A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear...

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2軸ロードセルを用いた自転車競技 における関節トルク評価 筑波大学 システム情報系 松 田 昭 博 筑波大学 スポーツR&Dコア 石 倉 恵 介 筑波大学 体育系 高 木 英 樹

Transcript of A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear...

Page 1: A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear …poly.kz.tsukuba.ac.jp/information/picture/2014SHD.pdfEvaluation of joint torque gives information about cycling technique Human leg

2軸ロードセルを用いた自転車競技における関節トルク評価

筑波大学システム情報系松田 昭博筑波大学スポーツR&Dコア石倉 恵介

筑波大学体育系高木 英樹

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背景

トライアスロンウェアの最適な設計法の考案

ウェア着用時の身体への加圧を考慮

自転車のペダリング技術最適化システムの開発

ペダリング技術を可視化

研究内容

水泳 自転車 ランニング

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背景

ペダリングのメカニズム

ペダルに加える脚力を推進力に変換

推進力に変換する過程で力の損失が生じる

接線方向の力

ペダルに加える脚力

法線方向の力

①ペダルに加える脚力

②推進力の獲得

脚力力の損失

推進力

優れたペダリング技術が存在(力を加える方向、大きさ、タイミング、脚の動作など)

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背景

ペダリングのメカニズム

ペダルに加える脚力を推進力に変換

推進力に変換する過程で力の損失が生じる

トレーニング機器

パワーメーター

接線方向の力

パワー=接線方向の力×クランク×回転速度

詳細にペダリング技術を明らかにすることは困難

優れたペダリング技術が存在(力を加える方向、大きさ、タイミング、脚の動作など)

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目的

ペダリング技術を可視化する新たなトレーニングシステムの開発

解析プログラム

小型二軸ロードセル、下肢の剛体リンクモデル

可視化プログラム

ペダル荷重、ペダリング有効性、関節トルク

熟練者のペダリング技術の特徴を明確化 初心者の競技力向上に貢献

システムの構成

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小型ニ軸ロードセル

ペダル荷重を計測 シューズの底面に対して、垂直方向・水平方向

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垂直方向の定格荷重± 1,000N

小型ニ軸ロードセル

ペダル荷重を計測 シューズの底面に対して、垂直方向・水平方向

水平方向の定格荷重± 500N

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小型ニ軸ロードセル

ペダル荷重を計測 シューズの底面に対して、垂直方向・水平方向

クリートの機能 市販のプラスチッククリートとほぼ同じサイズ

左右の足で独立して計測が可能 自身の自転車の使用が可能

精度 非線形性

最大誤差 0.90%

ヒステリシス 最大誤差 0.89%

同じ大きさ

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ロードセルで計測した力の変換

地面に対して水平、垂直方向の力 クランクの回転に対して接線、法線方向の力

下肢動作の動力学データを取得

関節の位置、加速度、角加速度

下肢モデル構築の目的

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下肢モデル構築の目的

ロードセルで計測した力の変換

地面に対して水平、垂直方向の力 クランクの回転に対して接線、法線方向の力

下肢動作の動力学データを取得

関節の位置、加速度、角加速度

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リンク機構

構成パラメータ

y

x

足首角度 γ

(0,0)

L1

L2

L4

L6

1X

座標

クランク軸

腰部

長さ

クランク

下肢の各部の長さ

角度

足首角度

下肢動作のモデル化

L3

L5

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リンク機構

構成パラメータ

y

x

足首角度 γ

(0,0)

