a-w 60120-1 (2/2560) 60120... · 2 ß«π≈‘‘¢ ‘‘∑∏ ‘Ï‘ ‡Õ° “√‚...
Transcript of a-w 60120-1 (2/2560) 60120... · 2 ß«π≈‘‘¢ ‘‘∑∏ ‘Ï‘ ‡Õ° “√‚...
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Àπ૬∑’Ë 8 §«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° ·≈– ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–
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12. μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÀ¡“¬∂÷ßμ≈“¥∑’Ë¡’°“√ ◊́ÈÕ¢“¬ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”°“√º≈‘μ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√‚¥¬„Àâ
§«“¡ ”§—≠∑“ߥâ“πºŸâ´◊ÈÕ «à“ºŸâ´◊ÈÕ®–´◊ÈÕªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÕ¬à“߉√‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ∑—Èßπ’ÈÕÿª ߧåμàÕªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘쇪ìπ
Õÿª ߧå ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß·≈–Õÿª ߧå√à«¡∑’Ë¢÷Èπ·°à°—π·≈–°—π ·≈– “¡“√∂·∫àßμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 ª√–‡¿∑§◊Õ
μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
13. ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 4 ª√–‡¿∑§◊Õ ∑’Ë¥‘π ∑ÿπ ·√ßß“π ·≈–ºŸâª√–°Õ∫°“√ ‚¥¬ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ
·μà≈–ª√–‡¿∑®–¡’º≈μÕ∫·∑π¥—ßπ’È º≈μÕ∫·∑π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π§◊Õ§à“‡™à“ º≈μÕ∫·∑π¢Õß·√ßß“π§◊Õ§à“®â“ß º≈μÕ∫·∑π
¢Õß∑ÿπ§◊Õ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ ·≈–º≈μÕ∫·∑π¢ÕߺŸâª√–°Õ∫°“√§◊Õ°”‰√
14. ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑“߇»√…∞°‘®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ —ߧ¡¡’°“√„™âÀ√◊Õ®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√¡’Õ¬Ÿà„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πåμàÕ —ߧ¡
‚¥¬√«¡ Ÿß ÿ¥ à«π§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√∑’Ë√–∫∫μ≈“¥‰¡à “¡“√∂®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√„Àâ «— ¥‘°“√
—ߧ¡ Ÿß ÿ¥ ´÷Ëß®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈‰°°“√®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‰¡à “¡“√∂𔉪 Ÿà‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢μ“¡À≈—°
擇√‚μ‰¥â ‚¥¬¡’ “‡Àμÿ∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥âÀ≈“¬ª√–°“√ ®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë√—∞∫“≈®–μâÕ߇¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑„π°“√·°â‰¢„À⠗ߧ¡¡’
°“√®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥
15. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°æƒμ‘°√√¡À√◊Õ°“√°√–∑”¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈À√◊ÕÕߧå°√Àπ÷Ëß ´÷Ëß àߺ≈
μàÕ ∂“π¿“æ¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â¡’ à«π‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß ‚¥¬∫ÿ§§≈∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫‰¡à‰¥â√—∫À√◊Õ®à“¬‡æ◊ËÕ™¥‡™¬·°à
º≈°√–∑∫¥—ß°≈à“« º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡ªìπª√–‡¥Á𠔧—≠Õ’°ª√–‡¥ÁπÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë∑”„Àâ°≈‰°μ≈“¥‰¡à “¡“√∂®—¥ √√
∑√—欓°√Õ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“扥⠴÷Ëß„π°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°Õ“®¥”‡π‘π°“√‰¥â‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈·≈–‡Õ°™π ´÷Ëß®–
¡’»—°¬¿“æ·≈–„Àâº≈≈—æ∏å∑’Ë·μ°μà“ß°—π
16. ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– À¡“¬∂÷ß ‘π§â“∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂°’¥°—π·≈–‰¡à‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§ °≈à“«§◊Õ ‰¡à “¡“√∂
ªÑÕß°—π‰¡à„À⺟℥‡¢â“¡“∫√‘‚¿§À√◊Õ„™âª√–‚¬™πå ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‰¥â √«¡∑—Èß °“√∫√‘‚¿§¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß°Á‰¡à∑”„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ Ê “¡“√∂∫√‘‚¿§‰¥âπâÕ¬≈ß ´÷Ëߪ√–‡¥Á𠔧—≠‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ§◊Õªí≠À“ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‚¥¬‰¡à®à“¬‡ß‘π ∑”„Àâ°≈‰°μ≈“¥
‰¡à “¡“√∂®—¥°“√‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ √—∞∫“≈®÷߇¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠„π°“√·°âªí≠À“‚¥¬‡ªìπºŸâ π—∫ πÿπ
À√◊Õ¥”‡π‘π°“√‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√‘°“√·°àª√–™“™πÕ¬à“ß∑—Ë«∂÷ß ”À√—∫°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬‡Õ°™π‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¡—°®–‰¡àª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®‡π◊ËÕß®“°ªí≠À“ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§∑’ˉ¡à®à“¬‡ß‘π ·μàÀ“°ª√—∫√Ÿª·∫∫∏ÿ√°‘®„Àâ¡’√“¬‰¥â®“°·À≈àßÕ◊Ëπ
πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ‚¥¬‰¡àæ÷Ëß擇ߑπ∑’˺Ÿâ∫√‘‚¿§®à“¬‰¥â °Á®– “¡“√∂¥”‡π‘π°‘®°“√·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πåμàÕ —ߧ¡‚¥¬√«¡‰¥â‡™àπ°—π
«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧ嫗μ∂ÿª√– ߧ嫗μ∂ÿª√– ߧ嫗μ∂ÿª√– ߧ嫗μ∂ÿª√– ߧå
À≈—ß®“°øíß°“√ √ÿªª√–‡¥Áπμà“ßÊ „π à«π¢Õߧ«“¡√Ÿâæ◊Èπ∞“π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡»√…∞»“ μ√å·≈–ªí≠À“∑“ß
‡»√…∞»“ μ√å·≈â« π—°»÷°…“ “¡“√∂1. Õ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡À¡“¬ °Ø¢ÕßÕÿª ß§å ·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àåªí®®—¬∑’Ë°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧå·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß
Õÿª ߧ剥â
7
2. Õ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡À¡“¬ °Æ¢ÕßÕÿª∑“π ·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àåªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª∑“π·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß
Õÿª∑“π‰¥â
3. Õ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õߥÿ≈¬¿“æμ≈“¥·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥‰¥â
4. „™â·π«§‘¥Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå„π°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬Õÿª ߧå¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‰¥â
5. „™â·π«§‘¥§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®„π°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬Õÿª ߧå¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‰¥â
6. Õ∏‘∫“¬·π«§‘¥·≈–≈—°…≥–°“√º≈‘쉥â
7. Õ∏‘∫“¬·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àåμâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μª√–‡¿∑μà“ß Ê ‰¥â
8. Õ∏‘∫“¬·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àåμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥剥â
9. Õ∏‘∫“¬·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àåμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥‰¥â
10. Õ∏‘∫“¬·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àåμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥‰¥â
11. Õ∏‘∫“¬·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àåμ≈“¥ºŸâ¢“¬πâÕ¬√“¬‰¥â
12. Õ∏‘∫“¬·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àåμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘쉥â
13. Õ∏‘∫“¬·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àåº≈μÕ∫·∑πªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘쉥â
14. Õ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õߺ≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° ·≈–·π«∑“ß°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‰¥â
15. Õ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õß ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– ·≈–·π«∑“ß°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‰¥â
°‘®°√√¡°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡°‘®°√√¡°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡°‘®°√√¡°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡°‘®°√√¡°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡°‘®°√√¡°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡
1. ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡‚¥¬„™â§”∂“¡ —ÈπÊ 5 §”∂“¡
2. √ÿª “√– —߇¢ª¢ÕßÀπ૬∑’Ë 2 - 8 ª√–°Õ∫‡Õ° “√‚ μ∑—»πå
3. ‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ „À⺟⇢â“√—∫°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡´—°∂“¡ªí≠À“
4. ª√–‡¡‘πº≈À≈—ß Õπ‡ √‘¡‚¥¬„™â§”∂“¡§Ÿà¢π“π ´÷Ëß„À≫âμÕπ∑⓬
°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡
1. ·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°àÕπ·≈–À≈—ß°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡
2. ™ÿ¥°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡ ( ”À√—∫Õ“®“√¬å Õπ‡ √‘¡)
3. ‡Õ° “√‚ μ∑—»πåª√–°Õ∫°“√øíß4. ·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâ√—∫°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡
°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈
1. —߇°μªØ‘°√‘¬“·≈– ’Àπâ“¢ÕߺŸâ√—∫°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡
2. —߇°μ°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√√—∫°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡
3. ¥Ÿº≈°“√μÕ∫§”∂“¡¢ÕߺŸâ√—∫°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡®“°·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘π‡æ◊ËÕπ”¡“‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫À“§«“¡°â“«Àπâ“
4. ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ à«π√«¡¢ÕߺŸâ‡¢â“√—∫°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡5. ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√ Õπ¥â«¬μπ‡Õß®“°·π«∑“ß·≈–√Ÿª·∫∫∑’Ë°”Àπ¥
8
·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘πº≈μπ‡Õß°àÕπ√—∫°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘πº≈μπ‡Õß°àÕπ√—∫°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘πº≈μπ‡Õß°àÕπ√—∫°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘πº≈μπ‡Õß°àÕπ√—∫°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘πº≈μπ‡Õß°àÕπ√—∫°“√ Õπ‡ √‘¡
§√—Èß∑’Ë 1§√—Èß∑’Ë 1§√—Èß∑’Ë 1§√—Èß∑’Ë 1§√—Èß∑’Ë 1
„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫§”∂“¡μàÕ‰ªπ’È —ÈπÊ (‚¥¬ ÿà¡¢÷Èπ¡“μÕ∫¢âÕ≈– 1 - 2 §π)„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫§”∂“¡μàÕ‰ªπ’È —ÈπÊ (‚¥¬ ÿà¡¢÷Èπ¡“μÕ∫¢âÕ≈– 1 - 2 §π)„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫§”∂“¡μàÕ‰ªπ’È —ÈπÊ (‚¥¬ ÿà¡¢÷Èπ¡“μÕ∫¢âÕ≈– 1 - 2 §π)„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫§”∂“¡μàÕ‰ªπ’È —ÈπÊ (‚¥¬ ÿà¡¢÷Èπ¡“μÕ∫¢âÕ≈– 1 - 2 §π)„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫§”∂“¡μàÕ‰ªπ’È —ÈπÊ (‚¥¬ ÿà¡¢÷Èπ¡“μÕ∫¢âÕ≈– 1 - 2 §π)
1. Õÿª ߧå Õÿª∑“π ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥§◊ÕÕ–‰√
2. Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (Utility) À¡“¬∂÷ßÕ–‰√ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡·≈–Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—πÀ√◊Õ
‰¡àÕ¬à“߉√
3. ‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π·≈–‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥¡’≈—°…≥–Õ¬à“߉√
4. ®ßÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ¡“„À⇢Ⓞ®
5. μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¡’≈—°…≥–Õ¬à“߉√
6. μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥¡’≈—°…≥–Õ¬à“߉√
7. μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥¡’≈—°…≥–Õ¬à“߉√
8. μ≈“¥ºŸâ¢“¬πâÕ¬√“¬¡’≈—°…≥–Õ¬à“߉√
9. μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÀ¡“¬∂÷ßÕ–‰√ ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ°’˪√–‡¿∑
10. §«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ À¡“¬∂÷ßÕ–‰√ ·≈–‡°‘¥®“° “‡Àμÿ„¥‰¥â∫â“ß
¢Õ„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫„π∑’Ë«à“ߢâ“ß≈à“ßπ’È ‰¡à§«√„™â‡«≈“‡°‘π 10 π“∑’¢Õ„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫„π∑’Ë«à“ߢâ“ß≈à“ßπ’È ‰¡à§«√„™â‡«≈“‡°‘π 10 π“∑’¢Õ„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫„π∑’Ë«à“ߢâ“ß≈à“ßπ’È ‰¡à§«√„™â‡«≈“‡°‘π 10 π“∑’¢Õ„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫„π∑’Ë«à“ߢâ“ß≈à“ßπ’È ‰¡à§«√„™â‡«≈“‡°‘π 10 π“∑’¢Õ„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫„π∑’Ë«à“ߢâ“ß≈à“ßπ’È ‰¡à§«√„™â‡«≈“‡°‘π 10 π“∑’
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1010
‚ μ∑—»πå # 1.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 1.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 1.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 1.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 1.1 ™ÿ¥«‘™“À≈—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ™ÿ¥«‘™“À≈—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ™ÿ¥«‘™“À≈—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ™ÿ¥«‘™“À≈—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ™ÿ¥«‘™“À≈—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ
● Õÿª ߧå Õÿª∑“π ·≈–¥ÿ≈¬¿“æμ≈“¥ (2) ● √“¬‰¥âª√–™“™“μ‘·≈–°“√«—¥√“¬‰¥âª√–™“™“μ‘ (9)
● ∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ (3) ● à«πª√–°Õ∫¢Õß√“¬‰¥âª√–™“™“μ‘·≈–● °“√º≈‘μ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ (4) °“√°”Àπ¥√“¬‰¥âª√–™“™“μ‘¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ (10)
● μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥ (5) ● °“√§≈—ß·≈–π‚¬∫“¬°“√§≈—ß (11)● μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥·≈– ● °“√‡ß‘π·≈–π‚¬∫“¬°“√‡ß‘π (12)
μ≈“¥ºŸâ¢“¬πâÕ¬√“¬ (6) ● ‡ß‘π‡øÑÕ ‡ß‘πΩó¥ ·≈–°“√«à“ßß“π (13)
● μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·≈–º≈μÕ∫·∑π ● °“√§â“·≈–°“√‡ß‘π√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» (14)
ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ (7) ● °“√æ—≤𓇻√…∞°‘®·≈– —ߧ¡¢Õß
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ªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧåªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧåªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧåªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧåªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª ß§å ‰¥â·°à
1. √–¥—∫√“§“ ‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√ 5. ®”π«π·≈–Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õߪ√–™“°√
2. √“¬‰¥â¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ 6. °“√§“¥§–‡π„πÕπ“§μ
3. √ π‘¬¡¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ 7. ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈
4. √–¥—∫√“§“¢Õß ‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√™π‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß 8. ‡∑»°“≈
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥Õÿª ߧå∫π‡ âπÕÿª ߧ凥’¬«°—π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥Õÿª ߧå∫π‡ âπÕÿª ߧ凥’¬«°—π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥Õÿª ߧå∫π‡ âπÕÿª ߧ凥’¬«°—π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥Õÿª ߧå∫π‡ âπÕÿª ߧ凥’¬«°—π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥Õÿª ߧå∫π‡ âπÕÿª ߧ凥’¬«°—π À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥§«“¡μâÕß°“√´◊ÈÕ
‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√™π‘¥Àπ÷ËßÕ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß√“§“ ‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√™π‘¥π—Èπ ‚¥¬∑’Ëªí®®—¬Õ◊Ëπ§ß∑’Ë
‡ªìπ°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬®“°®ÿ¥Àπ÷Ë߉ª¬—ßÕ’°®ÿ¥Àπ÷Ëß∫π‡ âπÕÿª ß§å‡ âπ‡¥‘¡
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ âπÕÿª ߧ尓√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ âπÕÿª ߧ尓√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ âπÕÿª ߧ尓√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ âπÕÿª ߧ尓√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ âπÕÿª ߧå À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬¢Õ߇ âπÕÿª ߧ剪∑—È߇ â𠇪ìπ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥Õÿª ߧå¢Õß ‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß„π∑ÿ°√–¥—∫√“§“ Õ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßªí®®—¬Õ◊ËπÊ
‚ μ∑—»πå #2.3‚ μ∑—»πå #2.3‚ μ∑—»πå #2.3‚ μ∑—»πå #2.3‚ μ∑—»πå #2.3 Õÿª ߧåμàÕ√“¬‰¥â·≈–Õÿª ߧ剢«âÕÿª ߧåμàÕ√“¬‰¥â·≈–Õÿª ߧ剢«âÕÿª ߧåμàÕ√“¬‰¥â·≈–Õÿª ߧ剢«âÕÿª ߧåμàÕ√“¬‰¥â·≈–Õÿª ߧ剢«âÕÿª ߧåμàÕ√“¬‰¥â·≈–Õÿª ߧ剢«â
‚ μ∑—»πå #2.4‚ μ∑—»πå #2.4‚ μ∑—»πå #2.4‚ μ∑—»πå #2.4‚ μ∑—»πå #2.4 ªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧåªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧåªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧåªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧåªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧå
‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.5 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿª ߧ尓√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿª ߧ尓√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿª ߧ尓√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿª ߧ尓√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿª ߧå
¿“æ∑’Ë 2.5 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥Õÿª ߧ忓æ∑’Ë 2.5 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥Õÿª ߧ忓æ∑’Ë 2.5 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥Õÿª ߧ忓æ∑’Ë 2.5 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥Õÿª ߧ忓æ∑’Ë 2.5 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥Õÿª ߧå
∫π‡ âπÕÿª ߧ凥’¬«°—π ∫π‡ âπÕÿª ߧ凥’¬«°—π ∫π‡ âπÕÿª ߧ凥’¬«°—π ∫π‡ âπÕÿª ߧ凥’¬«°—π ∫π‡ âπÕÿª ߧ凥’¬«°—π
¿“æ∑’Ë 2.6 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ âπÕÿª ߧ忓æ∑’Ë 2.6 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ âπÕÿª ߧ忓æ∑’Ë 2.6 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ âπÕÿª ߧ忓æ∑’Ë 2.6 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ âπÕÿª ߧ忓æ∑’Ë 2.6 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ âπÕÿª ߧå
1515
§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“∂â“μ—«·ª√Õ‘ √–‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª√âÕ¬≈– 1 μ—«·ª√μ“¡®–‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª√âÕ¬≈–
‡∑à“„¥
°“√§”π«≥§à“§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧå·∫∫®ÿ¥ °“√§”π«≥§à“§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧå·∫∫™à«ß
Õÿª ߧå∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ‡≈¬ Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàππâÕ¬
¿“æ∑’Ë 2.8 Õÿª ߧå∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ‡≈¬¿“æ∑’Ë 2.8 Õÿª ߧå∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ‡≈¬¿“æ∑’Ë 2.8 Õÿª ߧå∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ‡≈¬¿“æ∑’Ë 2.8 Õÿª ߧå∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ‡≈¬¿“æ∑’Ë 2.8 Õÿª ߧå∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ‡≈¬ ¿“æ∑’Ë 2.9 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàππâÕ¬¿“æ∑’Ë 2.9 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàππâÕ¬¿“æ∑’Ë 2.9 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàππâÕ¬¿“æ∑’Ë 2.9 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàππâÕ¬¿“æ∑’Ë 2.9 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàππâÕ¬
Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ§ß∑’Ë Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¡“°
¿“æ∑’Ë 2.10 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ§ß∑’Ë¿“æ∑’Ë 2.10 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ§ß∑’Ë¿“æ∑’Ë 2.10 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ§ß∑’Ë¿“æ∑’Ë 2.10 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ§ß∑’Ë¿“æ∑’Ë 2.10 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ§ß∑’Ë ¿“æ∑’Ë 2.11 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¡“°¿“æ∑’Ë 2.11 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¡“°¿“æ∑’Ë 2.11 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¡“°¿“æ∑’Ë 2.11 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¡“°¿“æ∑’Ë 2.11 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¡“°
‚ μ∑—»πå #2.6‚ μ∑—»πå #2.6‚ μ∑—»πå #2.6‚ μ∑—»πå #2.6‚ μ∑—»πå #2.6 §«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧ姫“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧ姫“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧ姫“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧ姫“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧå
‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.7 ª√–‡¿∑¢Õߧ«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧåª√–‡¿∑¢Õߧ«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧåª√–‡¿∑¢Õߧ«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧåª√–‡¿∑¢Õߧ«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧåª√–‡¿∑¢Õߧ«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧå
Ep
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xP
1
ΔP Q1
EpArc
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xP
2 +
P
1
ΔP Q2 +
Q
1
1616
Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
Õÿª∑“πÕÿª∑“πÕÿª∑“πÕÿª∑“πÕÿª∑“π À¡“¬∂÷ߧ«“¡μâÕß°“√‡ πÕ¢“¬ ‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√¢ÕߺŸâº≈‘μÀ√◊Õ¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘®„¥∏ÿ√°‘®Àπ÷Ëß ≥ √–¥—∫
√“§“μà“ßÊ „π™à«ß‡«≈“„¥‡«≈“Àπ÷Ëß
°Æ¢ÕßÕÿª∑“π °Æ¢ÕßÕÿª∑“π °Æ¢ÕßÕÿª∑“π °Æ¢ÕßÕÿª∑“π °Æ¢ÕßÕÿª∑“π · ¥ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß√“§“°—∫ª√‘¡“≥‡ πÕ¢“¬‚¥¬®–‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª„π∑‘»∑“߇¥’¬«°—π
‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.7 ª√–‡¿∑¢Õߧ«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧå (μàÕ)ª√–‡¿∑¢Õߧ«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧå (μàÕ)ª√–‡¿∑¢Õߧ«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧå (μàÕ)ª√–‡¿∑¢Õߧ«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧå (μàÕ)ª√–‡¿∑¢Õߧ«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧå (μàÕ)
¿“æ∑’Ë 2.12 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 2.12 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 2.12 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 2.12 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 2.12 Õÿª ߧå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.8 §«“¡À¡“¬·≈–°Æ¢ÕßÕÿª∑“𧫓¡À¡“¬·≈–°Æ¢ÕßÕÿª∑“𧫓¡À¡“¬·≈–°Æ¢ÕßÕÿª∑“𧫓¡À¡“¬·≈–°Æ¢ÕßÕÿª∑“𧫓¡À¡“¬·≈–°Æ¢ÕßÕÿª∑“π
¿“æ∑’Ë 2.14 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π¿“æ∑’Ë 2.14 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π¿“æ∑’Ë 2.14 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π¿“æ∑’Ë 2.14 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π¿“æ∑’Ë 2.14 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π
1717
Õÿª∑“π√“¬∫ÿ§§≈À√◊ÕÕÿª∑“π¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘®Õÿª∑“π√“¬∫ÿ§§≈À√◊ÕÕÿª∑“π¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘®Õÿª∑“π√“¬∫ÿ§§≈À√◊ÕÕÿª∑“π¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘®Õÿª∑“π√“¬∫ÿ§§≈À√◊ÕÕÿª∑“π¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘®Õÿª∑“π√“¬∫ÿ§§≈À√◊ÕÕÿª∑“π¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘® ‡ªìπ°“√æ‘®“√≥“§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߪ√‘¡“≥‡ πÕ¢“¬ ‘π§â“À√◊Õ
∫√‘°“√™π‘¥„¥™π‘¥Àπ÷ËߢÕߺŸâº≈‘μ√“¬„¥√“¬Àπ÷Ëß°—∫√“§“ ‘π§â“™π‘¥π—Èπ
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∑—ÈßÀ¡¥À√◊Õ∑—Èßμ≈“¥¢ÕߺŸâº≈‘μ°—∫√“§“ ‘π§â“™π‘¥π—Èπ
¿“æ∑’Ë 2.15 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π¢ÕߺŸâº≈‘μ·μà≈–√“¬·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 2.15 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π¢ÕߺŸâº≈‘μ·μà≈–√“¬·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 2.15 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π¢ÕߺŸâº≈‘μ·μà≈–√“¬·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 2.15 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π¢ÕߺŸâº≈‘μ·μà≈–√“¬·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 2.15 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π¢ÕߺŸâº≈‘μ·μà≈–√“¬·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥
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1. √–¥—∫√“§“ ‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√™π‘¥
2. ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë„™â„π°“√º≈‘μ
3. ®”π«πºŸâº≈‘μ
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5. √–¥—∫√“§“ ‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√Õ◊Ëπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß
6. ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»7. ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢ÕߺŸâº≈‘μ
8. π‚¬∫“¬¢Õß√—∞∫“≈
‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.9 Õÿª∑“π√“¬∫ÿ§§≈·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥Õÿª∑“π√“¬∫ÿ§§≈·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥Õÿª∑“π√“¬∫ÿ§§≈·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥Õÿª∑“π√“¬∫ÿ§§≈·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥Õÿª∑“π√“¬∫ÿ§§≈·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 2.10 ªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª∑“πªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª∑“πªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª∑“πªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª∑“πªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª∑“π
1818
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‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.1 §«“¡À¡“¬¢ÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™π姫“¡À¡“¬¢ÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™π姫“¡À¡“¬¢ÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™π姫“¡À¡“¬¢ÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™π姫“¡À¡“¬¢ÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.2 Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡
Àπ૬∑’Ë 3 ∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§Àπ૬∑’Ë 3 ∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§Àπ૬∑’Ë 3 ∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§Àπ૬∑’Ë 3 ∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§Àπ૬∑’Ë 3 ∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§
Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (Utility)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (Utility)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (Utility)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (Utility)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (Utility) À¡“¬∂÷ß §«“¡æÕ„®„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√
Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Marginal Utility: MU)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Marginal Utility: MU)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Marginal Utility: MU)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Marginal Utility: MU)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Marginal Utility: MU) À¡“¬∂÷ßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“·≈–
∫√‘°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ’° 1 Àπ૬ À√◊Õ‡¡◊ËÕ∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 1 Àπ૬®–‰¥â√—∫Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ·μà®–
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„πÕ—μ√“∑’Ë≈¥≈ß®π‡∑à“°—∫»Ÿπ¬å·≈–∂⓬—ߧ߇æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ’°®–∑”„Àâμ‘¥≈∫‰¥â ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√„π
·μà≈–§√—Èß®–‰¥âÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡‰¡à‡∑à“°—π
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.1μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.1μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.1μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.1μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.1 Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡·≈–Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡
®”π«ππÈ”®”π«ππÈ”®”π«ππÈ”®”π«ππÈ”®”π«ππÈ” Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡
Q Àπ૬: ·°â« MU TU
1 20 20
2 16 36
3 14 50
4 8 58
5 0 58
6 -10 48
2323
Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ (Total Utility: TU)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ (Total Utility: TU)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ (Total Utility: TU)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ (Total Utility: TU)Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ (Total Utility: TU) À¡“¬∂÷ßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∑’ˉ¥â√—∫®“°°“√∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“
·≈–∫√‘°“√®”π«πÀπ÷Ëß
§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡·≈–Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ Õ“®· ¥ß„π√Ÿª ¡°“√¥—ßπ’È
1. MUn = TU
n - TU
n-1
2. MU = ΔTU / ΔQ
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.3μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.3μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.3μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.3μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.3 §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡·≈–Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡
¿“æ∑’Ë 3.1 ‡ âπÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ (TU) ·≈–‡ âπÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MU)¿“æ∑’Ë 3.1 ‡ âπÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ (TU) ·≈–‡ âπÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MU)¿“æ∑’Ë 3.1 ‡ âπÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ (TU) ·≈–‡ âπÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MU)¿“æ∑’Ë 3.1 ‡ âπÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ (TU) ·≈–‡ âπÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MU)¿“æ∑’Ë 3.1 ‡ âπÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ (TU) ·≈–‡ âπÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MU)
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.3 Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.4 §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡·≈–Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡·≈–Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡·≈–Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡·≈–Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡·≈–Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡
®”π«π ‘π§â“ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡®”π«π ‘π§â“ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡®”π«π ‘π§â“ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡®”π«π ‘π§â“ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡®”π«π ‘π§â“ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡
Q: Àπ૬ TU MU
1 12 12
2 22 10
3 28 6
4 30 2
5 30 0
6 26 -4
3.1 (°) Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ 3.1 (¢) Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡
2424
°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility)°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility)°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility)°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility)°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility) · ¥ß∂÷ß
æƒμ‘°√√¡¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡¡◊ËÕ∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“Àπ૬·√°®–¡’§«“¡æÕ„®À√◊ÕÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°®”π«πÀπ÷Ëß ·μà‡¡◊ËÕ
∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“™π‘¥‡¥’¬«°—πÀπ૬∑’Ë 2 §«“¡æÕ„®À√◊ÕÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡®–≈¥≈ß ÷́Ëß —߇°μ‰¥â®“°¿“æ∑’Ë 3.1
‡ âπÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡®–≈“¥≈߇√◊ËÕ¬ Ê ‡¡◊ËÕª√‘¡“≥Àπ૬‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ (consumer equilibrium)¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ (consumer equilibrium)¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ (consumer equilibrium)¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ (consumer equilibrium)¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ (consumer equilibrium) ‡ªìπ¿“«–∑’Ë∑”„À⺟â∫√‘‚¿§‰¥â√—∫Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Ÿß ÿ¥
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª®“°®ÿ¥π’È ‚¥¬°“√´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß®–∑”„ÀâÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡∑’Ë
ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‰¥â√—∫ μâÕß≈¥πâÕ¬≈߉ª
∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥⧫“¡æÕ„® Ÿß ÿ¥À√◊Õ¡’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Ÿß ÿ¥®“°ß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà®”°—¥
‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¢Õߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§®–Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.4μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.4μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.4μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.4μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.4 Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MU) ·≈–Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ (TU) ¢Õß ‘π§â“ X ·≈– ‘π§â“ Y
®”π«π ‘π§â“®”π«π ‘π§â“®”π«π ‘π§â“®”π«π ‘π§â“®”π«π ‘π§â“ ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40
™‘Èπ MUx TUx MUy TUy
1 200 200 280 280
2 160 360 200 480
3 140 500 160 640
4 80 580 80 720
5 0 580 40 760
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.5 °Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕßÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.6 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå
MUx = MUy
Px Py
2525
MUx = MUy
=
MUz Px Py
Pz
MUx = MUy
Px PyMUx
= MUy
Px Py
MUx = MUy
Px Py
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.6 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (μàÕ)¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (μàÕ)¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (μàÕ)¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (μàÕ)¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (μàÕ)
À“∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥⧫“¡æÕ„® Ÿß ÿ¥À√◊Õ¡’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Ÿß ÿ¥®“°ß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë°”Àπ¥
100 ∫“∑
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.5μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.5μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.5μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.5μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.5 Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡®“°°“√„™â‡ß‘π 1 ∫“∑¢Õß ‘π§â“ X ·≈– ‘π§â“ Y
®”π«π ‘π§â“®”π«π ‘π§â“®”π«π ‘π§â“®”π«π ‘π§â“®”π«π ‘π§â“ ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40
™‘Èπ™‘Èπ™‘Èπ™‘Èπ™‘Èπ MUx MUx MUx MUx MUx TUxTUxTUxTUxTUx MUx/Px MUx/Px MUx/Px MUx/Px MUx/Px MUy MUy MUy MUy MUy TUy TUy TUy TUy TUy MUy/Py MUy/Py MUy/Py MUy/Py MUy/Py
1 200 200 200/20 = 10 280 280 280/40 = 7
2 160 360 160/20 = 8 200 480 200/40 = 5
3 140 500 140/20 = 7 160 640 160/40 = 4
4 80 580 80/20 = 4 80 720 80/40 = 2
5 0 580 0/20 = 0 40 760 40/40 = 7
®“°μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.5 μ“¡‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¢Õߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§®–Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë ´÷Ëß¡’Õ¬Ÿà 2 ∑“߇≈◊Õ°§◊Õ
∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑’Ë 1∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑’Ë 1∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑’Ë 1∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑’Ë 1∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑’Ë 1 °√≥’∑’Ë = 7
∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑’Ë 2∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑’Ë 2∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑’Ë 2∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑’Ë 2∑“߇≈◊Õ°∑’Ë 2 °√≥’∑’Ë = 4
¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë°”Àπ¥ ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§®–‡≈◊Õ° ◊́ÈÕ ‘π§â“ X ®”π«π 3 ™‘Èπ ·≈–‡≈◊Õ° ◊́ÈÕ ‘π§â“‡≈◊Õ° ◊́ÈÕ ‘π§â“ X ®”π«π 3 ™‘Èπ ·≈–‡≈◊Õ° ◊́ÈÕ ‘π§â“‡≈◊Õ° ◊́ÈÕ ‘π§â“ X ®”π«π 3 ™‘Èπ ·≈–‡≈◊Õ° ◊́ÈÕ ‘π§â“‡≈◊Õ° ◊́ÈÕ ‘π§â“ X ®”π«π 3 ™‘Èπ ·≈–‡≈◊Õ° ◊́ÈÕ ‘π§â“‡≈◊Õ° ◊́ÈÕ ‘π§â“ X ®”π«π 3 ™‘Èπ ·≈–‡≈◊Õ° ◊́ÈÕ ‘π§â“
Y ®”π«π 1 ™‘ÈπY ®”π«π 1 ™‘ÈπY ®”π«π 1 ™‘ÈπY ®”π«π 1 ™‘ÈπY ®”π«π 1 ™‘Èπ ´÷Ëß®–∑”„À⺟â∫√‘‚¿§‰¥â§«“¡æÕ„® Ÿß ÿ¥À√◊Õ‰¥âÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Ÿß ÿ¥μ“¡ß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà
100 ∫“∑
¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§°√≥’‡≈◊Õ°´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√¡“°°«à“ 2 ™π‘¥ ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§∑’Ë
∑”„À⺟â∫√‘‚¿§®–‰¥â√—∫§«“¡æÕ„® Ÿß ÿ¥À√◊Õ‰¥â√—∫Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Ÿß ÿ¥¿“¬„μâß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë°”Àπ¥ Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë °≈à“«§◊Õ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§®–‰¥â√—∫
Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Ÿß ÿ¥¿“¬„μâß∫ª√–¡“≥®”°—¥‚¥¬ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§®–‡≈◊Õ°´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“·μà≈–™π‘¥¿“¬„π‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„Àâ
Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õ߇ߑπ 1 ∫“∑„π°“√´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“·μà≈–™π‘¥‡∑à“°—πÀ¡¥
2626
¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§®–‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ªÕ¬à“߉√∂â“√“§“ ‘π§â“‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª ∑—Èßπ’Ⱥ≈¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß
¢Õß√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡μâÕß°“√´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√∑”„Àâ∑√“∫∂÷ߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥´◊ÈÕ
‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√ ´÷Ëß°Á§◊Õ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§∑’Ë¡’μàÕ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√π—Èπ
∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§„π°√≥’∑’Ë√“§“ ‘π§â“‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§„π°√≥’∑’Ë√“§“ ‘π§â“‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§„π°√≥’∑’Ë√“§“ ‘π§â“‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§„π°√≥’∑’Ë√“§“ ‘π§â“‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§„π°√≥’∑’Ë√“§“ ‘π§â“‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª
®“°‡¥‘¡ ‘π§â“ X √“§“ 20 ∫“∑ (Px = 20) ·≈– ‘π§â“ Y √“§“ 40 ∫“∑ (Py = 40) ¡’‡ß‘πß∫ª√–¡“≥ 100
∫“∑ ¡¡μ‘°”Àπ¥„Àâ√“§“ ‘π§â“ X §ß∑’Ë 20 ∫“∑ (Px = 20) ·μà√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y ≈¥≈ß®“°‡¥‘¡™‘Èπ≈– 40 ∫“∑
‡À≈◊Շ撬ߙ‘Èπ≈– 20 ∫“∑ (Py = 20) ‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª®÷ßμâÕßÀ“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§„À¡à
¥—ßμ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.8
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.8μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.8μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.8μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.8μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.8 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§„π°√≥’∑’Ë√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y ≈¥≈ß°√≥’∑’Ë√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y ≈¥≈ß°√≥’∑’Ë√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y ≈¥≈ß°√≥’∑’Ë√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y ≈¥≈ß°√≥’∑’Ë√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y ≈¥≈ß
°√≥’π’È¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§À√◊ÕºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‰¥â√—∫§«“¡æÕ„® Ÿß ÿ¥®“°‡ß‘πß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà 100 ∫“∑ ‡¡◊ËÕ ‘π§â“ Y √“§“™‘Èπ≈– 40 ∫“∑ ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡≈◊Õ°´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“ Y ®”π«π 1 ™‘Èπ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y ≈¥≈ß ‡ªìπ™‘Èπ≈–
20 ∫“∑ ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡≈◊Õ°´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“ Y ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ®”π«π 3 ™‘Èπ ÷́Ëß∑”„ÀâÕ∏‘∫“¬∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§À√◊Õæƒμ‘°√√¡¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§«à“‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“ ‘π§â“≈¥≈ß §«“¡μâÕß°“√´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“™π‘¥π—Èπ®– Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·≈–„π∑“ßμ√ߢⓡ‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“ ‘π§â“
Ÿß¢÷È𧫓¡μâÕß°“√´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“™π‘¥π—Èπ®–≈¥≈ß ÷́Ë߇ªìπ‰ªμ“¡°Æ¢ÕßÕÿª ߧå∑’Ë«à“ª√‘¡“≥´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√ (Q)
®–·ª√º°º—π°—∫√“§“ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√ (P) π—Èπ Ê ·≈–®“°§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏套߰≈à“«„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.9 “¡“√∂À“‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢Õß ‘π§â“ Y ‰¥âμ“¡¿“æ∑’Ë 3.3
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.9μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.9μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.9μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.9μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.9 §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“ Y μ“¡∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§
√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y (∫“∑)√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y (∫“∑)√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y (∫“∑)√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y (∫“∑)√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y (∫“∑) ª√‘¡“≥´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“ Y (™‘Èπ)ª√‘¡“≥´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“ Y (™‘Èπ)ª√‘¡“≥´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“ Y (™‘Èπ)ª√‘¡“≥´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“ Y (™‘Èπ)ª√‘¡“≥´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“ Y (™‘Èπ)
40 1
20 3
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.7 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå‡ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå‡ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå‡ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå‡ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå
®”π«π ‘π§â“ ®”π«π ‘π§â“ ®”π«π ‘π§â“ ®”π«π ‘π§â“ ®”π«π ‘π§â“ ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ∫“∑ ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ∫“∑ ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ∫“∑ ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ∫“∑ ‘π§â“ X Px = 20 ∫“∑ ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ∫“∑ ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ∫“∑ ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ∫“∑ ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ∫“∑ ‘π§â“ Y Py = 40 ∫“∑
™‘Èπ ™‘Èπ ™‘Èπ ™‘Èπ ™‘Èπ MUx MUx MUx MUx MUx TUx TUx TUx TUx TUx MUx/Px MUx/Px MUx/Px MUx/Px MUx/Px MUy MUy MUy MUy MUy TUy TUy TUy TUy TUy MUy/Py MUy/Py MUy/Py MUy/Py MUy/Py
1 200 200 200/20 = 10 280 280 280/40 = 7
2 160 360 160/20 = 8160/20 = 8160/20 = 8160/20 = 8160/20 = 8 200 480 200/40 = 5
3 140 500 140/20 = 7 160 640 160/40 = 4
4 80 580 80/20 = 4 80 720 80/40 = 2
5 0 580 0/20 = 0 40 760 40/40 = 7
2727
¥—ßπ—Èπ μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬æƒμ‘°√√¡¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§À√◊Õ∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§„π°“√
‡≈◊Õ°´◊ÈÕ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√„πß∫ª√–¡“≥∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà®”°—¥‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥â√—∫§«“¡æÕ„® Ÿß ÿ¥À√◊Õ‰¥â√—∫Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå√«¡ Ÿß ÿ¥
·≈– “¡“√∂· ¥ßæƒμ‘°√√¡¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ÕÕ°¡“‰¥â„π√Ÿª¢Õ߇ âπÕÿª ߧå
‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π (Indifference Curve: IC)‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π (Indifference Curve: IC)‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π (Indifference Curve: IC)‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π (Indifference Curve: IC)‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π (Indifference Curve: IC) À¡“¬∂÷߇ âπ∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß à«πª√– ¡μà“ß Ê (combinations)
¢Õß ‘π§â“μ—Èß·μà 2 ™π‘¥¢÷Èπ‰ª ´÷Ëß·μà≈– à«πª√– ¡π’È„À⧫“¡æÕ„®·°àºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡∑à“°—π ÷́Ëß∑ÿ° Ê ®ÿ¥∫π‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®
‡ âπ‡¥’¬«°—π®–¡’§«“¡æÕ„®∑’ˇ∑à“°—π ¥—ßπ—Èπ‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡ âπ‡¥’¬«°—π®–¡’§«“¡æÕ„®∑’ˇ∑à“°—π
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.10μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.10μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.10μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.10μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3.10 μ—«Õ¬à“ß à«πª√– ¡¢Õß®”π«π ‘π§â“ X ·≈– ‘π§â“ Y ∑’Ë„À⧫“¡æÕ„®·°àºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡∑à“°—π
à«πª√– ¡ à«πª√– ¡ à«πª√– ¡ à«πª√– ¡ à«πª√– ¡ ®”π«π ‘π§â“ Y : ‡ß“– ®”π«π ‘π§â“ X : â¡®”π«π ‘π§â“ Y : ‡ß“– ®”π«π ‘π§â“ X : â¡®”π«π ‘π§â“ Y : ‡ß“– ®”π«π ‘π§â“ X : â¡®”π«π ‘π§â“ Y : ‡ß“– ®”π«π ‘π§â“ X : â¡®”π«π ‘π§â“ Y : ‡ß“– ®”π«π ‘π§â“ X : â¡
A 18 2
B 12 4
C 8 6
D 6 8
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.7 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (μàÕ)‡ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (μàÕ)‡ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (μàÕ)‡ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (μàÕ)‡ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå (μàÕ)
¿“æ∑’Ë 3.2 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢Õß ‘π§â“ Y¿“æ∑’Ë 3.2 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢Õß ‘π§â“ Y¿“æ∑’Ë 3.2 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢Õß ‘π§â“ Y¿“æ∑’Ë 3.2 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢Õß ‘π§â“ Y¿“æ∑’Ë 3.2 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢Õß ‘π§â“ Y
