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anTimoz iverieli – ganmanaTlebeli da politikuri moazrovne

XXI saukuneSi, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis rTul pirobebSi,eTnokrizisebis gaRrmavebis, Zaladobis politikis aRzevebis, afxazeTisa dasamxreT oseTSi datrialebuli tragediis, teritoriuli mTlianobisaRdgenisaTvis brZolis pirobebSi, saukuneebis manZilze qarTveli eriswinaaRmdeg aRmarTuli xmali isev elvarebs, qarTvelis akvanze nasroli tyviaavbediTad zuzunebs, mtris qvemexidan nasroli Wurvis namsxvrevebi momavalTaobas Wrilobas ayenebs, swored mocemul etapze, ise rogorc arasdros, erisgonier winaparTa RaRadi, mamaSviluri SemarTeba da Tavdadeba, maTi didebulianderZi, saganmanaTleblo Tu pilitikuri azrisa – qarTvel ers gamofxizlebis,moqmedebisa da axleburi azrovnebisaken mouwodebs. amitom istorikosi,politikuri azrovnebis mkvlevari valdebulia mouTxros axalgazrdobas imTavdadebuli winaprebis naRvawi da naazrevi, romelTa Sexedulebebscivilizebuli samyaro imTaviTve isisxlxorcebda da momaval Taobas gadascemda,rameTu istoria marto warsuli, gardasul droTa aRwera rodia, aramed igiaxali sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi mSeveblobis, eris msoflios mowinavepoziciebze gasvlis SesaZleblobis Ziebis fundamenturi mecnierebaa, istoriismexsierebis gareSe eri ver iarsebebs, rom momavali warsulis gareSe ar arsebobs.magram rogorc ingliseli mwerali uiston hou odeni werda, umravlesjer,,momavali sakmaod pirquSad gamoiyurebao”... momavali yovelTvis Seicavsucnaurobasa da gadauwyvetels, amdenad igi arCevanTanaa dakavSirebuli, arCevaniki adamianma TviTon unda gaakeTos. xval iseTi iqneba rogoric ,,Cemi arCevania”.wers gaxmaurebeli wignis ,,xval yvelaferi gviania”, avtori iuneskos germanelidireqtori, federiko ario saragosa.

qarTveli eris istoriaSi gamorCeul, saxelovan adamianTa pledaSi –tragikuli bedis, eris bedukuRmarTobis gamo sxvis miwaze gadaxvewil, tyveTabazarze gayidul, azrovnebiT msoflio civilizaciis doneze aRzevebul –anTimoz iverielis didebuli figura dgas. warmoSobiT qarTveli, eriskacobaSiandread wodebuli, rumineTis saeklesio da politikuri moRvawe, ganmanaTlebeli,humanuri ideebis mqadagebeli, mestambe, mwerali da mxatvari.

isic sayuradRebo faqtia, rom Tanamedrove epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebelipolitikuri ryevadobis, axali sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis jer kidevsrulyofilad gauazreblobis pirobebSi, planetis mosaxleoba da maT SorissaqarTvelo humanizmma, kacTmoyvareobam, WeSmariti politikuri azrisdamkvidrebam, urTierT Tanadgomam unda ixsnas, romelsac ornaxevari saukuniswinaT sxvis miwaze moRvawe anTimoz iverieli gvianderZebda da gvmoZRravda.

anTimoz iverielma mTeli Tavisi moRvaweoba miuZRvna rumineTis erovnulikulturis aRorZinebis saqmes. didi wvlili Seitana rumineTis saliteraturienis ganviTarebasa da wignis beWdvis saqmeSi. mis mier daarsebul stambebSi(buqaresti, snagovis monasterSi, romnikSi, tirgoviteSi), missive xelmZRvanelobiTibeWdeba wignebi ruminul, berZnul, Zvel slavur, arabul enebze. anTimoziverielis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli rumineTis RvTis msaxurebaSi ruminuli enisdamkvidreba, rasac didi mniSvneloba hqonda romineTis sasuliero da saeromwerlobis ganviTarebisaTvis.

anTimoz iverielisa da misi moRvaweebis wyalobiT safuZveli CaeyararumineTisa da qarTveli xalxebis megobrobasa da kulturul urTierTobas.

mecnierTa da mkvlevarTa araerTi gamokvleva mieZRvna anTimoz iverielisvinaobis, misi moRvaweobis daadgenas, magram jer kidev bevri sakiTxi burusiTaamoculi.

XX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde mravali naSromi da publikacia mieZRvnaanTimoz iverielis moRvaweobis gaSuqebas. aqedan sayuradReboa: a. xaxnaSvilis,,,qarTveli moRvawe ucxoeTSi”, (,,iveria” #63, 1898w.), p. karbelaSvilis (,,ierarqiasaqarTvelos eklesiisa”), Tb. 1900w, zaqaria WiWinaZis ,,qarTuli stamba” (1627-1916w.w.), d. kariWaSvilis ,,qarTuli wignis beWdvis istoria” (Tb. 1929 w.), paataguguSvilis ,,qarTuli wigni” (1629-1929 w.w) da sxvaTa Sromebi. magram dasaxelebul SromebSi araferia naTqvami anTimoz iverielis cxovrebasada moRvaweobaze, dabadebisa da axalgazdobis wlebze, xolo q. SaraSeniZe(,,pirveli stamba saqarTveloSi 1709-1722’’, Tb., 1917 w.) da f. jinjixaZe (,,anTimoziverieli’’, Tb., 1967, rusul enaze) anTimoz iverielis dabadebis TariRad 1650wels miiCneven. (f. jinjixaZe, anTimoz iverieli, Tb., rusul enaze).

anTimoz iverielis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobis mecnierulad Seswavlas da mismarTebulad gaSuqebas vrceli naSromi miuZRvna oTar gvinCaZem, romelicmiuTiTebs, rom ,,Cveni azriT, aseTi kategoriuli gancxadeba yovelgvarsafuZvelsaa moklebuli, radgan jerjerobiT ar arsebobs raime sabuTi, romeliciverielis dabadebis welze zustad an Tundac miaxloebiT laparakobdes.vfiqrobT ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli Tu vityviT, rom CvenSi gavrcelebuliliteraturis garda, romelic anTimoz iverielis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobasexeba, ucxoeTSi ar arsebobs arcerTi sabuTi, an gamokvleva, romelSicmiTiTebulia anTimoz iverielis dabadebis weli”. (o. gvinCiZe, anTimoz iverieli,Tb., 1983).

giorgi leoniZe werda: ,,anTimoz iverieli daibada 1650 wlis axlo xanebSi”(Jurnali ,,doJa”, #2, 1957). aRniSnuli mosazreba daedo safuZvlad momdevnowlebSi qarTveli mkvlevarebis mosazrebas, xolo rumineli mkvlevari T.Cerbulati, marTalia miuTiTebs anTimoz iverielis dabadebisa da gardacvalebiswlebs, magram sarwmuno masalebis uqonlobis gamo, dabadebis wlebze dasmuliaqvs kiTxviTi niSani, rumineli mecnieri d. bogdani, romelmac anTimoz iverielisgardacvalebidan 240 wels miuZRvna naSromi, dasZens: ,,anTimoz iverielis bavSvobada ymoba...CvenTvis naklebadaa cnobilio”.

oTar gvinCiZe, arsebuli literaturis mimoxilvis safuZvelze askvnis:,,erTaderTi wyaro, romelic Cven saSualebas gvaZlevs daaxloebiT maincvimsjeloT anTimoz iverielis dabadebis welze, es aris anTimoz iverielisfreskuli portreti, Semonaxuli govoros monastris erT-erT kedelze dadaTariRebulia 1706 wliT, da Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom anTimoz iverieliam portretze xanSi Sesul adamianad gamoiyureba! misi dabadebis drod SeiZlebamarTlac miviCnioT 1650 weli”.

saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani istoriidan kargadaa cnobili, rom XVIIsaukunis damdegidan, eri ori mtacebluri imperiis sabrZolo velad iqca. erTimxriv TurqeTi da meore mxriv sparseTi saqarTvelos dapyroba danawilebisaTvisibrZodnen da ecilebodnen erTmaneTs. saqarTvelo fizikuri gadaSenebissaSiSroebis winaSe dadga. am gamudmebuli brZolis procesSi, yvelaze metisaSineleba tyveTa vaWroba iyo, roca Zalad motacebuli qarTveli vaJkacebi dagogonebi TurqeTisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis monaTa bazrobebze yideboda.rogorc irkveva, saqarTvelosaTvis am mrisxane wlebSi bedma Sors moisrola 16wlis Wabuki anTimoz iverieli. igi 16 wlis asakSi, CauyvaniaT konstantinepolistyveTa banakSi bazarze gasayidad.

mecnierTa didi nawili da arsebuli sabuTebi miuTiTebs, rom anTimozimotacebuli iyo Savi zRvis sanapiroebidan. saidanac ufro xSirad itacebdnenaxalgazrdebs monaTa bazrobebze gasayidad, am bazrobidan igi gamousyidia

imdroisaTvis stambolSi myof ierusalimis patriarqs dienises. ierusalimispatriarqis karze anTimozi imyofeboda 1689 wlamde e.i 30 wlamde.

amdenad, saTanado mecnieruli analizis Semdeg, askvnis oTar gvinCiZe,,,anTimoz iverieli ierusalimis sapatriarqos karze izrdeboda 16 wlidandawyebuli, TiTqmis meoTxedi saukunis manZilze, sadac man miiRo,,enciklobediuri ganaTleba” da daeufla xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs:mxatvrobas, meCuqurTmeobas, kaligrafias, xuroTmoZRvrebasa da sxva.konstantinepolSi arsebul berZnuli stambebSi anTimozma Seiswavla mestambeoba.konstantine brinkovianum vlaxeTSi sastambo saqmianobis gasaumjobesebladanTimoz iverieli Camoiyvana konstantinepolidan. anTimoz iverieli vlaxeTSiCasvlis Semdeg daeufla Zvel slavur enas da sxva” yuradsaRebia is faqti, romim droisaTvis ierusalimis patriarqs sistematiuri mimowera hqonda saqarTvelosmefesTan da saqarTvelos kaTolikosTan. patriarqis erTerT werilSi kinaTqvamia: ,,Tqveni werili metad vrcelia, magram vis gadavaTargmnino? aTasjergTxovT, rom gamomigzavnoT erTi mona, romels aRvzrdidiT, vaswavlidiT, Semdegki Tqvens werilebs gadavaTargmninebdiT”. (o. gvinCiZe, anTimoz iverieli, Tb., 1983).

werili naTlad migvaniSnebs im faqtze Tu ra mizniT iqna anTimozigamosyiduli. is ki cnobilia, rom gamosyidvisas anTimozma kargad icodamSobliuri ena da wera-kiTxva. igi swored im dros iqna gamosyiduli, rodesacierusalimis patriarqi konstantinepoliSi imyofeboda.

florencieli de karo, vlaxeTis gospadaris konstantine brinkovanus piradimdivani, SesaniSnavad afasebda iverielis Tvisebebs, mis niWsa da unars. ,,anTimoziverieli iyo mravalmxriv talantiT dajildoebuli, kargad esmoda xelovnebismravali dargi, gansakuTrebiT ki xeze amokveTa, xatva da grafika... rom anTimozmavlaxeTis mitropolitma, yofilma monam, Tavisi niWis wyalobiT miaRwiarumineTis eklesiis meTauris umaRles safexurs.”

anTimoz iverielis moRvaweobaSi upirveles yovlisa tipografiulsaqmianobas gamoyofen. rumineli profesori v. Ciobanu wers: ,,qarTvelimRvdelTmTavari anTimozi XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi did rols asrulebdarogorc mecnieri da tipografi”. bunebrivia, epoqis winsvlsasTan erTad sulierikultura ufro da ufro Rirebuli xdeba, saero xasiaTs iZens, romelSiacaqtiurad monawileobdnen kaligrafistebi, romlebic TavianTi saqmiT xelsuwyobdnen enis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas. sam ruminul qveyanaSi – moldaveTSi,vlaxeTSi da munteniaSi ar arsebobda erTi ruminuli ena. yvela arsebuliliteraturuli Zegli, ZiriTadad saeklesio Sinaarsisa iyo, gamoicemoda ZvelberZnul an Zvel slavur enebze, rac xalxisTvis gaugebari iyo. ,,ibrZodnen raTavianTi uflebebisTvis, xalxi Txoulobda wignebis dabeWdvas sakuTar enaze.ungro-vlaxeTis samitropolos uzarmazari damsaxurebaa is, rom aqaurmamosamsaxureebma, sabolood gaafarToes ubralo ena, romelic Tanabrad gasagebiiyo yvela ruminelisaTvis” - werda b. tedoresku.

XVII saukunis dasasrulsa da XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi vlaxeTSi safuZvelieyreba taZrebis agebas, aRdgenen monastrebsa da eklesiebs, Tanac agebdnen didigemovnebiTa da originaluri arqiteqturuli stiliT. mravladaa ganaTlebisa dakulturis centrebi. magram kulturul-saganmanaTleblo winmsvlelobas veRaraudioda erTi stamba, romelic daarsebuli iyo 1678 wels.

swored am garemoebis gamo vlaxeTis mmarTveli wreebis mier beWdviTi saqmiswinamZRvrad konstantinepolidan gadmoiyvanes anTimoz iverieli, ris SedegadacvlaxeTSi safuZveli eyreba da funqcionirebas iwyebs 4 axali stamba, sadacwignebi ibeWdeboda: ruminul, berZnul, Zv.slavur, arabul da Turqul enebze.

akademikosi ad.rosetti wers, rom ,,konstantine brinkovianu (vlaxeTis mefe1688-1714 w.w.) anTimozis Sesaxeb konstantinepolSi gaigebs, anTimozss imperiodisaTvis metad farTo interesebis sfero hqonda. igi iyo daxelovnebulitipografiaSi, iyo agreTve brwyinvale kaligrafisti, xeze kveTis ostati,

mxatvari. qarTuli enis garda icoda Turquli, arabuli, berZnuli enebi.vlaxeTSi Camosvlis Semdeg iswavla ruminuli da saeklesio slavuri enebi.

,,mTeli beWdviTi saqmianoba vlaxeTSi – werda qsenipoli - dakavSirebuli iyoerTaderT – mbeWdav anTim iverielis saxelTan, romelic Semdeg daniSnes snagovismonastris winamZRvrad, ruminskis episkoposad da bolos ungro-vlaxeTismitropilitad.”

anTimoz iverieli vlaxeTSi muSaobas iwyebs 1691 wels xelosan-tipografistad, magram amave wels zafxulSi gospodari brinkovianu mas niSnavsbuqarestis tipografiis xelmZRvanelad.

1691 wels buqarestis stambaSi gamoica wigni ,,66 Tavi berZenTaTviTmpyrobelis basili makedonelis SegonebiTa”, romelsac xels awers ,,anTimozmRvdel-monazoni”. amiT vlaxeTSi iwyeba axali xana beWdviTi saqmis ganviTarebaSi.es pirveli wyaroa, sadac moxseniebulia anTimoz iverielis saxeli da riTacdasturdeba misi yofna vlaxeTSi. wignis beWdva mas miaCnia erisa da qveynissaerTo saqmed. igi mouwodebda mestambeebs dauflebodnen am did mniSvnelovanspecialobas da amasTan Seaswavlon es xelovneba sxvebsac, vinaidan ar daSvressaqme wignis beWdvisa.

wignis beWdva anTimoz iveriels ,,moyvasisadmi” udides daxmarebad dasazogadoebis Tanadgomad miaCnda. amis Taobaze igi werda: ,,radgan beWdviTixelobis garda me ara gamaCnia sxva Zala daxmareba aRmovuCino moyvass, amitomacme uars ar vambob da arc arasdros vityvi uars imaze, rom Cemi SesaZleblobebismixedviT sargebloba movutano Cems Zmebs... moyvasisadmi zrunva da siyvarulimaSin iqneba WeSmariti, Tu Cven erTmaneTs davexmarebiT SeZlebisdagvarad keTilisaqmiT.”

1693 wels anTimoz iverielma buqarestSi gamosca berZnul da ruminul enaze,,RvTaebrivi da wminda saxareba,” romelic 382 gverdisagan Sesdgeboda, romliTacgaabaTila mosazreba, rom ruminuli enis siRaribis gamo, am enaze wignis gamocemaTiTqos SeuZlebeli iyo.

1694 w. anTimoz iverieli aqveynebs Tavis pirvel wigns ,,daviTians” ruminulenaze, romelic moicavda 278 gverds. ruminuli enis SeswavliT da am enazewignebis gamocemiT, misi dauRalavi Sromis Sedegad man ruminuli ena aiyvana imdroisaTvis ganviTarebuli enebis doneze, rominuli ena iqca oficialur enad,rogorc eklesiaSi aseve saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi.

1694 w. anTimoz iverieli tovebs buqarestis stambas da gadadis snagovismonasterSi, romelic aSenebulia snagovis tbaSi mdebare kunZulze, buqarestidas34 kilometris manZilze. amave wels igi saTaveSi udgas snagovis monasters.anTimozi snagovis monasterSi gadasvlis Semdeg, miuTiTebs mkvlevari n.Serbinesku, ,,snagovo iwyebs cxovrebas axali cxovrebiT da TandaTanobiT igigadaiqca wignebis beWdvis centrad mTel vlaxeTSi.”

1694 w. anTimozi beWdavs wigns ruminul da Zv. slavur enaze,,,RvTismsaxurebis wesi 21 maiss, dRisa wminda gandidebisa”. igi moicavs 15 gverds.1697 w. anTimoz iverieli beWdavs ,,anTologions”, romelic moicavs 1217 gverds.imave wels ruminul enaze beWdavs ,,saxarebas”, romelsac pirvelad awers xelsruminul enaze. wignis winaTqmaSi igi Sendobas sTxovs mkiTxvelsSecdomebisaTvis. ,,radgan iseve, rogorc adamiani ar aris dazRveuliSecdomebisagan, aseve mbeWdavs ara ZaluZs gverdi auaros Secdomebis daSvebas”.amave wels snagovis monasteris stambaSi gamoica ,,saxelmZRvanelo zogierTigaugebrobaTa da xsnaTa Sesaxeb”. 1697 w. gamoica anTimoz iverielis mier,,slavuri gramatika”, 1699 w. anTimozi beWdavs Zvel berZnul wigns:,,orTodoqsaluri aRsareba... winaswari gamocema sami udidesi sikeTis Sesaxeb”,Semdeg am wigns mohyva ,,aRmosavluri eklesiebis dogmebis Sesaxeb”, antioqiispatriarqis aTanases TxovniT da vlaxeTis mTavaris konstantine brinkovianusxarjiT anTimoz iverieli 1701 w. beWdavs ,,kondars” berZnul da arabul enaze.

sayuradReboa anTimoz iverielis mowafis, mixail iStvanoviCis mier 1706wels gamocemuli wignis winasityvaobaSi anTimoz iverielis Sefaseba, romelicdawerilia arabul enaze: ,,rogorc brZenma iosebma - wers mixail iStvanoviCi,aRavso Cveni qveynis beRlebi sanovagiT, aseve Senma siyvarulma RvTisadmi aRavsoCveni qveynis wminda eklesiebi sulieri sarCoTi. ras vambob – mxolod Cveniqveynisa? sxva qveynebsac. marTlmadidebel arabebs Sen ageme sixaruli sanatrelisastambo xelovnebisa. daubeWde maT sakuTar enaze saeklesio wignebi, risbednierebac maT dRemde wilad ar xvdomiaT”.

1701 wels iverieli berZnul enaze beWdavs wigns ,,locvani”, romlis Sesaxebigi werda, vinc am wigns gaecnoba, mas aucileblad da saWirod miiCnevs yovelimarTlmadideblisaTvis. amave wels gamosca ,,aTonis wminda mTis samlocvelo”,amiT amTavrebs igi snagovas monasterSi moRvaweobas da moRvaweobs buqarestSi.aqac farTod agrZelebs wignebis beWdvas.

anTimoz iveriels gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis vlaxeTis farglebsgareT stambebis daarsebaSi. kerZod misi uSualo monawileobis Sedegad daarsdastamba siriaSi, qalaq halabSi, Semdeg safuZvels uyris arabul stambas, sadac1706 wels daibeWda ,,daviTni’.’ gansakuTrebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia misi wvliliqarTuli stambis daarsebis saqmeSi. akaki SaniZe aRniSnulis Taobaze werda:,,anTimoz iverielma gamougzavna vaxtang mefes stambis mowyobiloba da moayolawignis beWdvis saqmis mcodne stefane ungrovlaxeli, romelmac 1710 wels erTsqarTulad dabeWdil wigns (kondaka) boloSi ruminuli wigni miabeWda qarTuliasoebiT”. qarTulma stambam didi roli Seasrula qarTveli eris kulturuli,politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobis ganviTarebaSi. (Jurnali ,,Woroxi”, #1,1997).

1708 wlis 27 ianvars gardaicvala vlaxeTis mitropoliti Teodore, romelicdidi pativiT dakrZales. mitropolitma Teodorem datova anderZi, igi moiTxovdamis Semdeg mitropolitis Tanamdebobaze aerCiaT anTomoz iverieli. vlaxeTismitropolitis sasaxlem, sasuliero pirebma erTxmad airCies igi mitropolitisTanamdebobaze, konstantinepolis sapatriarqos aqtSi anTimoz iverielis ungro-valaxeTis mitropolitad daniSvnis Taobaze naTqvamia: ,,iyo arCeul sxvaTagangansxvavebiT, rogorc yvelaze Sesabamisi RvTismoyvare episkoposi rimnikidananTimoz iverieli, raTa mieRo samRvdelmTavro da samwyso gamgeoba amsamitropolitosi, rogorc kacs, patiosansa da RvTismosavs, rac zedmiwevniTsaWiroa samRvdelmTavro xarisxisaTvis”.

yuradRebas ipyrobs anTimoz iverielis mier mitropolitad kurTxevis droswarmoTqmuli sityva. Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi politikuriazrovnebisa da humanizmis ideebis qadagebis klasikur nimuSad SeiZlebaCaiTvalos. ai isic: ,,kargi eqimi is ki ar aris, vinc adamians gamojamrTelebismizniT tkivils ayenebs, aramed is, vinc avadmyofs gankurnavs sityviT daumtkivneulo saSualebebiT... adamianebma iaraRisa da simdidris gareSe, diax,adamianebma aswies ara sabrZolo Subebi, aramed mSvidobis droSa da ai, me movediTqvenTan, ara risxviTa da mexiT, aramed suliTa erTobiT, minda rom mSvidobiTada usisxlod aRmovfxvraT warmarToba, sicrue da boroteba.”

anTimozma sityva warmosTqva ruminul enaze. isev dinjad da darbaisluradauwya mrevls: ,,ar aris martoden Cemi damsaxureba is, rom me miboZes aseTimaRali wodeba, me valdebuli var davicva Cemi samwyso, romelic sibnelesa dagaWirvebaSi imyofeba, romelic momdinareobs imaTgan, vinc usamarTlod flobs amqveyanas, TqvenTan erTad mec mowodebuli var Sevsva is simwris fiala, romelicRmerTma gviboZa.”

frangi mecnieri e. piko werda: ,,anTimozis damsaxureba gansakuTrebiT didia,vinaidan man ucxo qveynidan, Soreuli saqarTvelodan mosulma adamianma mogvcaruminuli patriotizmis brwyinvale magaliTi.”

anTimoz iverieli, rogorc patriarqi, Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavda Tavismrevls: ,,moiqeciT ise, rogorc me getyviT, winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi, dagatydebaTrisxva saeklesio kanonebisa. nuravin ifiqrebs imas, rom mRvdelmTavris ra saqmeaCvens pirad saqmeSi Careva. dReidan icodeT, rom me mexeba yvelaferi, raccxovrebasTan, bedTan da yvela im pirTan aris dakavSirebuli, vinc rumineTismiwaze cxovrobs, dawyebuli mcirewlovanTagan damTavrebuli WaRaraTi mosilmoxucamde. imaTi cxovrebac ki, vinc marTmadideblur qristianobas ar aRiarebs.”

mkvlevarTa didi nawili gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs anTimoziverielis naSroms ,,anTimozis monastris wesdeba”, romelic Sedgeba piraqsisagan(Sesavali), romelSic safuZvlianadaa ganxiluli samonastro cxovrebis yvelasakiTxi: wesdeba amosavali punqtia – monastris damoukideblobis SenarCuneba,monastris winamZRvars aZlevs darigebas, rom Semosavlis nawili gamoeyosRaribebs, mkacrad gansazRvrulia raodenoba da maTi Semosavlis raodenoba,gansakuTrebul yuradReba uTmobs imas rom monastris Semosavlis nawili gaicesRaribebze amasTan erTad, misi azriT, igi unda xmardebodes kulturisganviTarebasac, CamoTvlis yvela saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebas, romelic monastrisxelmZRvanelobiT unda xmardebodes Raribi ojaxebis bavSvebis gamokvebas,aRzrdas, maTTvis tansacmlis micemas. ,,wodebis” specialuri Tavi miZRvniliauRaribesi bavSvebis swavlebisadmi, rom monastris xarjiT ramden bavSvs undaeswavlaT da a,S.

aqve anTimoz iveriels mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia wignis beWdvis problema.igi xazss usvamda Tu ra raodenobis Tanxa iyo saWiro ostati-tipografiebisaRzrdisaTvis, amave dros TiToeuli maTganisaTvis saCuqrad unda miecaT wigni,romelsac isini dabeWdavdnen, moiTxovda monastris wignsacavis aRweras, wignebisgacemaze kontrolis dawesebas, raTa wignebi ar dakarguliyo.

,,anTimozis monastris wesdebis” Sinaarsi da struqtura, masSi Caqsovili

Rrma azrovneba da ganswavluloba, valnaTliv miuTiTebs anTimoz iverielismaRal erudiciaze, politikur Sexedulebebze, Tu rogor ibrZoda igi xalxis

ga aTlebisa da moraluri siwmindis amaRlebisaTvis, momavali TaobisaRzrdisaTvis.

anTimoz iverieli Tavis sasuliero Tu saero moRvaweobaSi gansakuTrebulyuradRebas eklesiis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas aqcevda. ,,yovlad wmindaTa”monastris Sedgenisas dabejiTebiT moiTxovda: ,,yovlad wmindaTa monasteriarasodes damorCilebuli ar unda yofiliyo, arc sapatriarqo batonobiTdamonebuli, arc xelmZRvanelobis TviTnebobiT da arc saxelmwifo pirebis mxriv,aramed marad, yovelmxriv Tavisufali, sruliad damoukidebeli da ubatono undadarCeniliyo. damorCileboda da marTuli yofiliyo mxolod winamZRvrisa da 5episkoposis mier, romlebsac Tavis droze aRmasruleblad da meTvalyureddaayenebda uSualod TiTon winamZRvari. araviTar sxva romelime wodebis,mdgomareobisa da rangis adamians ar SeeZlo raime gvarad sityviT an saqmiTCareuliyo monastris mmarTvelobaSi.” ibrZoda ra eklesiisa da saxelmwifosdamoukideblobisaTvis, saTaveSi edga saero antiosmalur patriotul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas. es is periodia, roca rumineli eri ibrZvissaxelmwifos damoukideblobisaTvis. am brZolis procesSi anTimoz iverieli,,rusul politikas” atarebda. es procesi yvelaze metad gamovlinda ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros. magram rumineTis mmarTvelma wreebma, mismamowinaaRmdegeebma, romelnic SuriT iyvnen aRvsili anTimoz iverieliswarmatebiT, gadawyvites misi Tavidan moSoreba. 1712 wlis 13 ianvars konstantinebrinkovianus warmomadgenelma winadadeba misca anTimoz iveriels datovosmitropolitobis Tanamdeboba da rumineTi usityvod. 15 ianvars anTimoz iverieliugzavnis werils rumineTis mTavars da tovebs vlaxeTs, magram mismowinaaRmdegeebs ar asvenebdaT anTimoz iverielis cocxali pirovneba. saamisodgadawyvites misi sabolood Tavidan moSoreba.

1716 wlis 16 seqtembers igi Seipyres, ahyares sasuliero Rirseba (daubruneseriskacobis saxeli – andria) da miusajes samudamo eqsoria sinas mTis wmindaekaterines monasterSi. arc amiT dakmayofildnen, xalxis SiSiT igi RamiT Turqijariskacebis TanxlebiT gaaZeves qveynidan, magram sinas mTaze mas ar miuRwevia,galipolis maxloblad igi Turqma jariskacebma akuwes da mdinareSi gadayares.

yuradRebas ipyrobs konstantine brinkovianusadmi gagzavnili anTimoziverielis werili, sadac igi werda: ,,me am qveyanaSi ar movsulvar arc siRaribisada arc gaWirvebis gamo, snagovis monasteri me ZaliT ar Camigdia xelSi da iqgabatonebuli 7 wlis manZilze rac me SeviZine, yovelive es mopovebuli iyo CemiofliTa da SromiT da ara monastris Semosavlis xarjze. amas me yvelas winaSevacxadeb...rom me saxeli ar Semircxvenia da arc SemibRalavs, es Cans iqedan, racme Cemi SromiT SeviZine da Sevmate monasters, romelic ar gamiRatakebia da arcvalebiT damimZimebia. me sizmradac ki ar minaxavs gavmxdariyavi rimnikisepiskoposi, radgan Cems Tavs vTvlidi uRirsad da ara sakadrisad...mitropolitobac me ZaliT ar momipovebia, arc qrTamebiT da arc Txovna-mudariT.gamkicxos mamazecierma, Tu me meRonos Tundac erTi romelime saSualebaTagani”.werilSi anTimoz iverieli safuZvlianad arkvevs Tu ram ganapiroba mis mimarTaseTi damokidebuleba, misi gadadgoma. mizezi amisa, dasZens anTimozi, aris,,boroteba da Suri da yovelTvis amqveyanad da yovelTvis iarsebebs”. sworedamis mizezia is, rom adamiani yovelTvis ganmsWvalulia Suris grZnobiT sxvaadamianis keTildReobis mimarT. amitomac me vici, rom ara erTi da ori cdilobsTavisi Sxamiani eniT mogwamlos Tqveno udidebulesobav, keTili suli da TavisicxovrebiT Cagadeninos is, rasac moimoqmedebdi Sen, mxolod Sen axalgazrdobisda gamoucdelobis dros”.

aseTi iyo dasabamidan, Suri asdevnebia adamianTa modgmas misi gaCenidan daboginobs dResac keTilis, sikeTis, adamianurobis, Semoqmedebis gzaze mimavalTadasabrkoleblad, rom siZulvils da mtrobas swored Suri kvebavs. werilSi asevemiuTiTebs anTimoz iverieli Tavis vinaobaze ,,sxvaTaSoris, asec laparakoben, romucxoeli var - amitomac me ar unda vyofiliyavi mitropolitad, magram qristeswinaSe Cven yvelani erTni varT. amasTan aramarto me viyavi ucxoelTaganivlaxeTis mitropolitad da episkoposad, aramed iyvnen sxvebic.” (anTimoziverieli, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis SromaTa krebuli#2, 1995).

anTimoz iverieli Tavis werilSi saeklesio Tu politikur moRvaweobaSiwarmoCnda sibrZniTa da keTilSobilebiT aRsavse pirovneba, masSi vxedavTfaqtebisa da argumentebis zust argumentirebas, gulwrfelobas, azris sicxadiTada gamosaxvis gadmocemis nimuSs.

ZvelTaganve cnobilia, msoflios mraval qveyanaSi (siria, palestina,saberZneTi, bulgareTi da sxva) arsebobda qarTuli kulturis kerebi, romelSiacmoRvaweobdnen qarTveli moRvaweebi: petre iberieli, giorgi aToneli, ioanepetriwi, grigol bakuriani da sxva. maT Soris Rirseuli adgili anTimoziveriels ganekuTneba.

anTimoz iverielma samaradJamod ukvdavhyo Tavisi saxeli rumineli erisxsovnaSi, marTebulad wers rumineTis erT-erTi istorikosi: ,,ramdenjeracdaxedavs mze rumineTis miwas, imdenjer rumineli xalxi siyvaruliTa dapativiscemiT gaixsenebs anTimoz iveriels, romelmac dasdo saZirkvlis qvarumineTis erovnuli kulturis balavarSi da ukanasknel amosunTqvamde ibrZodamisi TavisuflebisaTvis”.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. f. jinjixaZe, anTimoz iverieli, Tb., rusul enaze 2. o. gvinCiZe, anTimoz iverieli, Tb., 1983 3. Jurnali ,,doJa”, #2, 1957 4. o. gvinCiZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi 5. Jurnali ,,Woroxi”, #1, 1997 6. anTimoz iverieli, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis SromaTa krebuli #2, 1995

Otar Gogolishvili

Antimoz Iverieli An Enlighter and Political Thinker

Summary

Antimoz Iverieli was one of the greatest figures in the plead of distinguished and famouspeople in the history of Georgian nation the fugitives to the other lands because of misfortune andtragic fate, but at the same time raised up to the rate of world civilization according to the way ofthinking. He was Georgian by origin, called as Andrew being layman, an ecclesiastic and politicalfigure of Romania, an enlightener, propagator of humanistic ideas, typographist, writer and anartist.

Antimoz Iverieli’s all creative works were dedicated to the revival of national culture of Romania.He greatly contributed to the development of the Romanian literary language and book printingbusiness. He led the process of printing books in the Romanian, Greek, Old Slav, and Arabic languagesin the typographic centers which were established by him (in Bucharest, Snagov Monastery, Romnick,Tirgovitae). The name of Antimoz Iverieli was connected with the establishment of the Romanianlanguage in the Romanian divine service that had greatest significance for the development of thesacred and secular writing.

Nnargiz basilaZe

vladimer mkervaliSvilis biografiisaTvis

(saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi piradi fondis masalebis mixedviT)

(wakiTxulia 2012 wlis 2 marts, arqivistis dRisadmi miZRvnil III samecniero

konferenciaze)

arqivi eris dokumenturi mexsierebaa, sadac sxvadasxvaSinaarsisa da xasiaTis dokumentebTan erTad inaxeba damsaxurebul adamianTapiradi fondebi. zogierTi maTgani wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda da eferebodaTiToeul furcels, sabuTsacavebSi daculi warsulis, Cveni istoriis amsaxvelTiToeul dokuments. maT Soris nazi noRaideli, guguli andRulaZe, liana vaniZe,lena zaqareiSvili, grigol Caganava, lena qoriZe, dodo CaCua, mayvala arobeliZe,nataSa selimiZe, nazi ximSiaSvili, grigol pinianci da sxvebi dRes cocxlebiaRar arian, magram saarqivo dargis ganviTarebaSi maT mier Setanili wvlili,maTi naTeli saxeebi SemorCnen Cvens mexsierebas da arqivis istoriiskuTvnilebani gaxdnen.

maT Sorisaa gamorCeuli arqivisti, profesionali, saarqivo saqmis ubadlospecialisti vladimer mkervaliSvili, romelmac mTeli cxovreba arqivsmiuZRvna. Mmisi profesiuli da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis amsaxveli masalebidRes arqivis kuTvnilebaa. igi iyo istorikos - arqivisti, sazogado moRvaweprofesiul saqmianobasa da saarqivo dawesebulebebze saocrad Seyvarebulipirovneba.

vladimer mkervaliSvili daibada 1925 wlis 1 dekembers, q. baTumSi. 1942-1946wlebSi igi swavlobda baTumis sazRvao teqnikumSi, romelic avadmyofobis gamover daamTavra. 1961-1967 wlebSi swavlobda moskovis saistorio-saarqivoinstitutSi da miiRo istorikos-arqivistis specialoba.

1947-1948 wlebSi muSaobda gazeT ,,aWaris” redaqciaSi koreqtorad, xulosraionuli gazeTis ,,koleqtiuri Sromis” literaturul muSakad da pasuxismgebelmdivnad.

1957 w. igi dainiSna aWaris ar adgilobrivi mrewvelobis saministrosarqivistad. 1974 wlidan ki aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis saxelmwifo arqivisTanamSromelia da warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobs xelvaCauris raionul arqivs. vl.mkervaliSvilma, rogorc SesaniSnavma xelmZRvanelma da aRmzrdelma araerTaxalgazrdas gaukvala gza da daayena cxovrebis gzaze. maT Sorisaa Cveni kolega,profesionali arqivisti avTandil leoniZe.

vladimer mkervaliSvili eweoda aqtiur samecniero-kvleviT saqmianobas.igi iyo ramdenime wignisa da monografiis avtori. gamoqveynebuli aqvspublikaciebi, narkvevebi, saagitacio – masobrivi plakati ,,arqivebi xalxissamsaxurSi”. Mmasve ekuTvnis scenari dokumenturi filmisaTvis ,,megobrobis xidibaTumi-budapeSti”.

profesiul saqmianobasTan erTad igi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli sazogadoebrivsaqmianobaSi. 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi asrulebda sabWoTa kavSir-ungreTismegobrobis sazogadoebis aWaris ganyofilebis prezidiumis wevrisa dapasuxismgebeli mdivnis (1965-1990 ww.) sapatio movaleobas. aqtiuri SromiTisaqmianobisaTvis dajildovebuli iyo aWaris ar uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumissapatio sigeliT, ,,ssrk saarqivo saqmis warCinebulis” samkerde niSniT. saarqivodargis ganviTarebaSi Setanili piradi wvlilisaTvis 1999 wels gamoecxadasaqarTvelos prezidentis madloba, xolo 2001 wels dajildovda ,,RirsebisordeniT”.

vladimer mkervaliSvilis cxovrebis da saqmianobis amsaxveli saarqivomasala aWaris centralur arqivSi Semovida 1999 wels da mieniWa # r-402. fondSidaculia: narkvevebi, wignebi, referati, sadiplomo naSromi, avtobiografiulimonacemebi, mokvleuli masalebi ungrel qarTvelologis martin iSvtanoviCisa daqarTveli eTnografis docent jemal noRaidelis megobrul urTierTobis Sesaxeb.fondSi daculia agreTve dajildovebis masalebi, fotosuraTebi da sxvadokumentebi. Man didi amagi dasdo qarTveli da ungreli xalxebis megobrobadaaxloebas, rasac aRniSnavda ungreli istorikosi, qarTvelologi laioS tardi.mkervaliSvilisadmi gamogzavnil madlobis baraTSi igi werda: ,,batono vladimer,Tqven SesaniSnavi mebrZoli brZandebiT ori xalxis daaxloebis saqmeSi”.

saxelovani arqivisti, damsaxurebuli moRvawe vladimer mkervaliSviligardaicvala 2008 wels. pirad fondSi daculia 1965-1999 wlebSi misi moRvaweobisamsaxveli 25 saqmeTa erTeuli.

gaivlis aTwleulebi, aswleulebi. mematiane rudunebiT gadaSlis vl.mkervaliSvilis mier saTuTad Senaxul saarqivo masalebs da Tavisi epoqisTvalsawieridan madlierebiT Seafasebs am didbunovani adamianis Rvawlsa dadamsaxurebas saarqivo saqmis ganviTarebisa da qveynis winaSe.