L11X

座標

クランク軸

腰部

長さ

クランク

下肢の各部の長さ

角度

足首角度

下肢動作のモデル化

2X

3X

L2

L3

4X

L4

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左脚 右脚

ペダリングにおける力の可視化

クランク角度とペダルに加わる力の関係を表示

矢印の長さ 発揮する脚力の大きさ

矢印の方向 発揮する脚力の方向

ペダル荷重の評価

ペダリング技術を直感的に理解することが可能

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関節トルクの評価

運動方程式の立式

並進運動の釣り合い

回転運動の釣り合い

T=ωI ‐Pf

gfx m+=m

m : セグメントの質量 : 身体重心の加速度f : 外力 g : 重力加速度I : 慣性モーメント T : 関節トルクP : 関節-重心位置の長さ :角加速度

x

ω

※各セグメントの質量m、慣性係数Iの算出には阿江らの身体部分慣性係数を使用

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関節トルクの評価セグメント3大腿部

セグメント2下腿部

セグメント1足部

運動方程式の立式

並進運動の釣り合い

回転運動の釣り合い

T=ωI ‐Pf

gfx m+=m

m : セグメントの質量 : 身体重心の加速度f : 外力 g : 重力加速度I : 慣性モーメント T : 関節トルクP : 関節-重心位置の長さ :角加速度

x

ω

※各セグメントの質量m、慣性係数Iの算出には阿江らの身体部分慣性係数を使用

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関節トルクの評価

運動方程式の立式

並進運動の釣り合い

回転運動の釣り合い

T=ωI ‐Pf

gfx m+=m

※各セグメントの質量m、慣性係数Iの算出には阿江らの身体部分慣性係数を使用

m : セグメントの質量 : 身体重心の加速度f : 外力 g : 重力加速度I : 慣性モーメント T : 関節トルクP : 関節-重心位置の長さ :角加速度

x

ω

(x0,y0)

(x1,y1)1ω

Fx0

Fy0

(xg2,yg2)

(x3,y3)

(xg3,yg3)

(xg1,yg1)

(x2,y2)

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関節トルクの評価

運動方程式の立式

並進運動の釣り合い

回転運動の釣り合い

T=ωI ‐Pf

gfx m+=m

(x0,y0) (xg1,yg1)

(x2,y2)

(x1,y1)T(Ankle)

T(Knee)

T(Hip)

※各セグメントの質量m、慣性係数Iの算出には阿江らの身体部分慣性係数を使用

(x3,y3)

(xg3,yg3)

(xg2,yg2)

m : セグメントの質量 : 身体重心の加速度f : 外力 g : 重力加速度I : 慣性モーメント T : 関節トルクP : 関節-重心位置の長さ :角加速度

x

ω

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関節トルクの評価

α=90

α=180

α=270

α=0

股関節角度

Extension

各関節に生じるトルクにより動作を定量化することが可能

足首

臀部

股関節角度と股関節トルクの関係

股関節トルクは、膝関節トルク、関節に作用する力に釣り合って発生するトルク、慣性によるトルクが作用

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股関節角度と股関節トルクの関係

股関節トルクは、膝関節トルク、関節に作用する力に釣り合って発生するトルク、慣性によるトルクが作用

関節トルクの評価

α=90

α=180

α=270

α=0

各関節に生じるトルクにより動作を定量化することが可能

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被験者

熟練者1名(インカレ5位)

21才、173cm、 64kg

未熟練者1名

25才、174cm、 66kg

試技

負荷:300W

回転数:100回転/分

計測時間:30秒間

システムの適用

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ペダル荷重の可視化

熟練者の特徴

上死点での下方への荷重が小さい

左右の足で同様な力を発揮

Left Right Left Right

熟練者 未熟練者

56.4% 64.2% 55.8% 49.3%有効性

(クランク1周)

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システムの適用|股関節トルク

α=90

α=180

α=270

α=0

熟練者の特徴

α=0~90°:関節に作用する力の釣り合いによるトルク

関節に作用する力

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システムの適用|股関節トルク

α=90

α=180

α=270

α=0

熟練者の特徴

α=0~90°:関節に作用する力の釣り合いによるトルク

α=90~180°:膝関節で生じるトルクに釣り合うトルク

膝関節の屈曲トルク

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システムの適用|股関節トルク

熟練者 未熟練者

200

150

100

50

0

-50

-100

Join

t T

orq

ue

[N·m

]

16014012010080

Hip Joint Angle [Degrees]

Hip Joint Torque Force Knee Joint Torque Inertia

200

150

100

50

0

-50

-100

Join

t T

orq

ue

[N·m

]

16014012010080

Hip Joint Angle [Degrees]

Hip Joint Torque Force Knee Joint Torque Inertia

熟練者と未熟練者の比較

股関節角度を広く利用し、膝関節の屈曲トルクがより大きい

伸展トルクをより長い間発揮

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熟練者のペダリング技術の特徴を明確化

踏込で股関節の伸展トルクを長期間に渡り発揮

股関節角度を広く利用

踏込動作中に膝関節を屈曲させるトルクを発揮

結言

ペダリング技術を可視化するトレーニングシステムの開発

優れたペダリング技術の明確化、初心者の技術向上に貢献

ウェアの設計法の考案及びペダリング技術最適化システムの開発によりトライアスロンの工学的支援を可能とした

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Human leg power is categorized