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.8 §«“¡À¡“¬¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—𧫓¡À¡“¬¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—𧫓¡À¡“¬¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—𧫓¡À¡“¬¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—𧫓¡À¡“¬¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π
¿“æ∑’Ë 3.3 ‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫®“°°“√¿“æ∑’Ë 3.3 ‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫®“°°“√¿“æ∑’Ë 3.3 ‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫®“°°“√¿“æ∑’Ë 3.3 ‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫®“°°“√¿“æ∑’Ë 3.3 ‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫®“°°“√
∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“ X ·≈– Y ∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“ X ·≈– Y ∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“ X ·≈– Y ∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“ X ·≈– Y ∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“ X ·≈– Y
√“§“ ‘π§â“ Y (∫“∑)
ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ Y (Àπ૬)
2828
‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª®–¡’≈—°…≥–‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª®–¡’≈—°…≥–‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª®–¡’≈—°…≥–‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª®–¡’≈—°…≥–‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª®–¡’≈—°…≥– ¥—ßμàÕ‰ªπ’È
1) ‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π®–¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ‡ âπ‚§âßπŸπ‡¢â“À“®ÿ¥°”‡π‘¥ (convex to the origin) ‡ªìπ‡ âπ‚§âß
∑’Ë≈“¥≈ß®“°∫π´â“¬‰ª≈à“ߢ«“ ¡’§«“¡™—π‡ªìπ≈∫
2. ‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ‡ âπμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß
3. ‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈§π‡¥’¬«°—π®–μ—¥°—π‰¡à‰¥â
Õ—μ√“°“√∑¥·∑π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß ‘π§â“ X ”À√—∫ ‘π§â“ Y (Marginal Rate of Substitution of X for Y) ≥
®ÿ¥„¥ Ê ∫π‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π °Á§◊ÕÕ—μ√“ à«π√–À«à“ߪ√‘¡“≥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑’Ë≈¥≈ߢÕß ‘π§â“ Y μàÕª√‘¡“≥
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß ‘π§â“ X ∑’Ë√–¥—∫§«“¡æÕ„®‡∑à“‡¥‘¡ À√◊Õ MRSxy = - ΔY
‚¥¬ MRSxy À¡“¬∂÷ß Õ—μ√“°“√∑¥·∑π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß ‘π§â“ X ”À√—∫ ‘π§â“ Y
ΔY À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π ‘π§â“ Y ÷́Ë߇ªìπª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë≈¥≈ß ΔY ®÷ß¡’§à“‡ªìπ≈∫
ΔX À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π ‘π§â“ X ÷́Ë߇ªìπª√‘¡“≥∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ΔX ®÷ß¡’§à“‡ªìπ∫«°
1. §«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥1. §«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥1. §«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥1. §«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥1. §«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥
‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥ (Budget Line) À¡“¬∂÷ß ‡ âπ∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß à«πª√– ¡μà“ß Ê ¢Õß®”π«π ‘π§â“ 2 ™π‘¥∑’Ë “¡“√∂´◊ÈÕ‰¥â¥â«¬ß∫ª√–¡“≥À√◊Շߑπ®”π«πÀπ÷Ëß ≥ √“§“μ≈“¥¢Õß ‘π§â“∑—Èß Õß™π‘¥
§«“¡™—π¢Õ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥ °Á§◊Õ —¥ à«π¢Õß√“§“ ‘π§â“„π·°ππÕπμàÕ√“§“ ‘π§â“„π·°πμ—Èß
°√≥’ ‘π§â“ Y Õ¬Ÿà„π·°πμ—Èß·≈– ‘π§â“ X Õ¬Ÿà„π·°ππÕπ ¥—ßπ—È𧫓¡™—π¢Õ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥ ‡∑à“°—∫
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.9 ≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.10 Õ—μ√“°“√∑¥·∑π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß ‘π§â“Õ—μ√“°“√∑¥·∑π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß ‘π§â“Õ—μ√“°“√∑¥·∑π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß ‘π§â“Õ—μ√“°“√∑¥·∑π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß ‘π§â“Õ—μ√“°“√∑¥·∑π à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß ‘π§â“
ΔX
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.11 ‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥
¿“æ∑’Ë 3.10 ‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥¿“æ∑’Ë 3.10 ‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥¿“æ∑’Ë 3.10 ‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥¿“æ∑’Ë 3.10 ‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥¿“æ∑’Ë 3.10 ‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥
-PX
PY
2929
°“√∑’ˇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥°“√∑’ˇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥°“√∑’ˇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥°“√∑’ˇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥°“√∑’ˇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥ ®–‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ªÀ√◊Õ‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬¡’ “‡Àμÿ‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß√“¬‰¥âÀ√◊Õ
ß∫ª√–¡“≥·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß√“§“ ‘π§â“
¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ §◊Õ®ÿ¥∑’ˇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥ —¡º— °—∫‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π ´÷Ëß°Á§◊Õ®ÿ¥∑’˧«“¡™—π¢Õß
‡ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥‡∑à“°—∫§«“¡™—π¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π ∑—Èßπ’È §«“¡™—π¢Õ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥ ‡∑à“°—∫ ·≈–
§«“¡™—π¢Õ߇ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π‡∑à“°—∫ MRSXY
¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë MRSXY
=
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.12‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.12‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.12‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.12‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.12 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕ߇ âπß∫ª√–¡“≥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.13‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.13‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.13‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.13‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.13 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§
-PX
PY
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.14‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.14‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.14‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.14‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.14 °“√ √â“߇ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π°“√ √â“߇ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π°“√ √â“߇ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π°“√ √â“߇ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π°“√ √â“߇ âπÕÿª ߧåμ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—π
¿“æ∑’Ë 3.14 ®ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¿“æ∑’Ë 3.14 ®ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¿“æ∑’Ë 3.14 ®ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¿“æ∑’Ë 3.14 ®ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¿“æ∑’Ë 3.14 ®ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§
¿“æ∑’Ë 3.15 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“ ‘π§â“ X ≈¥≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 3.15 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“ ‘π§â“ X ≈¥≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 3.15 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“ ‘π§â“ X ≈¥≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 3.15 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“ ‘π§â“ X ≈¥≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 3.15 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“ ‘π§â“ X ≈¥≈ß
-PX
PY
3030
º≈¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßπ’ȇ√’¬°«à“º≈∑“ß√“§“ (price effect)º≈¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßπ’ȇ√’¬°«à“º≈∑“ß√“§“ (price effect)º≈¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßπ’ȇ√’¬°«à“º≈∑“ß√“§“ (price effect)º≈¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßπ’ȇ√’¬°«à“º≈∑“ß√“§“ (price effect)º≈¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßπ’ȇ√’¬°«à“º≈∑“ß√“§“ (price effect) ÷́Ëߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 2 “‡Àμÿ ‰¥â·°à
1. º≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â (income effect)
2. º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑π (substitution effect)
¿“æ∑’Ë 3.16 º≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â·≈–º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑π¿“æ∑’Ë 3.16 º≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â·≈–º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑π¿“æ∑’Ë 3.16 º≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â·≈–º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑π¿“æ∑’Ë 3.16 º≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â·≈–º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑π¿“æ∑’Ë 3.16 º≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â·≈–º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑π
X1X
2 = X
1X
A + X
AX
2
(º≈∑“ß√“§“) (º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑π) + (º≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â)
‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.15‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.15‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.15‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.15‚ μ∑—»πå # 3.15 º≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â·≈–º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑πº≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â·≈–º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑πº≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â·≈–º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑πº≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â·≈–º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑πº≈∑“ß√“¬‰¥â·≈–º≈∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑π
3131
Àπ૬∑’Ë 4 °“√º≈‘μ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μÀπ૬∑’Ë 4 °“√º≈‘μ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μÀπ૬∑’Ë 4 °“√º≈‘μ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μÀπ૬∑’Ë 4 °“√º≈‘μ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μÀπ૬∑’Ë 4 °“√º≈‘μ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ
● °“√º≈‘μ (production)°“√º≈‘μ (production)°“√º≈‘μ (production)°“√º≈‘μ (production)°“√º≈‘μ (production) À¡“¬∂÷ß °√–∫«π°“√·ª√ ¿“æªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μμà“ß Ê „À⇪ìπº≈º≈‘μ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“
‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√ (good and services)
● °“√º≈‘μª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 3 à«π ”§—≠°“√º≈‘μª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 3 à«π ”§—≠°“√º≈‘μª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 3 à«π ”§—≠°“√º≈‘μª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 3 à«π ”§—≠°“√º≈‘μª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 3 à«π ”§—≠ §◊Õ ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ °√–∫«π°“√º≈‘μ ·≈– º≈º≈‘μ
● øíß°å™—π°“√º≈‘μ (production function)øíß°å™—π°“√º≈‘μ (production function)øíß°å™—π°“√º≈‘μ (production function)øíß°å™—π°“√º≈‘μ (production function)øíß°å™—π°“√º≈‘μ (production function) À¡“¬∂÷ßøíß°å™—π∑’Ë· ¥ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ°—∫
º≈º≈‘μ¿“¬„μâ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë„™â„π¢≥–π—Èπ ·≈–· ¥ß„Àâ∑√“∫«à“„π°“√º≈‘μ ‘π§â“™π‘¥π—ÈπμâÕß„™âªí®®—¬°“√
º≈‘μÕ–‰√∫â“ß °“√‡¢’¬πøíß°å™—π°“√º≈‘μ„π≈—°…≥–¢Õß ¡°“√§≥‘μ»“ μ√å¡’√Ÿª·∫∫∑—Ë«‰ª§◊Õ
Q = f (X1, X
2, X
3, ..., X
n)
‚¥¬ Q À¡“¬∂÷ß º≈º≈‘μ ·≈– X1, X
2, X
3, ..., X
n À¡“¬∂÷ßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë 1, 2, 3, ..., n μ“¡≈”¥—∫
● ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÀ√◊Õ∑√—欓°√°“√º≈‘μªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÀ√◊Õ∑√—欓°√°“√º≈‘μªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÀ√◊Õ∑√—欓°√°“√º≈‘μªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÀ√◊Õ∑√—欓°√°“√º≈‘μªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÀ√◊Õ∑√—欓°√°“√º≈‘μ ‡ªìπªí®®—¬∑’Ë„™â„π°“√º≈‘μ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√ „π∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å
¡’°“√®—¥ª√–‡¿∑¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÕÕ°‡ªìπ 4 ª√–‡¿∑ §◊Õ ∑’Ë¥‘π ·√ßß“π ∑ÿπ ·≈–ºŸâª√–°Õ∫°“√
● ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ§ß∑’Ë (fixed input)ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ§ß∑’Ë (fixed input)ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ§ß∑’Ë (fixed input)ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ§ß∑’Ë (fixed input)ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ§ß∑’Ë (fixed input) À¡“¬∂÷ß ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥‰¥â∑—πμàÕ§«“¡μâÕß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ„π™à«ß√–¬–‡«≈“Àπ÷Ëß °≈à“«§◊Õ ‰¡à«à“º≈º≈‘μ®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ≈¥≈ßÀ√◊ÕÀ¬ÿ¥
°“√º≈‘μ
● ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π (variable input)ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π (variable input)ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π (variable input)ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π (variable input)ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π (variable input) À¡“¬∂÷ß ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥‰¥â∑—πμàÕ§«“¡
μâÕß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ¿“¬„π™à«ß√–¬–‡«≈“Àπ÷Ëß °≈à“«§◊Õ À“°¡’°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ°Á®–„™â
ª√‘¡“≥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π¡“°¢÷Èπ
● °“√º≈‘μ„π√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ„π√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ„π√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ„π√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ„π√–¬– —Èπ À¡“¬∂÷ß √–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ëªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÀπ÷Ëß™π‘¥À√◊Õ¡“°°«à“‰¡à “¡“√∂‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉¥â
∑—πμàÕ§«“¡μâÕß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ§ß∑’Ë °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ
‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π‡∑à“π—Èπ
● °“√º≈‘μ„π√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ„π√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ„π√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ„π√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ„π√–¬–¬“« À¡“¬∂÷ß √–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ëªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑ÿ°™π‘¥‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥‰¥â∑—πμàÕ§«“¡
μâÕß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑ÿ°™π‘¥®÷߇ªìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π ¥—ßπ—Èπ √–¬–¬“«®÷ß¡’·μà
°“√„™âªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π‡∑à“π—Èπ
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.1 ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√º≈‘μ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√º≈‘μ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√º≈‘μ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√º≈‘μ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√º≈‘μ
3232
● °“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√º≈‘μ∑’ËÀπ૬º≈‘μ “¡“√∂‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ‚¥¬°“√‡æ‘Ë¡À√◊Õ≈¥
ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π ·μà‰¡àÕ“®‡æ‘Ë¡À√◊Õ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¢π“¥¢Õß‚√ßß“πÀ√◊Õ‡§√◊ËÕß®—°√∑’ˇªìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ§ß∑’ˉ¥â
¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ®÷߇ªìπ°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë„™â∑—Èßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ§ß∑’Ë√à«¡°—∫ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π
● º≈º≈‘μ√«¡ (Total Product: TP)º≈º≈‘μ√«¡ (Total Product: TP)º≈º≈‘μ√«¡ (Total Product: TP)º≈º≈‘μ√«¡ (Total Product: TP)º≈º≈‘μ√«¡ (Total Product: TP) ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√„™âªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ§ß∑’Ë®”π«π
Àπ÷Ëß√à«¡°—∫ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π®”π«πμà“ß Ê °—π„π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘μ
● º≈º≈‘쇩≈’ˬ (Average Product: AP) º≈º≈‘쇩≈’ˬ (Average Product: AP) º≈º≈‘쇩≈’ˬ (Average Product: AP) º≈º≈‘쇩≈’ˬ (Average Product: AP) º≈º≈‘쇩≈’ˬ (Average Product: AP) ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ√«¡‡©≈’ˬμàÕªí®®—¬·ª√º—πÀπ÷ËßÀπ૬ §à“º≈º≈‘μ
‡©≈’ˬπ’ȇªìπ°“√«—¥º≈‘μ¿“æ (Productivity) ¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π∑’Ë∫Õ°„Àâ∑√“∫«à“·μà≈–Àπ૬¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√
º≈‘μ·ª√º—π “¡“√∂„Àâº≈º≈‘μ‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ°’ËÀπ૬„π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘μπ—Èπ „π°√≥’π’Èªí®®—¬·√ßß“π‡ªìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π
º≈‘μ¿“æ¢Õß·√ßß“π®÷ß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“·√ßß“π·μà≈–§π “¡“√∂„Àâº≈º≈‘쇩≈’ˬ§π≈–‡∑à“„¥ °“√§”π«≥º≈º≈‘쇩≈’ˬ
§”π«≥‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
º≈º≈‘쇩≈’ˬ = º≈º≈‘μ√«¡ À√◊Õ AP À√◊Õ APL =
®”π«π·√ßß“π
● º≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Marginal Product: MP)º≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Marginal Product: MP)º≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Marginal Product: MP)º≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Marginal Product: MP)º≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Marginal Product: MP) ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ√«¡∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß°“√„™âªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π 1 Àπ૬ º≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡π’È ®–∫Õ°„Àâ∑√“∫«à“ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√„™âªí®®—¬°“√
º≈‘μ·ª√º—π à«π∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ≈¥≈ß 1 Àπ૬À√◊ÕÀπ૬À≈—ß ÿ¥π—Èπ®–„Àâº≈º≈‘μ√«¡‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ≈¥≈ß°’ËÀπ૬ §”π«≥
‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
º≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ = à«π‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕߺ≈º≈‘μ√«¡ À√◊Õ MP À√◊Õ MPL =
à«π‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π
● °Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕߺ≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕߺ≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕߺ≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕߺ≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡°Æ°“√≈¥πâÕ¬∂Õ¬≈ߢÕߺ≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ „π™à«ß·√°∑’Ë¡’°“√„™âªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ º≈º≈‘μ
à«π‡æ‘Ë¡∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π·μà≈–Àπ૬®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ·≈–®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡√◊ËÕ¬ Ê ®π∂÷ß√–¥—∫Àπ÷Ëß μàÕ®“°π—Èπ∂Ⓡæ‘Ë¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π¡“°¢÷ÈπÕ’° º≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡®–‡√‘Ë¡≈¥≈ß ·≈–≈¥≈߇√◊ËÕ¬Ê
● º≈º≈‘μ√«¡º≈º≈‘μ√«¡º≈º≈‘μ√«¡º≈º≈‘μ√«¡º≈º≈‘μ√«¡ º≈º≈‘쇩≈’ˬ·≈–º≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ ¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—π‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“μ“¡™à«ß°“√º≈‘μ·∫àßÕÕ°
‡ªìπ 3 ™à«ß §◊Õ º≈º≈‘μ√«¡‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„πÕ—μ√“∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ º≈º≈‘μ√«¡‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„πÕ—μ√“∑’Ë≈¥≈ß ·≈–º≈º≈‘μ√«¡≈¥≈ß
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.2 °“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ
TPL
ΔTPΔL
3333
● °“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“« À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√º≈‘μ„π™à«ß‡«≈“∑’ËÀπ૬º≈‘μ “¡“√∂‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¢π“¥·≈–ª√‘¡“≥
ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑ÿ°™π‘¥‰¥âμ“¡μâÕß°“√ ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇ§¬‡ªìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ§ß∑’Ë ®÷߇ªìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π ¥—ßπ—Èπ
ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«∑ÿ°™π‘¥®÷߇ªìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π
● ‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π (Isoquant curve: Iq)‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π (Isoquant curve: Iq)‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π (Isoquant curve: Iq)‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π (Isoquant curve: Iq)‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π (Isoquant curve: Iq) ‡ªìπ‡ âπ∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß à«πª√– ¡∑’ˇªìπ‰ª‰¥â∑—ÈßÀ¡¥¢Õß°“√„™â
ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ 2 ™π‘¥√à«¡°—π„π —¥ à«πμà“ß Ê ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥âº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π®”π«πÀπ÷Ëß „π°√≥’π’Èªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑ÿ°™π‘¥
‡ªìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßμ“¡ª√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ‰ª
● ≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π1. ¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ‡ âπ‚§âßπŸπ‡¢â“À“®ÿ¥°”‡π‘¥
2. §«“¡™—π¢Õ߇ âπº≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π ¡’§à“‡ªìπ≈∫
3. ‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà‰°≈®“°®ÿ¥°”‡π‘¥®–· ¥ß∂÷ߪ√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ∑’Ë¡“°°«à“‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π
∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„°≈â®ÿ¥°”‡π‘¥
4. ‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π®–‰¡àμ—¥°—π
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.2 °“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ (μàÕ)°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ (μàÕ)°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ (μàÕ)°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ (μàÕ)°“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ (μàÕ)