Nargiz Basiladze

For biography of Vladimer Mkervalishvili (by private fund’s datas protected in archives administration) Summary

Archive is nation’s documentary memory, where are kept different documents and also private fundsof honored people. Among them is distinguished archivist Vladimer Mkervalishvili. He dedicated whole hislife to Archive. His professional and public activates reflecting materials now belong to Archive. He washistoric – archivist, public figure. In article is discussed about main issues of Vladimer Mkervalishvili lifeand activities.

Eelguja Caganava

saarqivo sammarTvelos saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

(2011 wels gaweuli muSaobis angariSi)

(wakiTxulia 2012 wlis 2 marts arqivistis dRisadmi miZRvnil III samecniero

konferenciaze)

saarqivo sammarTvelom da misma teritoriulma organoebma – qobuleTis,xelvaCauris, qedis, Suaxevis da xulos arqivebma mniSvnelovani muSaoba gawies2011 wlis gegmiuri davalebebis Sesasruleblad.

gegmiuri davalebebis Sesruleba moicavda erovnuli saarqivo fondisdokumentebis dacvis uzrunvelyofas, aRricxvas, samecniero – sacnobaro aparatisSeqmna – gaumjobesebas, erovnuli saarqivo fondis formirebas, dokumentebisSemfasebel eqspertizas, dawesebulebebSi saqmiswarmoebis mdgomareobisSeswavlas, dokumentebis gamoyenebasa da publikacias, materialur – teqnikuribazis gaumjobesebas.

gegmis mixedviT sammarTveloSi dokumentebis dacvisa da Senaxvisuzrunvelsayofad martivi restavracia Cautarda 35360 furcels, nacvlad gegmiTgaTvaliswinebuli 25000 furclisa, ydaSi Casma – Cakereba Cautarda 501 SesanaxerTeuls, nacvlad gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli 334 Sesanaxi erTeulisa.gamovlenili iqna gansakuTrebuli Rirebulebis mqone 1739 Sesanaxi erTeuli.arsebobisa da mdgomareobis Semowmeba Cautarda 32534 saqmeTa erTeuls, nacvladgegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli 32520 Sesanaxi erTeulisa. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 19fondis mdgomareobis Semowmeba, faqtiurad Semowmda 28 fondi. arsebobis damgdomareobis Semowmeba Cautarda 1310 Sesanax kinodokuments, nacvlad gegmiTgaTvalisiwnebuli 1000 dokumentisa.

saarqivo sammarTvelom garkveuli muSaoba Caatara dokumentebis gaumjobeseba– gadamuSavebis mizniT. 2011 wels gadamuSaveba Cautarda 3277 Sesanax erTeuls,gaumjobeseba Cautarda gegmiT gaTvalsiwinebul 19 fonds, makulaturaSi gamoiyo804 saqmeTa erTeuli, aRwerilobiT siebi Sedga 1473 saqmeTa erTeulze. gaiSifrasaqmeTa saTaurebi, dazustda kiduri TariRebi, daiwera fondis winasityvaoba dawinasityvaobis danamati, TiToeul fondze Sedgenilia gasanadgurebeladgamoyofis aqti, gadasayvani cxrilebi, aRwerebi, gamoiyo mudmivad da xangrZlivadSesanaxi saqmeTa erTeulebi. saeqsperto – Semmowmebel komisiaze ganxilvis SemdegsaqmeTa kategoriebis mixedviT moxda maTi gadacema fondsacavebisaTvis.

saarqivo sammarTvelos centralur arqivSi 2011 wels miRebulia 4818 saqmeTaerTeuli, nacvlad gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli 1749 saqmisa, maT Soris: 1215teqnikuri xasiaTis saqmeTa erTeuli, 3603 - mmarTvelobiTi xasiaTis saqme, 50fotodokumenti, aseve moqalaqeebisagan 140 saqme da piradi warmoSobisdokumentebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom dokumentebi miRebul unda iqnas imorganizaciebidan, romelic SeTanxmebulia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivTan. gegmaSesrulda dokumentebis damuSavebis TvalsazrisiT (damuSavda 17 organizacia),magram ar damuSavebula gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli rigi organizaciebi. moxdalikvidirebuli da Semxvedri aragegmiuri organizaciebis saarqivo dokumentebisdamuSaveba, Tumca rogorc aRiniSna, upirveles yovlisa unda gegmiuridavalebebi.

saarqivo sammarTvelo TanamSromlobs regionis umaRles saswavlodawesebulebebTan da sajaro skolebTan. eqskursia – gakveTilebi CautardaT:SarabiZeebis sajaro skolis XI klasis moswavleebs, SoTa rusTavelissaxelmwifo universitetis ganaTlebis da mecnierebis fakultetis magistrebsa da

II kursis studentebs Semdeg sakiTxebze: ,,saqarTvelo – sabWoTa aneqsiispirispir”, ,,saarqivo saqmis istoria aWaraSi”, ,,samkiTxvelo darbazSi muSaobiswesebi”, ,,saarqivo dokumentebis mniSvneloba samecniero kvlevebSi”. Gamoyenebisada publikaciis ganyofilebaSi momzadda gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli sainiciativoinformaciebi da Sedga Tematuri nusxebi Semdeg Temebze: ,,sakonsuloebi baTumSi”,,,meCeTebi baTumSi”, ,,azerbaijan – saqarTvelos urTierTobebis amsaxvelimasalebi”; moewyo oTxi gamofena, gazeT ,,baTumelebSi” daibeWda 3 statia(,,paraleluri sasiyvarulo biografiebi”, ,,wyaldidoba 116 wlis winaT”, ,,saarqivomasalebi baTumisa da blagoevgradis Teatrebis urTierTobis istoriidan”).

momzadda da gaigzavna werili konstancas (rumineti) saxelmwifo arqivSiurTierTobis damyarebis mizniT. gagrZelda konsultaciebi mezobeli qveynebisregionalur arqivTan kavSirurTierTobis dasamyareblad. momzadda Sesabamisimemorandumis proeqti. momzadda da gaigzavna werili sofiis kirilesa dameTodes biblioTekaSi baTumis Sesaxeb arsebuli dokumentebis Tematuri nusxisdazustebisa da misi qseroaslebis Semotanis mizniT. Sesabamisaduzrunvelyofili iqna dasaxelebuli biblioTekidan saqarTvelos Sesaxebarsebuli dokumentebis anawerebis, mogvianebiT ki baTumis Sesaxeb daculi 350-mdeosmaluri dokumentebis qseroaslisa da petriwonis monastris tipikonis me-18saukunis pirveli naxevris asomTavruli xelnaweris qseroaslis (usasyidlod)Semotana (2011 wlis ivlisi). momzadda da gaigzavna werilebi erovnul arqivsa dazugdidis, axalcixis, quTaisis arqivebSi baTumis Sesaxeb arsebuli dokumentebisTematuri nusxis dazustebisa da qseroaslebis Semotanis mizniT.

samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobis Tematikis Sesabamisad,saarqivosammarTveloSi Catarda arqivistis dRisadmi miZRvnili II samecniero(adgilobrivi) konferencia (2011 w. 2 marti), aseve erToblivi saerTaSorisosamecniero konferencia (rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetTan) - ,,saqarTvelo– bulgareTi, istoriuli paralelebi” (2011 wlis 30-31 maisi). aRniSnuliRonisZieba gaSuqda adgilobrivi da ucxouri sainformacio saSualebebiT(gazeTi ,,aWara”, aWaris televizia (2011 wlis 30 maisi), aseve gazeTi ,,struma”(bulgareTi) 2011 wlis 16 ivnisi). moZiebul iqna saqarTvelos gasabWoebasTandakavSirebuli foto da video masala. damontaJda saqarTvelos okupaciisamsaxveli filmi. Catarda j. noRaidelis piradi fondis gadmocemasTandakavSirebuli RonisZieba, romelic gaSuqda presiTa da televiziiT. moewyo kino– foto fondebSi daculi masalebis mimoxilva mizanSewonilad migvaCniaCatarebuli RonisZiebis amsaxveli masalebis calk-calke saqmeebad dalageba-Tematikis mixedviT da samkiTxvelo darbazSi da ganyofilebaSi TiToegzempliari ganTavseba.

2011 wlis ganmavlobaSi samkiTxvelo darbazi moemsaxura 18 mkvlevars,romelTa mier gamoyenebulia 209 saqmeTa erTeuli. 2011 wels sammarTveloSimiRebul iqna moqalaqeTa socialur-uflebrivi xasiaTis 599 gancxadeba, maTgan408 gancxadebaze gaica dadebiTi, xolo 191 gancxadebaze uaryofiTi pasuxi.SeRavaTebiT isargebla 45 moqalaqem. organizacia – dawesebulebebidan Semovida129 momarTva, amaTgan dadebiTi pasuxi gaeca 62, uaryofiTi 67 momarTvas.saxelmwifo biujetSi Cairicxa – 13654 lari. kancelariis gamarTuli muSaobisuzrunvelsayofad unda daixvewos meTodika zusti informaciis miRebisa dapasuxis mosamzadeblad. uzustobebi qmnis seriozul sirTuleebs saarqivo cnobismoZieba – momzadebis TvalsazrisiT.

Nnayofieri muSaoba Caatara sammarTvelos saeqsperto – Semmowmebelmakomisiam. aRniSnulma komisiam 2011 wlis ganmavlobaSi Caatara 7 sxdoma daganixila 92 sakiTxi aRwerilobiTi siebis, mudmivad Sesanaxi – 14687 saqmeTa

erTeulis, xangrZlivad Sesanaxi – 9888 saqmis, gasanadgureblad SerCeuli damakulaturaSi CabarebisaTvis gamoyofili – 24913 saqmeTa erTeulis, 260 fotodokumentis da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. SemuSavda da SeTanxmda saeqsperto –Semmowmebeli komisiis 30 organizaciis saqmeTa nomenklatura.

2011 wlis samuSao gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSaoebi warmatebiT iqnaSesrulebuli sammarTvelos teritoriuli organoebis arqivebSi. dokumentebisdacvis uzrunvelsayofad municipalur arqivebSi Seikera da ydaSi Caisva – 22fondis 1131 saqmeTa erTeuli, maT Soris qobuleTis arqivSi – 144 saqme,xelvaCaurSi – 177 saqmes, qedaSi – 125 saqmes, SuaxevSi – 200 saqmes, xuloSi – 285saqmes. Aam TvalsazrisiTac gegma gadaWarbebiT Sesrulda.

saqmeTa arsebobisa da mdgomareobis Semowmeba Cautarda 18 fondis 3657Sesanax erTeuls, maT Soris: qobuleTis arqivSi – 814 Sesanax erTeuls,xelvaCaurSi – 1292 saqmes, qedaSi – 353 saqmes, SuaxevSi – 185 saqmes, xulosarqivSi – 1013 saqmes.

saqmeTa gaumjobeseba – gadamuSaveba Cautarda 2 fondis 3729 saqmes, aRwera –9098 saqmes, gasanadgureblad gamoiyo – 31 saqme. maT Soris – qobuleTis arqivSigadamuSaveba Cautarda – 8652 saqmes, aRiwera – 8628 saqme, gasanadgurebladgamoiyo – 24 saqme, xulos arqivSi gadamuSavda – 477 saqme, aRiwera – 470 saqme,gadasanadgureblad gamoiyo 7 saqme.

teritoriuli organoebis arqivebSi 2011 wels sul miRebuli iqna 4614,mmarTvelobiTi – 1513, piradi Semadgenlobis – 3004 saqme. maT Soris: qobuleTisarqivSi - 709, mmarTvelobiTi – 558, piradi Semadgenlobis – 147 saqme. xelvaCaurisarqivSi miRebulia sul – 1492 saqme (mmarTvelobiTi – 252, piradi Semadgenlobis– 1240 saqme); qedis arqivSi sul miRebulia – 532 saqme (mmarTvelobiTi – 159,piradi Semadgenlobis – 273 saqme); Suaxevis arqivSi sul – 655 saqme(mmarTvelobiTi – 185 saqme, piradi Semadgenlobis 470 saqme); xulos arqivSi sulmiRebulia – 1236 saqme (mmarTvelobiTi – 352 saqme, piradi Semadgenlobis – 844saqme). saxelmwifo Senaxvaze miRebuli iqna 40 foto dokumenti, aqedan: qobuleTisarqivSi-18, qedaSi-4, SuaxevSi-10, xuloSi-8.

Mmunicipalur arqivebSi miznobrivi Semfasebeli eqspertiza Cautarda 9fondis – 1667 saqmes, anaweri Sedga – 523 Sesanax erTeulze, makulaturaSigamoiyo – 1144 saqme, maT Soris eqspertiza Cautarda 215 mmarTvelobiTi xasiaTisSesanax erTeuls, makulaturaSi gamoiyo 62 saqmeTa erTeuli, anaweri Sedga – 153saqmeze. piradi Semadgenlobis dokumentebidan eqspertiza Cautarda sul – 1452saqmeTa erTeuls. makulaturaSi gamoiyo – 1082 saqmeTa erTeuli, anaweri Sedga370 saqmeTa erTeulze (aqedan – qobuleTis arqivSi eqspertiza Cautarda 960saqmeTa erTeuls, mmarTvelobiTi xasiaTis – 115 saqmes, piradi Semadgenlobis 74saqmes. gasanadgureblad gamoiyo 771 saqme. xelvaCauris arqivSi eqspertizaCautarda - 607 saqmes, makulaturaSi gamoiyo 528 saqme. qedis arqivSi eqspertizaCautarda 45 saqmes. makulaturaSi gamoiyo 7 saqme).

2011 wlis ganmavlobaSi teritoriuli organoebis arqivebSi SemovidamoqalaqeTa socialur – uflebrivi xasiaTis 4802 gancxadeba, momzadda – 4679dadebiTi pasuxi, uaryofiTi pasuxi gaeca 123 gancxadebaze. warmoeba –dawesebulebebidan Semovida 57 momarTva, dadebiTi pasuxi gaeca 52 momarTvas,uaryofiTi 2-s. biujetSi Cairicxa 96070 lari. maT Soris qobuleTis arqivSiSemovida 945 moqalaqeTa gancxadeba, dadebiTi pasuxi gaeca 903 gancxadebas,uaryofiTi – 42-s. biujetSi Cairicxa – 21400 lari. xelvaCauris arqivSi Semovida2566 gancxadeba, dadebiTi pasuxi gaeca 2541 gancxadebas, uaryofiTi – 25-s.

biujetSi Cairicxa 61350 lari. qedis arqivSi Semovida 551 gancxadeba, dadebiTipasuxi gaeca 497 gancxadebas, uaryofiTi – 54-s. biujetSi Cairicxa – 3951 lari.Suaxevis arqivSi Semovida – 260 gancxadeba da yvela pasuxi dadebiTia. biujetSiCairicxa – 2430 lari. xulos arqivSi Semovida 480 gancxadeba, dadebiTi pasuxigaeca – 478 gancxadebas, uaryofiTi 2-s. biujetSi Cairicxa – 3371 lari.

teritoriul organoebis arqivebSi momzadda da adgilobriv presaSigamoqveynda 4 statia sxvadasxva Temaze, kerZod: ,,siaxleebi qobuleTis arqivSi”,,,mamia xabazis nafexurebze” da a. S.

Catarda xuTi eqskursia – gakveTili. moewyo gamoCenili adamianebis piradfondebis gamofena, xulos arqivma moamzada erTi radio da tele gadacema.qobuleTis da qedis arqivebi moemsaxura 2 mkvlevars.

mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda saarqivo sammarTvelos materialur-teqnikuribaza. 2011 wels Semodgomaze sammarTvelos administraciul Senobas Cautardasarekonsruqcio – saremonto samuSaoebi, mTlianad Seicvala Senobis gare fasadi,keTilmoewyo Senobis foie, samuSao kabinetebi, samkiTxvelo darbazi, granitisfilebiT moipirkeTda kibeebi. Seicvala eleqtro gayvaniloba da ganaTeba III – IV– V sarTulebze da fondsacavebSi. Mmeore sarTulze mwyobrSi Cadga axalihigienis oTaxi. sammarTvelo, misi teritoriuli organoebis arqivebi aRiWurvaaxali, Tanamedrove saofise inventariT (magidebi, karadebi, savarZlebi, skamebi,WaRebi da sxva), kompiuteruli teqnikiT, damontaJda gamaTboblebi. SenobaSiCairTo wyal-gayvanilobis axali sistemis qselSi, qedis, Suaxevis, xulosarqivebi ganTavsda sxva SenobebSi, romlebsac aseve CautardaT sarekonstruqcio– saremonto samuSaoebi. Saarqivo sammarTvelosa da municipalur arqivebSidamotaJda dacviTi signalizacia. mimdinare wels gaTvaliswinebulia xelvaCaurisda qobuleTis arqivebis axal administraciul SenobaSi ganTavseba.

saarqivo saqmis ganviTarebaSi miRweuli udao warmatebebis miuxedavadarqivistebs jer kidev bevri ram gvaqvs gasakeTebeli. Ggvjera, rom arqivistTaerTiani ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Cvens winaSe mdgari amocanebisSesruledeba, dasaxuli mizandasaxulobis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba.

Elguja Chaganava

Main activities of Archives Administration Summary

Archives Administration and its territorial bodies – Kobuleti, Khelvachauri, Keda, Shuakhevi andKhulo Archives do their best for performing scheduled task of 2011.

Scheduled tasks included: protection of National Archives fund’s documents, registration, creation andimproving of scientific-informational staff, formation of National archival fund, and assessment ofdocuments, utilization and publication of documents, improving of material – technical base. In article isdiscussed about main directions of Archives Administration activities and progress report of 2011.

The Multimedia Center of Computer Archive Studies, Digital Archives , History ofLocal Self-Government and Teaching Archive Studies in South-West University

“Neophyte Rilsky”

Mariana Piskova, Nurie Muratova

South-West University has already its 35-years of history. It was founded as a branch of St KlimentOhridski University of Sofia in the autumn of 1975. Its headquarters were in Blagoevgrad and it was thefirst institution of higher education in Bulgaria which was entitled to prepare graduated elementary and highschool teachers. Its extended activity led to its reformation into a Higher Pedagogical Institute in 19831

where in 1987 the Chair on History has been established. Since 1991 the History has been set up as anautonomous specialty, distinct from the existed to that moment specialty Bulgarian Language and History.

Ever since the first changes in the curricula on History specialty for 1992/1993 the obligatory trainingon archival science was introduced for the students on history with an opening course Introduction to theArchival Science. On the proposal of the Assoc. Prof. Hristina Mircheva, dean of the History faculty on Oct.30, 1992 the Faculty council elected the Assoc. Prof. Andriana Neykova from the University of Sofia as thefirst lecturer on the new discipline. During the next years the field of the discipline was extended and underthe form of special courses the following disciplines were taught: Publishing of Records; Setting up of theState Archival Fonds; Information System of the Archives; Special Documents and Archives; History of theArchives; Documental Systems in the Social governance.

Meanwhile in 1995 a National Assembly’s decision entered into force according to that the HigherSchools in Bulgaria were reorganized and the Neophyte Rilski Higher Pedagogical Institute has becomeNeophyte Rilski South-West University2.

The interest shown towards the archival science lectures found its place in the curricula of some newspecialties in the University such as: Social information and communications (later transformed into PublicRelations) and Public administration. In 1999 the chair on Bulgarian History and Archaeology announced acompetition for an associated professor in ordinary and for a post-graduate worker on archival science andfrom 2005 for an assistant in ordinary. It was not late that the first training aid on archival science has beenpublished with the assistance of the SWU targeted mainly towards students studying archival anddocumental sciences: “An Archive of the Bulgarian Archives” is the first documental collection on archivalscience, the first chrestomathy on history of the Bulgarian archives whose structure, selection of sources andresearch tasks were fully devoted to the curricula of the university education on archival science3.

During the renewing of the curricula of 2004/2005 for the bachelor degree 105 hours of Archivalscience and Computer archival science were foreseen for the History specialty and would-be further 180hours of chosen disciplines on: Archives history, Historical documents’ study; History of the Bulgarianarchives; Organization, methods and practice of the Bulgarian Archives as well as 60 school hours ofsummer academic practice in Bulgarian archives.

For the PR specialty besides the compulsory 45 hours of Archival and documental sciences theoptional discipline Audio-visual documents and archives is foreseen. Gradually the teaching curricula of thespecialties Ethnology, International relations, European studies, Balkan studies, Culturology includeoptional special courses on Archival science where the stress is respectively on the archives of the

1 Decree 2296, State Newspaper (SN).. 62, 9, 1983.2 Decision for establishing and reforming of Colleges and Universities, SN, 68, 1 of August ,1995.3 For more details see the documentary volume “Arhiv na bylgarskite arhivi” and for his role in teaching archivestudies Anchova, K., M.Piskova i M.Todorakova, Ot arhivite kym studentskite auditorii, In: Bylgarskata universitetska arhivistikakato obrazovatelen model – istoriia i bydeshte, In: Bylgarskata universitetska arhivistika kato obrazovatelen model – istoriia ibydeshte. Universitetski cheteniia po arhivistika, v.1, Sofia., 2009, pp. 164-171, http://www.clio.uni-sofia.bg/BG/konfarch/Kalina_Mienal_Mariana.pdf; Petkova, St. Edin pozakysnial otziv, no ot vse syrce, Arh.pregled 2005, 1-2,pp.158-165, ; Pyrvanova, R. Za "Arhiv na bylgarskite arhivi", Arh.pregled., pp. 166-169; Neykova, Andr., Arhivi i obshtestvo, S.,2007, pp. 75-76, 202

Ethnographic institute and museum; international treaties and the texts inside referring to the archives;Archives of the European bodies; Archives on the Balkans etc.

Since the 2005/2006 school year within the History specialty a new master program ‘Archives andMuseums. Cultural Heritage Safeguarding in the Information Society’ has started. Designed for and pointedtowards humanitarians it is carried out during 2 terms for bachelors on history and 4 terms for nonspecialists: bachelors of sociology, culturology, philosophy, philology etc. Its introduction is conditioned bythe aspiration to provide more possibilities for the graduating students for professional realization asarchivists and museum experts as well as for their participation in Ph D competitions and further academicrising. Till now 23 students took part in the program including 20 historians and 3 bachelors on culturology,psychology and Slavonic philology.

The program for master education is in line with the European practice of Higher education onarchivology and museology and therefore it cover the existing in almost all European master programs forarchivists compulsory courses on history; theory, methods and practice of the archives; archival probation;special historical disciplines learning; courses on oral history and audio-visual memory; learning automatedsystems in the archives; digitizing of archival records and finding aids4. Another established Europeanpractice that found place in our master program were the elaboration of projects for its realization; theattracting of students to research work and the implementation of these projects5.

Particular stress in the master program and in the contents of the courses is put on the cultural andhistorical heritage both with national and South-Western region value. The study on the formal writtendocuments is added by this on the audio-visual archives, oral history, personal sources, autobiographicalmethods and the possibilities they provide for historical studies. The courses on history stress on the sourcestudies’ aspects of the historical knowledge as well as the typology of the institutions and their archivalheritage from the respective periods. Examples to this effect are the curricula on history and their culturalinstitutions with their archival fonds (1878-1944), on history of the local self-government. Specific accent inthe program is given by the courses Women and Minorities Archives as well as Expertise of MuseumValues; Photo Documents on the National liberation Movement in 19th-20th c.; Policies of Memory in theAge of Socialism etc.

Meanwhile the aspiration during the elaboration of the masters’ curricula was to combine the classicarchivology and documentology with the modern requirements of the information society and the newinformation opportunities. The digitizing of archival records and archives finding aids, the specific softwareproducts are only a segment of the new thematic accents for the training of historians MA giving thempossibilities for realization as archivists and museum experts. Similarly in the spirit of the philosophy of themasters’ curricula namely to provide competent training for the future historians MA as experts on archivalscience and museum science in the conditions of the information society, compulsory courses are involvedon Computer Archival Science; Multimedia in the Archives, Libraries and Museums; Archives and Internet.Their realization as well as the application of modern methods and tools of training for all the MA courses is

4 Preparing the elaboration of the Master program we researched the curricula and the teaching programs of our partneruniversities. We especially researched by Internet and web-sides the Master programs of University College London (Archivestudies and management of data base), Autonomous University of Barcelona (Archive studies. Information and documentation inthe era of digital technologies), University of Salamanca (Working with documents, archive studies), Polytechnic University ofValencia (Documental studies), University College Dublin (Archives), State University “Karlos ” in Madrid (Documentalstudies, Archive studies, Documental studies and multimedia), University of Alkala (Documental studies), the University JeanMoulin Lyon 3 (Archive studies) and others. We used the experience of the Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridsky” in teaching“History” and “Archival and Documental Studies” subjects since 2001/2002.5 “Multimedia for Humanities – Using New Educational Technologies”; The partners of the SWU were: the Sofia University “St.Kliment Ohridsky”; University of Graz, Austria; Computer College, Koshalin, Poland. The project was financed by the WorldBank, 2003-2004 . “To Automate Archival Funds – Archive Data Base”, sponsored by Bulgarian Ministry of Education andScience, 2005; “Audiovisual University Archive and Museum” sponsored by SWU, 2007; Women and Minority Documentationand Digital Presentation - from Fragmented Data to Integration in the Information Society", ASO-Austria, 2007-2008, with theparticipation of scholars from Bulgaria, Austria, Rumania, Serbia, and Macedonia. “Scientific information complex - digitalarchives – modern perspectives for the scientific circulation of the national documental heritage”, sponsored by BulgarianMinistry of Education and Science, 2007-2009.

carried out in the Multimedia Centre on Computer Archivology, Digital Archives and History of Self-Government6.

The centre is adapted to the multimedia technology application in the training and has a permanentInternet connection. It is equipped with 15 work stations, printers, technique for filming, digital filming,scanning and for multimedia presentations. On the spot the students have access to the unique collection ofnewsreel from the fonds of Bulgarian National Film Store as well as to the digital audio-visual archiveswith sources on oral history, autobiographic study, microhistory, local history, social history, sociallinguistics, history of language; culturology, sociology etc. Part of this archive are the 300 minutes ofrecords of week newsreel from the 1940s to 1980s, digital photo archive The People’s court through thelens; Photo archive of the houses for elderly people 1930s-1940s; Digital archive of women and minorities.

Products provided by Austrian lecturers from the University of Graz, Austria and training curricula of theComputer College in Koszalin, Poland are in use in the centre.

And if the lecture and seminar classes on archivology and documentolgy for both bachelors and masters inSWU combine the classic and modern methods of training, the student practices outline clearly the application ofmodern technologies in the educational process. The practical training on archival science in Neophyte RilskiSWU which is within the university course upon the subject is realized along with the State Archives andparticularly with the State Archives of Blagoevgrad. Along with the introduction into the key archival proceduresthe history students (bachelor and master degree) make knowledge with the creation of digital corpora of records.The aim of the training is the preparation of the students to use the new technologies in the archives and theirinvolving in the scientific, information and outreach activities of the central and local archives into the WorldWide Web.

For these reasons of the training for more than 5 years within the archivology teaching the in the SWU arecreated three key bases of digital records corpora. Thus the students make acquaintance with the technologies ofretroconversion, database building and digitization of negatives.

1. Building of manuscript database is an on-line based database named Decisions of the Municipalcouncil of Gorna Dzhumaya 1912-1944. http://blagoevgrad.bulhostpro.org/default.aspx. 2. Building of uni-type records database through scanning of the originals – database of applications and descriptiondeclaration for entry to the co-operative farming (TKZS); 3. Digitization of photo documents – scanning ofnegatives.

Each one of the three databases has its place in the process of training and seeks the development ofspecific skills needed to the future archivists and researchers. The first database is targeted to the manuscriptrecords and the ability to make brief description of the records. The second one is centered as priority to thepossibility to represent the records exactly by the creation of scanned copy too. The third database –Digitization of negatives is orientated towards the ability of exact and comprehensive compiling of photodocuments’ description together with scanned digital image according to the methodical requirements in thefield.

The database designing involves previous knowing of the specificity of the material and the assignedtasks. Thus the first stage is to choose a massive of records appropriate for digitization. The evaluation ofthe information potential of the sources is of particular importance.

1) Database Decisions of the Municipal council of Gorna Dzhumaya municipality 1912-1944.When using the database technology a key significance has the kind of the sources. We use minute-

books that represent a specific type of structured sources – official records of administrative of juridicalorigin. Brere 7 names them comprising data documents because they contain as a rule a lot of factual dataabout individuals and events. The significance of Gorna Dzhumaya Municipality archival fonds for theresearch of its past defined the motives to reveal more thoroughly the documents inside. For this reason theIT possibilities are used and an electronic database of minutes-books of the municipality is built whichshould make known the contents of each minutes-book. It comprises all preserved decisions of themunicipality administrations in Gorna Gzhumaya for the period 1927 – 1945. The database comprises

6The center was created in the frame of the project “Multimedia for Humanities – Using New Educational Technologies”,financed by the World Bank, 2003-2004, coordinated by Kristina Popova.

7 L. Reliacionnye bazi dannyh i svobodnyi tekst: Contradictio in terminis, Istoriia i kompiuter: novye informacionnie tehnologii,p. 40-41.

documents from only one fonds (125 ) focused on only one kind of documents – the minutes-books but notcovering it entirely. Its building is based on the concept of full realization of the information potential of thearchival fonds, the updating and transformation of retrospective information into a source of historicalknowledge. The creation of database in the form of electronic thematic catalog with regesta8 gives theopportunity to analyze the deliberations on the main municipality matters a well as to trace the work ofevery councilor on a specific matter, of individual mayors, deputy mayors, or to restore the structure of theentire municipal administration. http://blagoevgrad.bulhostpro.org/default.aspx.

In the design of the database the structure of the source is observed while the key components of theminutes are detached so that the system is elaborated as source orientated. Thereby the following fields werecreated to be filled-in: references, of the minute and date of drawing up, mayor and members of themunicipal council, attending and excused councilors, and decisions. In some cases parts of the documentsare chosen which are represented in the field ‘Notes’. This is done in cases when the context of the decisionof the municipal council is very important for its understanding by the user. Some remarkable deliberationson particular matters are included too. Thus the database gives partially the opportunity to access full textrecords and make search on them. The technology gives the unique possibility for search by key words,finding of the exact references of the required minute relative to particular topic, person or matter. Thesystem provides search by key word (common search) as well as by criteria. There is option to search aconcrete chronological period; search in the decisions only; search in the included extracts of deliberations;search by name for mayors, deputy mayors and councilors. As an example it is possible to generate a list ofall attendances of a particular councilor, to precise the inquiry to his attendances on concrete matter etc. thesystem is on-line based and now we are working on the creation of an editorial bloc presumed to allowfilling in data into the base from each point via Internet. The building of a regulated system of access anddigital protection of the data lies ahead. For the technical realization of the system for databaseadministration are used the software products: Web Application, Microsoft Framework 2.0, ASP.NET 2.0,Programming language C#, MS SQL SERVER 2000. This is the one principal type of digitizing the archivalrecords which does not include original scanning and depends directly on the conscientiousness of thestudent. There is some subjectivity on the one hand but on the other hand it gives opportunity for scientificheuristics and analytics in the work of students and researchers during the building of the database.

From the position of the users the base:- provides the opportunity to unveil the information potential of the documents massive which

otherwise is hard to access (there is no need for the user to tackle with various hand writings oftendifficult to read)

- provides an overall view on the work of the municipality council.The database for the part before 1934 is published in print.

2) Database ‘Applications and description-declarations to entry into co-operative farm’ (TKZS).In the aim to present at the most fully the data from the sources (especially these from thecomplicated sources) in electronic form is the source-orientated approach9 - directed toinformation extraction from the source. In its ideal shape the use of the source-orientated approach in

8On the question of the regesta see: Neykova, A. Regestite — prehodna forma pri opisanieto na arhivni dokumenti i tiahnotopublikuvane. - In: Nauchni konferencii po arhivoznanie. Materiali ot nacionalnata nauchno-prilozhna konferenciia«Nauchnospravochen aparat v arhivite i patishta za usavarshenstvaneto mu», November 1986, v 10, S, 1987, pp.335–342.

9For more details see: I. M. Garskova, Bazi i banki dannih v istoricheskih issledovaniiah, Moskva, 1994, p.. 7. Also: Taller,M. Chto takoe “istochniko-orientirovannaya obrabotka dannih”; chto takoe “istoricheskaia informatika”//Istoriya i computer:noviy informacionnietehnologii; Taller M. On the Conception, Training and Employment of Historical Data and Knowledge Daemons//Eden or Babilon: On Future Software for Highly Structured Historical Sources/ J. Oldervoll (ed.). Scripta Mercaturae Verlag. St.Katharinen, 1992.; Taller M. KLEIO 4. Ein Datenbanksystem. Scripta Mercaturae Verlag. St. Katharinen, 1992.

the drawing-up of the database represent to the highest degree an exact stick to the source andopportunity to reach not only the information but the record too.

Particular importance for the historical databases has the connection between the data and thesource. The need to mention in the studies the exact place of the source has an effect on the architecture ofthe computer applications for historians that are used for research goals. Although the initial data must betransformed so that they could be used for processing (statistical analysis for example), the necessity tosafeguard the connection with the primary text is undeniable. In a highest degree the source-orientatedapproach is applied in the building of the second database of digitalized archival records created by thestudents during their academic archival practice. The work on it comprises the literal rendering of thedocument content into digital form together with the original scanning. This type of databases is convenientfor uni-type structured records. The highly structured historical sources named also ‘form-type’ are the mostsuitable to be transformed into digital type of database.

Such a massive of records is the applications and the description-declarations to entry the co-operativefarm. They represent a uni-type form documents filled in by all propertied people at the time ofcollectivization in late 1940s to late 1950s. As a rule they are massive documents in standard uniform shape.They are primary documents without aggregated information but containing various data in digits and textsput in the form. The form of such sources actually represents the structure of the database. These documentsare easy to retroconversion and all the software applications for optical identification of the text offer thisopportunity.

Why have we chosen the declaration to entry the TKZS?- The applications and the description-declarations to entry the co-operative farm are a very

promising massive for database building.- Meanwhile they are one of the not so many sources relative to the small settlements (from the

relevant period), especially for settlements where there is no fonds creators- They are perspective with a view to the researches on local history- High public awareness to them: according to the statistics of the documents’ use in the State

Archives these applications are among the most frequently used documents for land propertyrestitution.

The use of the product Microsoft Office Access 2003, which belongs to the category of standard software iseasy for operation and suitable for further import of the database into one more powerful environment. Thetechnological solution to transform the information from the documents on traditional careers into electronicform is known as retroconversion (retrospective conversion).

Retroconversion is a procedure of electronic archive construction on the basis of physically existingarchive that comprises the preparation and scanning of the records, indexation and identification of thescanned images, storage of the outcome of the work in a conform format on the hard disc. For the momentthe database contains more than 3000 entries. The documents from 4 settlements (i.e. 4 fonds) are taken in.The data relative to 70 co-operative farms or more than 300 files shall be further added to the database. Amodel form is established that the students fill in. The aim is to facilitate the filling in of the database. Allfields of the form are included in the model-form. The filling in of the data is made in parallel with ascanning with regard to create digital copies as well as for correction in case of need when mistakesoccurred when information has been brought into the database.

For the present the database is organized into a table (flat database) where the columns are equivalentto the fields of the form and the rows contain the information about each declaring person. The perspectiveis to link the table later if possible with other suitable tables (so that the database would become relational)

The perspective is to connect possibly in the future the table with other appropriate tables (that wouldtransform it into a database) which could be shaped later, for example other data about one given person, orthe columns with the names of localities to shape a table containing other data about the localities etc. In thefuture it could be connected with the prosopographical database of persons from the local authority.Microsoft Access 2003 allows the creation of well done accounts according different criteria as well asanalysis of the information in the database. At a further stage the elaboration of a database managementsystem is to be done. There is possibility to create pages for access to data which allow to see and proceedthe information on the Internet or within another kind of network.

3) The digitizing of negatives. The third trend is the scanning of negatives of the photo documents keptin the State archives of Blagoevgrad. The process of scanning is accompanied by description of the photodocuments: references, author of the photo, date, color, annotation (description of the event). During thescanning of the documents the students assimilate the ability to process digital images which can be usefulduring the digital restoration of archival records.