Effective force

Non-effective force

Introduction

Bicycle driving force is obtained by Human leg power

Human Leg Power

BicycleDriving Force100%

Tangential Force

Directions of human leg power applied to pedals are crucial

Radial Force

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Introduction

Mechanism of movement of lower limbs

Evaluation of joint torque gives information about cycling technique

Human leg power applied to pedal is generated by lower limbs muscles

Joint torques for pedaling include information for pedaling skills

Muscle

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Purpose

Development of a new training system to visualize pedaling skills

From the other commercial power meters Measurement of direction and magnitude of human

leg power applied to pedals with high accuracy Calculation of joint torques to evaluate muscular

effort and pedaling skills

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Contents of Visualization System

Visualization System

Newly developed biaxial load cells

Modeling lower limbs behavior

Visualization and Evaluation

Application

Newly developed biaxial load cells

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Newly Developed Cleat-Sized Biaxial Load Cells

Measurement of human leg power applied to pedals Vertical and Horizontal direction of bottom of shoes

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Newly Developed Cleat-Sized Biaxial Load Cells

Function of cleats Almost same size with plastic cleats (Shimano Corp)

Measurement of leg power each leg, independently Useable cyclists’ own bicycles

Wired High accuracy

Same Size

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Decomposition of Measured Force

The measured force is converted to effective force and non-effective force

Crank angle and pedal angle are necessary

Pedal Angle

MeasuredVertical Force

MeasuredHorizontal Force

CorrectedVertical Force

CorrectedHorizontal Force

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Decomposition of Measured Force

The measured force is converted to effective force and non-effective force

Crank angle and pedal angle are necessary

These angles are calculated by modeling lower limbs behavior

CorrectedVertical Force

CorrectedHorizontal Force

Radial Force

Tangential Force

Crank Angle

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Link Mechanism

Necessary parameters

Modeling Lower Limbs Behavior

Position

Bottom bracket

Greater trochanter

Length

Crank

Each element of lower limbs

Angle

Ankle angle

y

x

Ankle Angle : γ

(0,0)

L1

L2

L4

L6

1X

L3

L5

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Modeling Lower Limbs Behavior

Relationship between crank angle and pedal angle is obtained

Reproduction of lower limbs behavior

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Visualization of Pedaling Force Vectors

Left Leg Right Leg

Relationship between crank angle and pedaling force vectors

Length of arrows Magnitude of leg power

Direction of arrows Direction of leg power

Cyclists are able to recognize their pedaling technique

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Definition of Joint Torque

Assumption Position of each joint and the

center of gravity Angular acceleration of each

segments External Force

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Assumption Position of each joint and the

center of gravity Angular acceleration of each

segments External Force

Definition of Joint Torque

Segment 2

Lower Thigh

Segment 1

Foot

Segment 3

Thigh

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Definition of Joint Torque

(xg3,yg3)

(xg2,yg2)

(x0,y0)(xg1,yg1)

(x3,y3)

(x2,y2)

(x1,y1)1ω

Fx0

Fy0

Kinematic data By lower limbs model

External force By newly developed load cells

Assumption Position of each joint and the

center of gravity Angular acceleration of each

segments External Force

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Definition of Joint Torque

Calculation to solve equations of motion translational motion

rotational motion

D,kP,kkkm ffx ‐=

D,kP,kD,kcgD,kP,kcgP,kkkω TTfPfPI += ‐‐

gffykD,kP,kkk

mm += ‐

(xg3,yg3)

(xg2,yg2)

(x0,y0) (xg1,yg1)

(x3,y3)

(x2,y2)

(x1,y1)T(ankle)

T(Knee)

T(Hip)

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Subjects

Well trained cyclists

Age 21, 173cm, 64kg

Beginner

Age 25, 174cm, 66kg

Test condition

Output:300W

Cadence:100/min

Pedaling in 30 sec.

