ksaA fy[krs le; orZuh rFkk èkkrq :i esa vk, :ikUrj dh vksj è;ku nsaA (ydkj ifjorZu djrs le; dÙkkZin osQ iqjQ"k o opu dk è;ku j[ksaA)

mÙkjµ d- Nk=k% ikBa lko/kua iBsr~A [k- ckydk% ys[ka LoPNa fy[kUrqA x- vga x`gL; vUr% vkxPNs;e~A ?k- o;a ns'ka izxfriFks us";ke%A Ä- ;w;e~ 'kksHkukfu iqLrdkfu iBsrA

mÙkj 7- d- ----- xe~ $ rqequ~ [k- iz $ ue~ $ Y;i~ x- fo $ gl~ $ Y;i~ ?k- Hkw $ rqequ~ Ä- n`'k~ $ DRok

ewY;ijdiz'uk%

1- vkRekue~ vkin~H;% jf{krqa yksHkL; R;kx% vfuok;Z%A (vius vkidks vkifÙk;ksa ls cpkus osQ fy, yksHk dk R;kx vfuok;Z gSA) 2- xt% jkT;yksHkkr~ egkiÄïs irfrA vFkok jkT;yksHkL; dkj.ksu xt% egkiÄïs irfrA

3- Ük`xky% iÄïs ifrrL; xtL; lgk;rka drq± u bPNfr] l% xte~ o×p;frA


ikBlaxre~ ijh{k.ke~

mnkgj.k ns[ksa vkSj le>saA izLrqr dFku v'kq¼ gS] D;ksafd dFkkoLrq osQ vuqlkj fl;kj gkFkh dks jkT; flagklu dk ykyp nsdj /ks[ks ls ekjuk pkgrk gS] vr% >wBh iz'kalk esa dgrk gSµ^Hkoku~ loZxq.klEiUu%*-----A gkFkh Lo;a dks loZxq.klEiUu ugha ekurkA blh izdkj izR;sd dFku dk okpu djsa vkSj crk,¡ fd dFkkuqlkj og 'kq¼ gS vFkok v'kq¼A mÙkjµ 1- v'kq¼ µ D;ksafd cw


fganh vuqokn (iq=k dks i=k)

fnYyh fnukad % 18&10&20XXfiz; csVk v.kZoLusgiwoZd vk'khokZn]

fo|ky; osQ iz/kukpk;Z }kjk Hkstk x;k rqEgkjk ifj.kke&i=k vkt gh feyk gSA

Nekgh&ijh{kk dk rqEgkjk ifj.kke ns[kdj eSa cgqr nq[kh gqvk gw¡A ns[k jgk gw¡ fd vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa ipiu (55)] fgUnh Hkk"kk esa lkB (60) lekt 'kkL=k esa lÙkkou (57)] foKku fo"k; esa frjlB (63) vkSj laLo`Qr Hkk"kk esa rqEgkjs mugÙkj (69) vad gSaA ,slk D;ksa\ csVk! frekgh&ijh{kk esa rks rqEgkjs vad cgqr vPNs FksA eq>s ;kn gS fd ml ijh{kk esa vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa cgÙkj (72)] fgUnh Hkk"kk esa vLlh (80)] lekt'kkL=k esa ipklh (85)] foKku 'kkL=k esa rqEgkjs uCcs (90) vkSj laLÑr Hkk"kk esa frjkuosa (93) vad vk, FksA

csVk! ;g voufr oSQls gqbZA D;k Nk=kkokl esa rqe fu;eiwoZd i


mÙkjkf.k

ekSf[kde~ mnkgj.k lfgr inksa dk ijLij esy djrs gq, mPpkj.k djsaA I. foykse&in [k- g"kZ% µ fo"kkn%_ x- Lejkfe µ foLejkfe_ ?k- oqQlax% µ lRlax% _

Ä- v| µ á%_ p- LoLFk% µ vLoLFk%A II. lekukFkZd&in [k- vfuok;kZ µ vko';dh_ x- b;e~ µ ,"kk_ ?k laòÙkk µ l×tkrk_

Ä- oh{; µ n`"V~ok_ p- vL; µ ,rL;A

fyf[kre~ 1- mnkgj.k ns[ksaA ̂ oqQr%* (dgk¡ ls) osQ mÙkj esa ̂ fnYyhr%* (fnYyh ls)

ikBkuqlkj 'kq¼A (uksV djsaµ^r%* (rfly~) izR;; ls @ from osQ vFkZ esa yxk;k tkrk gS_ ;FkkµoqQr%] fnYyhr%] Nk=kkoklr% bR;kfnA

izR;sd iz'u dk okpu djsaA dks"BdnÙk fodYiksa dks è;ku ls i

‚È’Ê ÁœŸË - SARASWATI HOUSE Material...U;w ljLorhgkm(baf(Mo)ibUzú(ynvuq 5 fganh vuqokn...

Documents

Transcript of ‚È’Ê ÁœŸË - SARASWATI HOUSE Material...U;w ljLorhgkm(baf(Mo)ibUzú(ynvuq 5 fganh vuqokn...