The participation of the students in the digitizing of records allows their involvement in:- The information activity of the local archives;- The building and addition of the existing Archives’ finding aids by extension of the possibilities for

search, data sorting out by complex criteria, use of associative links.- Specific activities like the digital restoration of the documents.- On the other hand they take part in the creation of regional databases, a rare phenomenon outside the

classic historical regional study, which is orientated to different forms: presenting the facts withpopularizing and/or educational purpose but not towards the source.

The built up databases contribute to the creation of a dynamic model of history of the region seen in thelight of the sources.

In conclusionThe South-West University is the third Bulgarian university where the History specialty has been

opened (after SU and VTU)10 and also the third one where the Archivology has been introduced in1992/1993. “The science whose object of study, the archives and the archival records has existed since thetime when the writing was born11” found its followers and hospitable audiences in the university inBlagoevgrad. The evolution of the records and their new electronic forms in the information society requireadequate development in the scientific and scholar areas. Therefore throughout the last years from the early1990s to now the classic and the computer archival sciences have met and the object of the academic andthe scholar has been enlarged embracing along with the classic written paper records the audio-visual andthe electronic records. Due to this successful combination of classic and modern documents, models andmethods in the training and the research of the lecturers on history and archivology, concrete results areavailable like the on line project digital catalog of fonds of women and minorities in the Bulgarian archives:http://www.history.swu.bg/temi.html.

Another example is the successfully realized project of the chair Bulgarian History and Archivology atthe SWU with the Archives State Agency for digitization of archival records and archives finding aids12. Asa result of the project a standard framework has been elaborated, adopted and implemented in all StateArchives that corresponds to the European professional and technical standards, as well as unified methodsfor description and digitization of the National archival heritage and of the archives finding aids. Bothbachelors and masters students took directly part in the construction of the module Archives’ Finding Aidsthat embrace 124 archives’ catalogs, inventories and jubilee editions digitizing of the State Archives in thecountry. They created also the databases of the unpublished inventories in Excel format: 28 inventoriescontaining 30 803 files (measuring as paper equivalent more than 10 000 pages). By that the opportunities touse not only the published inventories but also the unpublished and accessible only in the research rooms ofthe archives have been enlarged. By the students’ involvement the first digital exhibition with archivalrecords dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Independence of Bulgaria has been set up.http://www.archives.government.bg/index.php?lang=bg&page=66.

The university multimedia centre on computer archivology, digital archives and history of the localself-government and the founded under the project Laboratory for researches, training and workshops onhistory and archivology in the State Archives of Blagoevgrad are the places where the student seminars andpractice training, and the summer scholar practice are carried out which allow the compatibility between thetraditions and the modernity13.

10 The subject “Archive studies” for the first time was introduced in Sofia University I 1952. The next University offering acourse in Archive studies was Veliko Tarnovo University “Sts Cyril and Methodius ” since 1984 for History students11 Dujchev, Iv. Lekcii po arhivistika S., 1993, p. 3912 Project “Digital archives – modern perspectives for the scientific circulation of the national documental heritage”, 2007-2009,sponsored by Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science13 www.digiarchive.swu.bg

The other accent in the activities of the Multimedia center concerns the historical parallel betweenBulgaria and Georgia. As a result of the research project “Politics of the Socialist State to the MuslimPopulation in Georgia and Bulgaria (Adjara and Blagoevgrad district), carried out by a joint team ofhistorians, anthropologists and linguists from South-West University “Neophyte Rilsky” and Batumi StateUniversity “Shota Rustaveli”, a considerable number of documents and publications for the socialist periodin both countries were researched.

A special issue of “Balkanistic Forum” periodical on this topic was published and presented inNovember 2010 in the both Universities – the State University “Shota Rustaveli” and South-WestUniversity Neophyte Rilsky” in the presence of guests from Batumi University and the representatives fromthe Georgian Embassy in Bulgaria. For the period of 6 years the joint researches of scholars from South-West University and Batumi State University provided a possibility for establishing a scientific society tocarry out profound investigations of the Balkan- Caucasus region in different historical periods.

The project “The Transition to Democracy in Bulgaria and Georgia (Blagoevgrad, Batumi):Memories, Images and Documents” 2011 was a continuation of the former researches but also it openednew possibilities for scientific cooperation between South-West University in Blagoevgrad and BatumiUniversity. As a result of the research and collecting work documents concerning the beginning of the Clubfor Freedom of Voice and Democracy and the Union of the Democratic forces in Blagoevgrad were tracedand compiled in a collection. Students studying History digitalized these documents and in such way aDigital Archive of the Transition was established accessable in the University Multimedia Center for thenpurposes of teaching Recent History, Computer Archive Studies, History of Local Self-Government etc.

The original documents were transferred to the State Archive in Blagoevgrad providing in such way afree access to the archive collection “Documents of the Transition in Blagoevgrad district” for all futureresearchers.

During the Georgian-Bulgarian conference ‘Bulgaria and Georgia: Historical Parallels” which washeld on 30 and 31 of May 2011 in the State University “Shota Rustaveli” the parallels of transition in bothcountries were outlined14.

The 5th anniversary of the undersigned Contract for Cooperation between the South-West University“Neophyte Rilsky” and the State University “Shota Rustavely” was officially celebrated. The participantsof the conference voted a resolution and future spheres of future cooperation between scholars from bothUniversities were outlined. As a final activity of the project the exhibition “That is enough – I will not keepmy voice! The Archives of the Transition in Blagoevgrad 1989-1991” opened on 30th of November 2011.

More details about the project activities and results could be found on the site of the MultimediaCenter for Computer Archive Studies, Digital Archives and Local Self-Government -www.digiarchive.swu.bg.

14 Mariana Piskova – The photo propaganda in Bulgaria by the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990-s.), . (Kristina Popova – Non formal organizations and the first democratic organizations in Bulgaria 1988-1991 - documental

traces and archives), . . (Nurie Muratova – The archives of transition to democracy in Blagoevgradregion.), . . (Milena Angelova – The Movement “People’s memory is relating” – the Memory Policy ofthe Last Decade of the Communist Regime in Bulgaria (1983-1989).) (Anastasia Kirilova, Sergej Vuchkov – “Trade union activity in the Tobacco factory “Pirin” – Blagoevgrad in the period of latesocialism and the transition to democracy”.

qeTevan iakobaZe, cici cincaZe

afxazebi aWaraSi

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira zoli XIX s. meore naxevridan

iqca intensiuri sameurneo da ekonomikuri aTvisebis zonad. xelsayrelma

bunebriv-geografiulma pirobebma, baTumis saporto qalaqad qcevam xeli Seuwyo

regionis ekonomikur dawinaurebas, miizida mosaxleobis farTo fenebi. yovelive

aman ganapiroba mosaxleobis eTnikuri siWrele. dReisaTvis baTumSi qarTvelebis

gverdiT cxovroben: rusebi ebraelebi, somxebi, ukrainelebi, azerbaijanelebi,

berZnebi qurTebi da sxva eris warmomadgenlebi. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba eniWebaT afxazebs. aWaris saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculia metad

saintereso monacemebi, romlebic asaxaven afxazTa aWaraSi damkvidrebis

istorias, mravladaa dokumenturi wyaroebi afxazTa raodenobis, gvarobrivi

Semadgenlobis, muhajirobis, gansaxlebis sakixTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnul Temaze

daiwera ara erTi sayuradRebo samecniero naSromi, fundamentaluri gamokvlevebi.

zogierT naSromSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi saWiroeben dazustebas, nawili ki

aSkarad tendenciur xasiaTs atarebs. erT-erTi aseTi avtoria Teimuraz aCugba.

igi wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda baTumSi,samecniero kvleviT institutSi.

mogvianebiT igi gaxda separatistuli afxazeTis parlamentis wevri da

antiqarTuli moZraobis erT-erT liderad mogvevlina. bolo periodSi afxazeTSi

gamocemul wignSi man samurzayanoelebi (galis raioni) afxazebad gamoacxada

(msgavsi mosazrebebi qarTvelebTan mimarTebaSi gamoxatulia Turqul

istoriografiaSi, sadac qarTvelebi moiazrebian Turquli modgmis yivCaRebis

STamomavlebad). amitomac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba eTnikuri jgufis

istoriis obieqtur Seswavlas, mecnieruli rekomendaciebis SemuSavebas, raTa ar

iqnes daSvebuli iseTi Secdomebi, romelTac SesaZloa mohyves gamousworebeli

Sedegebi.

saqarTvelo, rogorc polieTnikuri da geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT

strategiuli qveyana, yovelTvis idga eTnokonfliqtebis gaRvivebis saSiSroebis

winaSe. antiqarTuli demografiuli politikis wyalobiT imperiis xelisuflebam

SeZlo saqarTvelos sasazRvro zolSi inoeTnikuri jgufebis damkvidreba, Tanac

es keTdeboda Sefarulad, eSmakuri politikis gamoyenebiT, ise, rom ama Tu im

ucxoeTnikuri jgufis kompaqturi dasaxleba teritoriulad esazRvreboda misive

eTnosiT dasaxlebul sxva saxelmwifos. ase Seiqmna inoeTnikuri jgufebis `mikro

kunZulebi~ saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTeli sasazRvro zolis gayolebiT, kerZod,

samcxe-javaxeTSi–somxeTis mosazRvre teritoriaze – somxebis, qvemo qarTlSi–

azerbaijanis sasazRvro zolSi–azerbaijanelebis, kaxeTSi-daRestnis mosazRvre

teritoriaze lekebis, pankisis xeobaSi-CeCneTis mosazRvre teritoriaze-qistebis,

samaCabloSi-CrdiloeT oseTis mozazRvre teritoriaze osebis kompaqturi

dasaxlebebi.

saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili-afxazeTi, dRes ruseTis federaciis mier

aRiarebulia damoukidebel respublikad. afxazeTSi mimdinare movlenebi

specifikurobiT xasiaTdeba. masSi monawileobas iRebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

sxvadasxva jgufi, magram yovelgvari Sefarvis gareSe moqmedebs gareSe Zala-

erTis mxriv Tavad rusuli saxelmwifo manqana, meores mxriv kazakebi, Crdilo

kavkasieli boevikebi Tu sxva jgufebi. afxazeTSi mimdinare procesebSi Cabmuli

aRmoCndnen CeCnebic, ramac Tavis droze saqarTvelos axali sirTuleebi Seuqmna.

aRniSnuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, miznSewonilad migvaCnia warmovaCinoT

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sakuTriv aWaraSi mcxovreb afxazTa eTnikuri

istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi. rasakvirvelia, wina planze unda wamoiwios iseTi

movlenebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben araqarTuli eTnikuri jgufebis integracias

qarTul eTnosocialur organizmSi.

aWaraSi afxazebis dasaxleba XIX s. pirel naxevarSi daiwyo, magram man

masiuri xasiaTi miiRo XIX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi, rac muhajirobis periodTan

aris dakavSirebuli. muhajiroba yvelaze tragikul movlenadaa miCneuli afxazi

da kavkasiis sxva xalxebis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi. muhajiroba-wers S. inal-

ifa, es aris ara ubralod ubeduri epizodi, aramed umZimesi erovnuli tragedia,

ramac gamoiwvia afxazTa swrafi Semcireba Tavissave samSobloSi da daayena

afxazi xalxi fizikuri ganadgurebis saSiSroebis winaSe (aCugba T., 1988: 3,4).

afxazeTis istoriaSi cnobilia gadasaxlebis 5 talRa: 1840-1841 ww., general

muraviovis damsjeli eqspediciis Semdeg; 1853-1856 ww., yirimis omis dro;

afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis (1864) Semdeg, magram gadasaxlebam yvelaze

seriozuli xasiaTi miiRo 1866 w. lixnis ajanyebis periodSi, gansakuTrebiT ki

1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros ( ., 1985:3).

cnobilia, rom kavkasia da maT Soris afxazeTi uZvelesi perioididan

warmoadgenda sxvadasxva juris agresorTa Semosevebis obieqts. elinebi,

romaelebi, sparselebi, arabebi, osmalebi da sxva. gamudmebiT eweodnen

dampyoblur omebs afxazi da sxva xalxebis dasamoneblad. me-19 s. dasawyisSi,

kerZod 1810 wels afxazeTis samTavro oficialurad Sevida ruseTis imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi, ris Semdegac daiwyo afxazTa SfoTiani cxovreba. marTalia,

afxazeTis mTavarma giorgi ServaSiZem (CaCba) da didebulTa nawilma aRiares

carizmis proteqtoroba, magram mosaxleobis didma nawilma, gansakuTrebiT

glexobam uari ganacxada ruseTis qveSevdomobaze. Ddaiwyo anti oloniuri

gamosvlebi.

afxazeTis sabolood damorCilebis gzaze carizmi saWirod Tvlida

erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis ase TavganwirviT mebrZoli mkvidri mosaxleobis

gadasaxlebas imperiis sazRvrebs gareT. K avkasii mefisnacvali imperator

aleqsandre II-s rom kavkasiis SavizRvispireTi sabolood `gawm nd s~

mkvidri mosaxleobisagan. swored am periods emTxveva asiaTasobiT afxazur-

adiReuri da sxva kavkasieli xalxis masobrivi, ZaldatanebiTi ayra-gadasaxleba

mSobliuri miwa-wylidan. 1864 wlis 2 aprils ruseTis samxedroo StabSi misuli

ubixebis, S fsuRebis da saZebi , romlebic iTxovdnen

samSobloSi darCenis nebarTvas, miecaT mkacri miTiTeba, rom erTi Tvis

ganmavlobaSi gadasaxlebuliy osmaleTSi, mTielebi

CaiTvlvebodnen samxedro tyveebad da maT moeqceodnen saomari wesebis

Sesabamisad. 19 aprils ruseTis jarebs mTebSi ukve aRar daxvdaT mosaxleobis

nawili, Tumca mTielebis didi nawili ar apirebda samSoblos datovebas. maT

bolomde ebrZolaT damoukideblobisaTvis. sisxlismRvreli

brZolebis Semdeg iZulebuli gaxdnen mietovebinaT mama-papaTa miwa-

wyali da ucxoeTSi gadaxvewiliyvnen. mTebsa da uRran tyeebSi gaxiznuli

mosaxleobis amosaJletad daigzavna sagangebo damsjeli razmebi, romlebmac

erTgulad Seasrules maTze dakisrebuli movaleoba - ar daindes arc bavSvebi,

arc qalebi da arc moxucebi (aCugba T., 1988:12). ,,mekomurni

ahyares xolo 1867 w. a xazeTis ajanyebis Semdgom, w beldis mosaxleobis

ukanaskneli nawilic didiT pataramde, dedabudianad ayrili da osmaleTSi

gandevnili iyo” (iv. javaxiSvili,1989)

rogorc 1864 wlis, aseve 1866-1867 wlebis muhajirobis periodSi ruseTis

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi osmaleTis mTavrobasTan molaparakebas

marTavdnen da sagangebo gemebsac adgendnen Tu ramdeni kaci, rodis da ra

saSualebiT gadaesaxlebinaT afxazeTidan osmaleTSi.

ruseTisa da osmaleTis mTavrobaTa TanamSromloba afxazebisa da sxva

kavkasieli xalxebis muhajirobis saqmeSi SemTxveviTi ar yofila. Tu ruseTi

aborigeni mosaxleobis gadasaxlebiT kavkasiis kolonizaciis saqmes

`awesrigebda~, TurqeTis xelisufalT gamiznuli hqondaT ruseTis imperiidan

gamoqceuli mTielebi daebinavebina osmaleTis dausaxlebel da naklebad

dasaxlebul olqebSi, agreTve ruseTis sazRvrispira raionebSi. am kontingents

sulTani gamoiyenebda osmaleTis imperiaSi mimdinare erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Casa Sobad da ruseTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad

mosalodnel omSi (aCugba T., 1988:15)

axali ubedureba daatyda afxaz b 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis

periodSi. omiTa da ruseTis biurokratiuli xelisuflebiT Sewuxebuli glexoba

ajanyda. carizmma glexTa es gamosvlac sisxlSi CaaxrSo da mosaxleoba

ganaiaraRa. magram male rusTa jaris sardlobam samxedro nawilebi mTebSi

gaxizna. bedis anabara mitovebul qalaqebsa da soflebs osmalebi Seesivnen.

xolo roca ruseTis saswori ruseTis mxares gadaixara, damarcxebuli

okupantebi ukan ixevdnen, soflebs aoxrebdnen da Tan uiaraRo mosaxleobas

ZaliT mierekebodnen zRvis napirisaken, iqedan ki gemebiT mihyavdaT osmaleTSi.

`Turqebma-vkiTxulobT afxaz muhajirTa erT-erT werilSi, sxvadasxva mizezebis

gamo Cven dapatimreba dagviwyes... rodesac Turqebs saqme cudad wauvidaT ukan

daxevis dros, jari Cvens sofels Semoesia... da xalxs Zalad mierekebodnen

napirebisaken, gaqceulebs ki xvretdnen (megreliZe S., 1964:4). SimSili da epidemia

musrs avlebda samSoblodan mowyvetil tyveebs. osmalos jariskacebi ar

eridebodnen gemebis gaTavisuflebas `usargeblo tvirTisagan~. Turqebs gemebiT

mihyavdaT moxucebic, axalgazrdebic, da bavSvebic, margam rogorc ki gemi zRvis

siRrmeSi gauCinardeboda, iwyeboda afxazi tyveebis `daxarisxeba~. yvela moxuc

mamakacs, visac ki iaraRis tareba ar SeeZlo, mox c qalebs, romlebic

haramxanisaTvis ar gamodgebodnen, bavSvebs, visac dedis mzrunveloba

esaWiroebodaT gemebidan zRvaSi yridnen (aCugba . 1988:17).

sergei mesxis cnobiT marto 1877-1878 ww. muhajirobisas afxazeTidan

gasaxlebul iqna 50 aTasi afxazi. literaturaSi gxvdeba sxva cifrebic. sadavoa

sul ramdeni aTasi kaci gadaasaxles afxazeTidan XIX s. meore naxevarSi, magram

erTi ram cxadia, muhajirobamde dasaxlebuli mxare 70-iani wlebis bolosaTvis

TiTqmis dacarielda (aCugba . 1988:18-19).

osmaleTSi ZaldatanebiT gadasaxlebuli afxazebi mTavrobam `moRalateebad~

monaTla da aukrZala maT samSobloSi dabruneba. xolo vinc gadasaxlebas

gadaurCa, isini mefis winaSe `damnaSaveebad~ gamoacxades, TviT saxelwodeba

`afxazeTi~ xmarebidan amoiRes soxumis olqi uwodes (aCugba . 1988:19).

aseT savalalo mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda afxazeTi da misi mosaxleoba,

roca afxazTa erTi nawili aRmoCnda aWaris teritoriaze (aCugba .1988:20),

aWaris zRvispireTSi XIX s-is 60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan

mimdinareobda (aCugba . 1988:21).

emigrantebi aWaraSi ara marto uSualod afxazeTidan gadmosaxlebis Semdeg

rCebodnen sacxovreblad, aramed osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis Semdegac brundebodnen

aWaraSi im imediT, rom aqedan isev mSobliur miwas daubrundebodnen,magram jer

osmaleTis, Semdeg ki ruseTis xelisufleba ar aZlevda samSobloSi dabrunebis

nebas, ris Semdegac maTi nawili aWaraSi rCeboda sacxovreblad, nawili ki ukan

osmaleTSi brundeboda (aCugba . 1988:22).

werilobiTi monacemebis mixedviT irkveva, rom Turq xeliseuflebas

afxazebi ZiriTadad dausaxlebia qalaq baTums da . 1860-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi afxazebi dasaxlebulan: kaltibaur , yuSadie (Celta),

imamie (salubauri), bedeni , feizie , souqsu , ijadie , ferie //Suqrie ,

luTfie , aTie , adlie , nurie , erge , mahmudie , namandro //uzaTie ,

urex i da sxva (siWinava v. 1958:53; aC . 1988:28). daaxloebiT imave periodidan

afxazebi cxovrobdnen gonioSi, WarnalSi, maxinjaurSi, CaqvSi, cixisZirSi,

boboyvaTSi, qobuleTSi, fiWvnarSi da sx .

emigrantebisaTvis umetesad dausaxlebeli miwebi gamouyviaT, kerZod saxelmwifos

kuTvnili, e.w. erazi miries kategoriis miwebi (kavkasiis mTielTa osmaleTSi

dafuZnebis saqmes emsaxureboda kanoni, romelic jer kidev yirimis omis dros

(1853-1856 ww) SemuSavda. am kanonis mixedviT kavkasiel emigrantebs usasyidlod

eZleodaT `erazi miries” kategoriis Tavisufali, nayofieri miwebi.

axalmosaxleebi garkveuli vadiT Tavisufldebodnen gadasaxadebisagan da

samxedro begarisagan (avaliani a. 1960). dasaxlebidan 20 wlis gasvlis Semdeg

muhajirebs maTTvis gamoyofili miwis nakveTis gayidvis ufleba eZleodaT. kerZo

sakuTrebad qceuli miwebi, e.w. `mulqi~, osmalTa batonobis periodSi aWaraSi

gamonaklisis saxiT arsebobda (avaliani . 1960:104-106). amgvari SeRavaTebi

ltolvil aWaris teritoriaze

samxedro-politikur intereseb . afxazi muhajirebis mimarT osmalTa mier

gatarebuli miwis kanoni mogvianebiT carizmis moxeleebma TavianT sasargeblod

gamoiyenes. aWaraSi afxaz muhajirTa daxlebis vada 20 wels ar

aRwevda. ruseTis xelisuflebam qalaqSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis centralur

ubnebSi mcxovrebi afxazebis umetesoba aasaxla da bedis anabara miatova. maTi

nawili iZulebuli gaxda isev TurqeTSi gadasaxlebuliyo, radgan afxazeTSi

dasaxlebis ufleba ar eZleodaT. mcire nawili ki baTumTan axlo mdebare

soflebSi dasaxlda. gansakuTerebiT dazaraldnen qalaqis erT-erTi ubnis -

`nuries~ mcxovrebni (aCugba T.1988:29).

aWaraSi mcxovrebi afxazTa winaprebi afxazeTis sxvadasxva regionebidan

arian gadmosaxlebuli. x. bRaJba aWaris afxazebs or jgufad yofs: feriel da

angisel afxazebad. avtori aseve aRniSnavs, rom angiseli afxazebi

gadmosaxlebuli arian sof. Txubunidan (md. kelasuris marcxena sanapiro) da

TavianT Tavs `soxumel afxazebs~ uwodeben, xolo ferielebi-saZenidan (gagra-

adleri). daaxloebiT amave azrisaa e. kilbac. orive avtori miiCnevs, rom

angiselTa metyveleba axlosaa afxazuri enis abJuur dialeqtTan, xolo

ferielTa metyveleba afxazuri enis bzifur dialeqtTan. sakuTriv aWaris

afxazebic warmomavlobis TvalsazrisiT feriel afxazebs asxvaveben

angiselebisagan. ferielebi angiselebs uwodeben bzifis afxazebs - `bzifaa

afsua~, xolo angiseli afxazebi ferielebs Cerqez afxazebs - `Cerqez afsuaa~

(aCugba T.1988:36). aWaraSi mcxovrebi Cerqez afxazTa STamomavlebi, romlebic

ZiriTadad sof. feriaSi cxovroben, saZenidan anu `mcire afxazeTidan~ unda

iyvnen gadmosaxlebulni. Ees teritoria qarTul wyaroebSi jiqeTis, xolo iq

mcxovrebni jiqebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. 1886 w. monacemebiT baTumis okrugSi

sul 915 afxazi iyo aRricxuli (TofCiSvili r. 2007). saqarTvelos mosaxleeobis

2002 wlis sayovelTao aRweris mixedviT aWaraSi sul 1558 afxazi cxovrobs,

maTgan – 800 q. baTumSi; 15 qedis raionSi; 50 qobuleTis raionSi; 25 Suaxevis

raionSi; 645 xelvaCauris raionSi; 23 xulos raionSi (saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

pirveli sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebi, t.1, Tb. 2003).

aWaraSi, qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris saukunovani Tanacxovrebis

pirobebSi ubralo gaugebrobis arcerTi SemTxvevac ki ar dasturdeba. Aafxazebi

aqtiurad monawileoben regionis sazogadoebriv da kulturul cxovrebaSi.

safuZvlianad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aWaraSi am or xalxs Soris urTierToba aris

megobrobisa da keTilmezoblobis, erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobis klasikuri

magaliTi. qarTvelebi da afxazebi SesaniSnavad icnoben erTmaneTs. yoveli afxazi

an is qarTveli, romelsac deda, bebia an ojaxis romelime wevri afxazi hyavs,

siamovnebiT saubrobs Tavis genetikur warsulze. aWaraSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi

afxazebs Tvlian patiosan, mSromel, wesier, stumarTmoyvare xalxad (gvancalaZe

T., tabiZe m. 2011:27). Yyovelive es qarTvelebis da afxazebis urTierTndoba-

urTierTpativiscemaze miuTiTebs da warmodgenas gviqmnis qarTvel-afxazTa

mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis tradiciul meqanizmebze.

Ggamoyenebuli literatura:

1. avaliani. a., miwaTmflobelobis formebi aWaraSi, baTumi, 1960

2. aCugba T., afxazTa dasaxleba aWaraSi. baT.,1988

3. gvancalaZe T., tabiZe m. aWaraSi mcxovreb afxazTa identoba.Tb. 2011

4. TofCiSvili r., kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia. Tb.,2007

5. megreliZe S., aWaris warsulidan Tb., 1964, gv. 4.

6. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis pirveli sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebi, t.1, Tb. 20037. siWinava v. baTumis istoriidan, baTumi, 19588. javaxiSvili iv., saqarTvelos sazRvrebi istoriulad daTanamedrove TvallsazrisiT ganxiluli, istoriuli raritetebi, Tb.1989

9. ., , . .,1985

Ketevan Iakobadze, Tsitsi Tsintsadze

Abkhazians in Ajara

Summary

From the second half of XIX century South-West Georgia coastline becomes intensive agricultural andeconomical developing zone. In Ajara together with Georgians live Abkhazians, Russians, Armenians,Jews, Kurds and other nation representatives. Among them especially important are Abkhazians. In articleare analyzed establishment preconditions of Abkhazians, geographical area of resettlement, principles ofpeaceful co-existence.

ramaz surmaniZe

baTumis gimnaziis pedagogi didi mecnieri-akademikosi nikoloz

derJavini

1953 wlis 26 Tebervals leningradSi mZime avadmyofobis Semdeggardaicvala didi sabWoTa mecnieri, slavisti, filologi da istorikosi, ssrkmecierebaTa akademiis prezidiumis wevri, bolorusiisa da bulgareTismecnierebaTa akademiebis sapatio wevri, saxelmwifo premiis daureati nikolozsevastis Ze derJavani. amave wlis 1 marts gazeTi `izvestia~ aRniSnavda: `nikolozsevastis Ze derJavinis saxiT Cven davkargeT didi mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe,Cveni socialisturi samSoblos erTguli Svili~ ( . « », 51, 1 , 1953.).

n.s. derJavini daibada 1877 wlis 15 dekembers Tavridis (axlandeli yirimis)guberniis sofel preslavSi, soflis maswavleblis ojaxSi. 1896 wels oqrosmedalze daamTavra simferopolis gimnazia da swavla ganagrZo peterburgisistoria-filologiis institutSi, saidanac gadavida neJinis Tavad bezborodkosistoria-filologiis institutSi. igi studentis merxidan iwyebs samecnierokvleviT muSaobas slavuri enebisa da folkloris dargSi. 1898 wels mesamekursis studentma gamoaqveyna sayuradRebo naSromi `samxreT-ruseTisbulgarelTa yofis narkvevebi~. 1900 wels n.s. derJavinma daamTavra neJinisistoriul-filologiuri instituti da Camovida q. baTumSi. aq man muSaoba daiwyoaxladgaxsnil vaJTa gimnaziaSi rusuli enis maswavleblad. axalgazrdapedagogis moRvaweoba baTumSi daemTxva im periods, roca aq iqmneboda social-demokratiuli wreebi. 1901 wlis damlevs i.b. stalinis iniciativiT, rsdmp baTumiskomitetma baTumis msxvil sawarmoebSi Seqmna aseTi organizaciebi. am progresulmoZraobaSi Caeba vaJTa gimnaziis ramdenime moswavle. maT mWidro kavSiri hqondaTbaTumis komitetTan, romelmac gavlena iqonia gimnaziis mowinave maswavleblebze:maT Soris n.s. derJavinic iyo. masTan erTad gimnaziis zogma maswavlebelma,kerZod, a. mgelaZem, m. SaraSiZem, e. voicexovskim da sxvebma, kavSiri daamyaresrsdmp kavkasiis komitetTan, saidanac miRebuli direqtivebiT revoluciursuliskveTebas aRvivebdnen gimnazielTa Soris. ufrosi klasis moswavleebibaTumis muSaTa klasis TiTqmis yvela revoluciur gamosvlaSi monawileobdnen.amas naTlad adasturebs is faqti, rom 1902 wlis 5 aprils baTumSi i.b. stalinTanerTad daapatimres gimnaziis moswavle ivane ramiSvili ( .

, , 1956, . 105-112).1903 wels mecnierebaTa akademiam n.s. derJavini miavlina TurqeTsa da

bulgareTSi. igi airCies konstantinepolis ruseTis arqeologiuri institutiswevr-korespondentad. (instituti 1894 wels daaarsa prof. f.i. uspenskim).bulgareTSi n.s. derJavini muSaobda sofiis biblioTekebSi da euflebodabulgarul enas. samecniero mivlinebidan baTumSi n.s. derJavini 1904 w. dabrunda(interneti: www.nlr.ru/ar/staff/derz.htm).

n.s. derJavinis revoluciuri moRvaweoba, misi siaxlove sxva social-demokratiul organizaciebTan ar gamohparvia policias. rogorc aWaris sax.arqivSi daculi masalebidan irkveva, derJavinis misamarTiT gamogzavnilwerilebze policias dawesebuli hqonda meTvalyureoba.

1904 wlis 28 ianvars werilebis morigi gasinjvisas policiam aRmoaCinarsdmp kavkasiis kavSiris imereT-samegrelos komitets mimarTva moswavle-axalgazrobisadmi. igi warmoadgens aSkara mowodebas mefis TviTmpyrobelobiswinaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mimarTva iwyeboda lozungiT, `proletarebo, yvelaqveynisa, SeerTdiT!~

es ambavi baTumis gubernatorma saidumlod moaxsena mTavarmarTeblissamoqalaqo nawilis kancelariis direqtors. masSi naTqvamia: `maqvs pativi amasTan

erTad Tqvens maRalkeTilSobilebas gamovugzavno pirebi proklamaciebisa,romlebic amoRebuli iyo safosto yuTidan calke werilebis saxiT, samiegzemplaris raodenobiT, gamogzavnili baTumis gimnaziis maswavleblebisvoicexoviskisa da derJavinis da vinme artamovis saxelze ( .

… iqve).garda aralegaluri muSaobisa, n.s. derJavini pedgogiuri moRvaweobis dros

yovelTvis aSkarad ilaSqrebda skolebSi rusuli enis swavlebis arasworimeTodebis winaaRmdeg. moiTxovda swavla-aRzrdis saqmeSi iseTi klsikosebisnaSromebis gamoyenebas, rogoric iyvnen: m. gorki, v. korolenko, a. Cexovi dasxvebi.

ruseTis 1905 wlis revolucias baTumis gimnaziis moswavleebi daprogresulad ganwyobili maswavleblebi momzadebuli Sexvdnen. 27 ianvarsgimnazielebi SeiWrnen saaqto darbazSi da tyviebi dauSines mefis suraTs.gimnaziaSi mecadineoba Sewyda. xelisuflebis mier miRebulma RonisZibebma Sedegiver gamoiRo, ris gamo vaJTa gimnaziis 218 moswavle daiTxoves, zogi maTganidaapatimres, zogic policiis tyviebis msxverpli gaxda. meamboxe moswavleebsmxars uWerdnen maswavleblebic. amis gamo m. SaraSiZe daapatimres, xolo n.derJavini daiTxoves samuSaodan. igi TbilisSi vaJTa pirvel gimnaziaSi gadavida.

saxelovani pedagogi baTumis vaJTa gimnaziaSi muSaobisas yovelTvisgulisyuriT epyroboda aWaris mosaxleobas. misTvis kargad iyo cnobili, Tu radidad CamorCa aWaris kultura da ganaTleba dampyrobTa batonobisa da carizmisbiurokratiuli reJimis dros. amitom n.s. derJavini gansakuTrebul mzurnvelobasiCenda aWarel moswavleTa mimarT, yovelTvis maT qomagad da damcveladgamodioda. misgan daeuflnen rusul enas, misgan iswavles ukeTesi momavlisaTvisbrZola aWaris cakis erT-erTma pirvelma Tavmjdomarem s. diasamiZem, aWarisrevkomis Tavmjdomarem x. loTrqifaniZem, eqimebma y. ServaSiZem, v. maqacariam,medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtorma g. xeCinaSvilma, mweralma sergo kldiaSvilma,farmacevtma a. TiroSvilma da sxvebma. am zrunvis damadastureblad moviyvanTerT magaliTs.

1905 wlis 27 ianvars gimnazielTa gamosvlaSi aqtiurad monawileobdamoswavle yadir ServaSiZe. mefis suraTs tyviebi dauSina y. ServaSiZis amxanagma,mexuTeklaselma melenti zaqariaZem. bunebrivia, gimnaziidan garicxulTa Sorisyadir ServaSiZec iyo. gaWirvebaSi myofs daxmareba aRmouCina swored mismamaswavlebelma n.s. derJavinma. `mglis bileTis~ mqone y. ServaSiZes gimnaziasTansamudamod gamoTxovebis safrTxe moeloda. miuxedavad amisa, n. derJavinma,yadiris naTesav ServaSiZesTan erTad, kavkasiis ganaTlebis mzrunvelTan miaRwia,imas, rom garicxuli moswavle Tbilisis pirveli gimnaziis me-5 klasSiCaericxaT. n. derJavinis rCeviT da daxmarebiT qedeli Wabuki erTi pirvelaganiSevida iurievis (axlandeli tartus) universitetis samedicino fakultetze,romelic 1914 wels daamTavra.

n.s. derJavinis yuradReba da amagi arc Tbilisis da quTaisis gimnaziis sxvaqarTvel moswavleebs moklebiaT. amis mraval magaliTTagan davasaxelebTmxolod erTs: 1910 wlis aprilSi quTaisis gimnaziis moswavleebi eqskursiazeiyvnen TbilisSi. golovinis prospeqtze seirnobis dros policielma daakavamoswavleebi: arCil furcelaZe, daviT kandelaki da paolo iaSvili (SemdgomSipoeti). isini miiyvanes sapolicio ubanSi TiTqosda arafxizel mdgomareobaSi,scemes da vin icis kidev riT dasruldeboda es incidenti, maT n.s. derJavini daTbilisis gimnaziis sxva maswavleblebi (a.p. svaniZe, zaCiniaevi) argamosarClebodnen. n.s. derJavinma xelwerilqveS gaaTavisuflebina moswavleebi.adgilze gaformda oqmi, romlis safuZvelze kavkasiis saswavlo olqismzrunvelis winaSe aRiZra Suamdgomloba paolo iaSvilis fizikuriSeuracxyofis sakiTxis gamosaZieblad (saistorio moambe, 37-38. Tbilisi, 1972, gv.156-158).

n.s. derJavini Tbilisis pirvel gimnaziaSic aswavlida rusul enas.SeTavsebiT muSaobda me-4 qalTa gimnaziaSi amave sagnis maswavlblad. 1907 w. igiTbilisis oTx saswavlebelSi muSaobs. vaJTa pirvel da qalTa me-4 gimnaziebSi,miwaTmoqmedebis saswavlebelsa da kerZo saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi.sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba, n.s. derJavins arc TbilisSi Seuwyvetia. 1906 welsmisi redaqtorobiT gamodioda yovelkvireuli progresuli Jurnali `Skola iJizn~, romlis gamocema mefis cenzuras male Seuwyvetia. samwuxarod, Jurnalisarc erTi cali ar SemorCa saqarTvelos arqivebsa da wignsacavebs.

1907w. n. derJavinma peterburgis universitetSi Caabara samagistro gamocdebislavTmcodneobaSi, xolo ori wlis Semdeg kvlav wavida mivlinebiT bulgareTsada besarabiaSi. dabrunebis Semdeg miiRo petreburgis universitetis privat-docentis Tanamdeboba, xolo 1916 wels daicva samagistro disertacia Temaze:`bulgaruli koloniebi ruseTSi.~6

TbilisSi yofnisas n.s. derJavini xelmZRvanelobda saxalxo unversitetissazogadoebas, romelic Tbilisis rkinigzis saxelosnoebis muSakebma daaarses.

Tbilisidan peterburgSi gadasvlis Semdegac 1912-1913 ww. n.s. derJaviniTanamSromloba yovelkvireul `tiflisski JurnalSi~, xolo 1917-1918 wlebSiyoveldRiur gazeT `respublikaSi~ ( 1828-1920 .

, 1941, . 131, 166, 229, 319, 383).n.s. derJavinis, rogorc mecnieris da sazogado moRvawis muSaoba

gansakuTrebiT farTod gaiSala peterburgSi. 1917 wels igi arCeuli iyouniveristetis slavTmcodneobis kaTedris profesorad. sabWoTa xelisuflebispirvel wlebSive (1922-1925 w.) igi leningradis universitetis reqtorad dainiSna.

