国際政治基礎A SPRING 2015 CLASS 3 LECTURE 3

Fundamental Concepts of

International Politics Spring 2015

Prof. H. Steven GreenToyo UniversityFaculty of Law

Class 3, Lecture 3April 27th, 2015

The Peloponnesian War

Review of Realism1. IP is a system of Hobbesian anarchy.2. States are the most important actors in IP.3. All international politics is power politics.4. Power is zero-sum and relative. (If state X has more

power, all other states have less.)

• Anarchy: No world government, so states must protect themselves. They worry, therefore, about their power compared to other states.

• MNCs, IOs, NGOs, values and norms are important BUT states have the most power so states are the most important feature of the international system.

Outcomes of their choices

BLACK RED

BLACK -7, -7 +10, -10

RED-10, +10 -3, -3

Numbers = Points added or subtracted from Test 1.

THINK

• What should each person do? Why?• What will each person do? Why?


BLACK RED

BLACK -7, -7 +10, -10

RED-10, +10 -3, -3


Today’s Plan

1. The Peloponnesian War: Summary and Outcomes

2. The Peloponnesian War: Causes & Theories3. The Security Dilemma

Modern IR Theory begins in ancient Greece.

• Learning about the Peloponnesian War helps us to understand IP.

• The logic of the international system at that time is similar to the system’s logic today.

• The theory of realism began in ancient Greece and is still a useful theory to explain IP.

The Peloponnesian War

• 431-404 (BCE)• Main actors: Sparta & Athens (Greek city

states)• Goals for both: Military security & power• Instruments: Military force (i.e. war)

Ancient Greece

• No “Greece” : Greek-speaking region of city-states, with different types of government

• City-states of up to 100,000 people• Almost all middle-class and wealthy Greeks

owned slaves (奴隷 )

Ancient Greece

War in Ancient Greece• Wars between city-states were common• Greek soldiers were called “hoplites” and they

usually had to fight to become “citizens”: Men who could participate in politics and own property. (And citizens had to fight.)

War in Ancient Greece• Soldiers who lost a battle but did not die were

usually taken as slaves. – Sometimes whole cities- women, children,

everyone- would become slaves or…– The city would become a colony of another city.

(colony = 植民地 )• Hoplites fought in group formations called

phalanxes: When one hoplite fell, another replaced him immediately.

Hoplite phalanxes

Persian War• 490-480BC Greek city-states unite to fight

Persian Empire• Some Greek city-states had become part of

Persia: Had to pay taxes and were ruled by Persian emperor

• Athens and Sparta, and their allies, won the war

• A & S also became the strongest city states

Persian Empire, 500 BC

Persian War

After the Persian War

• Sparta & Athens became wealthier & stronger• Sparta: land-based power• Athens: sea-based power• Sparta’s economy based on agriculture• Athens’s economy based on manufacturing and

trade

BOTH Sparta and Athens formed different alliances

Alliances 連盟• When the Persian War ended, most city states were a

member of one of two alliances:

Delian League (Athens) OR

Peloponnesian League (Sparta)

Members of each league paid taxes to the leader, who was the most powerful city-state in the league.

The leaders helped to protect the members of their alliances and made rules for trade among them. However…

The city-states ruled themselves and had their own “foreign policies” (外交政策 )

They agreed to cooperate and to help each other.

Two Powerful* Alliances• The Peloponnesian League had led the fight

against Persia.• The Delian League formed after the Persian

War.• The Peloponnesian Leagues was powerful

but..• Athens and its allies also became powerful

after the Persian War

*Powerful = wealthy with a strong military

Athens today

Sparta today

Peloponnesian War: BackgroundAthens and Sparta in the 5th Century BCE

ATHENS SPARTAGeography •Sea-based city-state •Land-based city-stateEconomy •Commercial trading

•Slaves•Much wealthier than Sparta

•Agriculture; trade & manufacturing　 (製造業 ) forbidden •Slaves

Politics •Democracy (but not for women or slaves)

•Oligarchy (寡頭政治 )•Monarchy (2 kings)

Society •Family-based, commerce (商業 )•Art, fashion popular

•Military-based, boys raised by state to be warriors from age of 7 •“Simple” lifestyle

InternationalRelations

•Allied with Sparta to defeat Persia•Forms Delian League (同盟 )(City-states around Aegean Sea)

•Allied with Athens to defeat Persia•Forms Peloponnesian League(City-states mostly in Peloponnesus)

Who’s who

DELIAN LEAGUE PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE

Athens Sparta

Corcyra Corinth

(Epidamnus) (Po t i d a e a)

Colonies•Epidamnus a colony of Corcyra•Potidea was a colony of Corinth but a member of the Delian League by force- Athens would not let it leave.

Thucydides: Father of realism• Most of what we know about the

Peloponnesian War comes from Thucydides• He is considered one of the world’s first real

historians because he was strict about checking facts.

• We also think of him as the first realist.

The (Second) Peloponnesian War: Summary

• 434BCE: Civil war in Epidamnus (colony* of Corcyra)– Democrats in Epidamnus ask Corcyra for help to

fight the oligarchs (寡頭政治の独裁者 )– Corcyra refuses to help– Epidamnus democrats ask Corinth for help– Corinth agrees to help

*Colony =植民地

The Peloponnesian War: Summary

Corcyra and Corinth fight over Epidamnus

• Corcyran navy defeats Corinth when Corinth tries to help Epidamnus democrats

• Corinth declares war on Corcyra

But, both agree to talk to the Athenian government


Athens now has a dilemma:– Wants peace, but…– Corcyra has a powerful navy and…– Athens does not want Corinth to become strong– Corinth’s navy would become powerful– Corinth was part of Peloponnesian League– The Peloponnesian League would be more

powerful than the Delian League Corinth’s navy were strong

The Peloponnesian War: Summary• Athens decides to try to deter (抑止する ) Corinth

with 10 Athenian ships• Deterrence (抑止 ) fails:– Corinth attacks Corcyra– Athenian navy has to join fight to help Corcyra

The Peloponnesian War: SummaryCorinth angry about Athenian navy’s actionsCorinth stirs up trouble* in Potidaea

-Potidaea is part of Delian League but does not like it-Many Potidaeans support Corinth and start to revolt** against their city-state government-Athens sends force to put down the rebellion***

*Stir up trouble = トラブルをひっかきまわす ** to revolt =反抗する*** forces to put down the rebellion =鎮圧軍


• Sparta decides to go to war against Athens in 431 to help Corinth and…

• War begins between the two alliances.


War lasts from 431-404BCEKey events leading to the end:

• Athens loses large battle in Sicily and…

• Persians send money to Sparta (to weaken Athens and Delian League)

• Democracy collapses in Athens– 411 BCE: 400 oligarchs take control of Athens– 406 BCE: 30 oligarchs take control

• Both temporary but show weakness of Athens

The Peloponnesian War: Outcomes• Athens surrenders (降伏する ) in 404BCEEND OF ATHEN’S EMPIREALL OF GREECE IS POORER MACEDONIA AND PERSIA ARE STRONGER

Macedonia and Persia stronger

The Peloponnesian War: Causes & Theories

What caused the war?Thucydides (realists): • The rise of Athenian power and the fear it

caused in Sparta is the main cause.– Sparta worried Athens would control Greece– Athens has no choice but to protect empire

The Peloponnesian War: Causes & Theories, 2

The logic of the anarchic system

• Power is zero sum• States want military security but...• When one state’s military becomes stronger

others feel insecure (不安 ) so…• All states increase their military strength,

which….


• …makes everyone insecure again.

We call this situation the security dilemma“Independent action taken by one state to increase its

security may make all other states less secure.” (Nye)


The security dilemma is a kind of

PRISONER’S DILEMMAExample in Nye• Police arrest two men who have drugs• Police think the men are partners and drug

dealers ( 麻薬の売人 ) and want them to receive strictest punishment ( ずいぶん厳しい処罰 )

Prisoner’s Dilemma• The police can put the men in jail for 1 year for

having drugs. (put in jail = （人）を投獄する )

However, they can put one man in jail for 20 years for being drug dealers.

The police believe both men are drug dealers but do not have enough evidence against them (evidence against = ～に不利な証拠 ).

Prisoner’s Dilemma• The police need the testimony(証言 ) of one man

against the other. (testimony against = ～に不利な証言 )

• The police can put the drug dealer in jail for 20 years and the man who testifies will be free.

• If both confess, then both men will go to jail for 10 years.

Prisoner’s Dilemma

• The police put the men in separate rooms so they cannot talk to each other.

• Each man does not want the other to testify but they cannot talk to each other so…

? ?

The Prisoner’s Dilemma

• Each man worries that the other man will confess （自白する） to the police and testify against him.

THE PRISONER’S DILEMMA:Each man must make a decision without knowing

what his partner will do.If one man is loyal to his partner, but the other

man confesses to the police then the first man will go to jail for a long time.


PRISONER’S DILEMMA

If B is silent If B confesses (自白する )

If A is silent A&B: 1 year in jail B: freeA: 25 years in jail

If A confesses

A: freeB: 25 years in jail

A&B: 10 years in jail


For A and B:

What is the best strategy? What happens?

Why?


Best strategy? Both A & B should be silent.

(Each go to jail for 1 year)


What happens?Both A & B confess so they both

go to jail for 10 years.

Why?


Why? The prisoners cannot communicate with each other.

They cannot trust each other.(See Nye, bottom of p21)

“structural* dilemma of independent rational action”*structure = (構造 )

The situation makes it difficult to cooperate: It is more rational NOT to cooperate.


BLACK RED

BLACK -7, -7 +10, -10

RED-10, +10 -3, -3


PD & International Politics

Leaders are like the prisoners:• One leaders cannot really know what another

leader is thinking.• If leader A cooperates but the leader B does

not, then leader A’s country could be hurt.• In IP there is not enough communication or

trust for leaders to trust each other very much.

PD and the Security Dilemma

SECURITY DILEMMAWhy did Athens and Sparta go to war?

If Sparta does not stop Corinth

If Sparta helps Corinth

If Athens helps Corcyra WAR Athens & Delian

League stronger

If Athens does not help Corcyra Sparta &

Peloponnesian League stronger

Peace… but not security

PD and the Security Dilemma

SECURITY DILEMMAWhy did Athens and Sparta go to war?

If Sparta does not stop Corinth

If Sparta stops Corinth

If Athens helps Corcyra WAR Athens & Delian

League stronger

If Athens does not help Corcyra Sparta &

Peloponnesian League stronger

Peace… but not security


BLACK RED

BLACK -7, -7 +10, -10

RED-10, +10 -3, -3

PD and the System Today

Where do think the PD between states exists in the world today?

Think of several places where the logic of the PD might explain a current conflict.

Do you think war will begin in these places? If not, why not?

PD, the Security Dilemma and IP

Thucydides & realists: Athens and Sparta made the most rational (合理的 )

decision.

The security dilemma makes war inevitable.戦争は避けられない。

DISCUSSION Does this explanation convince you? Why or why not? If not, how can the security dilemma be avoided?

FOR THE NEXT CLASSMay 6th (Wednesday)

1) Read pp. 31-40 2) HW 3 due at the beginning of class

HAVE A GREAT GOLDEN WEEK!

国際政治基礎A SPRING 2015 CLASS 3 LECTURE 3

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