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.3 °“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.4 ‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.1 °“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ„™âªí®®—¬·√ßß“π¿“æ∑’Ë 4.1 °“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ„™âªí®®—¬·√ßß“π¿“æ∑’Ë 4.1 °“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ„™âªí®®—¬·√ßß“π¿“æ∑’Ë 4.1 °“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ„™âªí®®—¬·√ßß“π¿“æ∑’Ë 4.1 °“√º≈‘μ√–¬– —Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ„™âªí®®—¬·√ßß“π
‡ªìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—𠇪ìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—𠇪ìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—𠇪ìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—𠇪ìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π
·√ßß“π
™à«ß∑’Ë 1 º≈º≈‘μ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„πÕ—μ√“∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
º≈º≈‘μ√«¡ (TP)
·√ßß“π
º≈º≈‘μ
º≈º≈‘μμàÕ·√ßß“π
º≈º≈‘쇩≈’ˬ (AP)
º≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MP)
™à«ß∑’Ë 2 º≈º≈‘μ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„πÕ—μ√“∑’Ë≈¥≈ß
™à«ß∑’Ë 3 º≈º≈‘μ≈¥≈ß
(°)
(¢)
3434‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.4 ‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π (μàÕ)‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π (μàÕ)‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π (μàÕ)‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π (μàÕ)‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π (μàÕ)
● Õ—μ√“°“√∑¥·∑π∑“߇∑§π‘§ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ · ¥ß∂÷ß°“√∑¥·∑π°—π¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π 2 ™π‘¥ §◊Õªí®®—¬∑ÿπ
(K) ·≈–ªí®®—¬·√ßß“π (L) ‚¥¬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß≈ß ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μÕ’°™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß¡“°¢÷Èπ
‡ æ◊Ë Õ„À≥âº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“‡¥‘¡ Õ—μ√“°“√∑¥·∑π∑“߇∑§π‘§ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (Marginal Rate of Technical
Substitution: MRTS) §”π«≥‰¥â §◊Õ MRTSLK = - ΔK
ΔL
● §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ—μ√“°“√∑¥·∑π∑“߇∑§π‘§ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ ·≈–º≈º≈‘μ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ
À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ MRTSLK ∑’Ë®ÿ¥„¥ Ê ∫π‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π ®–‡∑à“°—∫Õ—μ√“ à«π√–À«à“ß MP
L μàÕ MP
K ∑’Ë®ÿ¥π—Èπ Ê
Õ—μ√“ à«π¥—ß°≈à“«∑”„Àâ∑√“∫«à“ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ„¥¡’º≈‘μ¿“æ„π°“√º≈‘μ Ÿß°«à“°—π (‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬≈∫¢Õß MRTS · ¥ß
∂÷ß∑‘»∑“ß°“√∑¥·∑π°—π√–À«à“ßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ‡∑à“π—Èπ‰¡à‰¥â¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„π‡™‘ßª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡¡“°À√◊ÕπâÕ¬)
● ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π (Isocost: Is) À¡“¬∂÷ß ‡ âπ∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√´◊ÈÕªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ 2 ™π‘¥
„π —¥ à«πμà“ß Ê °—π μ“¡√“§“¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μπ—Èπ ·≈–„™â®à“¬‰ª„π®”π«πß∫ª√–¡“≥À√◊Շߑπ∑ÿπ®”°—¥®”π«πÀπ÷Ëß
∑—Èßπ’ÈÀπ૬º≈‘μ®–μ—¥ ‘π„®´◊ÈÕªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ 2 ™π‘¥„π —¥ à«π∑’Ë∑”„À≥âº≈º≈‘μμ“¡μâÕß°“√¥â«¬‡ß‘πß∫ª√–¡“≥
À√◊Õμâπ∑ÿπ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥πâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥
● ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π¡’°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‰ª®“°‡ âπ‡¥‘¡‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
1. ß∫ª√–¡“≥À√◊Շߑπ∑ÿπ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.6 °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡¡◊ËÕß∫ª√–¡“≥‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.6 °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡¡◊ËÕß∫ª√–¡“≥‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.6 °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡¡◊ËÕß∫ª√–¡“≥‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.6 °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡¡◊ËÕß∫ª√–¡“≥‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.6 °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡¡◊ËÕß∫ª√–¡“≥‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.5 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.5 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π¿“æ∑’Ë 4.5 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π¿“æ∑’Ë 4.5 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π¿“æ∑’Ë 4.5 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π¿“æ∑’Ë 4.5 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π
∑ÿπ (K)
·√ßß“π (L)
∑ÿπ (K)
·√ßß“π (L)
3535
2. √“§“μàÕÀπ૬¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ™π‘¥„¥™π‘¥Àπ÷Ë߇ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ·μàß∫ª√–¡“≥‡∑à“‡¥‘¡
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.7 °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“μàÕÀπ૬ªí®®—¬·√ßß“π‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.7 °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“μàÕÀπ૬ªí®®—¬·√ßß“π‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.7 °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“μàÕÀπ૬ªí®®—¬·√ßß“π‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.7 °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“μàÕÀπ૬ªí®®—¬·√ßß“π‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.7 °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π‡¡◊ËÕ√“§“μàÕÀπ૬ªí®®—¬·√ßß“π‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß
● à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μÀ√◊Õ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ®–æ‘®“√≥“®“°
‡ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π ‚¥¬¡’‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑—Ë«‰ªÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë®ÿ¥ —¡º— √–À«à“߇ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π°—∫‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π
´÷Ëß ≥ ®ÿ¥ —¡º— π—Èπ· ¥ß«à“§«“¡™—π¢Õ߇ âπº≈º≈‘μ‡∑à“°—π‡∑à“°—∫§«“¡™—π¢Õ߇ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π
● ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢ ”À√—∫ à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥„π 2 °√≥’ §◊Õ
1. °“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇ ’¬μâπ∑ÿπμË” ÿ¥¿“¬„μâ®”π«πº≈º≈‘μ∑’Ë°”Àπ¥2. °“√º≈‘μ∑’ˉ¥âº≈º≈‘μ Ÿß ÿ¥¿“¬„μâμâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë°”Àπ¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.5 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π (μàÕ)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π (μàÕ)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π (μàÕ)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π (μàÕ)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ‡∑à“°—π (μàÕ)
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.6 à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.9 à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë„™âμâπ∑ÿπμË” ÿ¥¿“æ∑’Ë 4.9 à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë„™âμâπ∑ÿπμË” ÿ¥¿“æ∑’Ë 4.9 à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë„™âμâπ∑ÿπμË” ÿ¥¿“æ∑’Ë 4.9 à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë„™âμâπ∑ÿπμË” ÿ¥¿“æ∑’Ë 4.9 à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë„™âμâπ∑ÿπμË” ÿ¥
∑ÿπ (K)
·√ßß“π (L)
∑ÿπ (K)
·√ßß“π (L)
3636
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.10 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’‡ß‘π∑ÿπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.10 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’‡ß‘π∑ÿπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.10 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’‡ß‘π∑ÿπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.10 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’‡ß‘π∑ÿπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.10 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’‡ß‘π∑ÿπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
2. °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ„π°√≥’∑’褈Ҩâ“ß·√ßß“π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.11 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§à“®â“ß·√ß“π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.11 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§à“®â“ß·√ß“π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.11 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§à“®â“ß·√ß“π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.11 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§à“®â“ß·√ß“π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.11 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§à“®â“ß·√ß“π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
● ‡ âπ¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ‡ âπ¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ‡ âπ¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ‡ âπ¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ‡ âπ¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ ∂Ⓡ™◊ËÕ¡®ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æμà“ß Ê ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ‡¢â“¥â«¬°—π·≈â« ‡ âπ∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ¡®ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æπ’È°Á
®–‡ªìπ‡ âπ∑’Ë· ¥ß»—°¬¿“æ°“√¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.12 ‡ âπ¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.12 ‡ âπ¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.12 ‡ âπ¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.12 ‡ âπ¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.12 ‡ âπ¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.6 à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ (μàÕ) à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ (μàÕ) à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ (μàÕ) à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ (μàÕ) à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ (μàÕ)
● °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ
1. °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ„π°√≥’∑’ËÀπ૬º≈‘μ¡’‡ß‘π∑ÿπÀ√◊Õß∫ª√–¡“≥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
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·√ßß“π (L)
‡§√◊ËÕß®—°√ (K)
·√ßß“π (L)
3737
º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥ À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡À√◊Õ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ
∑ÿ°™π‘¥„π —¥ à«π‡¥’¬«°—π
º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑ ¥—ßπ’È
1. º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
2. º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥§ß∑’Ë
3. º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥≈¥≈ß
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.13 º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.13 º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.13 º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.13 º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.13 º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.14 °√≥’º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥§ß∑’Ë ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.14 °√≥’º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥§ß∑’Ë ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.14 °√≥’º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥§ß∑’Ë ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.14 °√≥’º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥§ß∑’Ë ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.14 °√≥’º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥§ß∑’Ë
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.15 º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥≈¥≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.15 º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥≈¥≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.15 º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥≈¥≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.15 º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥≈¥≈ß¿“æ∑’Ë 4.15 º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥≈¥≈ß
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.7 º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥
‡§√◊ËÕß®—°√ (K)
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‡§√◊ËÕß®—°√ (K)
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‡§√◊ËÕß®—°√ (K)
·√ßß“π (L)
3838
● μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μμâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μμâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μμâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μμâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ ‡ªìπªí®®—¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë¡’º≈μàÕ°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®º≈‘μ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ ‡æ√“–μâπ∑ÿπ
°“√º≈‘쇪ìπ§à“„™â®à“¬∑’Ë∑”„Àâ¡Ÿ≈§à“¢Õߺ≈º≈‘μ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπºà“π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘μ À√◊Õ‡ªìπ§à“„™â®à“¬∑’Ë∑”„Àâ
Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õߺ≈º≈‘μ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ‡ªìπ§à“„™â®à“¬∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π°√–∫«π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ„À⇪ìπº≈º≈‘μ
·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ
1. μâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’Ë ‡ªìπμâπ∑ÿπ¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ§ß∑’Ë ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ μâπ∑ÿπ∑’Ë¥‘π μâπ∑ÿπ ‘π§â“ª√–‡¿∑∑ÿπ ·≈–
μâπ∑ÿπ ”À√—∫ºŸâª√–°Õ∫°“√ À√◊Õ‡ªìπμâπ∑ÿπ∑’˧ß∑’ˉ¡à«à“®–º≈‘μ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√¡“°À√◊ÕπâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥À√◊Õ‰¡àº≈‘μ‡≈¬
°Áμ“¡ ´÷Ëß®–¡’μâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’Ë√–¬– —È𠇙àπ §à“‡™à“ §à“‡ ◊ËÕ¡√“§“‡§√◊ËÕß®—°√ ‡ªìπμâπ
2. μâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—𠇪ìπμâπ∑ÿπ¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π∑ÿ°™π‘¥∑’ËÀπ૬º≈‘μ„™â„π™à«ß√–¬–‡«≈“Àπ÷Ëß´÷Ë߇ªìπ
§à“„™â®à“¬∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®√‘ß„π°“√´◊ÈÕªí®®—¬π”‡¢â“ À√◊Õ‡ªìπμâπ∑ÿπ¢Õßªí®®—¬∑’Ë„™â„π°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë·ª√º—π‰¥â„πÀπ૬º≈‘μ„¥
Àπ૬º≈‘μÀπ÷Ëß ‡™àπ μâπ∑ÿπ·√ßß“π À√◊Õμâπ∑ÿπ«—μ∂ÿ¥‘∫ ‡ªìπμâπ
3. μâπ∑ÿπ§à“‡ ’¬‚Õ°“ À¡“¬∂÷ß ‘Ëß∑’Ë¡’¡Ÿ≈§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥∑’ËμâÕß ≈–‰ª ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®‡≈◊Õ°„™âªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ
‡æ◊ËÕ°“√Àπ÷Ëß°“√„¥
4. μâπ∑ÿπ™—¥·®âß (explicit cost) À¡“¬∂÷ß μâπ∑ÿπ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥¢Õß°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫§à“„™â®à“¬¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ
∑’Ë®à“¬„Àâ°—∫‡®â“¢Õßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë¡’°“√®à“¬®√‘ß·≈–‡ªìπ√“¬°“√∑’Ë≈ß∫—π∑÷°„π∫—≠™’√“¬®à“¬¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ ‡™àπ §à“·√ß
‡ß‘π‡¥◊Õπ §à“«—μ∂ÿ¥‘∫ §à“‡™à“ ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ §à“‚¶…≥“ ‡ªìπμâπ
5. μâπ∑ÿπ‰¡à™—¥·®âß (implicit cost) À√◊Õμâπ∑ÿπ·Õ∫·Ωß À¡“¬∂÷ß μâπ∑ÿπ∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√„™âªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ¢Õß
‡®â“¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â¡’°“√®à“¬®√‘ß ·≈–‰¡à‰¥â∫—π∑÷°‰«â„π∫—≠™’¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ ‡™àπ §à“·√ß §à“‡™à“ ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ √«¡∂÷ß
º≈μÕ∫·∑πÕ◊Ëπ Ê ®“°∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢Õ߇®â“¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ
6. μâπ∑ÿπ∑“ß∫—≠™’ À¡“¬∂÷ß μâπ∑ÿπ∑’Ë¡’°“√®à“¬®√‘ß„π°“√∑”°‘®°√√¡μà“ß Ê ¢ÕßÀπ૬º≈‘μ ‡™àπ §à“®â“ß
‡ß‘π‡¥◊Õπ æπ—°ß“π §à“‡™à“∑’Ë¥‘π §à“‡™à“Õ“§“√ §à“«—μ∂ÿ¥‘∫ §à“‚¶…≥“ §à“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ ‡ªìπμâπ
● ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ (AFC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ (AFC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ (AFC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ (AFC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ (AFC) ‡ªìπ‡ âπ∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß§à“‡©≈’ˬμàÕÀπ૬º≈º≈‘μ¢Õßμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’Ë∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ÷́Ëß¡’
≈—°…≥–≈“¥≈ß®“°´â“¬‰ª∑“ߢ«“ ‚¥¬μÕπ·√°®–≈¥≈ßÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ®–≈¥≈ß„πÕ—μ√“∑’Ë≈¥≈߇¡◊ËÕª√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ‡ âπ∑’Ëæÿà߇¢â“À“·°π∑—Èß Õß
● ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ (AVC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ (AVC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ (AVC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ (AVC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ (AVC) ‡ªìπ‡ âπ∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß§à“‡©≈’ˬμàÕÀπ૬º≈º≈‘μ¢Õßμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π∑—ÈßÀ¡¥´÷Ëß¡’
≈—°…≥–§≈⓬√Ÿªμ—«¬Ÿ §◊Õ¡’§à“¡“°„πμÕπ·√°·≈–§àÕ¬ Ê ≈¥≈ß®πμË” ÿ¥·≈–§àÕ¬ Ê ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ’°μ“¡≈—°…≥–¢Õß
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● ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ (ATC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ (ATC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ (ATC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ (ATC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ (ATC) ‡ªìπ‡ âπ∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß§à“‡©≈’ˬμàÕÀπ૬º≈º≈‘μ¢Õßμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ
º≈√«¡¢Õ߇ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ (AFC) ·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ (AVC) ®÷ß¡’≈—°…≥–§≈â“¬μ—«¬Ÿ‡™àπ°—π ·μà‰¡à
¢π“π°—∫‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ
● ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC)‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC) ‡ªìπ‡ âπ∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß
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§«“¡™—π¢Õ߇ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.8 ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ
3939
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.16 μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡ μâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’Ë√«¡ μâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π√«¡¿“æ∑’Ë 4.16 μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡ μâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’Ë√«¡ μâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π√«¡¿“æ∑’Ë 4.16 μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡ μâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’Ë√«¡ μâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π√«¡¿“æ∑’Ë 4.16 μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡ μâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’Ë√«¡ μâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π√«¡¿“æ∑’Ë 4.16 μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡ μâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’Ë√«¡ μâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π√«¡
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.17 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ ·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.17 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ ·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.17 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ ·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.17 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ ·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.17 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ ·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ
¿“æ∑’Ë 4.18 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.18 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.18 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.18 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ¿“æ∑’Ë 4.18 ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ§ß∑’ˇ©≈’ˬ ‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ·ª√º—π‡©≈’ˬ
·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡·≈–‡ âπμâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.8 ·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ (μàÕ)·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ (μàÕ)·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ (μàÕ)·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ (μàÕ)·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ (μàÕ)
μâπ∑ÿπ (Cost)
ª√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ (Q)
μâπ∑ÿπ (Àπ૬)
º≈º≈‘μ (Q)
μâπ∑ÿπμàÕÀπ૬
º≈º≈‘μ (Q)
4040
● μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡√–¬–¬“« √–¬–¬“«Àπ૬º≈‘μ “¡“√∂‡≈◊Õ°„™â à«πª√– ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‚¥¬„™â
μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μμË” ÿ¥μ“¡‡ âπ¢¬“¬°“√º≈‘μ (expansion path) ́ ÷Ëß°Á§◊Õμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡√–¬–¬“« (Long-run Total Cost:
LTC) ¢Õß·μà≈–ª√‘¡“≥º≈º≈‘μ
● μâπ∑ÿπ‡©≈’ˬ√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ‡©≈’ˬ√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ‡©≈’ˬ√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ‡©≈’ˬ√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ‡©≈’ˬ√–¬–¬“« (Long-run Average Cost: LAC) À¡“¬∂÷ß μâπ∑ÿπμàÕÀπ૬º≈º≈‘μ‡¡◊ËÕªí®®—¬
°“√º≈‘μ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥‡ªìπªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·ª√º—π§”π«≥‰¥â §◊Õ LAC = LTC
Q
● μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡√–¬–¬“« (Long-run Marginal Cost: LMC) À¡“¬∂÷ß μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡√–¬–¬“«∑’Ë
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª‡¡◊ËÕº≈º≈‘쇪≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ªÀπ÷ËßÀπ૬ À√◊Õ‡ªìπ§à“§«“¡™—π ≥ ®ÿ¥μà“ß Ê ∫π‡ âπ LTC ÷́Ëߧ”π«≥‰¥â