1931 wels airCies iqna ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvil wevrad daakademiis slavTmcodneobis institutis direqtorad daniSnes. am Tanamdebobazen.s. derJavini muSaobda 1934 wlamde. amave dros 1925 wlidan sicocxlisukanasknel dReebamde xelmZRvanelobda slavuri filologiis kaTedras.

samamulo omis wlebSi mecieri-akadmikosi gamodioda antifaSisturistatiebiT, leqciebiT, moxsenebebiT, mTel Tavis Zalebs axmarda hitlereldampyrobTa winaaRmdeg brZolas. 1942 wels n.s. derJavini airCies sabWoTamecnierebis antifaSisturi komitetis Tavmjdomared da sruliad slavTakomitetis wevrad. saxelovani mecnieri aqtiurad monawileobda mSvidobis dacvissayovelTao moZraobaSi. igi iyo mSvidobis dacvis sabWoTa komitetis wevri, 1945wels mogzaurobda bulgareTis saxalxo respublikaSi, sadac xSirad gamodiodaleqcia-moxsenebebiT.

n.s. derJavinis Sromebis didi nawili bulgareli xalxis kulturasmieZRvna. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda igi agreTve bulgareli xalxisuZvelesi istoriis Seswavlas, maTs eTnogenezs, folklors dasaxelmwifoebriobis warmoSobas, risTvisac 1946 wels igi bulgareTismecnierebaTa akademiis sapatio wevrad airCies da ordeniT daajildoes. 1944-1948wlebSi n.s. derJavinma dawera naSromebi: `rusi xalxis warmoSoba~, `slavebiZevlad~, `xristo botevi – poeti-revolucioneri~, risTvisac 1948 wels sabWoTamTavrobam stalinis saxelobis premia mianiWa. dajildoebuli iyo ori leninisordeniT da medliT.

n.s. derJavinis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas samecniero TvalTaxedvisgansakuTrebuli sifarTove warmoadgenda. igi 500-ze meti samecniero Sromisavtori iyo. xSirad beWdavda statiebs puSkinze, gonCarovze, gercenze, SevCenkoze.

n.s. derJavinis Sromebidan Cveni mkiTxvelis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevsisini, romlebic saqarTvelos istorias, kulturas, mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebasda ekonomikas Seexeba. am mxriv sainteresoa `baTumis midamoebis qarTvelmusulmanTa qorwinebis Taviseburebani~, romelic 1902 wels `kavkasiis adgilTada tomTa aRweris masalebis krebulSi~ daibeWda (

. . 31, 1902, . 161-176).

marTalia, damwyebi mecnieri saTaurSi, zog adgilas teqstSic,erTmaneTisagan ver asxvavebs aWaris teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobiseTnografiul jgufebs, zogan istoriul-geografiuli Secdomebic mosdis, magramnaSromi metad sayuradRebo da Zvirfasi SenaZenia, rogorc aWaris mosaxleobissaqorwino ritualebis Seswavlis erT-erTi pirveli cda.

sayuradReboa, rom n.s. derJavinis baTumSi Camosvlidan am SromisSesrulebamde (daiwera 1901 wlis 25 seqtembers) mxolod erTi weli iyo gasuli.miuxedavad amisa, niWier axalgazrdas obieqturad aqvs aRwerili aWarelTasaqorwino wes-Cveulebani da masTan dakavSirebuli ritulebi.

naSromi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. pirveli aWaris mokle istoriulimimoxilviT aris warmodgenili, xolo meore, `qorwili~, uSualod Temas exeba.

avtori istoriuli nawilis Seswavlisas iyenebs im droisaTvis aRiarebuliistorikosebis vaxuStis, mari broses da sxvaTa cnobil naSromebs. Rrmad dadidi mecnieruli keTilsindisierebiT aris gaanalizebuli am kuTxisgamahmadianebis procesi da aRniSnulia, rom `adgilobriv qarTvel mosaxleobas,romelmac miiRo musulmanuri msoflmxedvelobis elementebi, mainc ar daukargavskavSiri qristianul samyarosTan. aRiara mahmadianoba, magram masSi Seitana Tavisierisa da qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis elementebi.~9

naSromSi n.s. derJavini exeba aWaris soflis meurneobas, gavrcelebul daZiriTad kulturad asaxelebs siminds. aseve aRwers mosaxleobisurTierTdaxmarebas sameurneo saqmeebSi, binaTmSeneblobis wesebs, saSinao adaT-Cveulebebs, dasaxlebuli adgilebis sanitarul mdgomareobas da a.S.

mZime ekonomikuri pirobebis, mkacri klimatisa da sxva siZneleebismiuxedavad, `aqaur mosaxleobas axasiaTebs bevri mimzidveli niSanTvisebebi,rogorc magliTad, mimndobloba, ubraloeba, sulgrZeloba, Tavmdabloba,stumarTmoyvareoba da a.S.~11

naSromis meore nawilSi sworad aris ganxiluli aWaruli qorwinebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli yvela ZiriTadi niSani, romlebic sakmaod mitkiced iyofesvgadgmuli mosaxleobaSi. esenia: qorwineba wyvilTa Tanxmobis gareSe, amsaqmeSi Suamavlebis roli, gadasaxdeli sasiZos mxridan, niSnoba, qorwilzespirtiani sasmelebis ugulvebelyofa (magram mayari Tu moiTxovda aucilebladunda moetanaT), saCuqrebi dedoflisa da nefis ojaxebidan, dapatiJebulTa ZRveni,TviT qorwilis procesi,. siZis mosvla meuRlis ojaxSi, qaliSvilis mipatiJebamSoblebTan da a.S.

gansaxilvel sakiTxs axalgazrda n.s. derJavini didi gulisyuriT dapasuxismgeblobiT mohkidebia. rogorc naSromSi avtori aRniSnavs, aWarismosaxleobis yofacxovrebis Sesaswavlad TviTonve dadioda soflebSi,naxulobda calkeul ojaxebs, ramdenjerme qorwilSic yofila. yovelive amannaSromi metad Sinaarsiani da saintereso gaxada.

n.s. derJavinis redaqtorobiT 1902 wels gamovida `vseobSCi adres _eJegodnik batuma~, romlis mizani iyo turistebisaTvis gaewia megzurismovaleoba. pirvel nomerSi erTi mesamedi ekava TviT redaqtoris statias`baTumis mxaris mokle istoriuli narkvevi~. gaurkveveli mizezebiT gamocemaimave wels Sewyda ( . . 1902, . 3-47).

1902 wlis dekemberSi qalaq baTumis TviTmmarTvelobaSi n. derJavinsSeutania gancxadeba, rom baTumis olqis gaTavisuflebis 25 wlisTavi aReniSnaTsaiubileo krebuliT. krebulSi unda asaxuliyo baTumisa da misi midamoebisTanamedrove mdgomareoba, istoriul-geografiuli, eTnografiuli, savaWro-samrewvelo, klimaturi da sxva dargebis sruli da naTeli suraTi. qalaqissaTaTbirom moiwona winadadeba da 1903 wlis 8 ivniss n.s. derJavins daavalakrebulis redaqtoroba. avtorebs daugvianebiaT statiebis wardgena. amas daerToisic, rom 1905 wlis umetesi periodi uwesrigobis da gaficvebis Sedegad argamodgeboda krebulis dasabeWdad. saqmes xeli SeuSala n.s. derJavinis TbilisSi

gadasvlamac, amitom krebulis, `baTumi da misi midamoebi~, gamoqveyneba moxerxdamxolod 1906 wels, masSi Sevida 11 statia. aqedan pirveli, `baTumis mxarisistoriul-geografiuli narkveebi~, n.s. derJavinis kalams ekuTvnis. avtoriaSuqebs mxaris mraval dargs, exeba ganaTlebis mdgomareobasac dagulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom jerjerobiT mTels olqSi 28 skolaa, sadacmoswavleTa ricxvi 273-s udris, maSin, rodesac 119 medreseSi 4000-ze meti bavSvidadiso ( . 25-

. . . 1906, . 1-32).yvela saukeTeso TvisebebTan erTad n.s. derJavins axasiaTebda ubraloeba da

Tavmdabloba, misTvis ucxo iyo myvirala gancxadebebi, sruliad zedmetadTvlida gazviadebul reklamas mecnierebaSi (ramaz surmaniZe. nikoloz derJavini.wignSi `dauviwyari saxeebi~. baTumi, 1969, gv. 70-78).

Cvens movaleobad vTvliT pativiscemiT movixsenioT qarTveliaxalgazrdobis SesaniSnavi aRmzrdeli, misi qomagi, baTumisa da Tbilisisgimnaziebis erT-erTi progresuli pedagogi, ruseTis pirveli revoluciisveterani, TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli, bulgareli xalxis megobarida moamage, gamoCenili mecnieri-akademikosi nikoloz sevastis Ze derJavini.

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

1. . « », 51, 1 , 1953 .

2. . , , 1956, . 105-112.

3. interneti: www.nlr.ru/ar/staff/derz.htm

4. . … iqve.

5. saistorio moambe, 37-38. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 156-158.

6. inerneti

7. 1828-1920 . , 1941, . 131, 166, 229,

319, 383.

8. . . 31, 1902, . 161-176.

9. iqve, gv. 165.

10. iqve, gv. 167.

11. . . 1902, . 3-47.

12. . 25-

. . . 1906, . 1-32.

13. ramaz surmaniZe. nikoloz derJavini. wignSi `dauviwyari saxeebi~. baTumi,1969, gv. 70-78.

ramaz surmaniZe

baTumis gimnaziis pedagogi didi mecnieri-akademikosi nikoloz

derJavini

reziume

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da kulturis istoriaSi

gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs TvasaCino mecniers, slavists, filologsa da

istorikoss, ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumis wevrs, belorusiisa da

bulgareTis mecnierebaTa akademiebis sapatio wevrs, saxelmwifo premiis

laureats nikoloz sevastis Ze derJavans.

statiaSi warmodgenilia nikoloz derJavinis cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebiTi

biografiis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, misi Rvawli da damsaxureba baTumis

ganaTlebisa da kulturis istoriaSi.

Tamaz futkaraZe

sacxovrebeli nagebobani imerxevSi

bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebisa da mikroklimatis gansxvaveba-kontrastuloba uxsovari droidan adamianisaTvis sxvadasxva sacxovrebel garemopirobebs qmnida. aRniSnulma faqtorebma xeli Seiwyes Tanamedrove da istoriulisaqarTvelos sakmaod mcire teritoriaze sxvadasxva tipis sacxovrebelinagebobebis warmoSobas da ganviTarebas. (adamia i., 1967:3). istoriuli saqarTvelos mxareTa Soris Tavisi momxiblavi bunebiTgamorCeulia SavSeTi, sakuTriv imerxevis xeoba, sadac dRemde uxvadaa SemonaxuliqarTuli xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis unikaluri Zeglebi. maTi Seswavla dagamokvleva namdvilad imsaxurebs specialistTa yuradRebas. sacxovrebelinagebobebidan konstruqciul-mxatvruli daxvewilobiT, gavrcelebis arealiTgamoirCeva bazgireTiswylis xeobis sacxovrebeli.

sacxovrebeli saxlebi (bazgireTi)

sacxovrebeli saxlebis tipebis dasadgenad arsebobs uamravi masala, magramuZveles tipebTan maTi damakavSirebeli xazi, Tavdapirveli tipis Tanmimdevrulievolucia srulad araa gamokveTili (daviTaSvili g.,.1974:3). amitom sakiTxisSesaswavlad avirCieT sacxovrebeli saxlis erTi tipi, kerZod SevqeTyaraloRlis saxli sofel svirevanSi. SevqeT yaraloRlis sacxovrebeli mdebareobs sakarmidamo nakveTSi, sofliscentraluri jami-meheles teritoriaze (meCeTidan asiode metris moSorebiT), gzismarcxena mxares. kar-midamo dasaxlebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponentia dagulisxmobs sacxovrebeli da Sromis adgilis erTianobas (Citaia g., 1953:201). TviTkar-midamo TavisTavSi aerTianebs rogorc sakarmidamo miwis farTobs, ise maszeganlagebul sacxovrebel da sameurneo kompleqss, romelTa mSeneblobis teqnika,esTetikuri gemovneba, kulturaTa Sexamebis Taviseburebebi, bunebis aRqmis saxeefuZneba xalxis empiriul codna-gamocdilebas.

orbuxriani saxli sof ifxrevlSi sacxovrebeli saxli sof. berTaSi (imerxevi)

svirevanisaTvis tradiciuli karmidamos tipi dResacaa SenarCunebuli, yovelSemTxvevaSi kargadaa daculi kar-midamos mowyobis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi.dakvirvebuli Tvali SeniSnavs kar-midamos struqturis umniSvnelocvlilebebsac. SevqeT yaraloRlis kar-midamos garkveuli mosazrebiT, SeiZlebavuwodoT tipiuri, klasikuri imerxeuli kar-midamo, romlis teritoriazeaSenebuli sacxovrebeli xiT xuroobis teqnikis maRal doneze metyvelebs. saintereso da mravlismTqmelia is garemoeba, rom imerxevelebisacxovrebeli saxlis derefans ,,ezos” uwodeben, xolo ezos-,,kars”. aqedan undaiyos CvenSi farTod damkvidrebuli termini ,,ezo-kari”. mis gareT arsebulteritorias miwiTa da sameurneo kompleqsiT -,,kar-midamo” hqvia. termini ,,ezo”sacxovrebeli saxlis garSemo mdebare sakarmidamo nakveTia. dRevandeleTnografiul sinamdvileSi ,,ezo” amave mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba aWaraSi,guriaSi, samegreloSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi, kaxeTSi TuSeTSi (qarTuli enisganmartebiTi leqsikoni, 1953:1287), Tumca zogan ,,ezos” aRmniSvneli terminisaerTod ar arsebobda. mag. TrialeTis urum mosaxleobaSi (cagareiSvili T.,1974:22). xevsureTSi ,,ezo” Sedioda sacxovrebel kompleqsSi da moqceuli iyo saxlispirveli sarTulis wina mxares, ,,qaripans” da senes Soris (cagareiSvili T.,1974:22) - SeSisa da sxva saojaxo sagnebis Sesanaxad. daaxloebiT amavemniSvnelobisaa ,,ezo” SavSeTSi. am sakiTxs Tavis droze yuradReba miaqcia n.marma. misi TqmiT ,,surevaneli derefans uwodebs ezos” ( ., 1911:75). vfiqrobT,rom imerxevSi zemoT dafiqsirebuli terminebis aseTi gageba qarTuli bunebisaada istoriuli realobis amsaxveli unda iyos. erTian genetikur fesvebze undamiuTiTebdes samSeneblo masalisa da mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuliZvelqarTuli terminologiis Semonaxuloba, romelTagan zogierTi terminiCvenTan miviwyebulia, mag. virxidai (saxuravis qiriSi, romelzec ewyoba orTi),dokani (qiriSebis sayrdeni), zalRa (saxuravis gadaSverili nawili), diregi(boZi), yoSati (siganeze dawyobili qiriSebi), kvanti (sigrZeze dawyobili

qiriSebi), qoSa//qoSa qva//qveSaqva (qvis binebi), yavari (xis saxuravi),sabervelai//saberavi (saxuravis ficari, romelzec ewyoba yavari), luri (orTi),fini (iataki), zirza//sayroli (rkinis saketi, ,,zirza” SesaZloa ukavSirdeba,,Zirs”), qori (Tivis Sesanaxi, saTive. ,,qor” CvenTan aRniSnavs saxlsac),sabzeli//sabZeli (bzis Sesanaxi nageboba) da a. S. mTavar oTaxs, romelSicikribebian ojaxis wevrebi, oTurma salons uwodeben, xolo produqtebis SesanaxsaTavsos – ambars//qilers//muTvaRs//beRels. ramdenadme gansxvavebulia terminologia borCxis, murRulisa da arTvinisraionebSi. sabine qvas sof. qarTlaSi (arTvinis r-n) Temelis (safuZvlis) qvasaceZaxian; Temela qvebze gadebul xes –boi xe//boiaRaji; iataks – doSana; fanjrisgasamagrebel CarCos –fervazi, karisas ki qasa; saxlis Suawelis mTavar boZs –baba diregi, saxuravis mowyobilobas – CaTi, saxuravis gadaSveril nawils –sarai baRi, saxuravs – saji; buxars – baja//ojaRi da a. S. SevqeT yaraloRlis saxli samsarTuliania. saxlis ezo aTiode metrissiganisaa, xolo sigrZe gzamde vrceldeba (daaxloebiT sami metri). aq arissabeTmeze mowyobiloba da beTmezis mosaduRebeli adgili, romelsac ,,xoCosac”eZaxian (sabeTmeze mowyobiloba warmoadgens amoRarul xis jaras. masSi Caidgmebamownili patara godori, romelSic Caiyreba moduRebuli TuTa. TuTa daiwurebada jarasTan mierTebuli xis RariT Caedineba qvabSi. wvens erT-or saaTs aduRebenbeTmezis misaRebad, darCenil WaWas ki iyeneben saqonlis sakvebad. aqve amzadebenmsxlis, yurZnis beTmezsac). aqve aris saSeSe-SeSis dasaCexi adgili – karapani. mismarjvniv aris ficris grZeli skami da ,,hajeTebis” (Sromisa da samSeneblo iaraR-xelsawyoebi) Sesanaxi karada. saxlidan aTiode metris moSorebiT arismeregi//qori//saTive. saxli zurgiT yanisakenaa mimarTuli. sacxovrebeli saxlis pirveli sarTuli _ qveSa saxli warmoadgens saqonlissadgoms _ axors. aWaruli axorisagan gansxvavebiT SevqeT yaraloRlis saxls araqvs sanaTuri _ pativis gasayreli Riobi. saqonlis pativi grovdeba sanarwyalSi,saidanac gareT iyreba xis niCbebiT. axori organyofilebiania: sacxvre damsxvilfexa saqonlis. axoris aivanze mowyobilia saske. imerxeuli saxlebisagan gansxvavebiT zogierT sacxovrebels ar aqvs pirvelisarTulidan axorSi Casasvleli kibe (rac tradiciulia aWaruli saxlebisaTvis).SevqeT yaraloRlis saxlSi Sesasvleli aris aivnidan, romelsac iqaurebi,,tanTrafas” uwodeben. es termini dRemde gvxvdeba agreTve mareTis xeobissoflebSi. aivani saxls gasdevs mTel sigrZeze. aivnis boloSi aris ,,zedayaTSi”//meore sarTulze asasvleli kibe, marcxena mxares ki miSenebuli aqvsdamxmare saTavso _ ,,muTvaRi”, sadac zafxulobiT mzaddeba saWmeli. iqve aris,,dolabi” _ WurWleulis Sesanaxi saTavso zafxulis periodSi. aivanzea agreTve,,abdesluRi”//abdesxana _ xel-fexis dasabani adgili locvis win. aivnidan arisSesasvleli ,,oTurma salonSi”, sadac Tavs iyrian ojaxis wevrebi. aqvemowyobilia xis taxti _ seqvi. ezo_salonidan aris meore aivanze gasasvleli dabeRelSi (produqtebis Sesanaxi saTavso) Sesasvleli. oTurma_saloni karebiTukavSirdeba agreTve or saZinebel oTaxs. saxlis mesame mxares, mesame aivanzegasasvlel karebTan mowyobilia gugumebis (Tungebis) dasawyobi, xelis dasabaniabdesxana da sapirfareSo. am aivnidan kibiT adixar Semdegi sarTulis aivanze,sadac mowyobilia seqvis msgavsi xis taxti _ qosqi. meore sarTulze oTaxebipirveli sarTulis msgavsadaa ganlagebuli da gankuTvnilia stumrebisaTvis,bavSvebisaTvis axladdaqorwinebuli wyvilebisaTvis. imerxevis sofel bazgireTSidavafiqsireT TeTrienTebis 156 wlis calpira saxli, romelSic ,,erTianobis”dros 3 Zma gauyrelad cxovrobda. saZmo saxlebi mravladaa borCxisa damurRulis raionebSi. mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom ramodenime buxriansaxlebTan erTad davafiqsireT samabanoiani (banio) saxlebi, rac bunebriviasxvadasxva saqorwino wyvilisaTvis aris gaTvaliswinebuli.

derefnis nawils, romelic karebiT ukavSirdeba saZinebel oTaxebs, iqaurebiharaloRsac uwodeben (zemo aWaris zogierT sofelSi am terminiT aRiniSnebasaxlis iataki).

haraloRi oTurma saloni

konstruqciuli struqturis TvalsazrisiT did interess iwvevs sacxovrisSibuxris mowyobis tradicia.

buxari

umartivesi konstruqciis saSualebiT buxris MmTeli simZime eyrdnoba diregs(boZs), romelic Tavisi agebuleba _ daniSnulebiT qarTuli saxlis darbazulsistemaSi arsebul e.w. ,,dedaboZs” mogvagonebs. mas eyrdnoba ojaxis mTeli simZime(adamia i., 1967:8-9). imerxevelebi saxlis asaSeneblad arCeven magar da mSral adgils. sveladgilas saxls ar aaSeneben. adgilis simSralis Sesamowmeblad miwas RrmadamoTxrian, raTa daadginon, siRrmeSi aris Tu ara wyali, an kidev: dadeben qvas.Tu qvis qveS WinWvelebi daibudeben, e. i. adgili mSralia. niSandoblivia, rommiwis simSralis Sesamowmeblad aseTive meTods iyeneben mTian aWaraSic. saxlismSeneblobisas iTvaliswineben agreTve wyalTan da gzasTan siaxloves. SevqeT yaraloRlis sacxovrebel saxlSi yvela saTavsos, yvela elementskonkretuli funqcia aqvs dakisrebuli. Znelia gansazRvro masSi wamyvanielementi, Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi ,,oTurma salons”. igi kargadaaSerwymuli rogorc sameurneo saqmianobasTan, saojaxo urTierTobebisgabatonebul tradiciebTan, ise svirevanis bunebasTan. erTi naxviT rCebaSTabeWdileba, rom sacxovrebeli imerxevis bunebis ganuyofeli nawilia da TviTbunebis mieraa Seqmnili. sacxovrisis TiToeuli elementi erTianobaSi qmnismTlians, ganuyofels, romelsac Cveneburebi ,,ezo _ kars” uwodeben. mSeneblobis teqnikiT, konstruqciul-mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT specialistTayuradRebas iqcevs borCxisa da murRulis raionebSi gavrcelebulisacxovreblebi. ZiriTadad isini lazi ostatebis mieraa aSenebuli da lazurisaxlis analogiuria. Siga kedlebi xisaa, garedan ki qvis an aguris. zogierTisaxlis kedeli Semkulia mcenareuli ornamentiT. es Cvenis azriT igivea, rac

sicocxlis xe. rogorc Cans, ornamentebs sacxovrebeli nagebobebiskonstruqciaSi aqac gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs da Sesabamisad garkveulifunqciis matarebelia.

sacxovrebeli saxli murRulis raionSi

Aam tipis ornamentSi vazTan erTad figurirebs sxva mcenareebic. Mmag. musulmanibulgarelebis sofel ribnovoSi davafiqsireT sacxovrebeli, romlis kedelzepalmaa gamosaxuli.

sacxovrebeli saxlis fasadi sof. ribnovoSi (bulgareTi)

ornamentis es saxe Tavisi motivebis warmoSobiT uZveles kulturas ekuTvnis,momdinareobs Zveli tradiciebidan (Citaia g., 2000:215) da paralelebs poulobsqarTul, zogadkavkasiur, winaaziur Tu balkanur sinamdvileSi (futkaraZe T.,2008). warmodgenil eTnografiul masalas sruliadac ar aqvs sisrulispretenzia. kvleva am mimarTulebiT kvlav unda gagrZeldes, magram Cvens mierganxiluli mwiri monacemebic iZleva saSualebas tradiciuli kulturiT mdidarimerxevSi warmoCndes xalxuri sacxovreblis imerxevuli Taviseburebani, qarTul(aWarul) sacxovrebelTan genetikuri siaxlove da misi adgili qarTul, ufrozustad dasavlur qarTul sacxovrebel nagegobaTa ganviTarebis procesSi.

Ggamoyenebuli literatura

1. adamia i., qarTuli sacxovrebeli saxlebis uZvelesi tipebi aWaraSi, ,,Zeglis megobari”, # 12, Tb. 19672. daviTaSvili g., sacxovrebeli saxlis interieris funqcionaluri organizacia, ,,Zeglis megobari”, #34, Tb.19743. futkaraZe T., savele eTnografiuli eqspedicia pirinis makedoniaSi, dRiuri, oqtomberi, 20084. Citaia g., dasaxlebis tipi mTiuleTSi, mse,VI, Tb. 1953.5. Citaia g., Sromebi, t. II, Tb., 20006. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, III, Tb. 1953.7. cagareiSvili T., termin ,,ezos” gagebis sakiTxisaTvis, Zeglis megobari, #34, Tb.19748. . , . . . , , 1911, .75.

YTamaz futkaraZe

sacxovrebeli nagebobani tao-klarjeTSireziume

bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebisa da mikroklimatis gansxvaveba-kontrastuloba uxsovari droidan adamianisaTvis sxvadasxva sacxovrebel garemopirobebs qmnida. aRniSnulma faqtorebma xeli Seuwyes Tanamedrove da istoriulisaqarTvelos sakmaod mcire teritoriaze sxvadasxva tipis sacxovrebelinagebobebis warmoSobas da ganviTarebas. statiaSi savele-eTnografiulimonacemebis safuZvelze ganxiluli da daxasiaTebulia istoriul saqarTveloSi(tao-klarjeTSi) gavrcelebuli sacxovrebeli nagebobebi.

nato qiqava, Tamaz futkaraZe

saarqivo sammarTvelos saTaveebTan (wakiTxulia 2012 wlis 2 marts arqivistis dRisadmi miZRvnil III samecniero konferenciaze)

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ramaz surmaniZe

mesxi aime _ osmaleTis dedofali

muslimanur samyaroSi (sparseTi, osmaleTi da sxv.) saxelmwifo meTaurebis

meuRleebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ucxoelebi iyvnen, upiratesobas kavkasiel qalebs,

qarTvelebsa da Cerqezebs aniWebdnen.

axlo warsulSi CvenTan damkvidrebuli mosazrebiT Sahebisa da sulTnebis

colebi monebad warmogvedgina. bevrs ar sjeroda, rom isini raime rols

asrulebdnen saxelmwifoebriv marTva-gamgeobaSi da Tundac saqvelmoqmedo

saqmianobaSi. ra Tqma unda, es ase ar iyo da amaSi erTxel kidev davrwmundiT,

roca gavecaniT murat kasapis saintereso wigns `qarTvelebi osmaleTSi~ (Kasap M.,

2010).

am mxriv osmaleTis sasulTno karze gamorCeulia sulTan abdul hamid I-is

da misi Svilis sulTan mahmud II-is meuRleTa saqmianoba. maTi gavlena sulTnebze

qveynis SigniTa reformebis, agreTve saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros imdenad TvalsaCinoa, rom saWirod

miviCnieT mkiTxvels mivawodoT am Rirseuli mandilosnebis biografiebi.

abdul-hamid I-is ufros Zmas sulTan mustafa III (1717-1774) saqarTvelodan

Camouyvanes qarTveli mRvdlis qaliSvili da 1761 wels mas mihgvares. gogonas

saxelad mihri-Sahi (pirbadri) uwodes. mustafa II_s misgan SeeZina vaJi, selimi,

romelic 1789 wels osmaleTis taxtze avida da qveynis erT-erT reformatorad

iqca.

sayuradReboa, rom qarTvelma dedofalma mihri-Sahma rogorc ki gaigo

osmaleTis sulTanis karze kidev erTi qarTveli qalis aime (naime, aiSe?) moyvana,

misi meurveoba ikisra. SesaniSnavi dedobrivi TvisebebiT da saqarTvelosTan

mudmivi kavSiriT, mihri-Sahma aime spetaki qalis suliskveTebiT aRzarda ( .,

2008) da ganaTleba evropaSi (safrangeTSi) miaRebina.

aimes momavali meuRle, sulTani abdul-hamid I 1722 wels daibada. sulTanis

taxti 1774 w. daikava da colad SeirTo mihri-Sahis aRzrdili qarTveli qali

aime, romlis qarTuli gvari da sadauroba istoriisaTvis ucnobia. mas osmaleTSi

biografiis nawili aRebulia murat kasapis zemoTxsenebuli wignidan, SesworebebiTa dadamatebebiT.

naqSidils eZaxdnen. masTan 1785 wels abdul-hamids SeeZina momavali sulTani

mahmud II. sulTan abdul hamid I gardaicvala 1788 wels, roca misi memkvidre

mxolod 4 wlisa iyo. amitom osmaleTis sulTnis taxti abdul-hamid I-is

biZaSvilma, dediT qarTvelma zemoTxsenebulma selim III-m (1761-1808) daikava da

taxtis memkvidre mahmudis aRzrdac manve ikisra.

Zvel osmalur dokumentebSi da axal Turqul wignebSi aime naqSidilis

dabadebis TariRad 1766 weli, xolo dabadebis adgilad kavkasiaa miTiTebuli da

naTqvamia, rom igi erovnebiT qarTvelia ( ., 2008).

gansxvavebuli cnobebi gamoqveynda TurqeTis yovelkvireul Jurnal

`dergis~ 1995 wlis nomerSi. oral CaliSlari Tavis werilSi `naqSidil sulTnis

saidumloeba~, ambobs, rom naqSidil sulTani daibada 1776 wels, 1795 wels SeeZina

vaJi (SemdgomSi mahmud II) da tuberkuloziT gardaicvalao (baqraZe r., 2003).

rogorc vxedavT, naqSidilis da misi vaJis dabadebis TariRebSi daSvebulia

aSkara Secdoma, radganac mahmudi daibada 1785 wels (amas yvela osmaluri matiane

imowmebs da sulTanis dabadebis TariRi ara mgonia visme SeeSalos).

daujerebelia, rom 1776 wels dabadebul naqSidils 9 wlis asakSi Svili

SesZenoda, anda 14 wlis mahmudi sulTani gamxdariyo. amitom oral CaliSlaris

Canawerebi safuZvlian eWvs iwvevs.

miuxedavad amisa mis werilSi bevri axali da saintereso cnoba aRmoCnda.

avtori ambobs, rom naqSidilis saxelia aime. bavSvobis asakSi igi safrangeTSi

moxvedrila da iq miuRia ganaTleba. swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg, aime martinikaze

(safrangeTis proteqtorati) gaugzavniaT, magram igi alJirel korsarebs

(mekobreebs) SeupyriaT da saCuqrad alJiris beglar-beg mehmed-faSisaTvis

miurTmeviaT. mehmed-faSam, 51 sxva tyvesTan erTad, 1776 wels aime osmaleTis

sulTan abdul hamid pirvels daubruna. aRzrdisa da asakis miRwevisTanave,

daaxloebiT 1782 wels igi sulTanma colad SeirTo da mTeli sicocxle did

pativSi hyavda (baqraZe r., 2003). meuRlis mimarT pativiscema abdul hamidma imiTac

gamoxata, rom mas SeunarCuna qristianuli aRmsarebloba da ufleba misca

eklesiaSi locvisa. ufro metic, musulmanuri aRmsarebloba kategoriulad

krZalavda ucxo kacTan qalis saxis gamoCenas, sulTanma abdul hamid I-ma ki

meuRles ufleba misca ramdenime saaTi, SesaZloa ramdenime dRec ki, mxatvris win

mjdariyo, raTa misi portretebi SeeqmnaT. Cven amJamad xelTa gvaqvs aime-naqSidil

valide sulTanis ori naxati. erTze igi mTeli taniT, xolo meoreze wels

zemoT, mimzidveli saxiTaa warmodgenili.

ra gzebiT moxvda qarTveli gogona safrangeTSi? SesaZlod mimaCnia, rom igi

sulTanma dedis mihri-Sahis gavleniT marTlac saswavleblad gagzavna, Tumca

misi iq yofna sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom zogierT mkvlevars igi

bonapartes meuRlis Jozefinas deidaSvilad gamoecxadebina da saxelad aime de

rivieri ewodebina.

am siyalbis sababi gaxda naqSidil valide sulTanis SviliSvilis sulTan

abdul-azizis (1830-1876) moqmedeba. piradad man mizanmimarTulad gaavrcela

legenda imis Sesaxeb, rom misi bebia naqSidili iyo safrangeTis imperatrica

Jozefinas naTesavi. amiT abdul-azizs surda daaxloeboda Jozefinas

SviliSvils, safrangeTis imperators, napoleon III-s (1808-1873) da mzad iyo is

Tavis biZaSvilad gamoecxadebina. sxvaTa Soris am oinbazobas Sedegad is mohyva,

rom 1867 wels, `biZaSvilma~ abdul-azizi parizis msoflio gamofenaze dapatiJa.

amiT dasrulda abdul-azizisa da napoleon III-is `naTesaoba~, Tumca aman Tavisi

uaryofiTi kvali mainc datova. istoriaSi damkvidrda yalbi azri naqSidil

valide sulTanis franguli warmoSobis Sesaxeb (interneti ». rus.

enaze).

Cven ar gvsurs dausabuTebulad vamtkicoT naqSidilis qarTuli

warmomavloba, radganac istoriuli wyaroebis didi nawili swored amas

adasturebs.