Application

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Visualization of Pedaling Force

Well trained cyclist

Lower leg force at dead point (α=0)

Power profile of right and left leg forces are similar

Left Right Left Right

Well trained Beginner

56.4% 64.2% 55.8% 49.3%

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Evaluation of Hip Joint Torque

α=90

α=180

α=270

α=0

Well trained cyclist

α=0~90°:Torque by knee force

Knee force

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Evaluation of Hip Joint Torque

α=90

α=180

α=270

α=0

Well trained cyclist

α=0~90°:Torque by knee force

α=90~180°:Knee joint torque

Knee torque

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Evaluation of Hip Joint Torque

Well trained

Beginner

200

150

100

50

0

-50

-100

Join

t T

orq

ue

[N·m

]

16014012010080

Hip Joint Angle [Degrees]

Hip Joint Torque Force Knee Joint Torque Inertia

200

150

100

50

0

-50

-100

Join

t T

orq

ue

[N·m

]

16014012010080

Hip Joint Angle [Degrees]

Hip Joint Torque Force Knee Joint Torque Inertia

Comparison between well trained and beginner cyclist

Use hip joint wider

Generate larger knee torque(α: from 90 to 180)

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α=90

α=180

α=270

α=0

Well trained cyclists show

Larger hip joint torque from α =0 to α =90

Use hip joint wider

Large knee torque from α =90 to α =180

Conclusion

Cycling skill evaluation system with cleat-shaped biaxial load cells are developed

Evaluation of pedaling skills from power to torque

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Page 49: A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear …poly.kz.tsukuba.ac.jp/information/picture/2014SHD.pdfEvaluation of joint torque gives information about cycling technique Human leg

Definition of Joint Torque

α=90

α=180

α=270

α=0

Hip joint angle

Extension Knee

Heel

Hip

Relationships between hip torque and hip joint angle

Hip joint torque is sum of knee torque, torque generated by knee force and inertial force.

Page 50: A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear …poly.kz.tsukuba.ac.jp/information/picture/2014SHD.pdfEvaluation of joint torque gives information about cycling technique Human leg

Definition of Joint Torque

α=90

α=180

α=270

α=0

Relationships between hip torque and hip joint angle

Hip joint torque is sum of knee torque, torque generated by knee force and inertial force.

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-50

0

50K

ne

e J

oin

t T

orq

ue

[N

·m]

36031527022518013590450

Crank Angle(Degrees)

Definition of Joint Torque

Relationship between crank angle and Joint torque

Positive value : Extension torque

Negative value : Flexion torque

Cyclists are able to recognize muscular effort during pedaling

Extension

Flexion

Page 52: A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear …poly.kz.tsukuba.ac.jp/information/picture/2014SHD.pdfEvaluation of joint torque gives information about cycling technique Human leg

Torque= (Crank length)×(Effective force)

Current training instruments Power meters

Measurement of torque applied to a crank

Introduction

Effective Force

Relationship between total human leg power and bicycle driving force is not clarified

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Definition of Pedaling Effectiveness

Calculation by the ratio of the effective force to the human leg power applied to pedals Definition of crank angle is shown in below figure

(%) 100ff

f

2

n

2

e

)(

+=

+

essEffectiven

)(ef

means positive value of effective force ef

90° 270°

Page 54: A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear …poly.kz.tsukuba.ac.jp/information/picture/2014SHD.pdfEvaluation of joint torque gives information about cycling technique Human leg

Evaluation of Pedaling Effectiveness

Relationship between effective force and human leg power

Hatched area shows loss of power

Efficiency is shown as average numerical value

300

200

100

0

-100

Forc

e(N

)

36031527022518013590450

Crank Angle(Degrees)

Effective Force Human Leg Power

Crank Angle(Degrees) 0-45 45-90 90-135 135-180 180-225 225-270 270-315 315-360

Efficiency(%) 66.7 94.8 95.8 84.6 55.2 6.3 0.0 1.7

Cyclists are able to recognize their pedaling technique quantitatively

Page 55: A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear …poly.kz.tsukuba.ac.jp/information/picture/2014SHD.pdfEvaluation of joint torque gives information about cycling technique Human leg

Definition of Joint Torque

Calculation to solve equations of motion translational motion

rotational motion

D,kP,kkkm ffx ‐=

D,kP,kD,kcgD,kP,kcgP,kkkω TTfPfPI += ‐‐

gffykD,kP,kkk

mm += ‐

(xg3,yg3)

(xg2,yg2)

(x0,y0) (xg1,yg1)

(x3,y3)