®“°Õ—μ√“ à«π¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßμâπ∑ÿπ√«¡√–¬–¬“« (ΔLTC) μàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕߺ≈º≈‘μ (ΔQ)
§◊Õ LMC = ΔLTC
ΔQ
● °“√ª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥·≈–°“√‰¡àª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥°“√ª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥·≈–°“√‰¡àª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥°“√ª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥·≈–°“√‰¡àª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥°“√ª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥·≈–°“√‰¡àª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥°“√ª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥·≈–°“√‰¡àª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥
1. °“√ª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥ “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬‰¥â®“°≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇ âπ LAC ∑’ˇªìπ√Ÿªμ—«¬Ÿ∞“π°«â“ß °√≥’∑’Ë
Àπ૬º≈‘μ‰¡àºà“π™à«ß°“√‰¥â√—∫º≈‰¥âμàÕ¢π“¥§ß∑’Ë °“√ª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π™à«ß·√°¢Õß°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë
Àπ૬º≈‘μ¢¬“¬¢π“¥°“√º≈‘μ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ‡©≈’ˬ√–¬–¬“«¡’·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ß
2. °“√‰¡àª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥ ‡ªìπ≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√∑’Ëμâπ∑ÿπ‡©≈’ˬ√–¬–¬“«¡’·π«‚π⡇æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√¢¬“¬
¢π“¥°“√º≈‘μ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ À≈—ß®“°∑’˺à“π™à«ß¢Õß°“√ª√–À¬—¥μàÕ¢π“¥∑’ˇªìπ‰ª‰¥â∑—ÈßÀ¡¥·≈â«
‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 4.9 μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«μâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«
4141
Àπ૬∑’Ë 5 μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥Àπ૬∑’Ë 5 μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥Àπ૬∑’Ë 5 μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥Àπ૬∑’Ë 5 μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥Àπ૬∑’Ë 5 μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥
≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å §◊Õ
1. ¡’ºŸâ´◊ÈÕ·≈–ºŸâ¢“¬®”π«π¡“°·≈–·μà≈–√“¬®–¡’¢π“¥‡≈Á°¡“°‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫∑—Èßμ≈“¥
2. ‘π§â“∑’Ë´◊ÈÕ¢“¬¡’≈—°…≥–‡À¡◊Õπ°—π∑ÿ°ª√–°“√
3. ºŸâ´◊ÈÕ·≈–ºŸâ¢“¬∑√“∫√“§“ ‘π§â“∑’Ë´◊ÈÕ¢“¬„πμ≈“¥‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’
4. Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘® “¡“√∂‡¢â“À√◊ÕÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥‰¥â‚¥¬‡ √’
Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥凪ìπ‡ âπμ√ߢπ“π°—∫·°ππÕπ·≈–μ—¥·°πμ—Èß ≥ √–¥—∫√“§“
∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°”À𥂥¬Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.1 Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥ ·≈–Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¿“æ∑’Ë 5.1 Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥ ·≈–Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¿“æ∑’Ë 5.1 Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥ ·≈–Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¿“æ∑’Ë 5.1 Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥ ·≈–Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¿“æ∑’Ë 5.1 Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õßμ≈“¥ ·≈–Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.1 ≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.2 Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥åÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥åÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥åÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥åÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
4242
√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥åÀ¡“¬∂÷ß√“¬√—∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¬
‘π§â“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀπ÷ËßÀπ૬ √“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ®–‡∑à“°—∫√“§“ ‘π§â“∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°”Àπ¥
‚¥¬μ≈“¥ À√◊Õ MR = P
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.3 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√“§“μ≈“¥·≈–‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 5.3 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√“§“μ≈“¥·≈–‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 5.3 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√“§“μ≈“¥·≈–‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 5.3 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√“§“μ≈“¥·≈–‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 5.3 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√“§“μ≈“¥·≈–‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.3 √“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.2 ‡ âπ√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¿“æ∑’Ë 5.2 ‡ âπ√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¿“æ∑’Ë 5.2 ‡ âπ√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¿“æ∑’Ë 5.2 ‡ âπ√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¿“æ∑’Ë 5.2 ‡ âπ√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®
„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å „πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å „πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å „πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å „πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.4 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√“§“μ≈“¥·≈–‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√“§“μ≈“¥·≈–‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√“§“μ≈“¥·≈–‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√“§“μ≈“¥·≈–‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√“§“μ≈“¥·≈–‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
4343
1. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TR) ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TC)1. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TR) ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TC)1. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TR) ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TC)1. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TR) ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TC)1. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TR) ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TC)
‰¥â°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘ ‡¡◊ËÕ TR > TC
‰¥â°”‰√ª°μ‘ ‡¡◊ËÕ TR = TC
·≈–¢“¥∑ÿπ ‡¡◊ËÕ TR < TC
2. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MR) ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC)2. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MR) ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC)2. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MR) ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC)2. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MR) ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC)2. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MR) ·≈–μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC)
„π°√≥’π’ÈÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®®–‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ (À√◊Õ¢“¥∑ÿππâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥) ‡¡◊ËÕ¢“¬À√◊Õº≈‘μ ‘π§â“ ≥ ª√‘¡“≥
∑’Ë√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡‡∑à“°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ À√◊Õ MR = MC
P > SAC Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®®–‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘
P = SAC Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®®–‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘·≈– P < SAC Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®®–¢“¥∑ÿπ
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.5 °“√· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°“√· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°“√· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°“√· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°“√· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.4 °“√· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MR)¿“æ∑’Ë 5.4 °“√· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MR)¿“æ∑’Ë 5.4 °“√· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MR)¿“æ∑’Ë 5.4 °“√· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MR)¿“æ∑’Ë 5.4 °“√· «ßÀ“°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“°√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MR)
μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC) μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC) μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC) μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC) μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC)
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.6 °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå°”‰√·≈–¢“¥∑ÿπ„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå°”‰√·≈–¢“¥∑ÿπ„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå°”‰√·≈–¢“¥∑ÿπ„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå°”‰√·≈–¢“¥∑ÿπ„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå°”‰√·≈–¢“¥∑ÿπ„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®
4444
MR = SMC ·≈– TR > TC À√◊Õ P > SAC
MR = SMC ·≈– TR = TC À√◊Õ P = SAC
MR = SMC ·≈– TR < TC À√◊Õ P < SAC ·μà P ≥ SAVC
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.8 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘À√◊Õ°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬åÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘À√◊Õ°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬åÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘À√◊Õ°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬åÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘À√◊Õ°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬åÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘À√◊Õ°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬å
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.7 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.5 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√¿“æ∑’Ë 5.5 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√¿“æ∑’Ë 5.5 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√¿“æ∑’Ë 5.5 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√¿“æ∑’Ë 5.5 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√
‡°‘πª°μ‘ ‡°‘πª°μ‘ ‡°‘πª°μ‘ ‡°‘πª°μ‘ ‡°‘πª°μ‘
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.6 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘¿“æ∑’Ë 5.6 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘¿“æ∑’Ë 5.6 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘¿“æ∑’Ë 5.6 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘¿“æ∑’Ë 5.6 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.9 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·μଗߧߺ≈‘μμàÕ‰ªÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·μଗߧߺ≈‘μμàÕ‰ªÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·μଗߧߺ≈‘μμàÕ‰ªÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·μଗߧߺ≈‘μμàÕ‰ªÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·μଗߧߺ≈‘μμàÕ‰ª
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.7 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.7 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.7 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.7 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.7 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ
·μଗߧß∑”°“√º≈‘μ ·μଗߧß∑”°“√º≈‘μ ·μଗߧß∑”°“√º≈‘μ ·μଗߧß∑”°“√º≈‘μ ·μଗߧß∑”°“√º≈‘μ
4545
MR = SMC ·≈– TR < TC À√◊Õ P < SAC ·≈– P < SAVC
‡ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å§◊Õ‡ âπ SMC „π™à«ß∑’ˇ∑à“°—∫À√◊Õ Ÿß°«à“ SAVC
‡ âπÕÿª∑“πμ≈“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥剥⮓°°“√√«¡‡ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®
∑ÿ°Àπ૬„π‡¢â“¥â«¬°—π
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.10 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“πμ≈“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 5.10 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“πμ≈“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 5.10 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“πμ≈“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 5.10 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“πμ≈“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¿“æ∑’Ë 5.10 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“πμ≈“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.10 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·≈–ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·≈–ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·≈–ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·≈–ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·≈–ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.8 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·≈–¿“æ∑’Ë 5.8 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·≈–¿“æ∑’Ë 5.8 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·≈–¿“æ∑’Ë 5.8 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·≈–¿“æ∑’Ë 5.8 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ·≈–
ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥ ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥ ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥ ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥ ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.11 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‡ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‡ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‡ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‡ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.9¿“æ∑’Ë 5.9¿“æ∑’Ë 5.9¿“æ∑’Ë 5.9¿“æ∑’Ë 5.9 ‡‡‡‡‡ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬ âπÕÿª∑“π„π√–¬– —Èπ¢ÕßÀπ૬
∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.12‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.12‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.12‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.12‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.12 ‡ âπÕÿª∑“πμ≈“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‡ âπÕÿª∑“πμ≈“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‡ âπÕÿª∑“πμ≈“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‡ âπÕÿª∑“πμ≈“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å‡ âπÕÿª∑“πμ≈“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
1,000 2,000 1,000,000 2,000,000ª√‘¡“≥ (q)ª√‘¡“≥ (q)
√“§“ (P) √“§“ (P)SMC S = ΣSMC
20
10
0
20
10
0
(°) Õÿª∑“π¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘® (¢) Õÿª∑“πμ≈“¥
4646
Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®∑’Ë°”≈—ߥ”‡π‘π°“√Õ¬Ÿà„πμ≈“¥‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘ °≈à“«§◊Õ P > LAC ∑”„Àâ TR > LTC °”‰√
‡°‘πª°μ‘∑’ËÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫®Ÿß„®„ÀâÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬Õ◊Ëπ‡¢â“¡“º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π°—∫Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‡¥‘¡∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„πμ≈“¥
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.11 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π¿“æ∑’Ë 5.11 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π¿“æ∑’Ë 5.11 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π¿“æ∑’Ë 5.11 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π¿“æ∑’Ë 5.11 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π
Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®∑’Ë°”≈—ߥ”‡π‘π°“√Õ¬Ÿà„πμ≈“¥ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ °≈à“«§◊Õ P < LAC ∑”„Àâ TR < LTC
Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®∑’Ë¢“¥∑ÿπ·≈–‰¡à “¡“√∂¥”‡π‘π°“√μàÕ‰ª‰¥â°Á®–‡≈‘°º≈‘μ·≈–ÕÕ°‰ª®“°μ≈“¥
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.12 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å °√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª®“°μ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.12 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å °√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª®“°μ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.12 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å °√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª®“°μ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.12 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å °√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª®“°μ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.12 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å °√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª®“°μ≈“¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.13‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.13‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.13‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.13‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.13 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.14‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.14‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.14‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.14‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.14 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª®“°μ≈“¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª®“°μ≈“¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª®“°μ≈“¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª®“°μ≈“¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°√≥’¡’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª®“°μ≈“¥
4747
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.16‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.16‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.16‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.16‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.16 ≈—°…≥–¢Õßμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–¢Õßμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–¢Õßμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–¢Õßμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–¢Õßμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥
P = MR = LMC = LAC ‚¥¬‡ªìπ®ÿ¥°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë LAC ¡’§à“μË” ÿ¥
≈—°…≥–¢Õßμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–¢Õßμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–¢Õßμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–¢Õßμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–¢Õßμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥ §◊Õ
1. ¡’ºŸâ¢“¬À√◊ÕÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‡æ’¬ß√“¬‡¥’¬«„πμ≈“¥
2. ‰¡à¡’ ‘π§â“∑¥·∑π°—π‰¥âÀ√◊Õ∑¥·∑π°—π‰¥â¬“°
3. ‰¡à “¡“√∂‡¢â“¡“·¢àߢ—π‰¥â
‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ºŸ°¢“¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ºŸ°¢“¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ºŸ°¢“¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ºŸ°¢“¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ºŸ°¢“¥ §◊Õ
1. Õÿª √√§∑“ߥâ“π°ÆÀ¡“¬
2. °“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√ª√–À¬—¥‡π◊ËÕß®“°¢¬“¬¢π“¥°“√º≈‘μ3. §«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë ”§—≠
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.15‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.15‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.15‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.15‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.15 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.13 ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.13 ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.13 ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.13 ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.13 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ„π√–¬–¬“«¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.17‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.17‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.17‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.17‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.17 ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ºŸ°¢“¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ºŸ°¢“¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ºŸ°¢“¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ºŸ°¢“¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ºŸ°¢“¥
4848
Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥‡ªìπ‡ âπ‡¥’¬«°—∫‡ âπÕÿª ߧåμ≈“¥ ‡æ√“–Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®·≈–μ≈“¥‡ªìπ
‘Ë߇¥’¬«°—π‚¥¬¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘·≈–‡ªìπ‰ªμ“¡°Ø¢ÕßÕÿª ߧå
”À√—∫Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥√“§“ ‘π§â“∑’Ë¢“¬®–¡“°°«à“√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡‡ ¡ÕÀ√◊Õ P > MR
‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë∑”„À⺟⺟°¢“¥‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°Á§◊Õ®–¡’°“√º≈‘μ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ≥ √–¥—∫ª√‘¡“≥º≈‘μ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡
(MR) ‡∑à“°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡ (MC) À√◊Õ MR = MC
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.18‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.18‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.18‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.18‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.18 Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥Õÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.15 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.15 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.15 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.15 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.15 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.19‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.19‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.19‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.19‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.19 √“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.16 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå·≈–‡ âπ√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß¿“æ∑’Ë 5.16 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå·≈–‡ âπ√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß¿“æ∑’Ë 5.16 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå·≈–‡ âπ√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß¿“æ∑’Ë 5.16 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå·≈–‡ âπ√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß¿“æ∑’Ë 5.16 ‡ âπÕÿª ߧå·≈–‡ âπ√“¬√—∫ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß
Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥ Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥ Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥ Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥ Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.20‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.20‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.20‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.20‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.20 °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.18 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.18 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.18 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.18 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.18 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥
4949
MC = MR ·≈– P > ATC À√◊Õ TR > TC
MC = MR ·≈– P < ATC À√◊Õ TR < TC
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.21‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.21‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.21‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.21‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.21 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.16 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.16 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.16 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.16 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥¿“æ∑’Ë 5.16 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.22‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.22‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.22‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.22‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.22 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.20 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.20 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.20 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.20 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ¿“æ∑’Ë 5.20 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥°√≥’ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ
5050
√“§“„πÕÿ¥¡§μ‘À¡“¬∂÷ß√“§“∑’ˇ∑à“°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡„π°“√º≈‘μ ‘π§â“ À√◊Õ P = MC
√“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡À¡“¬∂÷ß√“§“∑’ˇ∑à“°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ‡©≈’ˬ„π°“√º≈‘μ À√◊Õ P = AC
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.23‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.23‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.23‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.23‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.23 √“§“„πÕÿ¥¡§μ‘√“§“„πÕÿ¥¡§μ‘√“§“„πÕÿ¥¡§μ‘√“§“„πÕÿ¥¡§μ‘√“§“„πÕÿ¥¡§μ‘
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.22 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“„πÕÿ¥¡§μ‘¿“æ∑’Ë 5.22 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“„πÕÿ¥¡§μ‘¿“æ∑’Ë 5.22 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“„πÕÿ¥¡§μ‘¿“æ∑’Ë 5.22 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“„πÕÿ¥¡§μ‘¿“æ∑’Ë 5.22 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“„πÕÿ¥¡§μ‘
‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.24‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.24‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.24‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.24‚ μ∑—»πå # 5.24 √“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡√“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡√“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡√“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡√“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡
¿“æ∑’Ë 5.24 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡¿“æ∑’Ë 5.24 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡¿“æ∑’Ë 5.24 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡¿“æ∑’Ë 5.24 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡¿“æ∑’Ë 5.24 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡
5151
Àπ૬∑’Ë 6 μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸâ¢“¬πâÕ¬√“¬Àπ૬∑’Ë 6 μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸâ¢“¬πâÕ¬√“¬Àπ૬∑’Ë 6 μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸâ¢“¬πâÕ¬√“¬Àπ૬∑’Ë 6 μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸâ¢“¬πâÕ¬√“¬Àπ૬∑’Ë 6 μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥·≈–μ≈“¥ºŸâ¢“¬πâÕ¬√“¬
≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥ §◊Õ
1. ¡’ºŸâ¢“¬À√◊ÕÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®®”π«π¡“°
2. ‘π§â“¢ÕߺŸâ¢“¬¡’§«“¡·μ°μà“ß°—π
3. ºŸâ¢“¬ “¡“√∂‡¢â“À√◊ÕÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥‰¥â‚¥¬‡ √’
°√≥’∑’Ë 1 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘°√≥’∑’Ë 1 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘°√≥’∑’Ë 1 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘°√≥’∑’Ë 1 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘°√≥’∑’Ë 1 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘
MR = SMC ·≈– P > SAC À√◊Õ TR > TC À√◊Õ TR - TC > 0
°√≥’∑’Ë 2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘°√≥’∑’Ë 2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘°√≥’∑’Ë 2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘°√≥’∑’Ë 2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘°√≥’∑’Ë 2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘
MR = SMC ·≈– P = SAC À√◊Õ TR = TC À√◊Õ TR - TC = 0
‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.1 ≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥≈—°…≥–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.2 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘μ„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ°“√°”Àπ¥√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘μ„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ°“√°”Àπ¥√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘μ„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ°“√°”Àπ¥√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘μ„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ°“√°”Àπ¥√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘μ„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ
¿“æ∑’Ë 6.2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—πºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—πºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—πºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—πºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—πºŸ°¢“¥
‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘ ‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘ ‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘ ‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘ ‰¥â√—∫°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘
¿“æ∑’Ë 6.3 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—πºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.3 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—πºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.3 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—πºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.3 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—πºŸ°¢“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.3 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—πºŸ°¢“¥
‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘ ‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘ ‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘ ‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘ ‰¥â√—∫°”‰√ª°μ‘
5252
°√≥’∑’Ë 3 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ°√≥’∑’Ë 3 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ°√≥’∑’Ë 3 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ°√≥’∑’Ë 3 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ°√≥’∑’Ë 3 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®¢“¥∑ÿπ
MR = SMC ·≈– P < SAC À√◊Õ TR < TC À√◊Õ TR - TC < 0
°√≥’∑’Ë 1 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“„πμ≈“¥°√≥’∑’Ë 1 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“„πμ≈“¥°√≥’∑’Ë 1 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“„πμ≈“¥°√≥’∑’Ë 1 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“„πμ≈“¥°√≥’∑’Ë 1 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“„πμ≈“¥
√“§“ ‘π§â“ (P) ®– Ÿß°«à“μâπ∑ÿπ‡©≈’ˬ (AC) ∑”„Àâ√“¬√—∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TR) ¡“°°«à“μâπ∑ÿπ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TC)
Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®®–‰¥â°”‰√‡°‘πª°μ‘
°√≥’∑’Ë 2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥°√≥’∑’Ë 2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥°√≥’∑’Ë 2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥°√≥’∑’Ë 2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥°√≥’∑’Ë 2 Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥√“§“ ‘π§â“ (P) μË”°«à“μâπ∑ÿπ‡©≈’ˬ (AC) ∑”„Àâ√“¬√—∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TR) πâÕ¬°«à“μâπ∑ÿπ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (TC)
Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ
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ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ ª√– ∫°—∫°“√¢“¥∑ÿπ
‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.2 °“√°”Àπ¥√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘μ„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ (μàÕ)°“√°”Àπ¥√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘μ„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ (μàÕ)°“√°”Àπ¥√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘μ„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ (μàÕ)°“√°”Àπ¥√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘μ„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ (μàÕ)°“√°”Àπ¥√“§“·≈–ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘μ„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥„π√–¬– —Èπ (μàÕ)
‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.3 °“√‡¢â“À√◊ÕÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥°“√‡¢â“À√◊ÕÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥°“√‡¢â“À√◊ÕÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥°“√‡¢â“À√◊ÕÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥°“√‡¢â“À√◊ÕÕÕ°®“°μ≈“¥¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®„πμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥
¿“æ∑’Ë 6.5 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“„πμ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.5 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“„πμ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.5 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“„πμ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.5 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“„πμ≈“¥¿“æ∑’Ë 6.5 °√≥’Àπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®√“¬„À¡à‡¢â“¡“„πμ≈“¥
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5353
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·≈–‰¡à‡°‘¥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡à‰¥âº≈‘μ ≥ √–¥—∫∑’Ë P = MC
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‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.18‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.18‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.18‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.18‚ μ∑—»πå # 6.18 °≈¬ÿ∑∏å°“√‚¶…≥“ ‘π§â“¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°≈¬ÿ∑∏å°“√‚¶…≥“ ‘π§â“¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°≈¬ÿ∑∏å°“√‚¶…≥“ ‘π§â“¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°≈¬ÿ∑∏å°“√‚¶…≥“ ‘π§â“¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®°≈¬ÿ∑∏å°“√‚¶…≥“ ‘π§â“¢ÕßÀπ૬∏ÿ√°‘®
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μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑§◊Õμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑§◊Õμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑§◊Õμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑§◊Õμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ª√–‡¿∑§◊Õ
1. μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μºŸ°¢“¥ 2. μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μºŸâ´◊ÈÕπâÕ¬√“¬3. μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.1 μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ
‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.2 μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥åμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥åμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥åμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥åμ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
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®“°°“√®â“ßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ (MRP) ‡∑à“°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß°“√„™âªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ (MFC)
·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 4 °√≥’§◊Õ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 4 °√≥’§◊Õ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 4 °√≥’§◊Õ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 4 °√≥’§◊Õ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 4 °√≥’§◊Õ
1. °√≥’μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·≈–μ≈“¥º≈‘μº≈·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å (Õ∏‘∫“¬μ“√“ß∑’Ë 7.1)
2. °√≥’μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥º≈‘μº≈·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å (Õ∏‘∫“¬μ“√“ß∑’Ë 7.2)
3. °√≥’μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥º≈‘μº≈·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å (Õ∏‘∫“¬μ“√“ß∑’Ë 7.3)
4. °√≥’μ≈“¥ªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ·≈–μ≈“¥º≈‘μº≈·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å (Õ∏‘∫“¬μ“√“ß∑’Ë 7.4)
°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ °√“ø∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¡’ 3 ¿“æ°√“ø∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¡’ 3 ¿“æ°√“ø∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¡’ 3 ¿“æ°√“ø∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¡’ 3 ¿“æ°√“ø∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¡’ 3 ¿“æ §◊Õ
¿“æ∑’Ë 7.3 μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·≈–√“¬√—∫®“°º≈‘μº≈ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¿“æ∑’Ë 7.3 μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·≈–√“¬√—∫®“°º≈‘μº≈ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¿“æ∑’Ë 7.3 μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·≈–√“¬√—∫®“°º≈‘μº≈ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¿“æ∑’Ë 7.3 μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·≈–√“¬√—∫®“°º≈‘μº≈ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¿“æ∑’Ë 7.3 μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ·≈–√“¬√—∫®“°º≈‘μº≈ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡
°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’ §◊Õ1. °√≥’μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·≈–μ≈“¥º≈‘μº≈·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.3 À≈—°°“√®â“ßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥À≈—°°“√®â“ßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥À≈—°°“√®â“ßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥À≈—°°“√®â“ßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥À≈—°°“√®â“ßªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.4 °√“ø∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√“ø∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√“ø∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√“ø∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√“ø∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.5 °“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’
¿“æ∑’Ë 7.4 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.4 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.4 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.4 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.4 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’
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W = MFCL = 100
5959
2. °√≥’μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥º≈‘μº≈·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
3. °√≥’μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥º≈‘μº≈·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
4. °√≥’μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·≈–μ≈“¥º≈‘μº≈·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
¿“æ∑’Ë 7.5 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.5 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.5 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.5 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.5 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’
μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥ μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥ μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥ μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥ μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥
º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
¿“æ∑’Ë 7.7 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.7 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.7 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.7 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.7 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’
μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·≈–μ≈“¥º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·≈–μ≈“¥º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·≈–μ≈“¥º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·≈–μ≈“¥º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·≈–μ≈“¥º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π
¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.5 °“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’ (μàÕ)°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’ (μàÕ)°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’ (μàÕ)°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’ (μàÕ)°“√°”Àπ¥°“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °√≥’ (μàÕ)
·√ßß“π
§à“®â“ß
W = MFCL = 100 S
L
MRPL(IC)
L(2) L(4) L(6)0
·√ßß“π
§à“®â“ß
L(2) L(4) L(6)0
MFCL = MRP
L(PC) = 160
W = 130
MRPL(PC)
MFCL
SL
·√ßß“π
§à“®â“ß
L(1) L(2) L(4)
MFCL = MRP
L(PC) = 120
W = 110
MRPL(PC)
MFCL
SL
¿“æ∑’Ë 7.6 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.6 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.6 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.6 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’¿“æ∑’Ë 7.6 °“√®â“ß·√ßß“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥°√≥’
μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥ μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥ μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥ μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥ μ≈“¥·√ßß“π·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·μàμ≈“¥
º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å º≈º≈‘μ·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å
6060
Õÿª∑“π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¡’®”π«π®”°—¥Õÿª∑“π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¡’®”π«π®”°—¥Õÿª∑“π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¡’®”π«π®”°—¥Õÿª∑“π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¡’®”π«π®”°—¥Õÿª∑“π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¡’®”π«π®”°—¥ ‡ âπÕÿª∑“π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π®÷߇ªìπ‡ âπμ—Èß©“°°—∫·°ππÕπÀ√◊Õ§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ¢Õß
Õÿª∑“π∑’Ë¥‘πμàÕ√“§“¡’§à“‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬å §à“‡™à“¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π®÷ߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫Õÿª ߧåμàÕ°“√„™â∑’Ë¥‘π °≈à“«§◊Õ ∂â“À“°Õÿª ߧåμàÕ°“√
„™â∑’Ë¥‘π Ÿß¢÷Èπ §à“‡™à“¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π°Á®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ „π∑“ßμ√ß°—π¢â“¡ ∂â“À“°Õÿª ߧåμàÕ°“√„™â∑’Ë¥‘π≈¥≈ß §à“‡™à“¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π°Á®–
Ŵŧ
§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π „πμ≈“¥∑’Ë·√ßß“π “¡“√∂‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‰¥â‚¥¬‡ √’
„π√–¬–¬“« Õ—μ√“§à“®â“ߢÕß·√ßß“πª√–‡¿∑‡¥’¬«°—π®–ª√—∫μ—«‡¢â“ Ÿà§à“®â“߇¥’¬«°—π Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π
·μ°μà“ß°—π‰¥â¥â«¬ªí®®—¬ 3 ª√–°“√§◊Õ 1) ªí®®—¬∑’Ë∑”„Àâ·μà≈–Õ“™’æ®à“¬§à“®â“ßμà“ß°—π 2) ªí®®—¬∑’Ë∑”„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈‰¡à
“¡“√∂·¢àߢ—π‰¥â ·≈– 3) ªí®®—¬¥â“π‡«≈“
‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.6 Õÿª∑“π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¡’®”π«π®”°—¥Õÿª∑“π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¡’®”π«π®”°—¥Õÿª∑“π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¡’®”π«π®”°—¥Õÿª∑“π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¡’®”π«π®”°—¥Õÿª∑“π¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π¡’®”π«π®”°—¥
¿“æ∑’Ë 7.10 §à“‡™à“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.10 §à“‡™à“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.10 §à“‡™à“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.10 §à“‡™à“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.10 §à“‡™à“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ
‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.7 §à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π
¿“æ∑’Ë 7.14 §à“‡™à“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.14 §à“‡™à“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.14 §à“‡™à“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.14 §à“‡™à“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.14 §à“‡™à“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ
6161
¿“æ∑’Ë 7.15 °“√ª√—∫μ—«¢ÕßÕ—μ√“§à“®â“ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õß·√ßß“π„π·μà≈– ∂“π∑’Ë¿“æ∑’Ë 7.15 °“√ª√—∫μ—«¢ÕßÕ—μ√“§à“®â“ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õß·√ßß“π„π·μà≈– ∂“π∑’Ë¿“æ∑’Ë 7.15 °“√ª√—∫μ—«¢ÕßÕ—μ√“§à“®â“ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õß·√ßß“π„π·μà≈– ∂“π∑’Ë¿“æ∑’Ë 7.15 °“√ª√—∫μ—«¢ÕßÕ—μ√“§à“®â“ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õß·√ßß“π„π·μà≈– ∂“π∑’Ë¿“æ∑’Ë 7.15 °“√ª√—∫μ—«¢ÕßÕ—μ√“§à“®â“ߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õß·√ßß“π„π·μà≈– ∂“π∑’Ë
¿“æ∑’Ë 7.16 §«“¡·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ßÕ—μ√“§à“®â“ߢÕß·√ßß“π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡™”π“≠·≈–·√ßß“π∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡™”π“≠¿“æ∑’Ë 7.16 §«“¡·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ßÕ—μ√“§à“®â“ߢÕß·√ßß“π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡™”π“≠·≈–·√ßß“π∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡™”π“≠¿“æ∑’Ë 7.16 §«“¡·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ßÕ—μ√“§à“®â“ߢÕß·√ßß“π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡™”π“≠·≈–·√ßß“π∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡™”π“≠¿“æ∑’Ë 7.16 §«“¡·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ßÕ—μ√“§à“®â“ߢÕß·√ßß“π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡™”π“≠·≈–·√ßß“π∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡™”π“≠¿“æ∑’Ë 7.16 §«“¡·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ßÕ—μ√“§à“®â“ߢÕß·√ßß“π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡™”π“≠·≈–·√ßß“π∑’ˉ¡à¡’§«“¡™”π“≠
¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ À¡“¬∂÷ß Õ—μ√“ à«π√–À«à“ß√“¬‰¥â®“°°“√„™âªí®®—¬∑ÿπ°—∫¡Ÿ≈§à“¢Õßªí®®—¬∑ÿπ™π‘¥π—Èπ ∑—Èßπ’È Õÿª ߧåμàÕ°“√≈ß∑ÿπ·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õ߇ߑπÕÕ¡®–°”Àπ¥Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ„π∑âÕßμ≈“¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.7 §à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π§à“®â“ß·√ßß“π∂Ÿ°°”À𥮓°Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¢Õß·√ßß“π (μàÕ) (μàÕ) (μàÕ) (μàÕ) (μàÕ)
‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.8 ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ
¿“æ∑’Ë 7.17 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.17 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.17 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.17 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.17 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ
Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ
°“√≈ß∑ÿπ, °“√ÕÕ¡I = S
r
0
S
E
§à“®â“ß
®”π«π·√ßß“π
§à“®â“ß
®”π«π·√ßß“π
§à“®â“ß
®”π«π·√ßß“π
§à“®â“ß
®”π«π·√ßß“π
WE
W°
S1°S°
D°
L1°L°
E°
E W¢
S¢
S1¢
D°
L¢ L1¢
E¢
E
(°) (¢)
(°) (¢)
WSK
0 0
0 0LSK
DSK
SUSK
DUSK
E
E
SSK
LUSK
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6262
¿“æ∑’Ë 7.18 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.18 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.18 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.18 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.18 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.19 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ≈¥≈ß ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.19 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ≈¥≈ß ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.19 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ≈¥≈ß ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.19 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ≈¥≈ß ¿“æ∑’Ë 7.19 Õ—μ√“¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ≈¥≈ß
°”‰√°”‰√°”‰√°”‰√°”‰√ À¡“¬∂÷ß à«πμà“ß√–À«à“ߺ≈μÕ∫·∑π∑’˺Ÿâª√–°Õ∫°“√§“¥«à“®–‰¥â√—∫°—∫º≈μÕ∫·∑π∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®√‘ß
º≈μà“ߥ—ß°≈à“«‡°‘¥®“°§«“¡‰¡à·πàπÕπ °”‰√®÷߇ªìπº≈μÕ∫·∑π∑’Ëμ°‡ªìπ¢ÕߺŸâª√–°Õ∫°“√®“°°“√¬Õ¡√—∫§«“¡‰¡à
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™—¥·®âß (explicit cost) ‡∑à“π—Èπ à«π°”‰√∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√凰‘¥®“°√“¬√—∫∑—ÈßÀ¡¥≈∫¥â«¬μâπ∑ÿπ∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å
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¥—ßπ—Èπμâπ∑ÿπ∑“ß∫—≠™’®–μË”°«à“μâπ∑ÿπ∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å àߺ≈„Àâ°”‰√∑“ß∫—≠™’ Ÿß°«à“°”‰√∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å
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‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.8 ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ¥Õ°‡∫’Ȭ (μàÕ)(μàÕ)(μàÕ)(μàÕ)(μàÕ)
‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 7.9 °”‰√°”‰√°”‰√°”‰√°”‰√
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6363
Àπ૬∑’Ë 8 §«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° ·≈– ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–Àπ૬∑’Ë 8 §«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° ·≈– ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–Àπ૬∑’Ë 8 §«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° ·≈– ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–Àπ૬∑’Ë 8 §«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° ·≈– ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–Àπ૬∑’Ë 8 §«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° ·≈– ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–
·π«§‘¥„π¥â“πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß Õ¥—¡ ¡‘∏ (Adam Smith)·π«§‘¥„π¥â“πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß Õ¥—¡ ¡‘∏ (Adam Smith)·π«§‘¥„π¥â“πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß Õ¥—¡ ¡‘∏ (Adam Smith)·π«§‘¥„π¥â“πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß Õ¥—¡ ¡‘∏ (Adam Smith)·π«§‘¥„π¥â“πª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß Õ¥—¡ ¡‘∏ (Adam Smith) °“√®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®®–‡ªìπ
‰ªÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¥â«¬°≈‰°μ≈“¥∑’Ë¡’°“√·¢àߢ—π ÷́Ëß®–∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë‚¥¬Õ—μ‚π¡—μ‘À√◊Õ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß
ç¡◊Õ∑’Ë¡Õ߉¡à‡ÀÁπé (the invisible hand) √—∞∫“≈®÷߉¡à®”‡ªìπμâÕß¡’∫∑∫“∑„π∑“߇»√…∞°‘®∑’Ë®–°”Àπ¥«à“º≈‘μÕ–‰√
º≈‘μÕ¬à“߉√ ·≈–º≈‘μ‡æ◊ËÕ„§√
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ擇√‚μ (Pareto Efficiency)ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ擇√‚μ (Pareto Efficiency)ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ擇√‚μ (Pareto Efficiency)ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ擇√‚μ (Pareto Efficiency)ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ擇√‚μ (Pareto Efficiency) „πμ≈“¥ ‘π§â“„¥Ê À√◊Õ„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬√«¡®–‡°‘¥
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æÀ√◊Õ¡’°“√„™â∑√—欓°√´÷Ëß —ߧ¡‚¥¬√«¡‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥°ÁμàÕ‡¡◊ËÕ μ≈“¥À√◊Õ√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®π—ÈπÊ
Õ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂∑”„À⺟âÀπ÷ËߺŸâ„¥‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πåÀ√◊Õ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª„π∑“ß∑’Ë¥’¢÷Èπ‚¥¬‰¡à‰ª≈¥ª√–‚¬™πåÀ√◊Õ
∑”„À⺟âÕ◊Ëπ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª„π∑“ß∑’Ë·¬à≈ß §”«à“ª√–‚¬™πå„π∑’Ëπ’ȇªì𧔰≈“ßÊ ∂â“¡Õß„πΩíòߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§®–À¡“¬∂÷ß
§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®À√◊ÕÕ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå ·μàÀ“°¡Õß„πΩíòߺŸâº≈‘μ°Á®–À¡“¬∂÷ß°”‰√
∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√å «— ¥‘°“√ (The Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics)∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√å «— ¥‘°“√ (The Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics)∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√å «— ¥‘°“√ (The Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics)∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√å «— ¥‘°“√ (The Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics)∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π‡»√…∞»“ μ√å «— ¥‘°“√ (The Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics) Õ∏‘∫“¬
§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®∑’Ë¡’°“√·¢àߢ—π°—∫ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ‚¥¬¡’∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π 2 ∑ƒ…Æ’∑’Ë„™âÕ∏‘∫“¬ §◊Õ
∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë 1∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë 1∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë 1∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë 1∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë 1 Õ∏‘∫“¬«à“μ≈“¥∑’Ë¡’°“√·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ擇√‚μ ‚¥¬∑’Ë√“§“
®–‡ªìπμ—«™—°π”„À⺟â∫√‘‚¿§·≈–ºŸâº≈‘μμ—¥ ‘π„®¥”‡π‘π°“√‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâμπ‡Õ߉¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥ ÷́Ëß„π∑’Ë ÿ¥·≈â«°Á®–‡¢â“ Ÿà
®ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥ ·≈– àߺ≈„Àâ√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬√«¡‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥¥â«¬ ‚¥¬ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥®–
‡°‘¥ ≥ √–¥—∫∑’ËÕÿª ߧå¢Õßμ≈“¥‡∑à“°—∫Õÿª∑“π ‚¥¬‡ªìπ®ÿ¥∑’˺≈ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß —ߧ¡∑’ˉ¥â√—∫®“°°“√∫√‘‚¿§
(MSB) ‡∑à“°—∫√“§“ ‘π§â“ (P*) ·≈–‡∑à“°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß —ߧ¡∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√º≈‘μ (MSC) À√◊Õ°≈à“«Õ’°π—¬Àπ÷Ë߉¥â«à“‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥§◊Õ MSB = MSC π—Ëπ‡Õß
¿“æ∑’Ë 8.1 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥ ‘π§â“™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß¿“æ∑’Ë 8.1 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥ ‘π§â“™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß¿“æ∑’Ë 8.1 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥ ‘π§â“™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß¿“æ∑’Ë 8.1 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥ ‘π§â“™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß¿“æ∑’Ë 8.1 ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥ ‘π§â“™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß
∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë 2∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë 2∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë 2∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë 2∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë 2 Õ∏‘∫“¬«à“ √–¥—∫°“√®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡∑à“‡∑’¬¡°—πμ“¡∑’Ë —ߧ¡μâÕß°“√ “¡“√∂
‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·∫∫擇√‚μ‰¥â‚¥¬Õ“»—¬°≈‰°¢Õß√–∫∫μ≈“¥∑’Ë¡’°“√·¢àߢ—π ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√°√–®“¬
∑√—欓°√À√◊Õªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ„π‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ‡ ’¬„À¡àÕ¬à“߇À¡“– ¡ ∑ƒ…Æ’∫∑æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë 2 π’ȇªìπ·π«§‘¥∑’Ë™’È„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ √—∞∫“≈
¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠„π°“√ √â“ߧ«“¡‡∑à“‡∑’¬¡À√◊Õ°“√°√–®“¬√“¬‰¥â∑’ˇªìπ∏√√¡‚¥¬‰¡à®”‡ªìπμâÕ߇¢â“·∑√°·´ßμ≈“¥‚¥¬μ√ß
‚¥¬À“°√—∞∫“≈ “¡“√∂®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√„À¡à„Àâ‡À¡“– ¡ °Á®–𔉪 Ÿà°“√°√–®“¬√“¬‰¥â∑’ˇªìπ∏√√¡·≈–§«“¡‡∑à“‡∑’¬¡
„π —ߧ¡¡“°¢÷Èπ‰¥â
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.1‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.1 ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑“߇»√…∞°‘®ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑“߇»√…∞°‘®ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑“߇»√…∞°‘®ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑“߇»√…∞°‘®ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑“߇»√…∞°‘®
6464
§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ (market failure)§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ (market failure)§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ (market failure)§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ (market failure)§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ (market failure) À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√∑’Ë√–∫∫μ≈“¥‰¡à “¡“√∂®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√„Àâ
«— ¥‘°“√ —ߧ¡ Ÿß ÿ¥ ́ ÷Ëß®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈‰°°“√®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√¢Õßμ≈“¥‰¡à “¡“√∂𔉪 Ÿà‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢μ“¡À≈—°æ“‡√‚μ≥â
°√≥’¥—ß°≈à“«®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë√—∞∫“≈®–μâÕ߇¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑‡æ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢„À⠗ߧ¡¡’°“√®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥
∑—Èßπ’È πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°≈—°…≥–μ“¡ ¡¡μ‘∞“π¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å∑’Ë®–μâÕ߇ªìπ®√‘߇æ◊ËÕ„Àâ°≈‰°μ≈“¥∑”ß“π‰¥â
Õ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ´÷Ëß„π∑“ߪؑ∫—μ‘°Áæ∫«à“¡’¢âÕ®”°—¥¡“°Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« ¬—ß¡’ªí®®—¬Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ°≈‰°μ≈“¥‰¡à “¡“√∂
∑”Àπâ“∑’ˉ¥â ‡™àπ ‘π§â“∑’Ë°“√º≈‘μÀ√◊Õ∫√‘‚¿§∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫μàÕ∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊ËπÀ√◊Õ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¿“¬πÕ° À√◊Õ
≈—°…≥–¢Õß ‘π§â“∑’ˇ°‘¥ª√–‚¬™πåμàÕ —ߧ¡‚¥¬√«¡¡“°°«à“∑’˺Ÿâ´◊ÈÕÀ√◊ÕºŸâº≈‘μ∑’Ë¡’μâπ∑ÿπ·μà≈–√“¬‰¥â√—∫ ‡ªìπμâπ
‡Àμÿº≈ ”§—≠„π∑“߇»√…∞°‘®∑’Ë®”‡ªìπμâÕß¡’√—∞∫“≈ ÷́Ë߇ªìπÀπ૬‡»√…∞°‘®∑’Ë¡’Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√
μàÕ —ߧ¡·≈–‡»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬√«¡ ‰¥â·°à
1. ‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥μ—Èß·≈–¥Ÿ·≈√–∫∫°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘ÏÀ√◊Õ ‘∑∏‘„π∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢Õߪ√–™“™π
2. ‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√´÷Ëß¡’Õ¬Ÿà®”°—¥∑’ËÕ¬ŸàπÕ°°≈‰°μ≈“¥
3. ‡æ◊ËÕ∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√„Àâ√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®¡’°“√°√–®“¬√“¬‰¥â·≈–§«“¡¡—Ëߧ—Ëß·°àª√–™“™π
√—∞∫“≈®”‡ªìπμâÕ߇¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠„π°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ ´÷Ëß¡’ “‡Àμÿ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ
‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥âÀ≈“¬ª√–°“√ ‰¥â·°à
1. °√≥’μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å1. °√≥’μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å1. °√≥’μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å1. °√≥’μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å1. °√≥’μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å À√◊Õ¡’ºŸâ¡’Õ”π“®μ≈“¥ (market power) ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ °√≥’π’È ‰¥â·°à μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥
μ≈“¥ºŸâ¢“¬πâÕ¬√“¬ ·≈–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥ ‚¥¬°√≥’∑’Ë∂◊Õ«à“μ≈“¥‰¡à¡’°“√·¢àߢ—πÕ¬à“ß ‘Èπ‡™‘ß‰¥â·°à μ≈“¥ºŸ°¢“¥´÷ËߺŸâºŸ°¢“¥®– “¡“√∂°”Àπ¥√“§“¢“¬‰¥â‡Õß ‚¥¬®–æ‘®“√≥“º≈‘μ ≥ √–¥—∫∑’Ë∑”„Àâμπ‡Õ߉¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πåÀ√◊Õ°”‰√ Ÿß ÿ¥
(MC = MR) ´÷Ëß®–‰¡à„™à®ÿ¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“懥’¬«°—∫¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å °√≥’¥—ß°≈à“«®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡’°“√º≈‘μ
‘π§â“ Ÿàμ≈“¥πâÕ¬°«à“√–¥—∫∑’Ë∑”„À⠗ߧ¡√—∫ «— ¥‘°“√À√◊Õ‡°‘¥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å Ÿß ÿ¥
2. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°2. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°2. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°2. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°2. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° À¡“¬∂÷ß º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√´◊ÈÕ¢“¬·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ„πμ≈“¥∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â –∑âÕπ„Àâ‡ÀÁπ
„π√“§“ ‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√∑’Ë®”Àπà“¬ ´÷Ëß®–∑”„Àâ°≈‰°μ≈“¥‰¡à “¡“√∂®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ
‚¥¬®–¡’°“√º≈‘μÀ√◊Õ∫√‘‚¿§¡“°À√◊ÕπâÕ¬‡°‘π‰ª·≈â«·μà°√≥’ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°ºŸâº≈‘μÀ√◊ÕºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‰¡à‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πåÀ√◊Õ¡’
¿“√–§à“„™â®à“¬®“°μâπ∑ÿπ¢Õß —ߧ¡∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°‘®°√√¡¢Õßμπ
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.2‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.2 §«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.3‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.3 ‡Àμÿº≈§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’ËμâÕß¡’√—∞∫“≈„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®‡Àμÿº≈§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’ËμâÕß¡’√—∞∫“≈„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®‡Àμÿº≈§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’ËμâÕß¡’√—∞∫“≈„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®‡Àμÿº≈§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’ËμâÕß¡’√—∞∫“≈„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®‡Àμÿº≈§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’ËμâÕß¡’√—∞∫“≈„π√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.4 ∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∫“≈„π°“√·°âªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∫“≈„π°“√·°âªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∫“≈„π°“√·°âªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∫“≈„π°“√·°âªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∫“≈„π°“√·°âªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥
6565
3. ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–3. ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–3. ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–3. ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–3. ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– ‡ªìπ ‘π§â“∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πå·°àª√–™“™π‚¥¬√«¡ ‚¥¬°“√∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–
‚¥¬ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§√“¬„¥√“¬Àπ÷Ëß®–‰¡à¡’º≈∑”„À⺟âÕ◊Ëπ∫√‘‚¿§‰¥âπâÕ¬≈ß·≈–‰¡à “¡“√∂°’¥°—π°“√∫√‘‚¿§¢ÕߺŸâÕ◊Ëπ‰¥â ∑”„Àâ
ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§ “¡“√∂∫√‘‚¿§À√◊Õ„™âª√–‚¬™π剥₥¬‰¡àμâÕß√à«¡√—∫¿“√–§à“„™â®à“¬ À“°ºŸâº≈‘μ‡Õ°™π®–∑”∏ÿ√°‘®º≈‘μ·≈–
¢“¬ ‘π§â“ª√–‡¿∑π’È°Á®–‰¡à “¡“√∂¥”√ß°‘®°“√„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà‰¥â °“√º≈‘μ°Á®–Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫∑’ËμË”°«à“∑’Ë —ߧ¡®–‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πå
Ÿß ÿ¥ °≈‰°μ≈“¥®÷߉¡àÕ“®®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√Õ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“扥â
4. §«“¡‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥â“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√4. §«“¡‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥â“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√4. §«“¡‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥â“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√4. §«“¡‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥â“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√4. §«“¡‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¥â“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°√≥’μ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¡’¢âÕ ¡¡μ‘∑’Ë ”§—≠ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ
ºŸâº≈‘μ·≈–ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®„πμ—« ‘π§â“ √«¡∂÷ß√–¥—∫√“§“·≈– ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡„πμ≈“¥‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’·≈–
‚¥¬‡∑à“‡∑’¬¡°—π ¥—ß∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ ¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√À√◊Õ “√ π‡∑»∑’Ë ¡∫Ÿ√≥å (perfect information) ·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¡’§«“¡
¡¡“μ√ (symmetric information) ́ ÷Ëß„π§«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß·≈â« §«“¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¢ÕߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√¥—ß°≈à“«¡—°‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â¬“°
√«¡∑—Èß°“√· «ßÀ“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ‘π§â“Õ“®∑”‰¥â¬“° À√◊Õ¡’μâπ∑ÿπ∑’Ë Ÿß∑—Èߥâ“π§à“„™â®à“¬·≈–‡«≈“∑’Ë„™â„π°“√
§âπÀ“ ÷́Ëß∑”„À⇰‘¥¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ ¡¡“μ√À√◊Õ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‰¡à‡∑à“‡∑’¬¡√–À«à“ߺŸâ´◊ÈÕ°—∫ºŸâ¢“¬
5. º≈°√–∑∫®“°‡»√…∞°‘®¡À¿“§5. º≈°√–∑∫®“°‡»√…∞°‘®¡À¿“§5. º≈°√–∑∫®“°‡»√…∞°‘®¡À¿“§5. º≈°√–∑∫®“°‡»√…∞°‘®¡À¿“§5. º≈°√–∑∫®“°‡»√…∞°‘®¡À¿“§ À“°‡»√…∞°‘®¢“¥‡ ∂’¬√¿“æÀ√◊Õ‡°‘¥§«“¡º—πº«π®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫μàÕ
°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®À√◊Õæƒμ‘°√√¡¢ÕߺŸâº≈‘μ·≈–ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§„πμ≈“¥ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§«“¡º—πº«π¥—ß°≈à“«∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’ˬßÀ√◊Õ
§«“¡‰¡à·πàπÕπ¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘® ®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡’°“√º≈‘μ ‘π§â“ÕÕ° Ÿàμ≈“¥πâÕ¬‡°‘π‰ª ·≈–Õ“®π”‰ª Ÿà°“√¢“¥‡ ∂’¬√¿“æ∑—Èß„π
¥â“π‡ ∂’¬√¿“æ¢Õß√“§“ ‡ ∂’¬√¿“æ¢ÕßÕ—μ√“·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ·≈–μ≈“¥°“√‡ß‘π ·≈–‡°‘¥ªí≠À“°“√«à“ßß“π
º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° (externalities)º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° (externalities)º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° (externalities)º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° (externalities)º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° (externalities) À¡“¬∂÷ß º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°æƒμ‘°√√¡À√◊Õ°“√°√–∑”¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß´÷Ëß àߺ≈μàÕ ∂“π¿“æ¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â¡’ à«π‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß ‚¥¬∫ÿ§§≈∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫‰¡à‰¥â√—∫À√◊Õ®à“¬‡æ◊ËÕ