Tavis wignSi, `osmaleTis sasaxlis qalebi~, Turqi avtori TuRliji

araorazrovnad ambobs, rom `naqSidil sulTani abdul hamid I-is qarTuli

warmoSobis meuRle iyo~ (baqraZe r., 2003). amasve imeorebs nejeT sakaoRli Tavis

statiaSi, `naqSidil valide sulTani~, romelic TurqeTis enciklopediaSi

gamoqveynda: `naqSidil sulTani sulTan abdul hamidis erT-erTi meuRle da

mahmud II-is deda... qarTveli qali yofila~ (Sakaoçlu N., 1994). es erT-erTi sando

wyaroa, radganac enciklopediaSi Cveulebriv dazustebuli masala SeaqvT.

abdul hamid I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1789 wels naqSidil sulTani

sacxovreblad gadavida esqisaraiSi, sadac 19 weli dahyo da aqtiurad

rogorc cnobilia, napoleonis meuRles Jozefinas Svili ar gauCnda, amitom bonapartem meored1810 w. maria-luizaze iqorwina. misgan SeeZina vaJi evgeni (1811-1832).

abdul azizi 1876 wels sasaxleSi SeWrilma SeTqmulebma taxtidan Camoagdes da 2 ivnissmokles. `arxeionis~ me-2 krebulSi (2011, gv. 45) Cvens naSromSi naTqvamia, rom sulTan abdul-azizis deda, baTumSi azizies meCeTis aSnebis iniciatori fatima-bezmialem valide sulTani,qarTveli qali, warmoSobiT baTumidanaa. axlaxan x. axvledianis wignSi mivakvlieT cnobas,romelsac avtori gvawvdis z. WiWinaZis naSromze dayrdnobiT. masSi naTqvamia, rom `baTumis jamesamSenebeli yofila qarTveli qali samtrediidan, gvarad quTaTelaZe.~ (narkvevi aWarisistoriidan. baTumi. 1944. gv. 172). TiTqmis 70 wlis manZilze es cnoba aravis uaruyvia, amitom CvencSesaZleblad migvaCnia, rom sulTan mahmud II-s meuRle da sulTan abdul-azizis deda iyosamtredieli (Cveni azriT didi jixaiSidan) fatima quTaTelaZe. rogorc Cans, es gogonasamtrediidan jer baTumSi Camoiyvanes da erTxans aq yavdaT. aqedan gauyenes osmaleTis gzas,amitomac miiCnies, rom is baTumeli iyo. am qalbatonis biografias momdevno nomrebSigamovaqveynebT.

monawileobda mravali mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi. sulTanis taxtze

aimes vaJis mahmudis asvlis Semdeg, 1808 wlis 6 ivliss dedas, naqSidils

osmaleTSi damkvidrebuli tradiciisamebr valide sulTanis wodeba mianiWes, ris

Semdeg kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxda misi roli saxelmwifos marTvaSi. Svilis

sulTnad kurTxevis Semdeg valide tradiciulad Tavisi korteJiT mivida

Tofqafis sasaxleSi. es aqti osmaleTis istoriaSi deda-sulTnis korteJiT

misvlis bolo movlena iyo. Tofqafis saraidan osmaleTis samefo dinastia

beSiqTaSis saraiSi gadavida, rac naqSidilis gavleniT moxda.

tuberkuloziT daavadebulma valide sulTanma im periodSi cnobil

eqmibaSTan da or berZen eqimTan daiwyo mkurnaloba, magram Setevebi ufro

gauxSirda da sunTqvac gauZnelda, ris gamo 1817 wlis 22 agvistos 51 wlis asakSi

gardaicvala. samgloviaro procesia Catarda fatih jameSi, sadac misive anderZis

Tanaxmad qristianulad dakrZales (Kasap M., 2010).

aime naqSidili meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdegac sasaxlis karze didi

pativiscemiT sargeblobda. amis dasturad isic gamodgeba, rom abdul-hamidis

gardacvalebisTanave, 1788 wels aimes sapativcemulod sulTan ahmedis sapatimros

gverdiT gaixsna naqSi qalis wyaro. 1809 wels usqudarSi alemdaRis maxloblad

sof. sariqadiSi, meCeTis win naqSidil valide sulTnis wyaro, aimes

gardacvalebisTanave, 1817 w. fatihSi sasmeli wylis Sadrevani, xolo

mavzoleumisa da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciis gverdiT quCis wina fasadTan

agreTve `bednierebis wyaro~ gaixsna. Tavis mxriv mahmud II-m dedis

gardacvalebidan 1 wlis Semdeg mis saxelze fatihSi Tofhanes (arsenalis Senoba)

win sasaflaoze valides wyaro gaakeTebina, mis mavzoleumSi daasvena hazreTi

(wminda) fatimas tansacmeli, romelsac ramazanis TveebSi morwmuneebi

stumrobdnen. osmaleTis imperiaSi msxvili medreseebis umravlesobaSi dResac

moqmedebs naqSidil valide sulTanis mier dawesebuli religiis saqmeTa

departamentis, `CirCir qiz yuranis kursebi~. naqSidilis mavzoleumSi mdebareobs

mahmud II-is da abdul hamidis or-ori ufliswulis, maTi STamomavlebis da

dinastiis wevrebis 15 saflavi (Kasap M., 2010).

aime naqSidil sulTanis biografiiT dainteresebuli Cveni Tanamemamule,

saqarTvelos konsuli ankaraSi, aw gardacvlili revaz baqraZe, Tavis wignSi

`saqarTvelos miRma~ wers: `aime-naqSidils dasavleT evropis qveynebSi kargad

icnobdnen. me-19 saukuneSi masze iwereboda gamokvlevebi da mxatvruli

valide-sulTanis (deda-dedoflis) wodeba osmaleTSi me-16 s-Si SemoiRes. pirvelad es wodebasulTan murad III-s (1546-1596) dedas mianiWes.

nawarmoebebi, xolo mogvianebiT erT-erTi romanis mixedviT mxatvruli

kinofilmic ki SeuqmniaT~ (baqraZe r., 2003).

saqarTvelos romeli mxridan SeiZleba iyos osmaleTis agrerigad cnobili

dedofali? Cven amis pirdapiri miniSneba ara gvaqvs, arc misi qarTuli gvar-

saxeli viciT. murat kasapis wignSi, `qarTvelebi osmaleTSi~, dasaxelebulia

`naqSi~ fuZis mqone meore pirovneba mehmet murat efendi, igive murad naqSibendi

(1788-1848). igi dabadebula stambolis maxloblad CerSembeSi. misi mama ki

axalcixeli qarTveli naqSi-bendi abdul halim efendi yofila (Kasap M., 2010).

halim efendi naqSidilis Tanamedrovea. gamoricxuli araa, rom aime-naqSidili

warmoSobiT mesxi abdul-halim efendis da iyos.

sanam warmomavlobaze Cveni varaudis Sesaxeb gavagrZelebdeT Txrobas,

saubars ganvagrZob aime-naqSidil valide sulTanze, romelsac meuRleze sulTan

abdul mejid I-ze da Svilze mahmud II-ze didi gavlena hqonda. aime-naqSidili

cdilobda osmaleTSi gaetarebinaT safuZvliani sazogadoebrivi reforma,

dasavlur yaidaze moewyoT ganaTleba da kultura, daewyoT wignebis beWdva da

gazeTebis gamoSveba. Tavis mxriv mahmud II daiwyo meqrTameobasTan da sxva

ukanono qmedebebTan brZola, ramac maRali Cinovnikebis da sasuliero pirebis

ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. maT mxars uWerda mosaxleobis didi nawili, amitom

mahmud II-s rTuli brZola mouxda mavne wes-CveulebebTan, crumorwmuneobasTan da

sxva gadaxrebTan, romlebic SeniRbuli iyo erovnuli samoseliT.

mahmud II_mde osmaleTis imperiis ZiriTad dasayrden Zalas ianiCarebi

warmoadgendnen, Tumca am samxedro organizaciaSi sulTanma didi saSiSroeba

dainaxa, amitom gadawyvita gaetarebina samxedro reforma. amas didi

Sinaareuloba da Sexla-Semoxla mohyva. ianiCarebma araerTi masobrivi ajanyeba

moawyves, gadawyvites mahmud II-is taxtidan Camogdeba. roca maT SeekiTxnen: vis

dasvamT sulTnado, maTi pasuxi aseTi iyo: sulTani iqneba mustaf IV-s da esmao.

amrigad isini umaRles postze ar asaxeleben aime-naqSidils, romelic did xans

faqtobrivad asrulebda sulTnis movaleobas, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom

ianiCarebi maTs sawinaaRmdego samxedro reformaSi mahmud II-is dedas valide

sulTansac adanaSaulebdnen (uCoki b., 1982). sulTansa da ianiCarebs Soris xSiri

iyo sisxliani dapirispirebebi, magram mahmudis sisastikem yvelaferze gaimarjva

da erT dros Zlevamosili ianiCarTa armia man 1826 wels mTlianad gaanadgura.

marTalia, amis Semdeg osmaleTs Zalze gauZnelda rusebTan omebis mogeba,

imperiam dakarga saberZneTi, serbia, axalcixis safaSo, moldaveTi da vlaxeTi,

magram sazogadoebis azri Seicvala da misi didi nawili gatarebul reformebs

ukve dadebiTad afasebda.

sxva monarqebis msgavsad mahmud II-m sisxlisRvris, adamianTa didi

msxverplis safasurad sakmaod xangrZlivad (31 weli) SeinarCuna fadiSahis taxti

(janeliZe d., 1984). amasTan erTad sulTanze dedisa da colis gavlena, osmaleTis

imperiaSi erTgvar kulturul gardatexasac moaswavebda.

arsebobs erTi, arapirdapiri cnoba, romlis mixedviT rogorc deda aime-

naqSidili, aseve misi Svili mahmud II gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobdnen aime-

naqSidilis savaraudo samSoblos axalcixis safaSos kulturul winsvlas.

saqarTveloSi cnobilma bibliografma da erovnuli biblioTekis didma

moWirnaxulem qalbatonma Tamar maWavarianma Zvel rusul periodikaSi aRmoaCina

cnoba, romelSic aRwerilia axalcixis biblioTeka da iq arsebuli rusuli

xelnawerebi (maWavariani T., 1937) rusuli wyaros avtori (Cveni azriT osip

ivanes Ze senkovski (1800-1858) saubrobs mizgiTze, romelic axmed-faSa ximSiaSvils

(1781-1836) dauarsebia. aq moqmedebda dasavlurTan miaxloebuli liceumi,

romelsac saukeTeso biblioTeka hqonda. rusi avtori, Jurnalisti, filologi da

orientalisti calkeuli wignis daxasiaTebasac iZleva da miuTiTebs Zvirfas

xelnawerebze, romelTagan erTi maTgani 1131 wels yofila gadawerili. garda

amisa, biblioTekaSi inaxeboda Zvirfasad Semkuli da moxatuli saRvTismetyvelo

da filosofiuri xelnaweri wignebi, agreTve me-7 saukuneSi baRdadSi

gamoqveynebuli sakanonmdeblo saxelmZRvaneloebi, arabuli da Turquli

leqsikonebi, istoriuli da xalxuri sityvierebis krebulebi da a.S.

mTeli es biblioTeka Seqmnilia sulTan mahmud II-is dedis aime-naqSidilis

zrunviTa da daxmarebiT. misi sikvdilis Semdeg es saqme Tavad sulTans ukisria.

sxvaTaSoris, 1828-29 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis ambebze miZRvnili erTi wigni

piradad sulTan mahmud II-s axmed-faSa ximSiaSvilisaTvis uCuqebia. garda amisa

axalcixis biblioTekas sulTanma Seswira arabuli poeziis nimuSebi, hafizis

leqsTa krebuli, osmaluri literatura da a.S.

p. s-skii am biblioTekas adarebs ardebilis (sparseTis) wignTsacavs, magram

aRniSnavs mis upiratesobasac. igi saswavlo miznebs emsaxureboda, amitom aq

warmodgenili iyo mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargi: gramatika, maTematika,

astronomia, RvTismetyveleba, filosofia, kanonmdebloba da sxva (

., 1828).

rusma dampyroblebma biblioTeka orad gayves. mcire nawili dautovebiaT

liceumis moswavleTaTvis ` ~, didi da

saukeTeso nawili, maT Soris 600 Zvirfasi wigni, sankt-peterburgSi gaugzavniaT

da maTTvis imperatoris biblioTekaSi miuCeniaT bina.

axmed-faSis sasaxlidan da liceumidan Zvirfasi ganZeuli mTavarmarTebelma

i.f. paskeviCmac (1782-1856) miiTvisa. maT Soris yovelisSemZle mefisnacvalma q.

gomelSi (belorusia) gadaatanina ieSmisagan (iaspi, amarta, r.s.) nagebi 800-fuTiani

niSi faSebis rezidenciaSi kedelSi Cadgmuli SeRrmavebuli saTavsi, romelic

praqtikulad faSis taxtis funqcias asrulebda (`Woroxi~, #5, 2009 w. gv. 89-93).

axalcixis aRebis Semdeg, general nikoloz muraviovs (1794-1866) dauvalebia

biblioTekis wignadi fondis Seswavla da xelnawerebTan erTad maTi aRwera. aq

am saqmis mcodne axalcixeli 70 wlis moxuci efendic miuwveviaT, romelic

wignebs Tanrigis mixedviT axarisxebda. am process TviT n. muraviovic eswreboda.

mas yuradReba miuqcevia yumbariT gangreul kedelze da iqve Zirs davardnil

yumbaris namsxvervze. generals es avbediTi nivTi xelSi auRia da moxucisaTvis

ironiulad ukiTxavs: `am nobaTs romel Tanrigs miakuTvnebTo~. naTqvamze moxucs

saxe usiamovnod SeeWmuxna, amoioxra da axalcixis dacemiT ukmayofilom

generals upasuxa: `CawereT, rom es qveynierebis ukuRmarTobis mogonebaTa

Tanrigs miekuTvnebao,~ rac rus generalze maTraxis gadakvras niSnavda (`Woroxi~,

#5, 2009 w. gv. 89-93).

vin iyo es moxuci efendi? iqneb igi igive mesxi naqSi-bendi, abdul halim

efendia, Zma naqSidil valide sulTanisa, romelic dis gardacvalebis Semdeg

patronobda biblioTekas da amiT pativs miagebda gardacvlil aimes, romelic

nebiT Tu uneblied osmaleTis samefo karze moxvda da Semdeg am qveynis

legendaruli dedofali gaxda.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. Murat Kasap. Osmanli Gürcüleri. Istanbul. 2010.

2. . . . 2008. . 385, 386.

3. iqve, gv. 435.

4. revaz baqraZe. saqarTvelos miRma. baTumi, 2003. gv. 143.

5. iqve, gv. 144.

6. interneti. ». rus. enaze.

7. revaz baqraZe... gv. 145.

8. Necet Sakaoçlu. Dünden bugün Istanbul Ansiklopedisi. c.6. Istanbul. 1994. s. 40.

9. Murat Kasap… gv. 435.

10. iqve.

11. revaz baqraZe... gv. 144.

12. Murat Kasap… gv. 212.

13. baxrie uCoki. muslimanuri saxelmwifoebis qali-mmarTvelebi. moskovi, 1982. gv.

143. rus. enaze.

14. daviT janeliZe. saqarTvelo da aRmosavleTi. Tbilisi, 1984. gv. 353, 354.

15. Tamar maWavariani. axalcixis biblioTekis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos sax. sajaro

biblioTekis Sromebi. III. Tbilisi, 1937. gv. 54.

16. , 16, 1828 .

17. axalcixis muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi. sab. # 2093; ramaz surmaniZe. ucnobi

epizodi axmed faSa ximSiaSvilis cxovrebidan. J. `Woroxi~, #5, 2009 w. gv. 89-93.

18. iqve.

Tamaz futkaraZe (arxeionis mesame nomristvis. wakiTxulia arqivistis dRisadmimiZRvnil mesame konferenciaze 2. 03. 2012)

samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobasaarqivo sammarTveloSi

saarqivo dawesebulebebi samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobis umniSvnelovanesicentrebia, sadac mimdinareobs qveynis warsulis, mis mier ganvlili gzis,sulieri da kulturuli memkvidreobis srulyofili Seswavla. am TvalsazrisiTgansakuTrebulia saarqivo dokumentebis mniSvneloba. Cvenma winaprebma adridanveizrunes, rom qveynis istoria aRebeWdaT rogorc qvis filebze, aseve pergamentzeTu qaRaldze, raTa momavali TaobebisTvis daetovebinaT maT dros momxdariistoriuli movlenebis amsaxveli dokumentebi. Cveni saxelmwifoebriobisaTaswlovani istoriis, misi umdidresi materialuri da sulieri kulturulimemkvidreobis amsaxveli aseulaTasobiT werilobiTi dokumenti TavmoyriliasaqarTvelos arqivebSi, muzeumebsa da wignTsacavebSi. Cveni winaprebi yvelafersakeTebdnen imisaTvis, rom Tavi moeyaraT, moenaxaT, SeegrovebinaT werilobiTiwyaroebi, samuzeumo eqsponatebi. dokumentebis nawili Sedgenili iyo maTTvisgaugebar, ucxo enaze, magram gaTavisebuli hqondaT maTi mniSvneloba, gaazrebulihqondaT, rom nebismierma dokumentma, Tundac maTTvis gaugebarma wyarom, rogorceris dokumenturma mexsierebam bina unda daidos arqivSi da TviTon Tu verSeZleben maT wakiTxva-gaanalizebas, gaizrdebian Taobebi, romlebic amasmoaxerxeben. am TvalsazrisiT fasdaudebelia mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumismaSindeli direqtoris xariton axvledianis Rvawli da damsaxureba. swored misiTavdauzogavi energiisa da Sromis Sedegad muzeumSi Tavi moiyara araerTmaeqsponatma, qarTulenovanma Tu ucxourma dokumentma, unikalurma xelnawerebma,romlebic dRes mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisdokumentebs ganekuTvnebian. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom amTvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidga saarqivo sammarTveloSi, romlisxelmZRvanelobis mowadinebiTa da ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebeli gaxda bulgareTidanCveni regionis Sesaxeb XVI-XVIII saukuneebis osmaluri dokumentebisa da

petriwonis qarTuli monastris XVIII saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli asomTavrulixelnaweris qseroaslis Semotana. marTalia, jer-jerobiT ver vaxerxebT maTgaSifrvas, magram mTavaria, rom CvenTan daivana am dokumentebma, romlebsacaucileblad gamouCndeba patroni. Ggvjera, rom momavali mkvlevarebi amdokumentebSi miakvleven saintereso informaciebs Cveni kuTxis istoriis jerkidev Seuswavleli Tu dasazustebeli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. am motiviTxelmZRvanelobdnen Cveni winaprebi, roca zrunavdnen qarTuli Tu ucxoenovanidokumentebis TavmoyrisaTvis saqarTvelos erovnul arqivsa Tu regionalurarqivebSi. aseTi damokidebulebaa dokumentebis mimarT ucxoeTSi. swored amanganapiroba Cveni qveynis Sesaxeb arsebuli dokumentebis arseboba msofliossxvadasxva qveynis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi. Cveni saarqivo dawesebulebebi ardainanebeb soliduri Tanxebis gadaxdas parizis nacionalur biblioTekaSidaculi 29 qarTuli xelnaweris, venisa da gracis biblioTekebSi daculi 11,gotingenis, hales, laifcigis, tiubingenis, oqsfordis, kembrijis, prinstonis,peterburgis, moskovis, kievis, odesis da sxva qalaqebis sabuTsacavebSi daculiuamravi dokumentis Sesasyidad, magram dokumentebis dednebis unikaluriRirebulebebis gamo amis miRweva ver xerxdeba. magaliTisaTvis SeiZlebadavasaxeloTKkembrijis universitetis marjori uordropis fondSi daculixelnawerebi: vaxtang VI-is samarTlis Semcveli krebuli, sulxan-sabas leqsikoni,misive ,,mogzauroba evropaSi”, ,,sirinoziani”, ,,aleqsandriani”, andria salosiscxovreba, ,,vefxistyaosani”, ezopes cxovrebis aRwera da a. S. CvenTvis cnobilia,rom saintereso dokumenturi masalebia daculi odesis saxelmwifo arqivSi,romelTanac gaformebuli gvaqvs urTierTTanamSromlobis memorandumi. albaTunda vifiqroT am mimarTulebiT muSaobis gaaqtiurebaze. Cveni ganyofilebissamuSao gegma iTvaliswinebs agreTve Tbilisis, axalcixisa da quTaisissabuTsacavebidan aWaris Sesaxeb arsebuli dokumentebis qseroaslebisSemotanasac.

aWaris ar mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba-saarqivo sammarTveloSi

daculia dokumentebi, romlebSic asaxulia 1878 wlis Semdgomi periodis

istoria, manamde arsebuli dokumentebis nawili cnobili politikuri movlenebis

gamo aRmoCnda TurqeTis arqivebSi. am mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli osmalobamdeli

wyaroebis simwire, ramac SeuZlebeli gaxada saqarTvelos am uZvelesi regionis

istoriis Sesaxeb srulyofili naSromis Seqmna, Tumca aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti,

rom bolo wlebSi regionis samecniero dawesebulebebSi gaZlierda interesi

aWaris istoriis srulyofili Sewavlis mizniT, ramac dabada `aWaris istoriis

narkvevebis” Seqmnis idea. SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis,

arqeologiuri muzeumis, niko berZeniSvilis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis,

saarqivo sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa Tavdauzogavi Sromis Sedegad daiwera

oTxtomeuli, romlis sami tomi ukve gamoqveynebulia. masSi warmodgenilia

saarqivo sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa ori statia. male dRis sinaTles ixilavs

meoTxe tomi. ,,aWaris istoriis narkvevebi~-s mesame da meoTxe tomebSi uxvadaa

warmodgenili rogorc erovnul, ise aWaris ar arqivSi daculi werilobiTi

dokumentebi. am ideis realizaciaSi fasdaudebeli wvlili Seitanes

awgansvenebulma profesorebma – daviT xaxutaiSvilma (saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis wevr korespondenti), ab. surgulaZem (m/doqtori, profesori), aseve

profesorebma a. kaxiZem, m. sioriZem, o. TurmaniZem, n. kaxiZem da sxvebma. cxadia

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvnloba eniWeba osmalobamdel wyaroebs,

romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili Tavmoyrilia sofiis, ankaris, stambolis, qairos

arqivebSi. rogorc iTqva, sofiis biblioTekaSi daculi dokumentebis nawilma

bina daido Cvens arqivSi.

Tavisi arsebobis manZilze aWaris centralur saxelmwifo arqivs asobiT

mkvlevari, aspiranti, samecniero xarisxis maZiebeli miuRia, romelTa

muxlCauxreli SromiT bevri mtverwayrili dokumeti gamovlinda da moeqca

samecniero brunvaSi. maT Soris arian amagdari arqivistebic. am TvalsazrisiT

fasdaudebelia iseTi mdidari biografiis mqone arqivistTa Rvawli, rogorebic

iyvnen: nazi noRaideli, sergo tabaRua, SoTa TodaZe, mayvala TavaZe, d. WeliZe,

vladimer mkervaliSvili, grigol Caganava da sxvebi.

dasaxelebulma da sxva mkvlevarebma, wlebis manZilze Tavdauzogavi Sromis

Sedegad moiZies da gamoavlines aTasobiT saarqivo dokumenti, romelTa

safuZvlze Seiqmna sayuradRebo samecniero gamokvlevebi. swored maTi wyalobiT

1975 wels gamoqveynda dokumentebisa da masalebis krebuli `aWara sabWoTa

xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da saxalxo meurneobis aRdgenis periodSi~,

romelic moicavs periods 1921 wlis martidan 1925 wlamde. krebulSi Tavmoyrilia

256 dokumenti originalis, aslisa Tu periodikis saxiT. dokumenturi masalebi

warmodgenilia qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT. krebulis srulyofis mizniT

Semdgenelebs SeutaniaT zogierTi adre gamoqveynebuli dokumenti, Tumca maTi

umravlesoba pirvelad moeqca samecniero brunvaSi. dokuments win uZRvis

anotirebuli saTauri da darTuli aqvs legenda, romlSic gaSifrulia

saxelmwifo arqivis saxelwodeba, fondis, saqmisa da furclis nomeri.

krebulSi warmodgenili dokumentebi exeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis

ganmtkicebis, saxalxo meurneobis aRdgenis, soflis meurneobis, vaWrobis,

mrewvelobis, kulturuli mSeneblobis, ganaTlebis, presis, literaturis,

xelovnebis, janmrTelobisa da sakurorto saqmis ganviTarebis sakiTxebs.

aWaris centraluri arqivis TanamSromelTa mier 1961 wels rusul enaze

gamoqveynda dokumentebis krebuli ,,brZola sabWoTa xelisuflebis

gamarjvebisaTvis aWaraSi” marTalia masSi dokumentebi da saarqivo wyaroebi

warmodgenilia sabWoTa periodis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad (es bunebrivicaa), magram

am masalebiTac krebuli angariSgasawevi pirvelwyaroa XX s. pirveli ocwleulis

istoriiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTaTvis.

Aamagdari arqivistebis mier saTavedadebuli kvleva-Ziebis tradicia

grZeldeba. 2010 wels saarqivo sammarTvelom inga facureiSvilis, ciuri

beJaniSvilis, madona cxadaZis, fridon qardavas, maia ruruas, Tengiz saluqvaZis,

marika WeliZis, nazi nagervaZis, dodo SuSaniZisa da rusiko gogitauris

ZalisxmeviT, maT mier gamovlenili wyaroebis safuZvelze gamosca dokumentebis

krebuli ,,religiuri dawesebulebebi aWaraSi”. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom krebulma specialistTa didi mowoneba daimsaxura. CvenTvis cnobili

monacemebis safuZvelze bolo periodSi gamoqveynebul naSromebsa Tu

dokumentebis krebulebs Soris aRniSnuli gamocema erT-erTi saukeTeso

gamocemaa, rasac adasturebs citirebis indeqsi. Aam gamocemaSi gamoqveynebuli

dokumentebi ukve gamoiyena 20-ze metma mkvlevarma. Mmisi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb

saintereso mosazrebebi gamoiTqva 1 saerTaSoriso da 3 respublikur samecniero

konferenciaze.

Tematuri mravalferovnebiT, axali saarqivo masalebis mecnierul brunvaSi

mimoqceviT gamoirCeva aWaris dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebis 130 wlisTavisadmi

miZRvnili samecniero konferenciis masalebis krebuli ,,samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelo mezobel saxelmwifoTa geopolitikuri interesebis konteqstSi” (baT.

2009). krebulSi warmodgenilia qarTveli, rusi, bulgareli mecnierebis naSromebi.

maT Sorisaa saarqivo sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa samecniero statiebi.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos krebuli ,,aWara ucxoel avtorTa SromebSi”

(gamomc. ,,alioni, baTumi, 2010), romelSic warmodgenilia aWarisa da misi

umTavresi qalaqis – baTumis Sesaxeb ucxoel avtorTa SromebSi daculi

monacemebi. krebulSi daibeWda Cveni TanamSromlebis: qeTevan iakobaZis, naTia

beriZis, fridon qardavas saintereso statiebi. niSandoblivia, rom krebulSi

erTad moiyara Tavi Cveni regionis Sesaxeb ucxoel avtorTa naSromebSi

mimobneulma dokumentebma. Aamitomac gamoiwvia mkiTxveli sazogadoebis

gansakuTrebuli interesi. aRniSvnis Rirsia isic, rom am sakiTxs mieZRvna

saarqivo sammarTvelos samecniero konferencia. niSandoblivia, rom saarqivo

sammarTvelos samecniero RonisZiebebSi CarTuli arian rogorc saqarTvelos,

ise ucxoeTis samecniero dawesebulebebis warmomadgenlebi, rac saarqivo

sammarTvelosTan maTi TanamSromlobis naTeli gamoxatulebaa.

samecniero saqmianobis udao warmatebad unda iqnes miCneuli saarqivo

sammarTvelos perioduli organos Jurnal ,,arxeionis” dabadeba. aseTi organos

daarseba arqivistebis didi xnis ocneba iyo. Uukve gamovida Jurnalis ori nomeri,

romlebSic daibeWda saarqivo sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa 11 statia (avtorebi:

T. futkaraZe, q. iakobaZe, e. Caganava, m. rurua, f. qardava, m. cxadaZe, x. ServaSiZe)

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis, saarqivo dawesebulebaTa Camoyalibebis,

turizmis, damsaxurebuli arqivistebis Rvawlis da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

vfiqrobT, rom marTebuli iyo saredaqcio sabWos midgoma JurnalSi amagdari

arqivistebis calke rubrikis saxiT warmodgenis Sesaxeb. damsaxurebuli

adamianebis xsovnas gansakuTrebuli adgili unda daeTmos. rubrikis avtoria maia

rurua, romelmac iTava gamorCeuli arqivistebis Rvawlis warmoCena. Cven pativi

unda mivagoT ara marto gardacvlil arqivistebs, aramed Cvens gverdSi myof

adamianebsac, romlebmac TavianTi sityva Tqves saarqivo saqmis ganviTarebaSi da

muxlCauxrelad iRwvian TavianTi profesiuli movaleobis Sesasruleblad.

Jurnalma am TvalsazrisiTac Tqva Tavisi sityva. sakuTar furclebze

dabadebidan 50 wlis iubile miuloca guguli patariZesa da nino gogitiZes.

samecniero saqmianobis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia saarqivo fondebis

mimoxilva. Aam TvalsazrisiT dasafasebelia fridon qardavas, madona cxadaZis da

guguli patariZis saqmianoba. britaneTis arqivSi daculi dokumentebis aslebis,

giorgi xeCinaSvilis piradi fondis da fotodokumentebis mimoxilvam asaxva hpova

Cveni Jurnalis furclebze.

saarqivo sammarTvelos samecniero-kvleviTi muSaoba iTvaliswinebs axali

saarqivo masalebis gamovlenas da dokumenturi wyaroebis gamoqveynebas. Jurnalma

am TvalsazrisiTac Tqva Tavisi sityva. Mmis furclebze daibeWda rogorc Cvens

arqivSi, ise quTaisisa da saqarTvelos erovnul arqivebSi daculi dokumentebi,

romlebSic warmoCenilia saarqivo dawesebulebaTa istoriis, saxkomsabWos

saqmianobis, svanebis umZimesi yofis, aWariswylis hidroeleqtrosadguris

mSeneblobis istoriis, XIX saukunis bolo meoTxedis baTumis mosaxleobis

eTnoreligiuri Semadgenlobis da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb arsebuli

pirvelxarisxovani dokumentebi.

saarqivo sammarTvelos TanamSromlebma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes

sammarTvelos mier organizebuli respublikuri (,,saqarTvelo sabWoTa aneqsiis

pirispir”, 2011 w. 24 Tebervali) da saerTaSoriso (,,saqarTvelo-bulgareTi,

istoriuli paralelebi”, 2011 w. 30-31 maisi)Kkonferenciebis muSaobaSi.

misasalmebelia, rom aRniSnuli konferenciis Sesaxeb informaciam asaxva hpova

bulgareTis presasa da televiziaSi.Mmimdinare wels dagegmilia kidev erTi

saerTaSoriso konferenciis Catareba Temaze: ,,aWara saarqivo dokumentebSi”.

Qqalaqebis, quCebis istoriis Seswavla erT-erTi aqtualuria Tanamedrove

istoriografiaSi. marTalia baTumis quCebis saxelwodebebis Sesaxeb

gamoqveynebulia Temur komaxiZisa da SoTa cecxlaZis wignebi, magram maTSi bevri

ram dazustebas da Sevsebas moiTxovs. am TvalsazrisiT metad nayofieria maia

ruruas saqmianoba. igi saqmis codniTa da Cveuli profesionalizmiT ikvlevs

aRniSnul sakiTxs da gamosacemad amzadebs cnobars. vimedovnebT, rom saarqivo

sammarTvelo SeZlebs am cnobaris gamoqveynebas.

meToduri nusxebis Sedgena samecniero saqmianobis umniSvnelovanesi

mimarTulebaa. Aam mxriv dasafasebelia publikaciisa da gamoyenebis ganyofilebis

muSaoba. Mm. cxadaZis, fr. Qqardavas, m. surmaniZisa da n. gogitiZis mier

gamovlenili iqna dokumentebi da Sedgenil iqna Tematuri nusxebi Semdeg

sakiTxebze:

a) ,,meCeTebi baTumSi” (1983-1987 ww.);

b) sakonsuloebi baTumSi (1878-1930 ww.);

g) baTumis sapatio moqalaqeebi (1980-1995 ww.)

nazi nagervaZis mier momzadda meToduri xasiaTis werili saeqsperto –

Semmowmebeli komisiis srulyofis sakiTxebze.

samecniero-meToduri sabWo agrZelebs saqmianobas. SemuSavebuli iqna

,,gzamkvlevis”Sevseba-dazustebisa da saarqivo sammarTvelos istoriis gegma-

prospeqti. saarqivo sammarTvelos TanamSromelTa mxardaWeriTa da aqtiurobiT es

problemac warmatebiT gadaiWreba.

The Beginning of the Collectivization of Land in Bulgaria

/1946 -1948/

Anastasija Pashova, Petar Vodenicharov, SWU - Blagoevgrad

Up to 1944 in Bulgaria there were only a few co-operations for a collective cultivation of land,

the existed ones were based primary on state land. Besides in every village there were founded co-

operations having other kinds of activities – forestry, cooperative shops etc. which played an

important role in supporting and providing the survival of the poorest peasants with a small parts

land or of no private land at all.15

On the other side since 1940 the state interfered in the economic life of the villages and

especially in agriculture founding an Administration for Citizen’s Mobilization to plan and impose

specific kinds of yearly crops for the farmers limiting their choice to decide on themselves what kind

of crops to grow.16 This practice was preserved during the new communist regime to pressure the

peasants to enter the cooperative agriculture farms.

15 , . , . /40 – 50-., . 41

16 , . /1948 – 1958/, . 1995, 13

At the time of the coup d’etat on 9.09.1944 the hole Bulgarian society and the Bulgarian village

especially was on a crossroad. The new regime represented by the Fatherland Front led by the

strongest and the best organize party – The Communist one – was primary engaged with the seizing

of local power not having any long term plans. But nevertheless of this in the article 10 of the

Program of the Government of Fatherland Front from 17.09.1944 several advantages of collective

cultivation of land were pointed out. “The cooperative cultivation of land, the planed and specialized

crops will increase the agriculture production. Crediting and farm equipment will be provided by the

state”.17

The collectivization was the hardest economic and social cataclysm experienced by the

common people. It was directly imported in all East-European countries from the Soviet Union after

the Second World War.18 For the first time the abbreviation TKZS (Labor Cooperative Rural

Economy) appeared in public in the middle of November 1944 when a project for a Decree for

establishing TKZS was elaborated. In the beginning of 1945 the National Commission of Fatherland

Front announced a month “cooperative action” in the country for attracting the villagers in TKZS.

On 13 of April 1945 the Cabinet appropriated a Decree for TKZS. The Decree for TKZS freed the

co-operators for a period of 3 years from state and local taxes, TKZS was also provided with state and

municipality lands for a free exploitation. In July 1945 the Minister of agriculture issued a Decree for

granting the TKZS with state and municipality lands, free medical care for the cooperative livestock

by the state and municipality veterinary surgeons, free exploitation of the engineering and

agricultural economic services, special price reduction in buying breeding stock and select seeds.

From the very beginning the privileges were granted by the state to the new cooperatives at the

expense of the private farms.

The other basic instrument used by the socialist state to push the private farmers to joint the

cooperatives was the delivery quota – the private farmers had to give part of their production to the

state – 60 kg grain per decare for the first 30 decares sowed to grain.19 The same quotas were imposed

on the other kinds of crops and on the cattle, sheep and goats. The introduced quota system for the

private farmers was a form of open robbery of the poor peasantry in unknown to this moment scale.

We have to keep in mind that in 1946 the deal of peasantry was 75.3% of the whole population –

5 294 people.20

The heavy quotas on one side and the privileges granted by the state to the co-operatives on the

other side could explain the fact that by the end of 1945 the number of the TKZS-s raised to 382. The

biggest part of the TKZS founders were landless or of poor land peasants21, and because of this

17 , . , . /40 – 50-., . 73

18 , . 2519 , . , , ., 2002, .15320 , . . ,, . 1993, . 4621 – 10 , – 20

reason state lands had to be added to the TKZS-s to support and stabilize them. For the first time the

practice of the so called “replacements” was introduced – the replacement of estates of the private

farmers included in the new founded cooperative tracts of land for pieces of land in other places. This

practice was used as a basic instrument to pressure the peasants and was elaborated in the next

years.22

The course for forcing the cooperation was renewed by the end of 1946 immediately after the

elections for a National Assembly. The task was assigned to the Communist Party organizations in the

villages.

The first TKZS in the Blagoevgrad district was founded on 26 of March 1948 in the village of

Laki. We will consider the “case of Laki” as the first special case for destroying the private property

and transforming it into cooperative.

What was specific about the village of Laki which makes it different from the rest of the

villages in the region and why exactly here the first TKZS was founded about 10 years earlier from

the rest of the region?

We shell try to defend several theses outlined well expressed in the village:

There is a direct connection between the active participation of peasants from the village in the

partisan guerilla fighter movement before 9th of September 1944 and the decision to give up

private property in favor of cooperating the land.

After 9th of September 1944 the renewed and gradually raising in number Communist Party

organization initiated the founding of TKZS in the village and the party leadership doubled

the leadership of the TKZS.

The village of Laki is a high mountain village situated in the outskirts of Pirin mountain. In 1946

the cultivated land of the village was 2 200 decares – 70% of which on a dry or steep places. Up to

1912 the biggest part of the land was sowed with crop and forage and a small part with vineyard and

fruit gardens. After the First World War the tobacco sown area increased and tobacco turned into a

basic sowing after 9th of September 1944.Most of the households possessed from 5 to 10 decares, but a

considerable part of the peasants were landless and worked as hired workers in the big farms.23 The

poverty of the most of the peasants could explain the participation of the people from the village in the

haidouks – in the detachments of Ivan Bogatinov and Teshovski, and later in the Macedonian

Revolutionary Organization. Since 1919 Laki existed as a separate municipality. By the same year on

21th of September in the house of the teacher Georgi Popgeorgiev a party organization was founded

- Bulgarian Worker Party (communists) with 20 members. In the municipality elections in 1922

almost the whole of population voted for the Worker Party and the first municipality commune was

22 , . 7823 , . , 1971, . 4

established.24 During 1931 people from the village founded the Macedonian Revolutionary

Organization (united).

Immediately after 9th of September the Worker’s Party (Communists) organization in Laki was

restored. On 3th of October in the presence of the secretary of the District Committee of the Worker’s

Party Ivan Gulev and the member of the district committee – Stefan Papalezov the first conference

was held. 32 men were presented at the conference. On the second meeting of 30th of November the

same year 23 people were accepted in the Party. The organization numbered 55 people.25

On the last meeting for 1944 23 women entered the organization and it numbered 78 members. In

the organization entered almost the whole village. New local authorities were entitled. – former

partisans and their supporters. As a mayor of the village next to Laki – Gajtaninovo, Krastjo Spiriev

was entitled, who initiated the foundation of the TKZS in Laki.

In his memoirs Krastjo Spiriev has written “The foundation of TKZS in the former Nevrokop

district started from the small but conscious village…As a secretary of the Party organization from its

conspiracy period, after the victory on 9th of September, I had to voice first my opinion on this

question to the party members and the rest of the population. I was informed about the opinion of the

former first secretary of the district committee of the Party Tego Kojumdzhiev who was convinced

that the foundation of TKZS should not start from our village. And if in 1945 TKZS was not

established in our village this was because of the negative opinion of the District Committee and its

secretary. ..1945 passed over and in the beginning of 1946 the question of the founding TKZS in our

village raised again. As a reason for waiting for founding TKZS in Nevrocop district the Party

Bureau pointed out to the specific character of the region, the intensive tobacco agriculture,

difficulties for mechanical exploitation. The truth was different. In almost all villages where the party

organizations were founded after 9th of September 1944 the Party authorities were not able to face the

difficulties”.26

The Party organization voted for founding TKZS in the village on 26 of March 1946. In the

Founding protocol the names of 60 people could be read – 56 men and 4 women. The founded

cooperative was named “Stalingrad” and it the protocol the following motivation was emphasized

“Since this name is a symbol of the victory over the fascist Germany and fascism when the foundation

of cooperatives was not possible. As a head of the managing committee of TKZS the Party secretary

and mayor Krastjo Spiriev was elected. The established TKZS included 60 households out of 100 for

the village. The Party members who did not join the TKZS were excluded from the Party. On 1th of

April a ceremony was organized in the village to welcome the brigade going to sow oats. On 24th of

April 5 members declared their decision to get out of the TKZS and the Communist Party. As a

moving force in the TKZS were considered women. For 1946 19 protocols of cooperative meetings

24 , . 268 27 1922, . 525 , . . ., 102 - 10326 , . / /, , 2007, . 110 - 111

could be found. The Ministry of Agriculture delayed for issuing of the Founding protocol of the TKZS

and because of this reason the TKZS could not draw money from BZK bank.

The first ploughing

The district committee and its Secretary Tego Kojumdzhiev did not provide any considerable help

to the TKZS. Even some influential party members claimed that the TKZS was abortion. Then a

welcoming letter came from the district committee of the Party. The answer of the letter was

considered on a cooperative meeting with all villagers presented. On 17th of July 1946 Krastjo

Stojchev – the member of the National Assambly came in the village.

On 10th of March 1947 the Managing Committee wrote a letter to the District committee of

Bulgarian Communist Party and the district agronomist asking them to attend the village meeting to

consider the question of applying the Law about the cooperation of land and the changes of land for

non –cooperators. The meeting was held on 30th of March 1947 in a difficult atmosphere because of

the tension between the cooperators and non cooperators whose good land was taken out and they

were compensated with poor and distant land. 8 cooperators were excluded from the TKZS as

enemies. Many villagers protested and the meeting failed. The guests were drove away by stones.

Angry cooperators and private owners attacked the cooperative cattle shed by curses, stones and

wooden sticks asking for getting back the cattle but it was not given them back. Even the slogan

“Everything for TKZS” was raised.