(x2,y2)

(x1,y1)T(ankle)

T(Knee)

T(Hip)

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Capability of Load Cells

Rated capacity Vertical direction

±1,000N

Horizontal direction ± 500N

Accuracy Nonlinearity

Maximum error is 0.90%

Hysteresis Maximum error is 0.89%

Vertical capacity± 1,000N

Horizontal capacity± 500N

Using this load cells, direction and magnitude of leg power is able to measure with high accuracy

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Application

Subjects

Expert Athlete|IRONMAN

Age: 47

Height: 173cm

Weight: 64kg

Non-expert Athlete

Age: 25

Height: 174cm

Weight: 65kg

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Expert Non-Expert

Application

Test Condition

Pedaling in 30 sec Cadence: 100rpm

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Application | Pedaling Force Vectors

“Expert” exerts more effective power in tangential direction

Especially, the difference is remarkable at bottom dead center Non-ExpertExpert

Page 60: A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear …poly.kz.tsukuba.ac.jp/information/picture/2014SHD.pdfEvaluation of joint torque gives information about cycling technique Human leg

Application | Knee Joint Torque

Expert exerts more effective torque

Flexion torque at bottom dead center

Reasonable extension torque at about 90°

Non-ExpertExpert

100

50

0

-50

Kn

ee J

oin

t To

rqu

e [N

·m]

36031527022518013590450

Crank Angle(Degrees)

Expert Non-Expert

Page 61: A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear …poly.kz.tsukuba.ac.jp/information/picture/2014SHD.pdfEvaluation of joint torque gives information about cycling technique Human leg

Application | Knee Joint Torque

Expert exerts more effective torque

Flexion torque at bottom dead center

Reasonable extension torque at about 90°

Non-ExpertExpert

100

50

0

-50

Kn

ee J

oin

t To

rqu

e [N

·m]

36031527022518013590450

Crank Angle(Degrees)

Expert Non-Expert

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Expert

Crank Angle(Degrees)

0-45 45-90 90-135 135-180 180-225 225-270 270-315 315-360

Expert (%) 51.1 94.2 96.5 94.5 69.2 7.6 0.0 0.4 Non-Expert (%) 74.4 94.1 59.1 26.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 10.1

Application | Pedaling Effectiveness

Non-ExpertAverage Effectiveness : 72.5% Average Effectiveness 53.6%

Power of “Expert” shows to achieve more ideal pedaling

Effectiveness of “Expert” shows higher value during 90-225°

300

200

100

0

-100

Forc

e (N

)

36031527022518013590450

Crank Angle (Degrees)

Effective Force Human Leg Power

300

200

100

0

-100Fo

rce

(N)

36031527022518013590450

Crank Angle (Degrees)

Effective Power Human Leg Power

Page 63: A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear …poly.kz.tsukuba.ac.jp/information/picture/2014SHD.pdfEvaluation of joint torque gives information about cycling technique Human leg

Crank Angle(Degrees)

0-45 45-90 90-135 135-180 180-225 225-270 270-315 315-360

Expert (%) 51.1 94.2 96.5 94.5 69.2 7.6 0.0 0.4 Non-Expert (%) 74.4 94.1 59.1 26.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 10.1

300

200

100

0

-100Fo

rce

(N)

36031527022518013590450

Crank Angle (Degrees)

Effective Power Human Leg Power

114.7W

214.1W

300

200

100

0

-100

Forc

e (N

)

36031527022518013590450

Crank Angle (Degrees)

Effective Force Human Leg Power

>111.9W

154.4W

Application | Pedaling Effectiveness

Power of “Expert” shows to achieve more ideal pedaling

Effectiveness of “Expert” shows higher value during 90-225°

Expert Non-ExpertAverage Effectiveness : 72.5% Average Effectiveness 53.6%

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Conclusions

A new visualized training system for pedaling technique

was developed

Development of cleat-sized biaxial load cells

Direction and magnitude of human leg power are measured with high

accuracy

Construction of lower limbs model

The measured force is converted to effective force and non-effective

force

Kinematic data is obtained to calculate joint torque

The utility is shown by application

Page 65: A Proposal of Material Modeling for Swimwear …poly.kz.tsukuba.ac.jp/information/picture/2014SHD.pdfEvaluation of joint torque gives information about cycling technique Human leg

Thank you for your attention