™¥‡™¬·°àº≈°√–∑∫¥—ß°≈à“« °√≥’∑’ˇ°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°¢÷Èπ®“°°“√º≈‘μ·≈–∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√ —ߧ¡®–„À⧫“¡ π„®μàÕº≈≈—æ∏åÀ√◊Õ ∂“π¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ‰ª®“° ∂“π¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ´◊ÈÕ-ºŸâ¢“¬ ‘π§â“
À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√„πμ≈“¥ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°ºŸâ´◊ÈÕ-ºŸâ¢“¬‰¡à‰¥â§”π÷ß∂÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π°“√°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧå-Õÿª∑“π
¢Õßμπ ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢Õßμ≈“¥ ‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°®÷߉¡à„™à√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß ÿ¥¢Õß —ߧ¡‚¥¬√«¡
º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ“®·∫à߉¥â‡ªìπ 2 ≈—°…≥– ‰¥â·°à
1. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫ (negative externality)1. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫ (negative externality)1. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫ (negative externality)1. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫ (negative externality)1. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫ (negative externality) ÷́Ë߇ªìπº≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°∑’Ë∑”„Àâ ∂“π¿“æ¢Õß
∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ·¬à≈ß
2. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«° (positive externality)2. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«° (positive externality)2. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«° (positive externality)2. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«° (positive externality)2. º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«° (positive externality) ÷́Ë߇ªìπº≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°∑’Ë∑”„Àâ ∂“π¿“æ¢Õß
∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ¥’¢÷Èπ
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.4‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.4 ∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∫“≈„π°“√·°âªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ (μàÕ)∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∫“≈„π°“√·°âªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ (μàÕ)∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∫“≈„π°“√·°âªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ (μàÕ)∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∫“≈„π°“√·°âªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ (μàÕ)∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∫“≈„π°“√·°âªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥ (μàÕ)
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.5‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.5 §«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õߺ≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õߺ≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õߺ≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õߺ≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õߺ≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°
6666
°√≥’º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫°√≥’º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫°√≥’º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫°√≥’º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫°√≥’º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫
¿“æ∑’Ë 8.2 º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫°—∫√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.2 º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫°—∫√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.2 º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫°—∫√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.2 º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫°—∫√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.2 º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß≈∫°—∫√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡
°√≥’º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«°°√≥’º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«°°√≥’º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«°°√≥’º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«°°√≥’º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«°
¿“æ∑’Ë 8.3 º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«°°—∫√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.3 º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«°°—∫√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.3 º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«°°—∫√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.3 º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«°°—∫√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.3 º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‡™‘ß∫«°°—∫√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.6‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.6 √–¥—∫º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡√–¥—∫º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡√–¥—∫º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡√–¥—∫º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡√–¥—∫º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡
√“§“
√“§“
ª√‘¡“≥
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D(MPB = MSB)
S(MPC)
D(MPB + EC)
Qopt
√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡
¥ÿ≈¬¿“æμ≈“¥
Qmkt
√–¥—∫°“√º≈‘μ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡
Qopt
Qmkt
MSB(MPB = Extemal Benetit)
S(MSC = MPC)
D(MPB)
¥ÿ≈¬¿“æμ≈“¥
EB
EC
6767
°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈ ·π«∑“ßπ‚¬∫“¬∑’Ë√—∞∫“≈ “¡“√∂„™â„π°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√
º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 ·π«∑“ß ‰¥â·°à
1. °“√„™âπ‚¬∫“¬°”°—∫·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡ (command-and-control policies)1. °“√„™âπ‚¬∫“¬°”°—∫·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡ (command-and-control policies)1. °“√„™âπ‚¬∫“¬°”°—∫·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡ (command-and-control policies)1. °“√„™âπ‚¬∫“¬°”°—∫·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡ (command-and-control policies)1. °“√„™âπ‚¬∫“¬°”°—∫·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡ (command-and-control policies) ‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß∑’Ë√—∞∫“≈„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬
§«∫§ÿ¡æƒμ‘°√√¡¢ÕߺŸâº≈‘μ·≈–ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§μ√ß ‚¥¬Õ“®°”À𥇪ìπ ‘Ëß∑’ËμâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘À√◊ÕÀâ“¡ªØ‘∫—μ‘ μ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ °√≥’
°“√ª≈àÕ¬πÈ”‡ ’¬∑’Ë¡’ “√‡§¡’‡ªìπæ‘…≈ß Ÿà≈”∏“√ “∏“√≥–
2. °“√„™âπ‚¬∫“¬‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å (market-based policies)2. °“√„™âπ‚¬∫“¬‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å (market-based policies)2. °“√„™âπ‚¬∫“¬‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å (market-based policies)2. °“√„™âπ‚¬∫“¬‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å (market-based policies)2. °“√„™âπ‚¬∫“¬‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑“߇»√…∞»“ μ√å (market-based policies) ‡ªìπ°“√®—¥√–∫∫‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’°“√
®—¥ √√º≈ª√–‚¬™πå (À√◊Õ‡√’¬°‡°Á∫§à“„™â®à“¬) ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß·√ß®Ÿß„®„À⺟âº≈‘μ·≈–ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‰¥âμ—¥ ‘π„®¥”‡π‘π°‘®°√√¡
À√◊Õ·°âªí≠À“„π à«π¢Õßμπ‡Õ߇æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥ (À√◊Õ¡’μâπ∑ÿπμË”∑’Ë ÿ¥) ´÷Ëß®–∑”„À⠗ߧ¡‚¥¬√«¡‡°‘¥
ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß ÿ¥‡™àπ°—𠇙àπ °“√‡°Á∫¿“…’¡≈æ‘… ·≈–°“√ ◊́ÈÕ¢“¬„∫Õπÿ≠“μª≈àÕ¬¡≈æ‘…
°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‚¥¬‡Õ°™π°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‚¥¬‡Õ°™π°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‚¥¬‡Õ°™π°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‚¥¬‡Õ°™π°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‚¥¬‡Õ°™π ‚¥¬‡Õ°™πÕ“®·°â‰¢‚¥¬„™âÀ≈—°®√‘¬∏√√¡·≈–¡“μ√°“√∑“ß —ߧ¡
∑’ˇհ™π “¡“√∂®—¥°“√°—π‡Õ߉¥â À√◊ÕÕ“®„™â«‘∏’°“√®—¥μ—È߇ªìπ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ Õߧå°√°“√°ÿ»≈ À√◊ÕÕߧå°√‰¡à· «ßÀ“°”‰√∑’Ë¡’
«—μ∂ÿª√– ߧå„π°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ° ´÷Ëß„™â‡ß‘π®“°ºŸâ∫√‘®“§‡æ◊ËÕ¥”‡π‘π°‘®°√√¡μà“ßÊ
„π°“√∑’Ë®–ª√–‡¡‘π«à“μ≈“¥‡Õ°™π “¡“√∂·°âªí≠À“º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°‰¥â¡“°‡æ’¬ß„¥π—Èπ ¡’·π«§‘¥∑’ˇªìπ∑’Ë
¬Õ¡√—∫‡√’¬°«à“ ∑ƒ…Æ’‚§ ∑ƒ…Æ’‚§ ∑ƒ…Æ’‚§ ∑ƒ…Æ’‚§ ∑ƒ…Æ’‚§ ´÷Ëß°≈à“««à“ ∂â“À“°‡Õ°™πÀ√◊ÕºŸâ∑’Ë¡’ à«π‰¥â‡ ’¬ “¡“√∂‡®√®“‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√°—π‰¥â‡Õß·≈â«
®–∂◊Õ«à“°≈‰°μ≈“¥‡Õ°™π “¡“√∂·°âªí≠À“º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°·≈–®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ
°“√®”·π° ‘π§â“ª√–‡¿∑μà“ßÊ°“√®”·π° ‘π§â“ª√–‡¿∑μà“ßÊ°“√®”·π° ‘π§â“ª√–‡¿∑μà“ßÊ°“√®”·π° ‘π§â“ª√–‡¿∑μà“ßÊ°“√®”·π° ‘π§â“ª√–‡¿∑μà“ßÊ
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 8.1μ“√“ß∑’Ë 8.1μ“√“ß∑’Ë 8.1μ“√“ß∑’Ë 8.1μ“√“ß∑’Ë 8.1 ª√–‡¿∑¢Õß ‘π§â“®”·π°μ“¡≈—°…≥–°“√°’¥°—π·≈–°“√‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§
≈—°…≥– ‘π§â“/∫√‘°“√ “¡“√∂°’¥°—π°“√∫√‘‚¿§ ‰¡à “¡“√∂°’¥°—π°“√∫√‘‚¿§
(excludable in consumption) (non-excludable in consumption)
‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“‡Õ°™π ‘π§â“‡Õ°™π ‘π§â“‡Õ°™π ‘π§â“‡Õ°™π ‘π§â“‡Õ°™π ∑√—欓°√√à«¡ ∑√—欓°√√à«¡ ∑√—欓°√√à«¡ ∑√—欓°√√à«¡ ∑√—欓°√√à«¡
(rival in consumption) (rival in consumption) (rival in consumption) (rival in consumption) (rival in consumption) (private goods) (private goods) (private goods) (private goods) (private goods) (common resources) (common resources) (common resources) (common resources) (common resources)
‰¡à‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§ ‰¡à‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§ ‰¡à‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§ ‰¡à‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§ ‰¡à‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§ ‘π§â“ ‚¡ √ ‘π§â“ ‚¡ √ ‘π§â“ ‚¡ √ ‘π§â“ ‚¡ √ ‘π§â“ ‚¡ √ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–
(non-rival in consumption) (non-rival in consumption) (non-rival in consumption) (non-rival in consumption) (non-rival in consumption) (club goods)(club goods)(club goods)(club goods)(club goods) (public goods) (public goods) (public goods) (public goods) (public goods)
‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– (public goods) ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– (public goods) ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– (public goods) ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– (public goods) ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– (public goods) ‡ªìπ ‘π§â“∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂°’¥°—π·≈–‰¡à‡ªìπª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§ °√≥’ ‘π§â“
“∏“√≥–®÷߉¡à “¡“√∂ªÑÕß°—π‰¡à„À⺟℥‡¢â“¡“∫√‘‚¿§À√◊Õ„™âª√–‚¬™π剥â √«¡∑—Èß°“√∫√‘‚¿§¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß°Á‰¡à∑”„Àâ
∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊ËπÊ “¡“√∂∫√‘‚¿§‰¥âπâÕ¬≈ß μ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ ‡ ’¬ß°√‘Ëß —≠≠“‡μ◊Õπ¿—¬®“°æ“¬ÿ·≈–§≈◊Ëπ„π™ÿ¡™π
°“√ªÑÕß°—πª√–‡∑» ∂ππ “∏“√≥–∑’ˉ¡àÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–®√“®√·ÕÕ—¥ «π “∏“√≥– °“√· ¥ß¥Õ°‰¡â‰ø
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.7‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.7 °“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°°“√®—¥°“√º≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.8‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.8 §«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õß ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õß ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õß ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õß ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–¢Õß ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–
6868
°√≥’ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–°√≥’ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–°√≥’ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–°√≥’ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–°√≥’ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– ®“°°√≥’μ—«Õ¬à“ß (‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë 8.3.1) °“√· ¥ß¥Õ°‰¡â‰ø ÷́ËßÀ“°§π„π™ÿ¡™π®à“¬‡ß‘π
π—∫ πÿπ°‘®°√√¡°“√· ¥ß¥Õ°‰¡â‰øÕ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ®”π«π‡ß‘π¥—ß°≈à“«®–∂◊Õ‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë –∑âÕπ§ÿ≥§à“∑’˧π„π™ÿ¡™π
‰¥â√—∫®“°°“√®—¥· ¥ß¥Õ°‰¡â‰øÀ√◊Õª√–‚¬™πå∑’Ë™ÿ¡™π‰¥â√—∫ ÷́Ëß Ÿß°«à“μâπ∑ÿπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ °Á®– “¡“√∂®—¥· ¥ß¥Õ°‰¡â‰ø
„π·μà≈–ªï‡√◊ËÕ¬¡“‰¥â ·μà‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√®—¥· ¥ß¥Õ°‰¡â‰ø‰¡à “¡“√∂°’¥°—π°“√∫√‘‚¿§‰¥â¥—ß°≈à“« ®÷߇ªìπª√–‚¬™πåμàÕ
§π à«πÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë®–¡’æƒμ‘°√√¡‡ªìπºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§À√◊Õ„™âª√–‚¬™πå‚¥¬‰¡à®à“¬‡ß‘π À√◊Õ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ free rider ´÷Ëß®–∑”„Àâ√–∫∫
μ≈“¥≈⡇À≈«„π°“√®—¥°“√„À⇰‘¥¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æμàÕ —ߧ¡‚¥¬√«¡ ‡¡◊ËÕ®”π«π§π∑’Ë´◊ÈÕμ—Ϋ¡’πâÕ¬®π‰¡à
‡æ’¬ßæÕ®–∑’Ë √â“ß√“¬‰¥â¡“°°«à“μâπ∑ÿπ°“√®—¥· ¥ß ºŸâª√–°Õ∫°“√°Á®–μ—¥ ‘π„®‰¡à®—¥· ¥ß¥Õ°‰¡â‰ø„πß“π‡∑»°“≈
°√≥’∑√—欓°√√à«¡°√≥’∑√—欓°√√à«¡°√≥’∑√—欓°√√à«¡°√≥’∑√—欓°√√à«¡°√≥’∑√—欓°√√à«¡ ¡’≈—°…≥–‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–§◊Õ‰¡à “¡“√∂°’¥°—πºŸâÕ◊Ëπ‡¢â“¡“∫√‘‚¿§‰¥â ∑ÿ°Ê §π
“¡“√∂‡¢â“∂÷ß·≈–„™âª√–‚¬™π宓°∑√—欓°√√à«¡‰¥âÕ¬à“߇ √’ ·μà∑’Ë·μ°μà“ß°—π§◊Õ∑√—欓°√√à«¡®–¡’≈—°…≥–∑’ˇªìπ
ª√ªí°…å„π°“√∫√‘‚¿§ °≈à“«§◊Õ°“√∫√‘‚¿§À√◊Õ„™â∑√—欓°√√à«¡‚¥¬ºŸâ„¥ºŸâÀπ÷Ëß®–∑”„À⺟âÕ◊Ëπ “¡“√∂∫√‘‚¿§À√◊Õ„™â
ª√–‚¬™π剥âπâÕ¬≈ß ´÷Ëߪ√–‡¥Áπ¥—ß°≈à“«π’È∑”„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“¢÷Èπ„πÕ’°≈—°…≥–Àπ÷Ëß ¥—ßπ—Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√®—¥ √√À√◊Õ‡ªî¥„Àâ
„™âª√–‚¬™π宓°∑√—欓°√√à«¡ ºŸâ°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈®–μâÕß√–¡—¥√–«—ß«à“®–ª≈àÕ¬„Àâ∑√—欓°√√à«¡∂Ÿ°„™âª√–‚¬™πå¡“°‡∑à“„¥
´÷ËßÀ“°‰¡à¥”‡π‘π°“√Õ¬à“ß√Õ∫§Õ∫Õ“®∑”„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ ‚»°π“Ø°√√¡¢Õß∑√—欓°√√à«¡ (tragedy of the
commons) ´÷Ë߇°‘¥®“°°“√∫√‘‚¿§À√◊Õ„™âª√–‚¬™πå¡“°‡°‘π√–¥—∫∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡®π∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢÷Èπ
√—∞∫“≈®÷ß®”‡ªìπμâÕ߇¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑„π°“√·°â‰¢‡æ◊ËÕ„À⠗ߧ¡‰¥âª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥„π°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–
·≈–°“√‡ªî¥„Àâ„™â∑√—欓°√√à«¡ ‚¥¬°√≥’¢Õß ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– √—∞∫“≈Õ“®‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥À“‡Õß‚¥¬„™â·À≈à߇ߑπÕ◊Ë𠇙àπ ¿“…’
∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ·≈–°√≥’∑√—欓°√√à«¡ √—∞∫“≈Õ“®„™â«‘∏’ÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“¬§«∫§ÿ¡À√◊Õ°“√‡°Á∫§à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡„π°“√„™â‡æ◊ËÕ‰¡à„Àâ
‡°‘¥ªí≠À“°“√„™â¡“°‡°‘π‰ª
ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.9‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.9 ªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥∑’ˇ°‘¥®“° ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–·≈–∑√—欓°√√à«¡ªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥∑’ˇ°‘¥®“° ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–·≈–∑√—欓°√√à«¡ªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥∑’ˇ°‘¥®“° ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–·≈–∑√—欓°√√à«¡ªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥∑’ˇ°‘¥®“° ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–·≈–∑√—欓°√√à«¡ªí≠À“§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õßμ≈“¥∑’ˇ°‘¥®“° ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–·≈–∑√—欓°√√à«¡
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.10‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.10 ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡
¿“æ∑’Ë 8.5 ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.5 ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.5 ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.5 ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡¿“æ∑’Ë 8.5 ª√‘¡“≥ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡
®”π«π‡§√◊ËÕß∫‘π
MSB(MB
1 + MB
2 + ... + MB
n)
MSC > MSB
√–¥—∫°“√®—¥À“‚¥¬‡Õ°™π √–¥—∫∑’ˇ°‘¥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ Ÿß ÿ¥
MSCMSB > MSC
MSC = MSB
MSC, MSB(≈â“π∫“∑μàÕ‡§√◊ËÕß∫‘π 1 ≈”)
6969
°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈ √—∞∫“≈¡’Õ”π“®Àπâ“∑’Ë·≈–∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠„π°“√®—¥ √√∑√—欓°√¢Õß
—ߧ¡„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥ √«¡∂÷ß°“√®—¥À“ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥– ÷́Ëß√—∞∫“≈¡’»—°¬¿“æ∑’Ë®–·°âªí≠À“‰¥â ‚¥¬‡ªìπºŸâ π—∫ πÿπ
À√◊Õ¥”‡π‘π°“√‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√‘°“√·°àª√–™“™πÕ¬à“ß∑—Ë«∂÷ß ‚¥¬√—∞∫“≈ “¡“√∂„™â‡ß‘π√“¬‰¥â®“°¿“…’∑’ˇ°Á∫®“°ª√–™“™π
¡“∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√ß“π¥â“πμà“ßÊ ∑—Èßπ’È „π°“√®—¥À“ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∫“ßÕ¬à“ß √—∞∫“≈Õ“®‰¡à®”‡ªìπμâÕ߇ªìπºŸâº≈‘μ
‘π§â“À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√μà“ßÊ ‡Õß ‚¥¬Õ“®«à“®â“ß„Àâ‡Õ°™π‡ªìπºŸâ¥”‡π‘π°“√‚¥¬„™âß∫ª√–¡“≥®“°√—∞∫“≈ ‡™àπ °“√ √â“ß
∂ππ “∏“√≥– ∫√‘°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¢¬– ‡ªìπμâπ
„πÀ≈“¬°√≥’ °“√®—¥À“ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–¢Õß√—∞∫“≈Õ“®‰¡à‰¥âÕ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫∑’Ë —ߧ¡‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥ ´÷Ëßμ“¡
∑ƒ…Æ’∑’ˉ¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß·≈â«°Á§◊Õ √–¥—∫∑’˺≈ª√–‚¬™πå à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß —ߧ¡‡∑à“°—∫μâπ∑ÿπ à«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢Õß —ߧ¡ (MSB = MSC)
·≈–𔉪 Ÿà§«“¡≈⡇À≈«¢Õß√—∞∫“≈ (government failure) “‡ÀμÿÕ“®‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°æƒμ‘°√√¡∑’ËÀπ૬ߓπ¢Õß√—∞¡—°
μâÕß°“√‰¥â√—∫ß∫ª√–¡“≥®“°√—∞∫“≈°≈“ß„Àâ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥®÷߇ πÕ‚§√ß°“√∑’Ë®—¥À“ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–¡“°‡°‘π‰ª (over provision)
À√◊ÕÕ“®‡¢â“„®«à“ª√–™“™π à«π„À≠à‰¡à∑√“∫∂÷ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥«à“√–¥—∫ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡§«√‡ªìπ‡∑à“‰√
ºŸâ¡’Õ”π“®®÷ßÕ“®∂Ÿ°™—°π”®“°ºŸâ‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πå„Àâ®—¥À“À√◊Õº≈‘μ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’Ë¡“°‡°‘π‰ª ÷́Ëß∑”„Àâ°“√®—¥ √√
∑√—欓°√¢“¥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ
°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬‡Õ°™π°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬‡Õ°™π°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬‡Õ°™π°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬‡Õ°™π°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬‡Õ°™π °“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–‚¥¬‡Õ°™π‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¡—°®–‰¡àª√– ∫§«“¡
”‡√Á®‡π◊ËÕß®“°ªí≠À“ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§∑’ˉ¡à®à“¬‡ß‘π ´÷Ë߇¡◊ËÕºŸâ®—¥À“À√◊ÕºŸâº≈‘μ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–∑’ˇªìπ‡Õ°™π‰¥â√—∫√“¬‰¥â®“°
ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ°Á®–‰¡à “¡“√∂¥”‡π‘π°‘®°√√¡μàÕ‰ª‰¥â ®”‡ªìπμâÕ߉¥â√—∫§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ®“°√—∞∫“≈„π°“√
π—∫ πÿπ∑—Èß‚¥¬μ√ßÀ√◊Õ‚¥¬ÕâÕ¡ À√◊Õ‰¡à‡™àππ—Èπ°Á®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë®–μâÕßÀ¬ÿ¥°‘®°“√
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®–Õ“»—¬‡ß‘π∑ÿπ¢ÕߺŸâ°àÕμ—Èß ‡ß‘π∫√‘®“§ §à“ ªÕπ‡´Õ√宓°ºŸâ π—∫ πÿπ ·≈–§à“‚¶…≥“®“°ºŸâº≈‘μ ‘π§â“Õ◊ËπÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√®—¥À“·≈–¥”‡π‘π°“√„Àâ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–¥—ß°≈à“«¡’„™â‰¥âÕ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß
‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.11‚ μ∑—»πå # 8.11 °“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–°“√®—¥°“√ ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–
7070
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§√—Èß∑’Ë 1§√—Èß∑’Ë 1§√—Èß∑’Ë 1§√—Èß∑’Ë 1§√—Èß∑’Ë 1
„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫§”∂“¡μàÕ‰ªπ’È —ÈπÊ (‚¥¬ ÿà¡¢÷Èπ¡“μÕ∫¢âÕ≈– 1 - 2 §π)„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫§”∂“¡μàÕ‰ªπ’È —ÈπÊ (‚¥¬ ÿà¡¢÷Èπ¡“μÕ∫¢âÕ≈– 1 - 2 §π)„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫§”∂“¡μàÕ‰ªπ’È —ÈπÊ (‚¥¬ ÿà¡¢÷Èπ¡“μÕ∫¢âÕ≈– 1 - 2 §π)„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫§”∂“¡μàÕ‰ªπ’È —ÈπÊ (‚¥¬ ÿà¡¢÷Èπ¡“μÕ∫¢âÕ≈– 1 - 2 §π)„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫§”∂“¡μàÕ‰ªπ’È —ÈπÊ (‚¥¬ ÿà¡¢÷Èπ¡“μÕ∫¢âÕ≈– 1 - 2 §π)
1. ªí®®—¬°”Àπ¥Õÿª ߧå·≈–Õÿª∑“π¡’Õ–‰√∫â“ß
2. μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’Õ√√∂ª√–‚¬™πå‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¢Õߥÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√
3. μ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’‡ â𧫓¡æÕ„®‡∑à“°—πÀ“¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ∫√‘‚¿§‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√ «“¥°√“øª√–°Õ∫
4. ®ßÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√º≈‘μ√–¬–¬“«¡“„À⇢Ⓞ®
5. ¥ÿ≈¬¿“æ√–¬– —Èπ„πμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥凪ìπÕ¬à“߉√∫â“ß ®ßÕ∏‘∫“¬
6. √“§“Õÿ¥¡§μ‘·≈–√“§“¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡μà“ß°—πÕ¬à“߉√
7. ≈—°…≥–∑’ˇÀ¡◊Õπ°—π¢Õßμ≈“¥·¢àߢ—π ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–μ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥§◊Õ≈—°…≥–„¥
8. ≈—°…≥–∑’ˇÀ¡◊Õπ°—π¢Õßμ≈“¥°÷Ëß·¢àߢ—π°÷ËߺŸ°¢“¥μ≈“¥ºŸâ¢“¬πâÕ¬√“¬§◊Õ≈—°…≥–„¥
9. º≈μÕ∫·∑πªí®®—¬°“√º≈‘μ¡’Õ–‰√∫â“ß
10. ®ßÕ∏‘∫“¬§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß çº≈°√–∑∫¿“¬πÕ°é ·≈– ç ‘π§â“ “∏“√≥–é
¢Õ„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫„π∑’Ë«à“ߢâ“ß≈à“ßπ’È ‰¡à§«√„™â‡«≈“‡°‘π 10 π“∑’¢Õ„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫„π∑’Ë«à“ߢâ“ß≈à“ßπ’È ‰¡à§«√„™â‡«≈“‡°‘π 10 π“∑’¢Õ„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫„π∑’Ë«à“ߢâ“ß≈à“ßπ’È ‰¡à§«√„™â‡«≈“‡°‘π 10 π“∑’¢Õ„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫„π∑’Ë«à“ߢâ“ß≈à“ßπ’È ‰¡à§«√„™â‡«≈“‡°‘π 10 π“∑’¢Õ„Àâπ—°»÷°…“μÕ∫„π∑’Ë«à“ߢâ“ß≈à“ßπ’È ‰¡à§«√„™â‡«≈“‡°‘π 10 π“∑’
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