On 1st of April Georgi Trendafilov came to manage the unification of the cooperative land and the

compensating exchanges for the private owners. The replacements of land were realized voluntary

and in the case someone did not agree then by force. Most of the private owners accepted the

exchanges, only two of them did not agreed and the commission did official exchanges..

Of course the cooperative tracts of land were situated in the best places and the private owners

were pushed out in the periphery. After the unification of the cooperative land 12 members wanted to

leave the TKZS and to get back their lands and cattle. They sent a special messenger even to the

Ministry of agriculture. On the village meeting organized by him 22 people raised their hands to

liquidate the TKZS, 36 voted against it.

In February 1947 as a delegate of the first national conference of TKZS Krastjo Spiriev was sent

as a special representative. On the conference Georgi Dimitrov considered the perspective of founding

and developing TKZS and the cooperative movement in People’s Republic of Bulgaria.

After number of applications on the side of the government of TKZS to higher institutions in 1947

TKZS received a truck. By the end of 1947 the land of the cooperative is 1450 decares of which 130

owned by the state. 58 households were members of the TKZS from 108 of the all village households.

In total the cooperative farming had 300 members of which 175 of labor capability. The farming had

33 cattle, 5 mules, 12 donkeys. A bakery was built, a storehouse for drying tobacco and a cattle-shed

for sheep and goats as well. The invested common labor ranged 14 650 workdays.

Celebration of the 20 anniversary

Ten years later after the introduction of the Law for total mass cooperation of land (1957) all the

land was cooperated. The cooperation led to the mass emigration of the villagers to the towns.

Nevertheless after 1990 the land was given back to the people in their original location this measure

did not change the former situation. The depopulation of the village continues today, only 25 old

people live in the village at present, the bigger part of the land is not cultivated, and the village is

doomed to gradually dying. This is the destiny of the all Bulgarian villages in the region.

Started at 1944, the cooperation and modernization of agriculture turned into a fake

modernization which deprived the farmers of their private property and de-motivated them to take

care of land and to compete on a free market. The initially established system of privileging the

cooperatives at the expense of the private owners did not play the intended role of stimulating the

modernization of the agriculture in the region where most of the villages are mountain villages

without enough agriculture land.

Mmaia rurua

arqivistTa profesiuli dResaswaulis istoriisaTvis

(wakiTxulia 2012 w. 2 marts, arqivistis dRisadmi miZRvnil

III samecniero konferenciaze)

martis am pirvel dReebSi, roca zamTarma zlazvniT, magram mainc aikeca kalTa, roca

Wirveuli martis megzurobiT Semocqrialda gazafxuli, saarqivo sammarTveloSi Cven or

lamaz dResaswauls vzeimobT _ dedis dResa da arqivistis, ufro sworad ki saarqivo dargis

muSakis dRes. es dResaswauli 1999 wlis 19 ianvars saqarTvelos prezidentis #19

brZanebulebiT dawesda. marTalia brZanebulebas prezidenti awerda xels, magram mis momzadeba

da prezidentisadmi miwodeba erTi gamorCeuli pirovnebis saxels ukavSirdeba. is dRes

cocxali aRar aris, Tavis droze saqarTveloSi arsebuli umZimesi mdgomareobis (90-iani

wlebi) miuxedavad SeZlo bevri sasikeTo saqmis gakeTeba saarqivo dargis ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT. sxvadasxva organizaciebis likvidaciis, Serwyma-gaerTianebis, reorganizaciis Tu

optimizaciis procesebis miuxedavad maSin, saarqivo dargi viTardeboda, Zlierdeboda, muSaobis

axal, Tanamedrove relsebze gadadioda, sazRvargareTis qveynebis arqivebTan axal

urTierTobebs iwyebda... da rac yvelaze mTavaria swored misi TaosnobiT SemuSavda da 1995

wels ZalaSi Sevida saqarTvelos kanoni `erovnuli saarqivo fondis~ Sesaxeb.

me-13 welia saqarTvelos arqivistebi erTmaneTs ulocaven profesiul dResaswauls,

romlis sulisCamdgmelic iyo zurab maxaraZe _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saarqivo

departamentis Tavmjdomare, kaci saqmiani, zrdili, mozomili, gulTbili, mzrunveli, iumoriT

saocari niWiT dajildoebuli namdvili inteligenti. aWaris saarqivo dargis muSakebi

yovelTvis vgrZnobdiT mis gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas da misi stumrobac yovelTvis

sasiamovno iyo. Raribebi varT, magram mainc saCuqrebiT Camovedio-gvetyoda xolme Cveuli

iumoriT da es saCuqari sxva araferi iyo Tu ara gaaxlebuli saarqivo wesebi, instruqciebi,

mTavrobis axali dadgenilebebi, prezidentis gankargulebebi TanamSromelTa saxelmwifo

jildoebiT Tu sapatio sigelebiT dajildoebis Sesaxeb. samwuxaroa, rom imxanad CvenTan

Seqmnili situaciis gamo b-ni zurabi ver gavacileT ukanasknel gzaze, rom uamrav Taiguls

Soris ar iyo Taiguli warweriT: `aWaris madlieri arqivistebisagan~.

1999 wels saarqivo dargis muSakis dRis dawesebasTan dakavSirebiT batonma zurab

maxaraZem uamravi milocvebi miiRo, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamovyofdi arqivistTa

saerTaSoriso sabWos generaluri mdivnis Joan van albadas milocvis baraTs:

`saqarTvelos saarqivo saxelmwifo departamentis Tavmjdomares baton zurab maxaraZes,

gTxovT miiRoT Cemi saukeTeso survilebi saqarTvelos saarqivo dargis muSakis dResTan

dakavSirebiT. vimedovnebT, rom urTierTTanamSromloba saqarTvelos arqivebsa da arqivistTa

saerTaSoriso sabWos Soris iqneba nayofieri da Cven SevxvdebiT erTmaneTs arqivistTa

saerTaSoriso forumze~.

uRrmesi pativiscemiT Joan van albada - arqivistTa saerTaSoriso sabWos generaluri mdivani

(saistorio moambe #71-72; 1998-1999ww. furc. 11).

profesiul dResaswauls erTi gansakuTrebuloba axasiaTebs. es dRe mxolod erTi

profesiis adamianebs ekuTvniT. saarqivo dargis muSakis dRis daweseba aRiarebaa im saqmis

udidesi mniSvnelobisa, romelsac Cven vemsaxurebiT. es dRe saarqivo dargis yvela Taobas

erTnairad ekuTvnis, magram gansakuTrebiT dasafasebelia ufrosi Taobis arqivistTa Rvawli da

damsaxureba, nebismieri CvenTaganis biografias rom daamSvenebda. dRes CvenTan stumradaa

arqivistTa Zveli kohorta: lili oTiaSvili, Taliko SeyilaZe, nana kuWaSvili, nadeJda

koplataZe, romlebic saarqivo saqmes ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi emsaxurebodnen.

qalbatoni lili oTiaSvili _ dauRalavi, keTilsindisieri, Sromismoyvare da

avtoritetuli arqivisti. man Tavisi saqmianoba saarqivo dawesebulebas 1962 wels daukavSira,

roca aWaris assr ministrTa sabWosTan arsebul saarqivo sammarTvelos inspeqtorad dainiSna.

saqmisadmi maTematikuri sizustiT midgoma, sifaqize da keTilSobileba gaxda misi profesiuli

daostatebis da dawinaurebis mizezi. wlebis ganmavlobaSi q-ni lili saarqivo departamentis

Tavmjdomaris moadgiled muSaobda da Tavisi wvlilic Sehqonda saxelmwifo arqivebis

muSaobis stilis, formebisa da meTodebis daxvewasa da Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. igi iyo

saeqsperto-Semmowmebeli komisiis mdivani da departamentis kolegiis wevri. warmatebiT

uZRveboda saarqivo dargis muSakTa profesiuli daostatebis mudmivmoqmedi seminaris muSaobas.

saarqivo dargSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis dajildoebulia sigelebiT, miniWebuli aqvs sapatio

wodebebi, maT Soris aWaris assr kulturis damsaxurebuli muSakisa (1978 w.). 1997 wels ki

saarqivo sistemaSi xangrZlivi da nayofieri SromisaTvis gamoecxada saqarTvelos prezidentis

madloba. CemTvis ormagad amaRelvebeli da saamayo iyo ramdenime dRis win saarqivo

sammarTvelos Jurnal `arxeoni~-s prezentaciaze am darbazSi baton ramaz surmaniZis mier

Tqveni misamarTiT gamoTqmuli madlierebis sityvebi saqmisadmi uangaro da keTilSobiluri

damokidebulebis gamo. q-no lili, Cveno lili deida! gilocavT dedis dResa da profesiul

dResaswauls. gisurvebT janmrTelobas da didxans sicocxles Tqvens lamaz ojaxTan erTad.

Taliko SeyilaZe 1953 wels movida centralur saxelmwifo arqivSi. muSaobda

arqivariusad, dokumentebis samecniero-teqnikuri damuSavebis jgufis muSakad, arqivis gamged.

pasuxismgebloba, nebisyofa, saqmis siyvaruli da codna – ai, is Tvisebebi. romelmac igi

saarqivo dargis erT-erTi saukeTeso specialistad aqcia. 50 welze metxans emsaxura T.

SeyilaZe sayvarel profesias. misi piradi saqme savsea madlobebiTa da sapatio sigelebiT.

2000 wlis 12 maiss saarqivo sistemaSi xangrZlivi da nayofieri muSaobisaTvis dajildovda

aWaris ar uzenaesi sabWos sigeliT.

q-no Taliko! guliT gilocavT dedisa da arqivistTa dRes, gisurvebT janmrTelobas da

xangrZliv sicocxles da kidev erTi. dRes aq, am darbazSi, sajarod, piradad minda

gadagixadoT madloba Tqveni sityvebisaTvis, romliTac arqivSi sul ramdenime Tvis mosuli

departamentis Tavmjdomarisa da TanmaSromlebis winaSe warmoTqviT: `ruruasgan namdvilad

kargi arqivisti dadgebao~. ar vici rogor da ramdenad SevZeli im sityvebis gamarTleba, amas

momavali dagvanaxebs, magram arqivistis alRo da arqivisadmi siyvaruli namdvilad Tqvengan

damebeda.

nana kuWaSvili 1978 wels movida aWaris centralur saxelmwifo arqivSi. muSaobda

arqivariusad, meore kategoriis arqivistad, arqivsacavis fondebis mcvelad. zedmiwevniT

kargad icoda qalbatonma nanam arqivSi daculi fondebis Semadgenloba, pasuxismgeblobiT

ekideboda masze dakisrebul movaleobas. gegmiuri davalebis droulad da xarisxianad

SesrulebisaTvis sxvadasxva dros dajildovebuli iyo sigelebiTa da fasiani saCuqrebiT.

1999 wels gamoecxada aWaris ar saarqivo departamentis madloba, 2000 wels ki gadaeca

aWaris ar uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumis sapatio sigeli.

qalbatono nana, Cveno nana, gilocavT dedis dRes da profesiul dResaswauls.Ggaixare

Sens lamaz qaliSvilebTan erTad, RmerTma daglocoT da gagaZlieroT!

nadeJda _ nadia koplataZem 1993 wels daiwyo muSaoba aWaris centralur saxelmwifo

arqivSi piradi Semadgenlobis dokumentebis dacvisa da gamoyenebis ganyofilebaSi arqivistad.

Tavmdabali, keTilsindisieri da upretenzio muSaki, ase icnobdnen nadias arqivSi. `man male

auRo alRo saarqivo saqmianobas. gansakuTrebiT did daxmarebas uwevs ganyofilebas

rusulenovan dokumentebze muSaobaSi, gamoirCeva saqmisadmi faqizi midgomiT, aris kargi

meojaxe, deda, bebia~-vkiTxulobT mis samsaxuroebriv daxasiaTebaSi (r-1041 aRw.4, saq.318,

furc. 14). 1998 wels `aWaris deda-samSoblosTan dabrunebis 120 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT,

aWaris saarqivo dargis ganviTarebaSi miRweuli warmatebisaTvis~- dajildovda saarqivo

departamentis sapatio sigeliT.

Qq-no nadia! nadiuSa, gilocavT dedis dResa da arqivistTa profesiul dResaswauls.

gisurvebT janmrTelobas, sikeTes, Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis bednier momavals.

Zvirfaso megobrebo, arqivistebo da arqivebTan damegobrebulo Zvirfaso stumrebo!

gilocavT saarqivo dargis muSakis profesiul dResaswauls. gisurvebT yovelive kargs da

mjera, sanam qveynad iarsebebs arqivis mier Sesanaxi da sapatrono Tundac erTi faratina

qaRaldi, Cvens saqmianobas daviwyeba ar uweria, radgan swored arqivebSi inaxeba da arqivebSia

saimedod daculi eris goni da sibrZne.

Mmaia ruruaarqivistTa profesiuli dResaswaulis istoriisaTvis

reziume saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 w. 19 ianvris brZanebulebiT martis pirvelikvira gamocxadda arqivistTa profesiul dResaswaulad. statiaSi warmodgeniliaaRniSnuli dRis dawesebasTan dakavSirebuli istoriis sakiTxebi da saqarTvelossaarqivo departamentis imJamindeli Tavmjdomaris zurab maxaraZis Rvawli amsaqmeSi.

madona cxadaZe

iusuf kobalaZe – qarTuli scenis jadoqari(saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi piradi fondis mixedviT)

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istorias amSvenebs im xelovanTa saxelebi,romlebic TavianTi dauRalavi SromiT, sityviT da kalmiT did rolsasrulebdnen eris kulturul cxovrebaSi. aWaris saarqivo sammarTveloSisaxelmwifo Senaxvaze Semotanilia araerTi gamoCenili da Rvawlmosilipirovnebis piradi fondi. maT Sorisaa saqarTvelos saxalxo artistis iusufkobalaZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxveli dokumentebi. misi piradi fondiSedgeba 56 saqmeTa erTeulisagan da moicavs periods 1933 wlidan 1977 wlisCaTvliT.

iusuf kobalaZis piradi fondi saarqivo sammarTveloSi saxelmwifo SenaxvazeSemovida 1978 wels. fondSi daculia: monografiebi da sagazeTo statiebi i.kobalaZis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, dajildoebisa da sasceno moRvaweobis 25-ewlisTavisadmi miZRvnili masalebi, milocvebi Teatraluri afiSebi, reklamebi,fotosuraTebi.

iusuf kobalaZe daibada 1906 wels, qobuleTis raionis sofelxucubanSi. Pigi pataraobidanve gansakuTrebul interess avlenda sascenoxelovnebisadmi. soflis skolaSi swavlis periodSi i. kobalaZe monawileobdaTviTmoqmedi wreebis mier mowyobil warmodgenebSi. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla baTumis pedsaswavlebelSi gagrZela, Tumcamisi interesis sfero mainc scena iyo. 1923 wlidan i. kobalaZe monawileobs akaki faRavas xelmZRvanelobiTgamarTul warmodgenebSi (epizodebSi). misi ocneba mTavari rolis Sesruleba iyo.1924 wels swavla gaagrZela q. baTumis pirveli safexuris erTwlian partiulskolaSi. partskolis damTavrebis Semdeg igi gaagzavnes TbilisSi, kooperatiulmuSakTa mosamzadebel orwlian kursebze, sadac mieca SesaZlebloba daswrebodaspeqtaklebs scenis gamoCenil ostatTa monawileobiT. ,,rodesac pirvelad vnaxedidi ingliseli dramaturgis uiliam Seqspiris tragedia ,,hamleti” uSangiCxeiZisa da giorgi daviTaSvilis SesrulebiT, man CemSi sabolood ganamtkicasiyvaruli xelovnebisadmi, gansakuTrebiT mitacebda uSangi CxeiZis mierSesrulebuli rolebi, scenis didostatebisadmi Cemma aRtacebam saboloodgansazRvra TeatrTan Cemi momavali urTierTobis sakiTxi” – werda i. kobalaZe. 1928 wlidan i. kobalaZe baTumis saxelmwifo akademiuri Teatris msaxiobia.1932 w. igi agrZelebs swavlas rusTavelis TeatrTan aWaridan CasuliaxalgazrdebisaTvis gaxsnil studiaSi. Studiam gansakuTrebuli roli seasrulai. kobalaZis profesiuli daostatebis saqmesi. mis kedlebSi gamoiwrTo dadavaJkacda momavali msaxiobi. jemal CxeiZe informaciiT damoukidebel rolebSii. kobalaZe advilad iTvisebda rTul rolebs, avlenda ,,farTo, aqtiurdiapazons, dauSretel temperaments, rolis gagebisa da saxis gaxsnis saukeTesounars, riTac igi rusTavelis Teatris xelmZRvanelTa gansakuTrebul yuradRebasipyrobda”. 1936 wels 22 axalgazrda msaxiobis gamoSveba sadiplomo speqtakliT aRiniSna.sadiplomo speqtaklad warmodgenili iqna cnobili italieli dramaturgis k.goldonis komedia ,,sastumros diasaxlisi” (reJisor dodo aleqsiZis dadgma).piesaSi iusuf kobalaZe mTavar rols TamaSobda. warmodgenas presam maRaliSefaseba misca. 1938 wels baTumis Teatrma mayurebels uCvena g. mdivnis ,,samSoblo” (damdgmelireJisori arCil CxartiSvil). piesa sabWoTa mesazRvreTa cxovrebas asaxavda.masSi mTavar rols iusuf kobalaZe asrulebda. ,,me wilad mxvda ,,samSobloSi”mTavari gmiris, moxuci aslanis gansaxiereba, axali qveynis, aRorZinebuli miwa-wylis siyvarulTan erTad Cems TamaSSi unda meCvenebina siZulvili Zvelicxovrebisadmi, mayurebels unda egrZno, rom aslans gamoucdia Savbneliwarsulis saSinelebani, siduxWire. me mixdeboda orgvari cxovrebis asaxva. omiSemoqmedebiTi TamaSiT, me unda gadmomeca Zveli cxovrebis susxi da Cveni axalicxovrebis brwyinvaleba, ar viSurebdi energiasa da mondomebas, rom damexata

moxuci aslanis scenuri portreti. mravali Tvis ganmavlobaSi me vukvirdebodida guldasmiT vswavlobdi Cveni kolmeurneebis cxovrebas da maT sityva-pasuxsviyenebdi Cemi TamaSis safuZvlad”- aRniSnavda msaxiobi. piesaSi ,,berlinis gasaRebi” kobalaZes wilad xvda Seesrulebina prusiis mefisfridrix II-is roli. Tavisi rolis moxdenili gaazrebiT, fridrixis muxanaTuriCvevebis ostaturi warmoCeniT kobalaZem mayurebelSi gaaZliera agresorisa daagresiisadmi siZulvilis grZnoba. xangrZlivma muSaobam dadebiTi Sedegi gamoiRo. i. kobalaZe Camoyalibdarogorc tragikuli Janris msaxiobi. man warmatebiT ganaxorciela baxas rolivaJa fSavelas ..mokveTilSi” da win wamoswia samSoblos siyvaruli uZlieresigrZnoba. mogvianebiT, 1954 wels masve mouxda am piesis aRdgena. gamoCenilma msaxiobma 1943 wlidan muSaoba ganagrZo qalaq TbilisSi,rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo TeatrSi. 1946 wlis 23 Tebervals i. kobalaZesaWaris ar-is damsaxurebuli artistis wodeba mieniWa. ,,tragikuli rolebisiSviaTi Semsrulebeli” - ase uwoda iusuf kobalaZes qarTuli scenis cnobilmaveteranma da gamoCenilma mweralma S. dadianma. aseTi maRali Sefaseba damayurebelTa ndoba msaxiobma mindobili saqmisadmi Rrma siyvaruliT daimsaxura.S. dadianis SefasebiT i. kobalaZem Tavisi artistuli niWis uebro elvarebiTmayurebels auTrTola guli, umwikvlod emsaxura qarTul Teatrs, ara erTgzismoxibla mayurebeli Tavisi uSualobiT da gancdaTa siRrmiT, ganacviframayurebeli gmiris gardasaxvis gasaocari unariT. sasceno xelovnebis didostats Sesrulebuli aqvs asze meti mTavari roli.xelovnebis dargSi miRweuli warmatebebisa da nayofieri moRvaweobisaTvis i.kobalaZes mieniWa aWarisa (1946 wlis 23 Tebervali) da saqarTvelos (1946 wlis 5marti) damsaxurebuli artistis sapatio wodebebi. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebulisofokles oidiposis dauviwyari da scenurad srulyofili monumenturi saxetragediaSi - ,,oidipos mefe”, ramac mas erT-erTi saukeTeso msaxiobis saxelimouxveWa.

Mmayureblis gansakuTrebuli mowoneba daimsaxura i. kobalaZis mierSesrulebulma rolebma baTumeli dramaturgis amiran ServaSiZis piesaSi,,bagrationi”, parmen lorias piesaSi ,,naira”. qarTuli Teatris aRdgenis 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT, 1950 wlis 10noembers ssrk umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis brZanebulebiT iusuf kobalaZedajildovda ,,sapatio niSnis” ordeniT. 1955 wlis 3 marts mieniWa ,,saqarTvelosssr saxalxo artistis” wodeba. aWaris literaturisa da xelovnebis dekadasTandakavSirebiT, 1957 wels igi daajildoves ,,Sromis wiTeli droSis ordeniT”. mTeli Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze iusuf kobalaZe qmnida sainteresosaxeebs. j. CxeiZis SafasebiT ,,i. kobalaZe arc erT rolSi ar aris kobalaZe - igibrmis rolSi brmaa, antikur gmirTa rolSi monumenturi da boboqari, moxucisrolSi dinji da brZenia, partiuli xelmZRvanelis rolSi iseTia, rogoricaucileblad unda iyos. amitomacaa, rom Cveni Teatris axalgazrda msaxiobTaumravlesoba cdilobs mibaZos kobalaZes, iyos iseTi, rogoric kobalaZea,uyvardes mayurebels ise, rogorc iusuf kobalaZe uyvars”. iusuf kobalaZis maRali gemovnebiT Sesrulebul rolebs amSvenebs giorgisroli - ,,oTaraanT qvrivSi”, goCas roli - ,,xevisber goCaSi”, korados roli -

,,damnaSavis ojaxSi” da a. S. am rolebis SesrulebiT kobalaZem miaRwia scenursrulyofas da mayurebelSi gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli daimsaxura. baTumis saxelmwifo dramatuli Teatris msaxiobi, saqarTvelos saxalxoartisti iusuf kobalaZe 1981 wlis TebervalSi gardaicvala.iusuf kobalaZis Svilis megobari msaxiobi kaxa migineiSvili igonebs: ,,iusufkobalaZe uniWieresi xelovani da keTilSobili adamiani iyo. maSin, SoTarusTavelis Teatraluri institutis meore kursis studenti gaxldiT,dakrZalvaze megobrebi baTumSi CamovediT. iusuf kobalaZe tradiciisamebrbaTumis Teatris scenaze daasvenes. iq gaimarTa gamosvenebis ceremonia, scenazemikrofoni idga, Tumca sityviT aravin gamodioda. iusuf kobalaZis monologebisaudioCanaweri ismoda. amasobaSi dakrZalvis droc dadga. Teatris erT-erTiTanamSromeli mikrofons miuaxlovda da sazogadoebas mimarTa TxovniT -daetovebinaT Teatris Senoba. simarTle giTxraT, arc ki maxsovs rogoraRmovCndi scenaze, mikrofonTan miviWeri. im wuTamde arc ki vicodi ra meTqva, magram emociam Tavisi gaitana damayurebels mivmarTe - gTxovT, darbazs nu datovebT meTqi. wlebis ganmavlobaSiam TeatrSi modiodiT, iusuf kobalaZis mier Sesrulebuli rolebiT, misisamsaxiobo ostatobiT tkbebodiT da mas xangrZlivi aplodismentebiTajildoebdiT. dRes ki ra dagemarTaT? is rac dRes aq moxdeba, ZvelisaberZneTidan da romidan iRebs saTaves. modi, yvelam erTad gavixsenoT mis mierSesrulebuli rolebi, misi dauviwyari oidiposi da iusuf kobalaZe ukanaskneladam scenidan isev taSiT gavaciloT. maxsovs darbazSi sruli siCume Camowva. eswamebi saukuned momeCvena, kanti-kunti taSi TandaTan mxurvale ovaciaSigadaizarda. xalxi tiroda, warmoudgeneli emocia iyo...” msaxiobis taSiT gacilebis tradicia dakavSirebulia antikur saberZneTTan.msaxiobis xelovneba aris erTaderTi - xelovnebis mraval dargs Soris,romelic mis SemqmnelTan erTad ibadeba da kvdeba. kompozitoris - nawarmoebirCeba, mxatvrisa - ferwera, aseve moqandakisa, poetisa, mwerlisa – TavisTavad.erTi sityviT yvelaferi rCeba, garda msaxiobis xelovnebisa, romelic ibadebascenaze da kvdeba msaxiobis sikvdilTan erTad. amitom antikur saberZneTSi -Teatris klasikur qveyanaSi, roca msaxiobs asaflavebdnen, taSs ukravdnen daacilebdnen, eTxovebodnen im rolebsac, romelic am msaxiobma Seqmna wlebisganmavlobaSi. ase nel-nela es tradicia Sewyda da rogorc maxsovs 1973 welsitaliaSi ana manianis dakrZalvisas aRdga. mas Semdeg ramdeni didi msaxiobi wavida am qveynidan – maT Soris qarTvelic,magram tradiciam gagrZeleba ver hpova, fexi versad moikida. mxolod 1981 welsgamoCenili qarTveli msaxiobis iusuf kobalaZis dakrZalvisas gaixsenes estradicia. ,,oidiposis” rolis saukeTeso Semsrulebeli taSiT gaacilamayurebelma. es Taviseburi gadaZaxili iyo Zvel antikur samyarosTan. sworedoidiposis, kreonebis, medeasa da sxva tragikuli saxeebis Semqmnel TeatrTanTiTqos aRdga adreul saukuneebTan damakavSirebeli xidi. dafuZnda axalitradicia. am axalgazrda ymawvili kacis emociuri gancxadeba xalxma ucebgaiTavisa. aravis euxerxula taSiT gaecilebina damsaxurebuli msaxiobi. Bbunebrivi, gulwrfeli da logikuri iyo kaxa migineiSvilis gancxadeba.Teatrmcodne vasil kiknaZis TqmiT qarTul artistizms marTlac organuladSeerwya iusuf kobalaZis gamosaTxovari ceremoniali. cxovreba Cveuli ritmiT gagrZelda, iusuf kobalaZis ojaxis wevrebi baTumissaxelmwifo dramatul TeatrSi dResac agrZeleben moRvaweobas. 2001 weli iusuf kobalaZis saiubileo weli iyo, dabadebidan 95 wlisTaviaRiniSneboda. Cven gvqonda SesaZlebloba kidev erTxel gagvexsenebina iusufkobalaZis Semoqmedeba. moviwvieT baTumis dramatuli Teatris msaxiobebi daojaxis wevrebi. movawyeT msaxiobis piradi fondis gamofena.

iusuf kobalaZis meuRlem msaxiobma Tamar sulxaniSvilma moigona sainteresoepizodebi gamocenili msaxiobis cxovrebidan, waikiTxa meuRlisadmi miZRvnilileqsebi, saarqivo sammarTvelos saCuqrad sakuTari mogonebebis wigni gadasca dadagvitova margalitebad akinZuli cremlebi, romelic didxans gvemaxsovreba...

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:

1. Aasscsa, fondi r-1011; aRw. 2; saq. 11; saq. 19; fondi r-1011; aRw. 1; saq. 15; saq. 20.

madona cxadaZe

iusuf kobalaZe – qarTuli scenis jadoqari(saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculi piradi fondis mixedviT)

reziume samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istorias amSvenebs im xelovanTa saxelebi,romlebic TavianTi dauRalavi SromiT, sityviT da kalmiT did rolsasrulebdnen eris kulturul cxovrebaSi. aWaris saarqivo sammarTveloSisaxelmwifo Senaxvaze Semotanilia araerTi gamoCenili da Rvawlmosilipirovnebis piradi saqme. maT Sorisaa saqarTvelos saxalxo artistis iusufkobalaZis piradi fondi. statiaSi ganxilulia iusuf kobalaZis cxovrebisasasceno moRvaweobis amsaxveli monacemebi.

saarqivo masalebidan da Zveli presis furclebidan

(Sekriba ist. mecn. doqt. Tamaz futkaraZem)

* * *

CvenSi Sexvedris dros quds moixdian da xels CamoarTmeven, zogierT

qveyanaSi ki sxva Cveva aqvT. CineTis zogierT provinciaSi nacnobebi Sexvedrisas

jer xelisgulze daifurTxeben da Semdeg erTmaneTs pirisaxeze wausvamen. zogan

Sexvedrisas erTmaneTs cxvirebs usresaven. . .

(,,cnobis furceli”, suraTebiani damateba, 7 ivlisi, 1902 w.)

* * *

Cinelebi siciliT mogviTxrobs naTesavis gardacvalebas da iqauri

patarZali kit iris, roca sakaciT mihyavT saqmros saxlSi. Cineli yvelafers –

Semosavalsac gkiTxavT. es Tavazianoba hgonia dam as rom hkiTxo – saxloba

rogor gyavTo, Seuracxyofilad CaTvlis Tavs. Sen mis saxlSi rom Sedixar, quds

ixdi, is ki cdilobs male daixuros. . .

CinelisaTvis ucnobia deds kocna. deda sunavs mas. saxlis morTvas banidan

iwyeben, gancxadebas banzed miakraven. . .

lamaz Cinel qals cxviri CaWupnili da mrgvali saxe unda hqondes. amitom

gogonebs bavSvobaSi uWupraven cxvirs. frCxilebs ar Wriddnen mTels

sicocxleSi. . .

qalis enaWartloba qorwinebis gauqmebis erT-erT sabuTad iTvleba.

(,,iveria”, # 204, 25 seqtemberi, 1894 w.)

mavne Cveulebebze

imereTSi, zog sofelSi, ojaxSi Tu WleqiT daavaddeboda vinme, mas uzneod

eqceodnen. roca WleqiT daavadebuls guli Seuwuxdeboda da WirisufalTa

fiqriT ukanasknel mdgomareobaSia, mas am dros Svelis nacvlad Tavze guad

Camoacvamen, pirs Wyintis yveliT amouvseben xolme, radgan swamT, rom ase

avadmyofoba sxvas ar gadaedebao. es momiyva erTma imerelma da ar vici ramdenad

marTalia. . .

mTiulebi mSobiare qals uyureben, rogorc mavne suls, uwmindur arsebas,

romelsac SeuZlia wabilwos ijaxi. amitom mosaxleoba, dadgeba Tu ara

mSobrobis dro, qals gaiyvanen saxls gareSe gansakuTrebiT misTvis daniSnul

sadgomSi, sadac melogine qali sruliad upatronodaa ramdenime xani. . .

gr. gvelesiani

(,,iveria”, #88, 1895 w.)

brZola ucolobis winaaRmdeg

vinc gadaacdenda daojaxebis asaks, Zv. germaniaSi ekrZaleboda qonebis

gadacema vinmesTvis sikvdilis Semdeg. igi saxelmwifos rCeboda. kanadaSi aseT

mamakacs ukrZalavdnen nadiroba – vaWrobas.

ucoloTa winaaRmdeg brZola xalxsac scodnia. ymawvil kacs, romelmac

daagviana colis SerTva, Rame ezoSi gadaepareba qali, romelsac moswonebia igi

da gaTenebamdis misi saxlis karebTan iqneba gaCerebuli. amis Semdeg ymawvili

iZulebulia wauyvanos colad. im velur TemSi, sadac aseTi Cveulebaa, akeTeben

maRal Robes, raTa qali ver Semoiparos.

(,,iveria”, 25 noemberi, 1895 w.)

mravalqmrianoba

. . .holiandria mefobs iq, sadac qali cotaa. igi gavrcelebuli iyo

bretonelTa da arabTa Soris, kanaris kunZulebze, axal zelandiaSi, amerikaSi,

yvelaze metad ki indoeTSi, ceilonze, tibetSi. aq arsebobs ,,Zmuri

mravalqmriaonoba”. ufrosi Zma ojaxSi irTavs cols. moxdeba Tu ara es col-

qmroba, yvelaze ufrosi Zma berad unda Sedges, xolo danarCen Zmebs iseve

qmruli ufleba aqvT ojaxSi Seyvanil rZalze, rogorc ufross. Ufrosis

gardacvalebis Semdeg qali qonebianad umcrosisaa. am qalisgan naSob Svilebs ase

yofen: pirveli Svili ufrosisaa da ase miyolebiT. aseTi Cveuleba umetesad

tibetelebSi, sadac keTilSobilebsa da moxeleebs Tavis damcirebad miaCniaT

qalTan kavSiri da Svilebis keTeba dabal qodebas aqvs miCemebuli. Mogzaurni

aRniSnaven, rom tibetSi ojaxuri cxovreba Tu ufro mSvidobiani ara, arc

uaresia, vidre evropaSi. magaliTad, skineri midis mdinare jebais saTaveSi mTiel

indielTan da ekiTxeba: - ramdeni qmari gyavT qalbatono? – mxolod oTxi,

darcxveniT pasuxobs qali. – mere da yvelani cocxlebi arian? – ekiTxeba

gakvirvebuli evropeli. – rasakvirvelia, pasuxobs qali da ukvirs aseT

sisuleleebs rogor mekiTxebao.

ufro axirebuli Cveuleba arsebobs nairebs Soris malabaraze. 12 wlis

qalze mSoblebi saqmros Zebnas Seudgebian. saqmroebi cdiloben, rac SeiZleba

didZali qrTami aiRon colSi. Aamitom qalis patronebi umetesad Rarib muSebs,

gza dabneul arabebs da sxva qveynidan gadaxvewilT isiZveben xolme. roca

saqmros upovnian, daiwyeba lxini. Bbolos saqmros sacoles yelis Zewkvs

Camohkidebs da qorwili mTavrdeba. Aaxalgazrdebi mSoblebTan 4-5 dRes rCebian.

Semdeg qmarma cols Tavi unda daanebos samudamod da arasodes inaxulos. Qqali

rCeba mSoblebTan da am dRidan iwyeba axali xana cxovrebisa. Ddeda da biZa

valdebuli arian qals sxva qmrebi mouZebnon. maT mohyavT ymawvilkacebi da qalis

nebazea – iqmrebs Tu ara. Amgvarad qali moikrebs 4, 6, an 8 qmars, zogjer 11-sac

ki. Yvela am qmrebma mSoblebis saxlSi unda icxovron da saerTo coliT

sargebloben. . . amitomaa, rom pirvel qmrobas aravin indomilebs, xolo saerTo

colis sargeblobas ki bevris mowadinebuli. Ees qmrebi SeTanxmebulad

cxovroben. imaT Soris ikrZaleba naTesavebis SeuRleba. . .

nairebSi, sadac eSmakic ki ver gaigebs – vinaa mama, yvela mamakacs Tavis

memkvidreebad da Svilebad Tavisi disSvilebi miaCnia.

,,iveria” #120, 9 ivnisi, 1888.

kocnis istoriidan

. . .rodis moxda pirveli kocna? Aamas veravin gvetyvis, magram axlac ki kocna

ar aris yvela xalxSi miRebuli Cveuleba. didi okeanis kunZulebis: maorisa,

taitisa, haugaus mcxovrebT kocna sruliadac ar ician. kocna ar ician amerikis

eskimosebma. . . vinford ridma erTi zangis gasaTxovar qals akoca. qali SeSinda.

kocna ar ician iseTma xalxebmac, romlebsac Cveulebad hqoniaT tuCebis gaxvreta,

tuCebSi Zvlebis gayra, rogorc iqcevian beringis zRvis napiris, braziliis,

saxmreT afrikis mcxovrebni.

sxvadasxvagan kocna sxvadasxvanairad ician. aRmosavleTis xalxs sCveviaT

didkacobas tansacmelze akocon. egviptelebi pativiscemis niSnad hkocnian xelze

damere xels Tavze ideben. sparselebi pativiscemis niSnad hkocnian miwas, fexebsa

da im adgils, sadac fexi edga pativsacem kacs. arabebi erTamenTs hkocnian

loyaze da mere Tavis xelebs ikocnian. osmalebi erTmaneTs, rom Sexvdebian,

mxrebSi hkocnian da roca Sordebian – muxlSi. yvelaze Zlieri kocna hyvarebiaT

polSebs.

kocna werazec da laparakzec adrea SemoRebuli. uZveles droSi indielebi

mzis amosvlisas dedamiwaze pirqve daemxobodnen, xelebs tuCebze idebdnen.

Ebraelni mweralni samgvar kocnas aqeben: kocna pativiscemis niSnas, misalmebis

niSnad da gamomSvidobebisa. Pilniusis TqmiT romulis mefobisas romaeli qmrebi

colebs tuCebSi kocnidnen, rom gaegoT – Rvino xo mar dauleviaTo. Semdeg kocna

gaxSirda da romaelebma igi kanoniT akrZales.

papebma morCilebis niSnad moigones fexis kocna.

romSi imperator konstatntines dros gamoica kanoni, romlis mixedviT Tu

gaTxovilma qalma qmris garda sxvas akocnina, waerTmeoda mziTevi.

zogjer kocna Zlier Zvirad gayidula. bankirma solomon geinem erT artist

qals – antuaneta lebrens 10100 marka misca. niu-iorkSi saqvelmoqmedo saqmisaTvis

erTi lamazi qali fuls agrovebda. bevr mdidars akocnina da bevri fulic

Seagrova,

rumineTSi, q. galmagonSi yovel wels imarTeboda ,,kocnis iarmuka”, sadac

modian soflebidan morTuli axalgazrda qalebi RviniT saves doqebiT xelSi.

vinc SexvdebaT, akoceben, Rvinos daalevineben da kocnaSi fuls arTmeven. Tu

kacma qals ar akocnina, es qalis Seuracxyofaa. es kocnis dRea.

,,iveria”, 1893 w., 22 maisi, #104.

rogor svamdnen da Wamdnen uwin

uZv. droidan VIII s-mde Wamdnen TiTebiT. uwin Cangals ar xmarobdnen, magram

maSinac iyo zrdilobisa da yofaqcevis wesebi. saWmelSi mTeli xelis Cayofa

uzrdelobad iTvleboda. mWamels 3 TiTi unda Caeyo da isic im pirobiT, rom

didxans ar sWeriyo saWmelSi da naWris arCevanSi ar Sesuliyo.

Cangali pirvelad henrix III-is dros zogierTma axirebulma megobrebma

SemoiRes. danarCenebi ki isev Zveleburad Wamdnen. qoniani xeli sufraze an

tiloze unda gaewminda da ara tanisamosze.

sufraze dajdoma xarisxovnebaze iyo damokidebuli. safrangeTSi saxlis

ufross zurgi unda Seeqcia buxrisaTvis da ise unda damjdariyo.

13 ricxvi maSinac cud niSnad miaCndaT da am ricxvs ukavSirebdnen iudas,

romelic me-13 iyo saidumlo serobazed. hercogi liuini wers, rom erTxel

ludoviko XV sufraze me-13 iyo da mTeli sadili ugunebod gaatarao. yoveli

saWmlis Camorigebaze xels ibandnen. sufra yoveli sadilis ukan unda

gamoecvalaT, radgan stumrebi masze xelebs iwmednen. TiTebiT Wamdnen wvnian

saWmelsac.

italielebma da germanelebma Canglis xmareba frangebze 100 wliT adre

daiwyes. ingliselma korietim italiaSi mogzaurobisas naxa Cangali. igi

mouxerxebeli da saSiSi egona, magram Semdeg SeeCvia, waiRo inglisSi. amis gamo

is masxrad aigdes.

Canglis xmareba ufro mkvidrad XVII s-dan SemoiRes. gavrcelebuli wesis

mixedviT vicre sxva iRebs saWmels, Sen unda moiTmino; Tu SenTan mjdoms cota

xorci Sexvdes, gaunawile Sens mier amoRebuli didi naWeri; xorci mxolod sami

TiTiT unda aiRo; pirSi lukmis misatanad erTi xeli ixmare; ramdenic SegeZlos,

Wame. maspinZels nu dazogav, radgan Tu megobrisas xar, esiamovneba, Tu mtrisas

xar, megobrad migiCnevs, raki kargad miiReb maspinZlobas.

,,iveria”, #135, 1889w., 29 ivnisi

qalebi CineTSi

CineTSi qalebi ar uyvarT. mSobels neba aqvs daxocos da upatronod

datovos Svilebi – mxolod gogonebi, radgan qalebs Wkua ar aqvT gaWirvebaSi

Tavs ver Seinaxaveno.

,,iveria”, 16 aprili, 1889w.

osmaleTSi gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebi

axalSemoerTebul saqarTvelos nawilebidan osmaleTSi gadasaxlebulebi

trapizonis axlos dabinavebulan Semdeg adgilebSi: iomuras, surmenes, ofs,

irises, aTinas, arhaves, xofas. rogorc amboben, am Svid adgilas da imis axlo-

maxlos arian dasaxlebulebi – 500 mosaxle, umetesni qobuleTlebi arian. . . da

ricxviT komlze rom 5 suli viangariSoT, 2500 sulze metia.

trapizonis iqiT, uniemdis dasaxlebulan Semdeg adgilebSi dam is axlo-

maxlos: Tiribolis (800 suli), piresins (500 suli), orduss da unies (4 aTasi

suli). oTxsav adgilas aWarlebi da maWaxlelebi arian. amgvarad, trapizons iqiT

sul 5300 suli iqneba.

sul gadasaxlebulebis ricxvi Tu devriS-faSasagan ZaliT garyvnilebsa da

mermeT nebayoflobiT 7800 aris, rac trapizons axlomaxloa.

amis garda, WaneTSi da trapizonis garSemo gafantulebi arian. usaxlobisa,

naklebulobisa da haeris dacdisagan did siRaribeSi da avadmyofobaSi arian. . .

amboben, zogs ukan dabruneba undao, magram gasavlisas bevrs iseTi bileTi

auRia, rom daubruneblad gavadivarTo. am garemoebis gamo rusis mTavrobisa

eSiniaT da darCenilian sacodavad.

,,droeba”, #188, 12 enkenisTve, 1879 w.

T. i. jaianis korespondenciidan

sof. borCxa (baTumis olqi)

. . .orcoliani qarTveli mahmadiani aq iSviaTia. Tu vinmes hyavs ori coli, an

moxucia, an sapyari (kuti) iqneba, an uSvilo. . . zogi qali, roca dakutdeba,

Txovs qmars – meored dasaxldes, radgan saWiroa saxl-karis da mindor-bostnis

patronoba da TviT kutis movla. kaci asrulebs am Txovnas da imisi ded-mamis

TxovniT saxldeba, magram meore qali iSviaTia, rom bednierebis momtani iyos. . .

,,iveria”, #192, 8 seqtemberi, 1893 w.

qarTvelebi osmaleTSi

. . .aqaur qarTvelebs bevri aqvT iseTi Tviseba, romelic Cven ar gvaqvs. eseni

arian erTmaneTis moyvarulni, WirSi da lxinSi erTmaneTis damxmarni da zurgis

mimcemni. am xasiaTiT Cven, ruseTis qarTvelebi ver davikvexniT.

stumari, Cvenze ufro Tu ara, nakleb ar aris miRebuli, rac xelidan

gamouvaT, arafers dazogaven stumrisaTvis. stumarmac icis Sefaseba: rac unda

Seuracxyofa miayenos maspinZelma Tavis erT-erT droindel stumars, is ar

ecdeba Surisgebas - ,,im kacs pur-marili dRsac ar mominelebiao” da Tavs anebebs.

sesxis gadasxda amaT wminda saidumlosaviT miaCniaT. maT swamT, rom vinc am

qveynad Tavis vals patiosnad ar gadaixdis, samoTxes ver eRirsebao.

pavle mWedliSvili

,,droeba”, #39, 10 aprili, 1877 w.

general-adiutant sviatopolk-mirskis moxsenebidan

kavkasiis mefisnacvalisadmi 1879 w. Tebervali

gadasaxlebas aqvs pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba TurqeTTan Cveni axali

sazRvris gamagrebisa da kavkasiaSi Cveni politikuri mdgomareobis

gaumjobesebisaTvis. gadasaxlebulTa nacvlad rusuli elementis Casaxleba

SeiZleba farTo nasStabiT. masStabebi damokidebuli iqneba Tavisufali miwebis

raodenobaze.

amitom: a) xeli ar unda SevuSaloT muslimanebs TurqeTSi gadasaxlebaze

arc pirdapir, arc iribad; b) unda gavataroT RonisZiebebi, raTa muhajirTa miwebi

moxvdes mxolod mTavrobis gankargulebaSi.

imdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs aq (saubaria yarsis olqze – T. f.) rusuli

elementebis Casaxlebas, rom danaxarji, ramdenime milioni maneTic rom iyos,

unda miviCnioT, rogorc mizanmimarTuli da sasargeblo.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mTavari amocanaa aq CavasaxloT rac SeiZleba meti

rusi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sabolood unda davemSvidoboT azrs kavkasiaSi

rusuli mosaxleobis Casaxlebis Sesaxeb. ar SeiZleba sinanuli ar gamovTqvaT,

rom 1829 wlis Semdeg axalcixisa da aleqsandropolis uezdebis mdidar miwebze

Casaxldnen ara rusebi, aramed somxebi, berZnebi da TurqeTidan gadmosulebi.

aseTi Secdomis patieba ar SeiZleba. TqvenTvis cnobilia, ra sargebloba

mogvitana kavkasiaSi gabneulma rusulma mosaxleobam. amas aqvs rogorc samxedro,

aseve ekonomikuri da politikuri mniSvneloba. . .

mosaxleobis Semadgenlobas safuZvlad unda daedos Semdegi principi: is

unda iyos usityvod qristianuli. Umetesoba unda iyos rusi. . . rusuli elementis

gamoCena aqaurebs gauCens TurqeTSi wasvlis survils. . . SeiZleba miviRoT

mxedvelobaSi, rom pirvel periodSi aq SeiZleba Casaxldes 18000 suli (rusi),

xolo berZnebi da somxebi Tanabrad, sul 6 aTasamde.

scssa, f. 416, an. 3., f.9, 10, 12, 18, 19.

* * *

aWarul jameebze qarTuli ornamentis SenarCuneba mSenebel ostatTa mier

adgilobrivi Zeglebis SemkulobaTa mdidari tradiciebis aTvisebisa da

gamoyenebis Sedegia. es garemoeba jer kidev arqiteqtorma akademikosma pavlinovma

SeniSna, roca igi XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi sagangebod mogzaurobda kavkasiaSi.

masalebi kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis,

gam. III, mosk., 1893, gv. 76

Tbilisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa sakrebulos

zaqaria WiWinaZis moxsenebidan

qarTvel mahmadianTa saqmeebi iqamdis sayuradRebod mimaCnia, rom saWirod

vTvli xsenebul sakrebulo ramdenime sityva movaxseno. . . ramdenjerme

vimogzaure 1906 w. oqtombers da noembers. 25 da 26 oqtombers iyo maTi bairami. am

dRisaTvis ramdenime alags darigebuli iqna ,,yurani” da Jurnal ,,nakadulis”

wignebi. erTmac da meoremac didi gavlena iqonia ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi

mowyvetil qarTvel mahmadianebze. bavSvebi did sinanulSi arian, rom maT

skolebSi qarTuls ar aswavlian. baTumis olqSi mTavrobisagan gaxsnilia 5

skola: qobuleTs, aWariswyals, maradids, qedas, xulos. yvela am skolebSI

qarTuli ena mospobilia. bavSvebs aswavlian osmalurad da rusulad.

maswavleblebad daniSnuli arian adgilobrvi berZenTa Svilebi, romelTac

samoqalaqo skolebi aqvT damTavrebuli da arc qarTuli ician. bavSvebma ki arc

osmaluri ician da arc rusuli. orive es ena maTTvis ucxo aris. qobuleTSi am

garemoebis gamo diad ukmayofiloni arina qarTveli mahmadianebi da mekiTxebian

Tu ra qnan, sad d avis mimarTon amis Sesaxeb da daxmareba sTxovon, rom maT

skolebSi SemoRebul iqnas qarTuli ena, rogorc deda ena. amis Sesaxeb muradis

werili 1907 w. ivnisis Tvis ricxvebSi gulo kaikaciSvilsac gamougzavnia Cveni

sakrebulosaTvis. . .

arTvinis olqSi erTi skola ar aris. Kargi iqneba xsenebul kuTxeSi,

nametanur murRulis xeobas an imerxevs da Tundac q. arTvins erTi skola

gaixsnas, sadac moswavleebi asobiT qinebian da qarTulsac iswavlian, Torem

oTxi stipendianti vin icis swavlis Semdeg saiT wavlen. . .

aWaris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi,

xelnaweri #3930, fondi #196, furc. 89, 90, 91.

qarTuli eri da sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxi

. . .samwuxarod Cven ar viciT mahmadian qarTvelTa istoria, Torem cotas

Tvals Tu gadavavlebT, davrwmundebiT, rom isini ufro medgrad da Seupovrad

ibrZvian Tavisi erovnuli saxis SesanarCuneblad. . .

,,saqarTvelo”, 1916 w., 8 ianvari

saarqivo dokumentebi

baton zaqarias!

1923 wlis 18YTebervali

pativcemulo batono zaqaria. me rom dagavaleT Tqven Cemi miRebis Sesaxeb

TbilisSi, nucubiZis skolaSi, raRac mizezebis gamo ver Camovedi da velodi

pasuxs Tqvengan, magram Zalian gvian gavige iusuf civaZisagan pasuxi, Tore mar

davizarebdi Camosvlas. . .

madlobas mogaxsenebT batono zaqaria, rogorc moxucma kacma imdeni

imsjeleT CemTvis. samagiero pativiscemas gadagixdiT, risganac SemeZleba. Tqven

xarT rogorc mama Cemi. . . da aWaris Svilebis mama

Tqven xarT mamulisSvili aWaris,

Tqveni saxe maTlad feravs,

da mudmivad iqneba uviwyari. . .

memed xarazi, qobuleTeli mowafe baTomis gimnaziisa. Cemi adresi – q. baTomi,

zRvispiris q. #26.

aWaris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi,

xelnaweri #5324-6, fondi #196, furc. 210-211.

Rrmad pativcemulo moxuco zaqaria!

Tanaxmad Tqveni danapirebisa, vagzavni Cem Zmas kadirs da me darwmunebuli

var Tqven azrdiT mas ase, rogorc Tqvens didebas Seefereba.

Tqveni mosiyvarule da pativismcemeli haidar abaSiZe.

25.VIII.1923

aWaris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi,

xelnaweri #5325-6, fondi #196, furc. 213.

aWaris assr saxalxo komisarTa sabWos angariSebi

1921-1924 ww.

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati

1923 weli

1923 wlis ganmavlobaSi aWaristanis Seinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis

muSaoba izrdeboda progresiulad. es weli aWaristanSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis

ganmtkicebis, mtkice politikuri mdgomareobis Seqmnisa da mSromeli masebis

Segnebis mesame welia. finansuri resursebi gamagrebulia da Sinagan saqmeTa

saxalxo komisariats saSualeba eZleva Seasrulos is movaleobani, romelnic

maszed aris dakisrebuli da gaamarTlos Tavis daniSnuleba.

Kkolegia 1923 welSi

Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis sxdomebi 1923 welSi moxda

28-jer, 1922 welSi 4-jer, e.i. dRidan kolegiis arsebobisa sul 32. sakiTxebi,

romlebic garCeuli iyo am sxdomebze Semdegi xasiaTisaa: a) municipaluri, e.i.

komunalur meurneobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, saxeldobr: xelmZRvaneloba

da meTvalyureoba adgilobrivi komunaluri muSaobis da moqmedebisa, ganxilva da

gadawyveta xsenebuli xasiaTis saCivrebisa, uZrav qonebaT., municipalizaciis

saqmis xelmZRvaneloba, damtkiceba municipalizacia qmnil qonebaT siisa,

SemuSaveba dekretebis, dadgenilebebis, brZanebebis da cirkuliarebis proeqtebisa

komunalur meurneobis ganyofilebaTa saqmis gaumjobesebis mizniT. Municipaluri

xasiaTis sakiTxebidan romelic garCeuli iqnen kolegiaSi TvalsaCinoa Semdegi:

1) sabinao krizisis gamo, Tanaxmad saxkomsabWos dadgenilebisa S. s. s. k.

daarsda sabinao sameuli, romelsac daevala: a) im saxlebis siis Sesgena,

romlebic komunmeurneobas ar ekuTvnoda, magram mis mflobelobaSI iyo da ar iyo

mepatroneTaTvis dabrunebuli, b) sabolooT ganxilva municipalizacia qmnil

saxlebisa, romlebsac saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTi aqvs.

2) amasTanave Sinagan saqmeTa saxkomisariatis mier miqceul iqmna

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mazrebSigasaevrovnebel saxlebis saqmeTaTvis. TiTqmis

2 wlis ganmavlobaSi, es sakiTxi mazrebSi mogvarebuli ar iyo, radganac ar iyo

gamorkveuli Tu visi da ramdeni saxlia gasaerovnebeli. xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi,

rom saxlebi yofil begebis da aRebis iuridiulaT gaerovnebuli, faqtiuraT

mepatroneebis sargeblobaSi iyo, rom bolo moeReboda aseT movlenebs saxkomatma

Seagrova mTeli saWiro masala aseT saxlebze da sabolood gamoimuSava sia

mazrebSi gasaerovnebel saxlebisa. am siis mixedviT yvela mazrebSi gaerovnebuli

saxlebSi moTavsebulia sabWoTa dawesebulebebi. sul gaerovnebulia yof. begebis

da aRebis saxlebi: qobuleTis mazraSi – 7 saxli, xulos – 8 da qedis mazraSi –

6. rac Seexeba gasaerovnebel saxlebis sias aWaris wylis mazris farglebSi,

aseTi 1923 welSi sabolado gamomuSavebuli ar iyo.

3) rom sabinao saqmis xelmZRvaneloba ufro mkvidr niadagze damdgariyo da

sabWoTa dawesebulebebis moTxovnileba binebis Sesaxeb dakmayofilebuli

yofiliyo, gamomuSavebul iqna axali dekreti, romliTac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo,

sxvaTa Soris iseT sabWoTa dawesebulebebis SemWidroeba, romlebsac dakavebuli

hqondaT normaze meti Senobebi, gadacema profkavSirebisTvis binebisa da sxva.

meore dargi sakiTxebisa, romlebic ipyrobda Sinagan saqmeTa saxkomisariatis

yuradRebas da irCeoda kolegiaSi iyo organizaciuli sakiTxebi.

administratiuli erTeulebis ga,artivebis mizniT, nacvlad xuTi mazrisa da 17

Temisa daarsebul iqna 4 mazra da 11 Temi, gauqmebul iqna baTomis da aWaris-

wylis mazris aRmaskomebi da maT magivrad daarsebul iqna baTomis mazris

aRmaskomi. magram sinamdvilem dagvanaxa, rom aWaris-wylis mazris gauqmebam

gamoiwvia fuxara xalxis Sewuxeba-Seviwroveba (iZulebuli iyvnen TavianT

saqmeebis gamo evloT Woroxis mazris aRmaskomamade), ris gamo aRdgenili iqna

aWaris wylis mazris Temi: 1) dolognis da 2) aWaris-aRmarTis.

garda zemoxsenebul sakiTxebisa, Sinagan saqmeTa saxkomisariatis kolegiis

mier garCeul iyo sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia savaldebulo

dadgenilebebis, sanitarul wesebis da revolucionuri wesrigis darRvevasTan.

saerTo ganyofileba

yuradRebis Rirsia aWaristanis cakis dadgenileba #5, gamoqveynebuli 15

ianvris 1923 wlis TariRiT eklesiebis da samlocvelo saxlebis nacionalizaciis

Sesaxeb. Am dadgenilebis aRsasruleblaT CamorTmeul iqna: 1) yof. samxedro

soboro al. nevelis saxelobis eklesia; 2) yof. sagospitalo saydari; 3) qalaqis

eklesia, romelic gadaeca aWaristanis komkavSiris kulturul-ganmanaTlebel

miznebisaTvis. amas garda nacionalizacia eqna ebraelTa salocvelo saxls –

sinaRoRas, romelic gadaeca qalaqis sabWos sxdomebis mosawyobad.

dagzavnilia cirkuliaruli miwerilobebi yvela mazris aRmaskomebisadmi,

raTa yovelgvari mimowera sruldebodes Tavis droze. gacemulia brZaneba, raTa

mcxovreblebis mier daclil iqnas telegrafis da telefonis xazi borotmoqmedi

pirebis mier waxdenisagan. 1923 wlis ganmavlobaSi Semdegi saqmeebi iqna

Sesrulebuli:

mazris aRmaskomebis mier Sekrebili iyo da warmodgenili: 1) sia im pirTa,

romelnic sargebloben daqiravebuli ZalebiT sasoflo-sameurneo muSaobaSi; 2)

cnobebi 1922 da 1923 wl. ganmavlobaSi mazrebSi momxdari xanZris Sesaxeb.

Sesdga siebi upatrono bavSvebis da aRiZra Suamdgomloba saTanado

RonisZiebaTa misadebaT quCis bavSvebis uzrunvelsayofaT.

dadgenileba sabinao sameulis mier gatarebul iqna cxovrebaSi CakvriTi

saxiT sxva da sxva dawesebulebebis binebis gadajgufebis Sesaxeb da amgvarad

Semcirebul iqna sabinao sivrce, romelic saxdawesebulebebs eWiraT.

samilicio ganyofileba

mTavari miliciis sammarTvelos gauqmebis Semdeg, am ukanasknelis funqciebi

gadmotanil iqna Sinagan saqmeTa saxkomisariatis samilicio ganyofilebaze. es

iyo 1922 welSi. am ganyofilebas daevala mTeli respublikis miliciis saerTo

xelmZRvaneloba.

samilicio ganyofileba aerTianebs xelmZRvanelebs, kontrols uwevs mTeli

aWaristanis respublikis milicias. am ganyofilebas qalaqidan da mazridan

miliciis ufrosebidan modis sxvadasxva administraciuli xasiaTis saqmeebi,

romlebsac eZleva saTanado msvleloba da Sesrulebis Semdeg igzavneba

kuTvnilebisamebr.

umTavresi yuradReba miqceuli qonda aWaristanSi mSvidobian cxovrebis

damyarebas. 1922 wlis damlevs guriis farglebSi dagrovebuli iyo banditebi

ricxviT – 160 kacamde cnobil bandit manwkavas meTaurobiT. aWaristanis miliciis

ZalebiT bandis meTaurebis Sepyrobil iqnen, ris Semdeg mTeli banda daiSala.

amJamad Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli aWaristani gawmendili aris aramc Tu

banditebisgan, aramed ubralo qurd-bacacebisagan. Tumca xandaxan xdeboda

borotmoqmedeba. magram aseTs SemTxveviTi xasiaTi hqonda.

es faqtebi milicias dadebiTi mxriT afasebs.

meore mniSvnelovani boroteba, romelsac mieqca yuradReba, iyo sisxlis

aRebis adaTi. sisxlis aRebis niadagze aWaristanSi gadamterebuli iyvnen mravali

ojaxebi da gvareuloba, amis niadagze bevri mkvleloba xdeboda.

Semdegi seriozuli sagani, razec iyo miqceuli jerovani yuradReba, iyo

miliciis reorganizacia, rac gamoixata SemdegSi: saqmeTa mmarTvelobis

gasaadvilebad da xarjebis Semcirebis mizniTgauqmebul iqna baTomis olqis

miliciis sammarTvelo, xolo olqis miliciis sammarTvelos muSaoba daekisra

Sinagan saqmeTa saxkomisariatTan arsebul samilicio ganyofilebas. aWaris-wylis

mazris miliciis sammarTvelo gauqmebul iqna da SeerTebul Woroxis mazris

miliciasTan. mazris milicia uSualod daeqvemdebara Sinagan saqmeTa

saxkomisariats; Semcirebul iqna rogorc qalaqis, ise olqis milicia 50%.

gamoyofil iqna qalaq baTomis miliciisagan sisxlis samarTlis samZebro

ganyofileba da daarsebul iqmna aWaristanis centraluri sisxlis samarTlis

milicia. gawmendil iqna milicia arasaimedo pirebisagan rogorc politikurs, ise

zneobrivad da maT nacvlad iqnen sabWoTa xelisufllebisTvis saimedo pirni.

1923 welSi borotmoqmedTa ricxvi SedarebiT gasul 1922 welTan – 40%-de

naklebia, risi maCvenebelia qvemod moyvanili borotmoqmedTa moZraobis cxrili.

M

m o x d e n i l i a a x s n i l i a

weli qurdoba mkvleloba gaZarcva qurdoba mkvleloba gaZarcva

1922 323 23 20 227 26 11

1923 233 28 42 159 25 18

saevakuacio ganyofileba

1923 welSi iqna gadagzavnili sxva da sxva erovnebis ltolvilebi

sazRvargareT: poloneTSi, amerikaSi, palestinaSi, sparseTSi, saberZneTSi,

osmaleTSi da sabWoTa respublikebSi. sul 23.705 suli orive sqesisa. am

ganyofilebis movaleobas Seadgenda qalaq baTomSi da mazrebSi myof

ltolvilebis registracia da maTTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena biniT, eqimobiT da

samSobloSi gadagzavniT. garda mimdinare ltolvilTa registraciisa, romelsac

es ganyofileba eweoda, Catarda sxva da sxva erovnebis ltolvilTa registracia,

romelzedac gamocxadda – 4967 ltolvili, Catarda polonel ltolvilTa da

osmaleTis samxedro tyveebis socialuri registracia.

ltolvilTa didi ricxvi yavda am ganyofilebas martisTvis ganmavlobaSi;

ltolvilebi moTavsebulni iyvnen 6 punqtzed qalaq baTomSi da mis midamoebSi da

maTi ricxvi Seadgenda – 4807 suls sxva da sxva erovnebis, saxeldobr: berZnebi,

aisorebi, somxebi, ebraelebi, romelTa ricxvidan didi nawili samSobloSi

gadagzavnil iqna, rogorc aq moyvanil cxrilidan Cans.

# erovneba sadaa gadagzavnili ltolvilTa

ricxvi

1 osmalebi osmaleTSi 900

2. somxebi

,, . . . . . “

,, . . . . . “

afxazeTSi

sasomxeTSi

muganSi

582

2.582

866

3. ebarelebi palestinaSi 1.409

4. sparselebi sparseTSi 104

5. ruseTis moqalaqeni ruseTSi 575

6. germaneli menonitebi amerikaSi 59

7. polonelebi poloneTSi 58

8. umuSevarni sxva da sxva

erovnebisa Sromsaxkomis

winadadebiT

muganSi 785

9. berZnebi saberZneTSi 7.149

10. serbielebi serbiaSi 636

sul gadagzavnilia: 15.705 suli

m. m. a. C. 1923 welSi

1923 welSi moqalaqeobriv mdgomareobis aqtebis Camwer ganyofilebis muSaoba

SemdegSi gamoixata:

Tanaxmad dekretis #26 davalebuli hqonda mmaC-s mTel respublikaSi aqtebis

Camweri ganyofilebebis mowyoba. 1923 wlis aprilSi Segrovil iqna cnobebi imis

Sesaxeb Tu rogor mdgomareobaSia aqtebis registraciis warmoeba mazrebSi.

aqtebis Camweri q/ganyofileba mazrebSi ar iyo, garda Woroxis mazrisa. sxva

mazrebSi ki Caweras awarmoebda TviT aRmaskomi. saerTod saqme ar iyo dayenebuli

saTanado niadagze wignebSi aRniSnul aqtebis ricxvi metad mcire iyo.

instruqtorebma warmoadgines mmaC-is q/gany. daarsebis proeqti, rac damtkicebul

iqna mmaC-is q/ganyofilebebis daarseba mazrebSi da Temebi mxolod 1924 welSi

Catarda. sailustracioT mogvyavs samoqalaqo mdgomareobis aqtebis brunvis

cxrili.

a q t e b i

ianavri

Teb

ervali

marti

april

i

mais

i

ivni

si

ivlis

i

agvisto

seqtember

i

oqt

omb

eri

noember

i

dekember

i

SeuRlebulia 62 68 47 69 70 45 5 25 37 41 51 37

ganqorwinebulia 8 7 12 15 19 14 8 5 11 17 11 11

dabadebulia 34 39 120 68 102 75 62 52 74 60 91 71

gardacvalebulia 5 13 28 48 50 63 52 46 32 41 55 49

sul 109 127 207 200 241 197 127 128 154 159 208 168

samisamarTo magida

1923 wlis 6 ianvridan samisamarTo magidaze dakisrebuli iyo qalaq baTomis

midamoebis mcxovrebTa registracia., radgan baTomis midamoebSi imalebodnen mavne

elementebi. am elementebis SesapyrobaT da gasaZeveblaT saWiroeba moiTxovda

registraciis moxdenas. saTanado brZanebis gamocemis Semdeg registracia daiwyo,

magram 1923 welSi ar dasrulebula.

baTomis mcxovrebTa moZraobis cxrili

qal. baTomSi 1923 wlis ganmavlobaSi Semosula mama-kaci 9.781

qal. baTomSi 1923 wlis ganmavlobaSi Semosula deda-kaci 5.168

qalaqidan gasula deda-kaci 6.157

qalaqidan gasula mama-kaci 10.484

micemulia cnobebi kerZo pirebze 569

micemuli cnobebi dawesebulebebze 15.228

gayidula baraTebi kerZoO pirebze 41.357

gayidula baraTebi mosamsaxureebze 13.099

gadasul-gadmosula raionidan raionSi mama-kaci 568

gadasul-gadmosula raionidan raionSi deda-kaci 506

saerTo Semosavali yofila 1009 m. 12 k. Cerv.

gamasworebeli saxlebi #1 da #2

aWaristanis cakis dekretiT #30, 1923 w. 10 maisis TariRiT, gamasworebeli

saxli #1 da #2 gadmovida iustkomidan S. s. s. k. gamgeblobaSi.

1924 weli

saerTo ganyofilebis muSaoba

1924 wlis ganmavlobaSi S. s. saxkomatma centraRmaskomis winaSe 115

Suamdgomloba aRZra ucxoelTa sabWoTa qveSevrdomaT miRebis Sesaxeb, sabWoTa

qveSevrdomoba mieniWa 103 pirs, romelTac miecaT saTanado sabuTebi. 1924 wlis

martamde, sanam daarsdeboda sagareo saqmeTa gany. ucxoelTa Sesaxeb yovelgvar

mimoweras awarmoebda saerTo ganyofileba.

sainstrqcio-sainformacio ganyofileba

1924 welSi sistematiuradT igzavneboda isntruqtorebi yvela mazrebSi

xangrZlivi mivlinebiT reviziebis mosaxdenaT. aseTi mivlinebebi iyo 15-ze meti

day vela naklulevaneba, romlic gamoarkvies instruqtorebma, saWiro siswrafiT

gasworda. aqve aRsaniSnavia adgilobrivi organoebis piradi Semadgenlobis

(teqnikuri) SesarCevaT warmoebuli muSaoba, ramac mravali Seuferebeli da mavne

piris gadayeneba gamoiwvia. moxdenil iqna xuTi mazris mcxovrebTa aRwera,

romelic aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgens, rogorc statistikuri masala

gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa arCevnebis moxdenis dros. garda amisa miqceul iqna

saWiro yuradReba mazrebSi periodul gamocemaTa gavrcelebaze. sistematiuraT

igzavneboda ,,moambe”-s yvela nomrebi, Jurnal-gazeTebi da sxva literatura.

dRemde aWaristanSi ar iyo gamocemuli krebuli im dekretebis,

dadgenilebebis da brZanebebis, romlebic gamoqveynebul iqna aWaristanis a.s.s

respublikis teritoriaze. amitom dagrovil iqna mTeli masala, romelic did

daxmarebas gauwevs sxva da sxva sabWoTA dawesebulebebs da agreTve kerZo

pirebsac. Seyenebulia siebi soflis sabWoebis yvela wevrebisa da amnairive

aRmaskomebis piradi Semadgenlobis gasacnobaT. Seyenebulia yvela wevrebze

anketebi.

moxdenilia xulos, qedis, qobuleTis, aWaris-wylis da Woroxis samazro da

saTemo aRmaskomebis revizia.

ayvanilia Rricxvaze yvela trestebi da avtonomiuri SenaerTebi.

samilicio ganyofileba

1924 welSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca miliciis mTeli Semadgenlobis

sisxlis, samarTlis, samoqalaqo, saprocesualo kodeqsis da saerTo samilicio

instruqciasTan gacnobas. am miznis misaRwevaT moewyo saRamos kursebi, romlis

programaSi Sedioda: sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, samoqalaqo kodeqsi, sisxlis

samarTlis da samoqalaqo saprocesualo kodeqsebi, polit-ganaTleba da

administraciuli ufleba. yuradReba agreTve mieqca wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobis

likvidacias miliciaSi, rogorc qalaqSi, agreTve mazrebSic. gamomuSavebul iqna

cirkuliari yvela mazris miliciis ufrosebis saxelze, raTa yvela wera-kiTxvis

ucodinari miliciis TanamSromeli, samsaxuridan Tavisufal dros,

yovelwliuraT waregzavna wera-kiTxvis Sesaswavlad. Tu ramdenaT aris mizani

miRweuli am xnis ganmavlobaSi iqidan sCans, rom wera-kiTxvis ucodinari

milicielebi mTel respublikaSi iyo ,,122” kaci 1924 wlis damdegSi, wlis bolos

ki mxolod ,,29”.

Semdegi sakiTxi, romelzec miqceul iqna yuradReba da mogvarebul iqna aris

samxedro varjiSoba da samxedro gawvrTna, rogorc qalaqis agreTve samazro

miliciisa. am mizniT SemoRebul iqna samxedro varjiSoba pirvelaT qalaqSi.

mecadineoba swarmoebs sistematiurad. 1924 wlis maisamde samxedro varjiSobas

mazrebSi sruliad ar hqonda adgili. gaigzavna instruqtori mazrebSi, romelmac

SeZlebis dagvarad mazris milicias Seaswavla samxedro varjiSi.

gamomuSavebul iqna proeqti sisxlis samarTlis miliciaSi sapremio jildos

dawesebis Sesaxeb. garda jamagirisa, sisxlis samarTlis TanamSromelbs

saSualeba miecaT maT mier aRmoCenil borotmoqmedebiT SeZenil qonebidan miiRon

procentuli anaricxi.

Ggarda am moxsenebaSi aRniSnuli muSaobisa, Catarebuli Cveulebrivi muSaoba,

romelsac Semdegi cifrebi axasiaTebs:

a) dapatimrebulni arin gamsaxlSi, rogorc mavne elmentebi . . . 156

b) gadagzavnili arian etapiT TavianT mudmiv sacxovrebel adgilze . . . 223

g)dajarimebulia administraciuli wesiT sxva da sxva savaldebulo

dadgenilebebis da brZanebebis darRvevisaTvis moqalaqeni 6777 Cervonuli

maneTiT . . . 458

sisxlis samarTlis milicia

1924 wlis ganmavlobaSi centraluri sisxlis samarTlis miliciaSi

aRnusxulia borotmoqmedebis, patimrebis da Ziebis Semdegi moZraoba:

# dasaxeleba borotmoqmedebis saerToricxvi

axsnilia auxsnelia warmoeb.

1. qurdoba 762 395 322 452. miTviseba 42 23 15 33. fulebis gataceba 7 6 1 -4. Saxazino nivTebis gayidva 10 8 - 25. Tavdasxma 25 8 17 -6. gvamis aRmoCena 4 4 - -7. naqurdali nivTebis yidva-gayidva 14 14 - -8. kontrabandis aRmoCena 33 33 - -9. mkvleloba 9 7 2 -10. sisxlis samarTlis miliciis mier

mTxov. Seuracxyofis miyeneba2 2 - -

11. qalis gaupatiurebis cda 5 5 - -

s u l 913 505 357 50

patimrebis moZraoba

Sepyrobilia sul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

am ricxvidan ganTavisuflebuli . . . . . . . . . . . 132

gamsaxlSi gadagzavnili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

mcirewlovanTa komisiaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

m. m. a. C. 1924 welSi

1924 wlis dasawyisSi daarsebul iqna m. m. a. C. –is ganyofilebebis Semdeg

punqtebSi: qedaSi, qobuleTSi, furTioSi, merisSi, cxmorisSi, stefanovkaSi,

barcxanaSi, aWaris-wyalze, xucubanSi, leRvaSi da CaqvSi.

m. m. a. C –is muSaoba gaizarda, radgan sastikad akrZalulia raime

moqalaqeobriv mdgomareobis aqtis gatareba gareSe mmaC-is ganyofilebisa. Yyvela

sarwmunoebis eklesiebis Zveli metrikuli wignebi inaxeba mmaC-is ganyofilebaSi.

Ukanasknel dros kidev moimata muSaobam, radgan gacemuli iyo brZaneba, rom

sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi gaetarebinaT registraciaSi 1921, 1922 da 1923 wlebis

ganmavlobaSi dabadebulni, an gardacvlilebulni, romlebic Tavis droze ar

iyvnen registraciaSi gatarebuli.

saangariSo dros ganmavlobaSi registraciaSi gatarda m. m. a. C. –Si:

IANV

ARI

TEBER

VALI

MARTI

APRILI

MAISI

IVNISI

IVLISI

AGVISTO

SEQTEMBERI

1OQTOMB.

15DEKE

M-DE

Ddabadebulia 110 142 138 78 79 79 71 86 71 237

daqorwinebulia 45 69 34 42 42 50 35 24 29 108

gardacvaleba 50 44 52 40 40 58 78 34 64 140

ganqorwineba 10 8 6 6 9 12 7 8 11 27

gvaris gamocvla _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4

saevakuacio ganyofileba

muSaoba 1924 wlis ganmavlobaSI gamoixateba SemdegSi:

1) mTel aWaristanis farglebSi gatarebuli iqna osmaleTis qveSevrdom

samxedro tyveebis da ltolvilebis aRricva. aRricxvaze iyo ayvanili 1152 suli.

maT Soris samSobloSi dabrunebis msurveli 648 da ara msurveli 504 suli.

2) osmaleTis repatriantebis saWiroebisaTvis iqna, Tanaxmad instruqciisa,

mowyobili mimRebi punqti 150 kacisaTvis.

3) pirveli jgufi osmaleTSi gadasagzavnaT iyo moyvanili Woroxis mazridan

12 Tebervals – 12 - 40 suli, romlebzedac iyo Sedgenili saTanado siebi da

gadacemul iqnen osmaleTis kunZulze maTi samSobloSi gadasagzavnad.

4) meore jgufi osmaleTis repatriantebisa ricxviT – 142 suli iqna

Camoyvanili qobuleTis mazridan da saTanado nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg iqnen

gadacemuli osmaleTis konsulze maTi samSobloSi gadasagzavnaT.

sagareo ganyofileba

sagareo ganyofileba daarsebul iqna 1924 wlis maisSi. am ganyofilebis

Cveulebrivi muSaoba gamoixateba ucxo qveynebis qveSevrdomTa aRricxvaSi,

maTTvis saSinagano pasportis micemaSi, sazRvargareT wamsvlel pirTaTvis

pasportebis gacemaSi da sxva. sagareo ganyofilebis muSaoba aRniSnul drois

ganmavlobaSi gamoixata SemdegSi:

Semosulia ganyofilebaSi gancxadebebi misaRebaT

gasasvlel nebarTvebis misaRebaT - 260

gacemuli nebadarTuli vizebi - 150

uari eTqvaT vizebzed (centridan) - 33

vizis vada gagrZelebulia - 47

gatarebulia registraciaSi ukanasknelaT

momxdar aRricxvaze gamoucxadebeli moq. - 1174

Semosulia gancxadebani ucxoelebis saSinagano pasportis da droebiTi

mowmobebis misaRebaT - 170.

gacemulia ucxoelebze saSinagano pasporti da droebiTi mowmobebi – 730.

gamasworebeli saxli

#1 gamsaxlSi arian moTavsebulni gamoZiebis qveS myofi patimarni da agreTve

misjilni didi vadiT, #2 gamsaxlSi – ki misjilni mcire vadiT, iZulebiTi

muSaobiT da sastiki izoliaciiT.

#1 gamsaxlSi imyofeboda – 288 patimari; maT Soris – 20 dedakaci, #2

gamsaxlSi ki – 84 patimari; #1 gamsaxlSi arsebobs Teatri, sadac dro

gamoSvebiT imarTeba warmodgenebi patimarTaTvis TviT patimarTa ZalebiT. #1

gamsaxlTan arsebobs gamasworebeli saxlebis patimarTaTvis samkiTxvelo,sadac

aris 784 wigni, maT Soris: rusuli – 597, qarTuli – 159, TaTruli anbani – 17,

somxuri – 3, franguli – 5 da insglisuri – 3, agreTve yovel dRiuraT modis

ufasoT TiTo cali adgilobrivi gazeTi: ,,trudovoi Batumi” da ,,fuxara”. #1 da

#2 gamsaxlebis patimarTa Soris wera – kiTxvis ucodinarobis aRmosafxvrelad

daniSnulia maswavlebeli, romelic aswavlis wera – kiTxvas patimrebs. #1

gamsaxlSi arsebobs tansacmelebis, fexsacmelebis da Zvlebisagan gasakeTebel

sagnebis saxelosnoebi, sadac muSaoben patimrebi.

samdivno

garda zemodnaCveneb ganyofilebebisa, Sianagn saqmeTa saxkomisariatSi

arsebobs samdivno nawili. mimowera saidumlo xasiaTisa Tavmoyrilia xsenebul

ganyofilebaSi da am ukanasknels ganagebs pasuxismgebeli amxanagi.

dasasrul aRniSnul unda iqnes, rom mimdinare wlis dasawyisSive Sinagan

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma daisaxa miznaT misi xelmZRvaneli organos –

saxkomsabWos direqtivebis cxovrebaSi gatareba. SeiZleba gadaWriT iTqvas, rom

mizani miRweulia.

fondi r-2; anaweri #1, saqme #1. furc. 206, 207, 208, 209.

dokumenturi masalebi quTaisi centraluri saxelwifo arqividan(masalebi mogvawoda Tea qaTamaZem)

svaneTis mazrevkomis Tavmjdomaris g.gujejianis, SinamarTvelis ganyofilebisgamgis g. naverianis, mazris miliciis ufrosis abesalom ioselianisa da

partkomis mdivnis S. kvicianis moxseneba saqarTvelos revkomisadmi s. mulaxismdgomareobis Sesaxeb5 marti, 1922 weli.

saqarTvelos revkoms5 marti 1922w.

moxseneba

Ggasuli 1921 wlis oqtombris TveSi zemo svaneTis ajanyeba moxda. mizani amajanyebisa iyo is rom svaneTis yaCaRebs da nacional demokratebs eSinodaTsabWoTa mTavrobis rodesac isini Semovidnen zemo svaneTSi, maT icodnen, romsvaneTSi adgili ar eqnebodaT.

svanebi Tumca naswavlni xalxi ar arian magram isini bunebiTdajildovebulni arian yovel – gvari borot – moqmedebiT, maSin umetes rodesacisini xedaven droebiT raimes SeZenas; da mas ki ar fiqroben rom, aseTs borotmoqmedebas bolo ra moelis, am da gvari SeZeniT Seaviwroves svaneTis mezobelisazogadoebebi.

rodesac Zala Seagroves ajanyebulebma Semdeg daarses beCoSi TaviaanTisabWo. ( pirveli ) sabWos pirveli mizania provokatoroba winaaRmdeg sabWoTamTavrobis romis SeaZulos mSvidobian xalxs, viTomc sabWoTa mTavroba Cadiodesxalxis winaSe yovelgvar sazizRrobas. maTi meore mizania is rom vinc sabWoTamTavrobis momxreni arian daarbion isini saqonliT, mesame mizania is rom, viTomcda isini dRes dReisobiT amyareben svaneTSi mSvidobianobas. amisaTvisimaTma gaaZlieres uTanxmo mezoblebTa Soris romelTac isini erTs mosaxles

aSeneben da meores Rupaven, amis SvamdgomlobisaTvis umetes nawils TaviaanTjibeSi ideben.

xolo dRevandeli mizani ajanyebulebisa is aris, rom imaTma moatyuonsabWoTa mTavroba, viTomc isini yovelgvar moTxovnilebas mTavrobisasasruleben, magram es simarTles moklebulia: es rom ase iyos, im SemTxvevaSiisini urTierT-Soris ar daamyarebden gazafxulisaTvis rogorc sabWoTamTavrobis winaSe agreTve ramodenimed darCenili mulaxis sazogadoebissawinaaRmdego zomebs.

dRes dReobiT qvemo svaneTis e.i laSxeTidgan Tvrameti kaci, romlebsacmihyavT zemosvaneTidgan mTavrobis sawinaagmdego samasi kaci.

Oodnav darCenil mulaxis sazogadoebis mdgomareoba aseTia; sabWoTamTavrobis momxreni scxovroben mdinare inguris SemaerTebel wylis “tvibelura”da wanluras saTaveSi, aRmosavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT ganisazRvreba kavkasiismaRal-qedian mTebiT, dasavleTiT im qveda mulaxiT romelic gamoeyon mulaxissazogadoebas, rogorc sabWoTa mTavrobis agreTve, sabWoTa mTavrobis momxreTamulaxis saz. darCenil mcxovrebTa winaaRmdegeni arian. samxreTiT ganisazRvrebaifaris sazogadoebiT, am odnav darCenils mulaxis saz. Mmcxovrebni arianxsenebul samzRvrebTa Soris Camwydeulni, romelTac ar SeuZliaT wasvlasaqarTvelos sabWoTa mTavrobasTan ambis gasagebad.

MmxoloT samzRvrebTa Soris odnav darCenils mulaxs darCa erTad erTigza: is gza romelic midis umaRles kavkasiis mTebze Tergis olqSi, mxolodzafxulobiT, magram guladi wiTeli mulaxi agzavnis am gziT saq. sabWoTamTavrobasTan svaneTis mazris miliciis ufros oTxis ruseTis wiTelarmielebiTda ramodenime miliciis TanxlebiT, Tu vincoba aris am gziT moaxwion Tavisadgilze im SemTxvevaSi vimedovnebiT, raTa am pirebs miecaT yovelgvaridaxmareba, da is sabuTebi Tu ra gzas daadges SemdegisaTvis wiTeli mulaxi,radganac mTeli svaneTi gazafxulze apirebs mulaxis ganadgurebas miuxedavadyovel – gvar Seviwrovebisa ajanyebulebis mer wiTeli mulaxi ar daemorCilebaajanyebulebs manam sanam Tqvengan ar iqneba raime gankarguleba. amisaTvis saeWvod migvaCnia svanebTan Serigebis pirobebiT saqmis daboloeba.

svaneTis mazrevkomis Tavmjdomare: g. gujejiani

SinamarTvelobis ganyofilebisgamge: g. naveriani

Mmazris miliciis ufrosi: abesalom ioseliani

partkomis texn. Mmdivani: S. gujejiani

Ddedani, xelnaweri qarTul enaze. Qqcsa, f. 600. aR. 2. saq. 14. furc. 62, 63.

svaneTis mazris aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris, partxelmZRvanelis p.dvalis moxsenebasaqarTvelos ssr saxalxo komisarTa sabWos mimarT 1924 wlis oqtomberSisvaneTis mazris mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

7 oqtomberi, 1924 welisaxalxo komisarTa sabWos

moxseneba

Tanaxmad centraluri komitetis winadadebisa a/w seqtembris 13-ts amx.boboxiZesTan, imedaZesTan da sxvebTan erTad me gavemgzavre cageridansaeqpedicio jarebis gasvlisTanave qvemo svaneTSi, sadac aRniSnul amxanagebisTandaswrebiT aRdgenili iqmna bandebis mier TiTqmis ganadgurebuli sabWoTaadministraciuli aparatebi da dapatimrebuli agreTve zogierTisazogadoebisaTvis mavne elementebi, ris Semdegac jarebTan erTad gadavedi zemosvaneTSi.zemo svaneTSi gadmosvlis Semdeg jarebisaTvis aravis winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia.sofel kalaSi misvlisTanave gaveciT gankarguleba, rom tyeebSi gaxiznulimacxovreblebi gamocxadebuliyvnen adgilobrivi saswavleblis ezoSi. xalxidaniSnul droze gamocxadda. CavatareT mitingi, ris Semdeg mTelma sazogadoebamCagvabara sasroli iaraRi. Semdeg amisa, xalxisve TxovniT datusaRebuli iqmnengausworebeli bandebi da recidivistebi. avirCieT Temis sagangebo sameuli,romelsac miveciT saTanado direqtivebi. sameulis gankargulebaSi dasaxmarebladdavtoveT adgilobrivi komunarebi. am rigaT Catarda zemo svaneTis mazris yvelaTemebSi ganiaraReba da xelisuflebis prestiJis aRdgenac. 23 seqtembersmivaRwieT mazris administraciul centrSi sofel beCoSi, sadac mazrisaRmaskomis mTeli Senobebi TiTqmis ganadgurebuli dagvxvda. nivTebi daavejeuloba datacebuli aRmoCnda mcxovreblebis mier. mxolod kedlebidaetovebinaT da am kedlebsac Semoclili hqondaT ficrebi, fanjrebi da karebi.agreTve dangreuli aRmoCna buxrebi da sxva. mosvlisTanave movaxdineTgankarguleba, rom xalxs daebrunebina yovelive is, rac am banditebisgamosvlebis dros iqmna gatacebuli sawyobidan da Senobidan, rac nawilobrivadiqmna sisruleSi moyvanili; magram vinaidan am dangreul Senobebis SekeTebamouxerxebeli iyo da amasTanave miviRe ra mxedvelobaSi, rom sofeli beCo Tavisigeografiuli mdebareobiT warmoadgens yaCaRebis saTareSo adgils, romelic arSeiZleba CaiTvalos mcxovrebTa raodenobis mixedviT geografiul centrad,administraciul centrs TanaxmaT aRmaskomis prezidiumis dadgenilebisa,gadavitan sofel mestiaSi. droebiT, vinaidan aRniSnuli sofeli ufromSvidobian mcxovreblebiT aris dasaxlebuli da agreTve aq meti Senobebi arisdawesebulebebis da mosamsaxureTa mosaTavseblad. dResdReobiT mTeli mazris mcxovrebni ganiaraRebulia da yvelganaRdgenilia xelisuflebis aparatebi, am Jamad aRmaskomis momaval muSaobismTavar mizans Seadgens: 1. politikuri muSaobis warmoeba farTo masebSi. 2.wesierebis da mSvidobianobis damyareba yvelgan. 3. sabWoTa xelisuflebisprestiJis saTanado doneze ayvana. 4. swavla-ganaTlebis saqmis saTanadoTmogvareba. 5. saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis warmoeba; kooperativebis gaxsna; 6.gzebis gayvana da xidebis ageba da sxva da sxva. dasaxul muSaobis dakvriTi wesiT cxovrebaSi gasatareblad aucilebladsaWiroa yvela zemoxsenebul saqmeebisTvis mTavrobis mier dauyovnebliv saTanadoTanxebis gaReba. adgilobrivaT xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad saWiroa svaneTs,gansakuTrebul pirobebSi myof mazras exla mainc saTanado yuradReba mieqces.dReidan TviTmpyrobelobis damxobisa, svaneTis misaxleoba gatacebuli iyouwesoebiT, rac mas ufskrulisaken miaqanebda. am rva wlis ganmavlobaSi wesebisdamyareba aq SeuZlebeli gaxda da am mdgomareobiT gaTamamebuli svani wesierebasda samarTlianobas Sors gaurboda. dRes ki, rodesac mTeli svaneTiganiaraRebulia, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mizans unda Seadgendes aqganamtkicos respublikis danarCen yvela mazrebSi arsebuli mSvidobianoba dawesiereba. amisaTvis aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgens mtkice patiosani dasamarTliani pirebisagan administraciis aparatis mowyoba. vinaidan mTels mazraSi ganzraxulia axlo momavalSi politikurikampaniebis Catareba, romlis miznaT dasaxulia Zveli mediatoruli institutis,romelic amJamad warmoadgens Raribebis dasaCagravad saukeTeso iaraRs,

sabolooT mospobas, aucileblad xsnili unda iqmnas meore sasamarTlos dasagamomZieblos ubnebi. saWiroa agreTve, mieqces jerovani yuradRebajanmrTelobis saqmes. gaxsnili iqnas saavadmyofoebi, gadidebul iqmnas saeqimopersonali, moewyos sabeiTlo samkurnalo. dReis ricxvidan TanaxmadmazraRmaskomis prezidiumis dadgenilebisa, gauqmebulia mTel mazraSi TemTasameulebi da mis nacvlad arCeulia droebiT TemTa aRmaskomis TavmjdomareebimdivnebiTurT, mazraSi erTaderTi Semosavliani wyaro aris tye, romelicSeadgens 124.000 desetinas, romlis eqsploatacias uSualod awerda xelsaRmaskomi. damzadebuli iqna 600.000 kubikuri futi, romlis ori nawili CataniliaanakliaSi da foTSi. am aperaciam mazr aRmaskoma ormagi sargebloba moutana:erTi is, rom xalxi Caeba muSaobaSi da Seimosa, meore ki TviT mazras moutanasargebloba momavalisTvis mazr aRmaskoms ganzraxuli hqonda xe tyiseqsploataciis gafarToeba da Sig Cabma, magram amas xels uSlis Semdegigaremoeba: amJamaT CvenTan erTaT Cvens sazRvrebSi xe tyis masalis damzadebasawarmoeben satyeo tresti, samurzayanos aRmaskomi da zugdidis aRmaskomi,romelTa moijaradreni araracionalurad awarmoeben mis eqsploatacias, /rogorcda amasTanave sarwmuno wyaroebidan viciT, rom svan muSas fulis magier Tofebsda vaznebs awvdidnen fulis magier. svanic rasakvirvelia, Tuki aseTs sasyidelsmiiRebda siamovnebiT uSvebda moijaradreebs tyeSi daunomrav xeebs uWrida danaparevad aZlevda mas. am pirobebSi saxelmwifoc zaraldeboda da qurdmtacebelic mravldeboda mazraSi. mazraRmaskomi imedovnebs, rom mTavroba aseTs garemoebas yuradRebasmiaqcevs d axe tyis eqsploataciis warmoebas mazris farglebSi mianiWebsmxolod mas, ise, rogorc es miniWiebuli aqvs magaliTad raWis d axalcixismazrebs. dRemdis adgilobrivad centrida da sxva mazrebidan Camosulimosamsaxureni iRebdnen ormag jamagirs, romliTac am uRaribes kuTxeSi isiniZlivs irCendnen Tavs. dRes ki es jamagirebi Semcirebulia, rac mosamsaxureTamdgomareobas Zalze arTulebs. isedac Raribi mazra saeqspediocio jarebisaTvissursaT-sanovagis mowodebam Zalze mZimed daaqveiTa da sursaT sanovagis SeZenissaqme mosamsaxureTaTvis autaneli gaxada. adgilobriv misaxleobas mobilizaciissaxiT CamoerTvaT cxenebi, jorebi da sxvadasxva oTxfexi cxovelebi, msxvilisaqoneli, maTi dabrunebis imedi saeWvoa. xalxi moiTxovs maT dabrunebas anRirebulebis anazRaurebas, rac mazr aRmaskoms ar ZaluZs, amisaTvisvSuamdgomlob, rom aseT xarjebis dasafaravad daidos ramodenime aTasi maneTi.banditebis mier leCxumis mazridan gamotacebuli saqoneli mazraRmaskomissaSualebiT TiTqmis dabrunebulia.mogaxsenebT, ra yovelive amas, gTxovT saTanado gankargulebas.

mazraRmaskomis Tavmjdomare, igive partxelmZRvaneli: p. dvali

(xelmowera)

Qqsca,f. 600, an. 2, saq. 32.

xelnaweri, qarTul enaze, dedani.

axali wignebi

gamomcemloba ,,kalamusma” mkiTxvel sazogadoebas miawoda uaRresad

saintereso krebuli, saqarTveloSi arsebuli konfliqturi da , masSi

dabeWdilia saqarTvelos sapatriarqosa da ko fondis mier organizebuli

samecniero konferenciis masalebis, romelic eZRvneba samxreT kavkasiaSi

politikuri dialogis sakiTxebs da samaCabloSi ganviTarebul movlenebs da

mSvidobis perspeqtivebs. krebulis gamocemiT erTgvarad gafarTovda

eTnoteritoriuli problemebis gadawyvetis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli

samecniero da sainformacio baza.

X - X

ivane andronikaSvili

baTumis qalaqis Tavi

qarTvels municipalur moRvaweTa Soris ivane andronikaSvils gamorCeuli

adgili uWiravs, swored misi moRvaweobis Sefasebasa da analizs eZRvneba prof.

ramaz surmaniZis SesaniSnavi monografia ,,ivane andronikaSvilis, baTumis qalaqis

Tavi”. nSromSi warmoCenilia ivane andronikaSvilis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis

ucnobi an nakleb cnobili masalebi, andronikaSvilis sagvareulos istoriisa da

genialogiis sakiTxebi. naSromSi wamodgenilia agreTve ivane andronikaSvilis

ori mogoneba: ,,Cemi aRsareba” da ,,ramdenime sityva”.

X - X

baTumi

baTumis istoriis sakiTxebs eZRvneba n. dakiSevCis 1890 w. rusul enaze

gamocemuli wignis ,,baTumi”-s qarTuli Targmani. Wignis Targmna, winasityvaoba da

saZieblebi daurTo prof. ramaz surmaniZem. wigni gamovida seriiT - ,,aWara

ucxoelTa TvaliT”. marTalia dakiSeviCis naSromi didi mecnieruli RirebulebiT

ar gamoirCeva da bevri sakiTxi imperiuli politikis gavleniT tendenciuradaa

warmodgenili, magram igi mainc sainteresoa mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis, radgan

masSi sainteresodaa warmodgenili ucxoelis TvaliT danaxuli patara baTumi.

misi istoria, flora, fauna, qalaqis sakurorto da turistuli momavali.

luka asaTiani

baTumis meriis mxardaWeriT gamoica cnobili qarTveli municipaluri da

sazogado moRvawis luka asaTianisadmi miZRvnili uaRresad saintereso wigni.

Wignis avtoria cnobili profesori ramaz surmaniZe. naSromSi warmodgenilia

eris interesebis dacvisaTvis Tavdadebuli mebrZolis, imperiis samsaxurSi myofi

Cinovnikis luka asaTianis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis saintereso furclebi,

ganxilulia eris Wir-varamze dafiqsirebuli patriotis azrebi, gancdebi,

ganwyobilebebi, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula ilia WavWavaZis

erovnul – ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi.

naSormi mkiTxvelTa yuradRebas ipyrobs sxva TvalsazrisiT. Avtors Rrmad

Seuswavlia asaTianTa gvaris istoria, ramac SesaZlebloba misca gamoeTqva

Sexeduleba aWaraSi mcxovrebi asaTianebis da luka asaTianis winaprebis

naTesauri kavSiris Sesaxeb.

X - X

gamomcemloba ,,universali”-s grifiT gamoica cnobili profesoris r.

TofCiSvilis wigni ,,qarTvelTa eTnogenezisa da eTnikuri istoriis problemebi”

(Tb. 2008 w.). wignSi mkiTxveli gaecnoba qarTvelTa warmomavlobis sakiTxebs.

naSormSi sainteresodaa ganxiluli qarTvelTa eTnonimebi, eTnografiul jgufTa

saxelwodebebi. calke paragrafi eZRvneba im mizezebisa da faqtorebis warmoCenas,

romelTa wyalobiT moxerxda qarTuli eTnosis SenarCuneba da gadarCena.

qarTvel mTielTa mentalobis istoriidan

tradiciuli mentalobis formirebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba religias. Swored am sakiTxebs eZRvneba eTnologiis, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis ufrosi mecnier

TanamSromlis, axalgazrda da perspeqtiuli mkvlevaris rozeta gujejianis

uaRresad saintereso gamokvleva ,,qarTvel mTielTa mentalobis istoriidan”.

naSromSi meToduri samecniero da savele eTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelze

warmodgenilia qarTvel mTielTa mentalobis umTavresi maxasiaTeblebi.

mentalobis sakiTxis Seswavla qarTuli eTnologiisaTvis dRemde sruliad

ucnauri iyo. am TvalsazrisiT gza pirvelad r. gujejianma gakvala da Zalze

sayuradRebo wigni miawoda mkiTxvels. mentalobis problemebi man warmoadgina,

socialuri sakiTxebisa da religiuri yofis urTierTgavlenis fonze da xazi

gausva qristianobis rolsa da mniSvnelobas saerTo qarTuli mentalobis

formirebaSi.

wigni dabeWda gamomcemloba ,,universali”-s grifiT. Monografis redaqtoria

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori roland TofCiSvili,

recenzentebi arian mecnierebaT doqtorebi: n. mindaZe da m. xidaSeli.

andria pirvelwodebuli saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi qristianobis Semosvla mociqulebs ukavSirdeba. Swored

amitom uwodeben qarTul eklesias – samociqulos. Swored andria iyo

pirvelwodebuli, romelic qarTul saeklesio tradiciaSi pirvelmqadageblis

saxeliT ixsenieba. Axlaxan, gamomcemloba ,,lazarem” mkiTxvels miawoda Zalze

saintereso da originaluri gamokvleva ,,andria pirvelwodebuli saqarTvelSo”.

naSromi exeba andria pirvelwodebulis saqarTveloSi qadagebis amsaxvel

naTargmn da originalur literaturas. Adreul teqstebTan, ,,andria mociqulis

mimosvlasTan” dam is qarTul redaqciebTan erTad Seswavlilia qarTul

literaturaSi Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva lokaluri tradicia, dadgenilia

gviandeli qarTuli teqstebis mimarTeba pirvelwyaroebTan da ruis urbnisis

saeklesio krebis ,,ZegliswerasTan”, gamovlenilia mizezebi, romlebic

ganapirobeben andria pirvelwodebulis misioneruli moRvaweobis istoriisa da

marSrutis ganvrcobas.

naSromis redaqtorebi arian: manglisisa da walkis mitropoliti, profesori

anania jafariZe da profesori revaz siraZe. wigni daibeWda baTumisa da lazeTis,

CrdiloeT amerikisa da kanadis mitropolit dimitris (SiolaSvilis) locva –

kurTxeviT.

X - X

aWaris ar ganaTlebis, kulturisa da sportis saministros finansuri

mxardaWeriT gamoica axalgazrda poetis, baTumis moswavle axalgazrodnis

sasaxlis norC SemoqmedTa da organizacia ,,kavkasionis” literaturuli klubis

wevris, #2 sajaro skolis VI klasis moswavlis nika futkaraZis leqsebis

krebuli ,,wveTavs natvrebidan poezia”. krebulis avtori asakiT bavSvia, magram

azrovnebiT mowafuli. misi sulieri parametrebi, ideebi, azrebi da

ganwyobilebebi sruliadac ar Seesabameba mis asaks. nikas saxiT mkiTxvelis

winaSea TviTneburi poeti, romelic ,,fexakrefiT miuyveba poeziis did Saragzas”.

X - X

gamorCeuli adamianebis Sromam da garjam maTma niWma, inteleqturobam,

samecniero moRvaweobam moitana dRevandeloba. drois cvalebadobis miuxedavad

es adamianebi qarTvelobis kleqtiuri xasiaTis ganmasaxiareblebi iyvnen. erT-

erTi maTgania qeTevan alasania, mecnierebaTa kandidati, docenti, romelic

ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis

pedagogiur institutSi (SmedgomSi universitetSi) eweoda pedagogoiur da

samecniero saqmianobas. swored mis Sesaxeb daistamba gamomcemloba ,,SuTa

rusTavelis saxelmwifo universistetSi” patara krebuli, romelSic

warmodgenili werilebi naTlad warmoaCens mSobliuri universiteti am didebuli

pedagogis Rvawlsa da damsaxurebas.

X - X

mowmendil caze mexis gavardnas hgavda CveneburTa erovnuli TviTSegnebis

qarTuli enisa da kulturis gadarCenisaTvis Tavdadebuli mebrZolis,

saqarTvelos siyvarulSi daferflili patriotis axmed melaSvilis gamoCena.

samwuxarod misi cxovrebis boloc iliasaviT tragikuli aRmoCnda. Swored mis

cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas exeba cnobili qarTveli Jurnalistis giorgi

kalandias wigni ,,ahmed melaSvili, CveneburTa beladi”, romelic gamoica Sps

,,Cveneburebi”-s, saqarTvelos Teatris, musikis, kinosa da qoreografiis

saxelmwifo muzeumis, baTumis niko berZeniSvilis institutisa da diasporis

sakiTxebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministris finansuri mxardaWeriT.

sayuradRebo gamocema

meore saukunis bolo xnis movlenebs Soris erT-erTi udidesi istoriuli

sinamdvilea meore msoflio omi, romelac aTeuli milionobiT adamianis

sicocxle Seiwira. aWaris ar omisa da samxedro Zalebis veteranTa gaerTianeba

,,omgadaxdili”-s egidiT gamomcemloba ,,SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo

universitetma” gamosca monografia ,,aWara meore msoflio omis periodSi (1939-

1945 ww.)” gamoCenili istorikosebis abel surgulaZis, sergo tabaRuas das ergo

dumabZis TanaavtorobiT. wignSi gamoqveynebuli masalebis mkiTxveli sazogaroeba

icnobda wina wlebSi calk-calke gamoqveynebuli nasromebis saxiT, romlebic

wina gamocemaSI erTadaa warmodgenili. monografiaSi saarqivo dokumentebis,

presis, epistolaruli masalebisa da specialuri literaturis safuZvelze

gamocemulia aWaris ar samxedro-TavdacviTi, sameurneo – kulturuli da

patriotuli saqmianoba meore msoflio omis periodSi gaanalizebulia aWaridan

wargzavnilTa monawileoba da Tavdadeba omis frontze; mosaxleobis wvlili

faSizmis damarcxebaSi, rogorc frontze, aseve zurgSi.

milocvebi

maia rurua-50

adamiani, miTumetes damsaxurebuli pirovneba mis mier ganvlil gzas romgadaxedavs, axarebs is faqti, rom erTi dRec ar ucxovria movaleobis maRaligrZnobisa da udidesi pasuxismgeblobis gareSe, roca acnobierebs, rom masac aqvsSetanili wvlili qveynis mSeneblobaSi, masac moutania sargebeliTanamemamuleebisaTvis, gauTbia adamianTa gulebi.

erT-erTi amaTgania - Rirseuli qalbatoni, SesaniSnavi moqalaqe da megobari,saarqivo saqmis SesaniSnavi specialisti, saarqivo sammarTvelos centraluriarqivis dacvis, aRricxvisa da samecniero-sacnobaro ganyofilebis ufrosi maiarurua.

cxovrebis sasaxelo gza ganvlo mosamsaxuris ojaxSi 1962 w. 4 maissdabadebulma qalbatonma. 1979 wels warmatebiT daamTavra baTumis SoTarusTavelis saxelobis N 2 saSualo skola, 1981 wels ki Cairicxa saqarTveloszoo-veterinalur saswavlo-kvleviT institutSi (dauswrebel ganyofilebaze) daaqac erTi uwyinari, keTili, moyvasis gamkiTxavi, gulisxmieri da amave droscodnismoyvare adamianis imiji Seiqmna. swavlis paralelurad profilisSesabamisad muSaobda mefrinveleobis fabrikis sainkubacio saamqroSi,mogvianebiT ki sabavSvo baRSi – ZiZis sapatio movaleobis Sesrulebazec aruTqvams uari.

1996 w. m. ruruam Tavisi SromiTi saqmianoba aWaris ar saarqivo dawesebulebasdaukavSira. igi dainiSna saarqivo departamentis mTavari specialistisTanamdebobaze. mogvianebiT m. rurua dawinaurda dokumentebis gamoyenebisa dapublikaciis ganyofilebis I kategoriis arqivistad. Aam Tanamdebobaze muSaobisdros gamoavlina saocari Sromismoyvareoba, saqmis siyvaruli da alRo, ramacgansazRvra jer dagegmarebisa da saorganizacio-meToduri muSaobis ganyofilebisgamgis, mogvianebiT ki centraluri arqivis direqtoris moadgilis Tanamdebobazemisi dawinaureba. Ggamocdilma arqivistebma maSinve SeniSnes gulmodginearqivistis mowadineba, unari da SesaZleblobebi. ucxo profesiul garemoSimyofs ar gaWirvebia axal saqmianobasTan Segueba, gaiCina uamravi megobari dakeTilis msurveli, aqtiurad Caeba saarqivo saqmianobis yvela sferoSi,gansakuTrebiT ki sacnobaro, meTodur Tu samecniero saqmianobaSi. Mmis kalamsekuTvnis araerTi samecniero statia, meToduri werili, mxatvruli narkvevi,romlebic ibeWdeboda sxvadasxva gamocemebSi. gansakuTrebiT dasafasebelia misiTanamSromloba saarqivo sammarTvelos periodul gamocema - Jurnal,,arxeionTan”, sadac man araerTi sayuradRebo naSromi gamoaqveyna.Mm. ruruaspirovnebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnis misi damokidebuleba RvawlmosilarqivistebTan. Mman kargad icis, rom ,,sibere Cveni momavalia”, rom damsaxurebuladamianebs dafaseba sWirdebaT. mas awuxebs vaJaseuli tkivili: ,,Tu ver viguebT,ver SeviferebT, kargi Svilebi rad gvebadeba”. Aamitomac iTava rubrikis,,amagdari arqivistebis” xelmZRvaneloba, sazogadoebas kidev erTxel gaaxsenamaTi Rvawli, damsaxureba da amiT kargi magaliTi misca momaval Taobasac.

m. rurua aqtiur monawileobas iRebs samecniero konferenciebis muSaobaSi,Tematuri gegmebis SedgenaSi, sxvadasxva saxis RonisZiebebSi, arqivis gzamkvlevisSedgenasa da aWaris saarqivo dawesebulebis istoriis sakiTxebiskvlevaSi.Aamitomac daimsaxura saqarTvelos prezidentisa(2002 w.). da saarqivodawesebulebis xelmZRvanelTa madlobebi

Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze TiToeul CvenTagans urTierToba gvaqvs uamravadamianTan, romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad asruleben maTze dakisrebul movaleobas.maT Soris TiTze CamosaTvlelia iseT adamianTa ricxvi, vinc “ver axerxebs”ugulisyurobas, movaleobis saTanado doneze Seusruleblobas. Mm. ruruayovelTvis didi yuradRebiT, sizustiT, siyvaruliT akeTebs Tavis sakeTebels. mismier ganvlili gza-didi gzaa. es gza eklianic iyo da vard yvavilianic, mwarec,

tkbilic, salxenic da samwuxaroc, magram yovelTvis, sufTa da gamWvirvale,yovel nabijze, yovel amosuTqvaze patiosnebiT naTelcxebuli, didsulovani,saqmiani, azriani. swored amis gamo uyvars yvelas, visac ki masTan Sexvedrisbedniereba hqonia.

2012 weli Cveni maiasaTvis saiubileo welia. Mmas dabadebidan 50 weliSeusrulda. sami Svilis dedas da SviliSvilis bebias, SesaniSnav meuRles,gamorCeul kolegasa da megobars vulocavT cxovrebis Suaguls, vusurvebTwarmatebebs pirad cxovrebasa da saarqivo saqmis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi.

2012 weli saiubileoa mzia jRarkavasaTvis, gela guguSvilisaTvis, lela da

davi xitirebisaTvis. didi xani araa, rac maT daiwyes muSaoba saarqivosammarTveloSi, magram umokles droSi gaiTvises saarqivo saqmianobis specifikada Taviseburebebi, warmatebiT aiTvises saqmis warmoebisa da dokumentebisdamuSaTan dakavSirebuli wesebi, aqtiurad Caebnen arqivis cxovrebaSi. vulocavTCvens kolegebs saiubileo TariRs da vusurvebT Semdgom warmatebebs

elguja Caganava – 60

arian adamianebi, romelTa Tavdadebuli garja, saqmis siyvaruli da bunebiTmomadlebuli ZvelqarTuli Sromismoyvareoba misabaZi da samagaliToagarSemomyofTaTvis.

erT-erTi maTgania elguja Caganava, saarqivo sammarTvelos aparatis ufrosi,saqmis mcodne da profesionali arqivisti. Eelguja Caganava daibada eqvsiaTeuli wlis winaT, baTumSi, cnobili arqivistebis grigol Caganavasa da lenazaqareiSvilis ojaxSi. uCveulo TariRs daemTxva misi dabadeba. 29 Tebervali,TariRi, romelic 4 weliwadSi erTxel meordeba. Aamitomacaa, rom am oTxweliwadSi yoveli weli elguja CaganavasaTvis saiubileo welia.

e. Caganava 7 wlis asakSi miujda skolis merxs. 1967 wels daasrula baTumisNNN 9 saSualo skola da muSaoba daiwyo xis damamuSavebel kombinatSi, erTiwlis Semdeg ki – 1968 wels Cairicxa saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneoinstitutSi. Paralelurad muSaoba daiwyo aWaris saxelmwifo arqivSi umcrosimecnier-muSakis Tanamdebobaze (1969-1970 ww.), saidanac gaiwvies samxedrosamsaxurSi. Ddemobilizaciis Semdeg, 1973-1974 ww. muSaobda salibauris skola-internatSi mebaRe-dekoratorad, mogvianebiT, 1974-1975 ww. baTumismanqanaTmSenebel qarxanaSi brigadiris Tanamdebobaze agrZelebs Tavissaqmianobas. 1975 wlidan igi ubrundeba Tavis profesiul saqmianobas daxelvaCauris raionis sarfis kolmeurneobaSi iwyebs muSaobas agronomis, mTavariagronomis, Semdeg ki sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmos gamgeobis TavmjdomarisTanamdebobaze.

aseTi SromiTi biografiis miuxedavad, elguja Caganavas itacebda mSoblebisprofesia, ainteresebda dokumentebTan muSaoba, ramac igi aWaris ar saxelmwifoarqivamde miiyvana. 1997 w. igi saarqivo departamentis dokumentebis samecniero-teqnikuri damuSavebis ganyofilebas Caudga saTaveSi. sxvadasxva dros igimuSaobda samecniero-teqnikuri damuSavebis samsaxuris direqtoris, mTavari

specialistis, teritoriul organoebTan muSaobis ganyofilebis ufrosisTanamdebobebze. 2010 wlidan e. Caganava saarqivo sammarTvelos centraluriaparatis ufrosia. ,,saarqivo dargis ganviTarebis saqmeSi SetanilidamsaxurebisaTvis” igi dajildoebulia Rirsebis ordeniT. miRebuli aqvs agreTvemedali ,,sazRvris dacvisaTvis”.

E saarqivo dawesebulebaSi muSaobis pirveli dRidanve e. Caganava aqtiuradCaerTo arqivis samecniero saqmianobaSi. mas araerTi samecniero naSromi aqvsgamoqveynebuli diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis, turistuli organizaciebisda samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis sxvadasxva sakiTxebze sakiTxebze.

e. Caganavas hyavs SesaniSnavi ojaxi - gulisxmieri meuRle, ori Svili da oriSviliSvili. ase, rom xarobs nergi, romelsac gaxmoba ar uweria.

SesaniSnavi arqivisti, mindobili saqmis upirobo Semsrulebeli,SromismoyvareobiT gamorCeuli moqalaqe araCveulebrivia sufrasTan. uzomodRvinos ar svams, magram icis mamapapuri qeifi da Seqceva, cekva-simReriTa daiumoriT Sezavebuli molxena.

xandaxan ityvian _ arqivistebs, poetebisa ar iyos, ar uyvarT erTmaneTio. esmoaruli gamoTqma albaT imaTi mogonilia, visTvisac arqivistoba da poeziasaxelis da gamoCenis wyaroa mxolod. baTumSi verc erTi arqivistisaganerTmaneTis Sesaxeb ver gaigoneb augs saarqivo sammarTvelos Senobis miRma.

ukanmouxedavad mirbian wlebi, magram rCeba saxeli da saqme, romelsac aseerTgulobs iubilari arqivisti elguja Caganava. Jurnalis saredaqcio sabWo,saarqivo sammarTvelos TaamSomlebi ulocaven e. Caganavas saiubileo TariRs,usurveben sixaruls, bednierebas, warmatebebs pirad cxovrebasa da saarqivodargis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi.