‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß« ‘™“°“√¢Õß...
Transcript of ‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß« ‘™“°“√¢Õß...
‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß “√‡§¡’‡©æ“–‡√◊ËÕß
Õ–´’‚μπACETONE
”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…
°√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß “√‡§¡’‡©æ“–‡√◊ËÕßÕ–´’‚μπ Acetone
æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1 æ.». 2551
®”π«π 500 ‡≈à¡
®—¥∑”‚¥¬
°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…
°√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
ISBN 978-974-286-524-5
∑’˪√÷°…“„π°“√‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß
π“ß ÿ≥’ ªî¬–æ—π∏ÿåæß»å ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ ”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬
π“ß “«æ√æ‘¡≈ ‡®√‘≠ àß ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ à«π “√Õ—πμ√“¬
π“ß “«≈—§π“ ®ÿ≈· ß π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ 7«
π“ß “«æ—∑∏π—π∑πå μ“√‘π π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ 5
π“ß “« ÿ«≈—°…≥å ‡¬“«åπÿàπ π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬
¥√. ÿ‡∑æ ‡√◊Õß«‘‡»…
¥√. πß≈—°…≥å ‡√◊Õß«‘‡»…
π. æ. ªî¬«—≤πå “¬æ—π∏ÿå
¿≠. πƒ¡≈ ‚æ∏‘Ï»√’∑Õß
æ‘¡æå∑’Ë
‚√ßæ‘¡æå·Ààß®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬
‚∑√ 0 2215 1991-2 μàÕ 11-14, 0 2218 3557, 0 2218 3563
http://www.cuprint.chula.ac.th
ªí®®ÿ∫—π “√‡§¡’®”π«π¡“°‡¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠μàÕ°“√¥”√ß™’«‘μª√–®”«—π¢Õß
¡πÿ…¬å„π¥â“πμà“ßÊ ‡™àπ „™â‡ªìπ à«πª√–°Õ∫À√◊Õª√ÿß·μàßÕ“À“√ ¬“√—°…“‚√§ ‡§√◊ËÕß ”Õ“ß
„™â‡ªìπ “√‡§¡’ªÑÕß°—π°”®—¥»—μ√Ÿæ◊™·≈– —μ«å ·≈–„™â„π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘μ∑“ߥâ“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡
“√‡§¡’™π‘¥μà“ßÊ ∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬åπ”¡“„™âª√–‚¬™πå‡À≈à“π’È ‰¥â‡¢â“¡“ªπ‡ªóôÕπÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡
·≈–‡¢â“ Ÿà√à“ß°“¬¡πÿ…¬å ∑”„Àâ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈– ÿ¢¿“æ‡ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡≈ß
°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“« ®”‡ªìπμâÕß∑√“∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’ˬ«°—∫ “√‡§¡’π—ÈπÊ
”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… ®÷߉¥â√«∫√«¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ “√‡§¡’
„π¥â“πμà“ßÊ §◊Õ °“√∫àß≈—°…≥–·≈–§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘ º≈‘μ¿—≥±å·≈–°“√§â“ °√√¡«‘∏’°“√º≈‘μ
°“√„™â ∑“߉ª Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√∑¥ Õ∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π
‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“ß™’«‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ
§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ °“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡©æ“–¥â“π º≈μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ
„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå °“√À°√¥ °“√∫”∫—¥
‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥æ‘… °“√®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬ μ≈Õ¥®π¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–·≈–°≈‰°∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬ ∑—Èßπ’È
‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πåμàÕ°“√®—¥°“√ “√‡§¡’Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°μâÕß·≈–ª≈Õ¥¿—¬
°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… À«—߇ªìπÕ¬à“߬‘Ëß«à“ ‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß«‘™“°“√‡≈à¡π’È®–‡ªìπ
ª√–‚¬™πåμàÕπ—°«‘™“°“√·≈–ºŸâ π„®∑—Ë«‰ª
”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬
°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…
∫∑∑’Ë Àπâ“
1 °“√∫àß≈—°…≥–·≈–§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘ (identification and properties) ................................ 2
2 º≈‘μ¿—≥±å·≈–°“√§â“ (production and trade) .............................................................. 5
3 °√√¡«‘∏’°“√º≈‘μ (production processes) ...................................................................... 7
4 °“√„™â (use) ................................................................................................................................ 8
5 ∑“߉ª Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (pathways into the environment) ............................................ 9
6 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (concentrations) ................................................................11
6.1 °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬·≈–°“√§ß ¿“æ (loss and persistence) ..................................11
6.2 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ (concentrations) .................................................................................12
6.3 °“√√—∫ “√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å (human intake) ...................................................................13
7 °“√∑¥ Õ∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (environmental fate tests) ............. 15
7.1 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª‚¥¬™’«¿“æ
(biodegradation and biotransformation) .........................................................15
7.2 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß (photodegradation) ........................................................15
7.3 °“√·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ” (hydrolysis) ..........................................................................15
7.4 °“√√«¡μ—« (sorption) ..................................................................................................15
7.5 °“√°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ (evaporation) .................................................................................15
7.6 °“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—π (oxidation) ................................................................16
7.7 °“√»÷°…“√Ÿª·∫∫∑“ß√–∫∫𑇫» (model ecosystem studies) ................... 16
8 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (environmental fate) ................................................17
9 °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“ß™’«‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ (chemobiokinetics) ...................................18
9.1 °“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ (absorption) ..............................................................................................18
9.2 °“√·æ√à°√–®“¬ (distribution) .................................................................................18
9.3 °“√ – ¡„π√à“ß°“¬ (bioconcentration) ..............................................................18
9.4 ‡¡∑μ“‚∫≈‘´÷¡ (metabolism) .....................................................................................18
9.5 °“√¢—∫ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬ (excretion) ........................................................................19
10 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ (mammalian toxicity) .....................................20
∫∑∑’Ë Àπâ“
11 °“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡©æ“–¥â“π (special toxicity studies) .................................21
11.1 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑“ß™’«‡§¡’ (biochemical interactions) ...........................................21
11.2 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß (carcinogenicity) ...........................................................21
11.3 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå (mutagenicity) ..........................................21
11.4 °“√‡ √‘¡æ‘…/°“√μàÕμâ“πæ‘… (potentiation/antagonism) ...........................21
11.5 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ√–∫∫ª√– “∑ (neurotoxicity) ...............................................22
11.6 °“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õ߇∫◊ÈÕßμâπ (primary irritation) ...................................................22
11.7 º≈μàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ (embryotropic action) ...................................22
11.8 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π (immunotoxicity) ...................................................23
11.9 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘μàÕ°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå (reproduction) ....................................................23
11.10 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’ˇ°‘¥„π∑“√° (teratogenicity) ....................................................23
11.11 æƒμ‘°√√¡ (behavior) ..............................................................................................23
12 º≈μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (effects on organisms in the environment) ......... 24
12.1 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ” (aquatic) .........................................................................................24
12.2 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ∫π∫° (terrestrial) ...................................................................................25
13 °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß ·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå
(sampling/preparation/analysis) ....................................................................................26
13.1 °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß (sampling) ..................................................................................26
13.2 °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå (preparation/analysis) .................... 26
14 °“√À°√¥ (spills) .....................................................................................................................28
14.1 °“√À°√¥ ......................................................................................................................28
14.2 °“√‡°‘¥Õ—§§’¿—¬À√◊Õ√–‡∫‘¥ .......................................................................................29
15 °“√∫”∫—¥‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥æ‘… (treatment of poisoning) .........................................................30
15.1 °“√ª∞¡æ¬“∫“≈ ........................................................................................................30
15.2 §”·π–π” ”À√—∫·æ∑¬å ...........................................................................................30
16 °“√®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬ (waste management) .............................................................31
17 ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–·≈–°≈‰°∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬
(recommendations/legal mechanisms) ......................................................................32
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß ...........................................................................................................................34
¿“§ºπ«° 1 ...............................................................................................................................40
¿“§ºπ«° 2 ...............................................................................................................................45
μ“√“ß∑’Ë Àπâ“
1 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“߇§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ¢Õß acetone ........................................................... 4
2 ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“ acetone ®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑» √–À«à“ߪï æ.». 2546 - 2550 ......... 6
3 §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß acetone „π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ..................................................................11
4 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“»¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ ......................................12
5 §à“ LD50 ¢Õß acetone „π —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ .....................................................20
6 §à“ LC50 ¢Õß acetone „π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ” ...............................................................24
7 «‘∏’‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß «‘∏’«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥
·≈–§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âππâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë«‘‡§√“–À剥â¢Õß acetone .........................................27
8 °ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–∑’Ë„™â§«∫§ÿ¡ acetone „πμà“ߪ√–‡∑» ...................... 33
ACETONE 1
acetone ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇À≈«„ ‰¡à¡’ ’ ¡’°≈‘Ëπ‡©æ“–μ—« √–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥âßà“¬ μ‘¥‰øßà“¬
º ¡°—∫πÈ”·≈–μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å ‡™àπ chloroform, ethanol ·≈– ether ‰¥â∑ÿ° —¥ à«π
ª√–‚¬™πåÀ≈—°¢Õß acetone „™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„πÕÿμ “À°√√¡‡§¡’ ·≈–º≈‘μ¿—≥±å∑’Ë„™â
„π∫â“π‡√◊ÕπÀ≈“¬™π‘¥ ‡™àπ ’ (paint) πÈ”¬“¢—¥‡ß“ πÈ”¬“∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ ·≈–°“«
acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥â∑—Èß®“°∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈–®“°°“√°√–∑”¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬
¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“» à«π„À≠à∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈ acetone „π
∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ troposphere ¬—ß∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß·¥¥ ·≈–ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬
‡ªìπ·∫∫ first-order reaction ¡’§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ‡∑à“°—∫ 81 «—π °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ
·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π‡ªìπªØ‘°‘√‘¬“À≈—°¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone „ππÈ”º‘«¥‘π πÈ”„μ⥑π
·≈–¥‘π
acetone ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—ππâÕ¬μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡∑—Èß‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ߪ“° ªÑ“¬∫π
º‘«Àπ—ß ·≈–‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ acetone ¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°¥√–∫∫ª√– “∑ à«π°≈“ß °“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone
‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß®–∑”„À⇫’¬π»’√…– ¡÷πßß ·≈– Ÿ≠‡ ’¬§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷° acetone
‰¡à‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå ·≈–‰¡à‡ªìπ “√°àÕ„À⇰‘¥¡–‡√Áß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â¡’ª√–°“»
°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡√◊ËÕß ∫—≠™’√“¬™◊ËÕ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬ æ.». 2546 ÷́ËßÕÕ°μ“¡§«“¡„π
æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬ æ.». 2535 °”Àπ¥„Àâ acetone ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈–
75 ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—° ‡ªìπ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬™π‘¥∑’Ë 3 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ °“√º≈‘μ °“√π”‡¢â“ °“√ àßÕÕ°
À√◊Õ°“√¡’‰«â„π§√Õ∫§√ÕßμâÕ߉¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ ‚¥¬°√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡ °√–∑√«ß
Õÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡ªìπÀπ૬ߓπ√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫
Õ– ’́‚μπ ACETONE
Õ– ’́‚μπ2
1.1 °“√∫àß≈—°…≥– (identification)(1) ™◊ËÕ “¡—≠ acetone
(2) CASRN (Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number)
67-64-1
(3) EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial
Chemical Substances) 200-662-2
(4) UN Class 3 (flammable liquid)
(5) UN Number UN 1090
(6) ™◊ËÕ‡§¡’ 2-propanone
(7) ™◊ËÕÕ◊Ëπ dimethylformaldehyde ketone, dimethyl
dimethylketal dimethyl ketone
ketone propane β-ketopropane
methyl ketone propanone
propan-2-one 2-propanone
pyroacetic ether
(8) Ÿμ√‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ C3H6O
(9) Ÿμ√‚§√ß √â“ß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈
(10) πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ 58.08
C
O
CH3H3C
ACETONE 3
(11) conversion factor (∑’Ë 25°´, 1 ∫√√¬“°“»)
1 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡ = 2.374 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
1 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ = 0.421 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡
(12) NFPA 704 code
(13) IMO code
1.2 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“߇§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ (chemical and physical properties)acetone ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇À≈«„ ‰¡à¡’ ’ ¡’°≈‘Ëπ‡©æ“–μ—« √–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥âßà“¬ μ‘¥‰øßà“¬
º ¡°—∫πÈ”·≈–μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å ‡™àπ benzene, chloroform, ethanol ·≈– ether
‰¥â∑ÿ° —¥ à«π §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“߇§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ¢Õß acetone · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 1
31 0
Õ– ’́‚μπ4
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“߇§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ¢Õß acetone
®ÿ¥À≈Õ¡‡À≈« (°´) − 94 Merck (2006)
®ÿ¥‡¥◊Õ¥ (°´) 56.5 Merck (2006)
®ÿ¥«“∫‰ø (°´) −18 Merck (2006)
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘μ‘¥‰ø‰¥â‡Õß (°´) 465 NFPA (2002)
§«“¡∂à«ß®”‡æ“– 0.788 Merck (2006)
§«“¡¥—π‰Õ (¡‘≈≈‘‡¡μ√ª√Õ∑, ∑’Ë 25°´) 231 Alarie et al. (1995)
¥—™π’À—°‡À· ß (nD20) 1.3591 Merck (2006)
§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ‰Õ (Õ“°“» = 1)
™à«ß§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπμ‘¥‰ø‰¥â (√âÕ¬≈–„πÕ“°“») 2.6 - 12.8 Lewis (2007)
Henryûs law constant 3.97 × 10− 5 Toxnet (2008)
(∫√√¬“°“» × ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈)
n-octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow)
log Kow − 0.24 Hansch et al. (1995)
ACETONE 5
acetone ‰¡à¡’°“√º≈‘μ„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ®÷ßμâÕßπ”‡¢â“®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑» °“√π”‡¢â“
acetone √–À«à“ߪï æ.». 2546 - 2550 ¡’ª√‘¡“≥¡“°°«à“ 50 ≈â“π°‘‚≈°√—¡/ªï „πªï æ.».
2546 ¡’ª√‘¡“≥°“√π”‡¢â“ 56,387,574 °‘‚≈°√—¡ ªï æ.». 2547 ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ°«à“
√âÕ¬≈– 20 ‡ªìπ 68,816,831 °‘‚≈°√—¡ „πªï æ.». 2548 ª√‘¡“≥≈¥≈߇ªìπ 54,365,267
°‘‚≈°√—¡ ªï æ.». 2549 ·≈– 2550 °“√π”‡¢â“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 64,529,396 ·≈– 75,606,488
°‘‚≈°√—¡ μ“¡≈”¥—∫ „πªï æ.». 2546 ·≈– 2547 ‘ߧ‚ª√å ·≈– À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‡ªìπ Õß
ª√–‡∑»À≈—°∑’˪√–‡∑»‰∑¬π”‡¢â“ acetone ‚¥¬¡’ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“√«¡°—π¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 80
¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“√«¡„π·μà≈–ªï ”À√—∫ªï æ.». 2548 - 2550 ª√–‡∑»‡°“À≈’„μ⠑ߧ‚ª√å
·≈– À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‡ªìπ “¡ª√–‡∑»À≈—°∑’˪√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥âπ”‡¢â“ acetone ‚¥¬¡’ª√‘¡“≥
π”‡¢â“√«¡°—π¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 80 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“√«¡„π·μà≈–ªï ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“ acetone
®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑»√–À«à“ߪï æ.». 2546 - 2550 · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 2
Õ– ’́‚μπ6
ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“ (°‘‚≈°√—¡)
ª√–‡∑» 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550
‡°“À≈’„μâ - - 10,877,828 16,902,633 15,338,628
®’π - - 400,392 1,000 394
≠’˪ÿÉπ 2,903,953 5,883,619 641 295 2,956,475
‰μâÀ«—π 1 2,074,692 2,866,428 - 2,159,579
¡“‡≈‡ ’́¬ - 15,795 - - 718
Ω√—Ë߇» - - 3 - 20
‡∫≈‡¬’¬¡ - - 2,046,776 - -
‡¬Õ√¡π’ 15,437 16,530 14,272 14,527 11,113
«‘μ‡´Õ√å·≈π¥å - - - - -
À√“™Õ“≥“®—°√ 11,824 8,668 9,438 9,664 5,629
À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ 15,393,175 17,753,354 10,746,114 14,987,204 19,471,327
À√—∞Õ“À√—∫Õ‘¡‘‡√μ - - 25,600 - -
໹ 895,654 90 15,470 3,593 4,334
‘ߧ‚ª√å 30,771,070 35,028,418 22,051,020 27,281,352 31,796,945
Õ‘μ“≈’ 2,372 3,620 2,376 1,810 3,164
Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ - - - - -
Õ—ø√‘°“„μâ 6,195,069 8,027,725 5,304,869 5,323,375 3,858162
ÕÕ ‡μ√‡≈’¬ 3,360 4,320 4,040 3,943 -
Õ—πμ‘°—«·≈– 195,659 - - - -
∫“√å∫Ÿ¥“
√«¡ 56,387,574 68,816,831 54,365,267 64,529,396 75,606,488
∑’Ë¡“: °√¡»ÿ≈°“°√ (2546 - 2550)
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“ acetone ®“°μà“ߪ√–‡∑»√–À«à“ߪï æ.». 2546 - 2550
ACETONE 7
„π∑“ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ acetone º≈‘μ‚¥¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ dehydrogenation ‚¥¬¡’ isopropyl
alcohol ‡ªìπ “√μ—Èßμâπ ¥—ß ¡°“√
isopropyl alcohol acetone hydrogen
H3C
H3CCH OH
H3C
H3CC O + H2
Õ– ’́‚μπ8
ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õß acetone ¡’¥—ßπ’È
1. „™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ ÷́Ë߇ªìπª√–‚¬™πåÀ≈—°¢Õß acetone
- ¥â“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡™àπ Õÿμ “À°√√¡Õ“À“√ „™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ ”À√—∫‰¢¡—π
(fat) ·≈–πÈ”¡—π (oil) ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ ”À√—∫°“√μ°º≈÷°‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„Àâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï
(precipitation agent) ”À√—∫·ªÑß (starch) ·≈–πÈ”μ“≈
Õÿμ “À°√√¡º≈‘쬓 „™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„π°“√ °—¥ “√μà“ßÊ ®“°æ◊™
- ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„πº≈‘μ¿—≥±åμà“ßÊ ∑’Ë„™â„π∫â“π‡√◊Õ𠇙àπ ’ (paint) πÈ”¬“¢—¥‡ß“
(varnish) πÈ”¬“∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ °“« ·≈–À¡÷°æ‘¡æå
- ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√
2. „™â„π°“√º≈‘μ “√‡§¡’μà“ßÊ ‡™àπ methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid ·≈–
methyl isobutyl ketone ‡ªìπμâπ
ACETONE 9
acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥â∑—Èß®“°∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈–®“°°“√°√–∑”¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ¥—ßπ’È
1. ®“°∏√√¡™“μ‘ „π ¿“«–ª°μ‘ √à“ß°“¬¢Õß —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡√«¡∑—Èß¡πÿ…¬å„™â
glucose ‡ªìπ·À≈àߢÕßæ≈—ßß“π„π°“√¥”√ß™’«‘μ „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π √à“ß°“¬¡’°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬
°√¥‰¢¡—π (fatty acid) „πμ—∫‰¥â acetyl CoA ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå ketone bodies
´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate ·≈– acetone ¥—ß· ¥ß„π ¡°“√
2 H3C C
O
SCoA
CoA CoAH2OC
O
SCoA
CH2
C O
CH3
acetyl CoA acetoacetyl CoA
C
O
SCoA
CH2
C CH3
CH2
COOH
HO
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary CoA
acetyl CoA+
OH NAD+
NADH+
H+
H+
H2O+
HC CH3
CH2
COOH
OH
C CH3
CH2
COOH
C O
CH3
CH3
D-3-hydroxybutyrate acetoacetate acetone
acetyl CoA
Õ– ’́‚μπ10
acetone ∫“ß à«π®–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ß≈¡À“¬„® „π ¿“«–ª°μ‘Õ«—¬«–∫“ßÕ«—¬«–
‡™àπ °≈â“¡‡π◊ÈÕÀ—«„® ·≈–μàÕ¡À¡«°‰μ “¡“√∂„™â acetoacetate ‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“π‰¥â
„π ¿“«–Õ¥Õ“À“√ √à“ß°“¬¢“¥ glucose ®÷ß®”‡ªìπμâÕßπ”‡Õ“ fatty acid ∑’Ë – ¡‰«â¡“„™â
°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ fatty acid ‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ®–‰¥â ketone bodies ¡“°¢÷Èπ “¡“√∂μ√«®æ∫
acetone „π≈¡À“¬„®∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ (Stryer, 1988)
2. ®“°°“√°√–∑”¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å
2.1 °“√º≈‘μ √«¡∑—Èß°“√·∫àß∫√√®ÿ∑”„Àâ acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â °“√‡°Á∫
√—°…“ ·≈–°“√¢π àß Õ“®∑”„Àâ acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥â®“°°“√√—Ë«‰À≈ À√◊ÕÕÿ∫—쑇Àμÿ
2.2 °“√„™â °“√π”‡Õ“ acetone ‰ª„™â∑“ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ∫â“π‡√◊Õπ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–
®“°°“√„™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„πº≈‘μ¿—≥±åμà“ßÊ ‡™àπ ’ (paint) πÈ”¬“∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥
πÈ”¬“¢—¥‡ß“ (varnish) °“« À¡÷°æ‘¡æå μ≈Õ¥®π°“√„™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√
2.3 °“√®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬ «‘∏’°“√®—¥°“√∑’ˉ¡à∂Ÿ°μâÕß ‡™àπ °“√‡∑º≈‘μ¿—≥±å∑’Ë¡’
acetone ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬≈ß„π·À≈àßπÈ”°Á®–∑”„Àâ·À≈àßπÈ”π—Èπ∂Ÿ°ªπ‡ªóôÕπ
2.4 °“√‡º“‰À¡â ‡™àπ °“√‡º“‰À¡âπÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß„π√∂¬πμå °“√‡º“‰¡â æ≈“ μ‘°
·≈–°“√ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë °“√‡º“‰À¡âπÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß„π√∂¬πμåπ—∫‡ªìπ·À≈àß∑’˪≈àÕ¬ acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà
‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‡π◊ËÕß®“° ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’°“√„™â„π√∂¬πμå ”À√—∫°“√‡¥‘π∑“ß®”π«π¡“°
Schauer ·≈–§≥– (2002) √“¬ß“πª√‘¡“≥‡©≈’ˬ¢Õß acetone „π‰Õ‡ ’¬®“°√∂¬πμå∑’Ë
μ‘¥μ—Èß·≈–‰¡àμ‘¥μ—Èß catalytic converter ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 1.19 ·≈– 42 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/√–¬–∑“ß
1 °‘‚≈‡¡μ√ μ“¡≈”¥—∫
ACETONE 11
6.1 °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬·≈–°“√§ß ¿“æ (loss and persistence)°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“» ‡ªìπ°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈
(hydroxyl), Õ—≈§Õ°´‘≈ (alkoxyl) ·≈–‡æÕ√Õ°´‘≈ (peroxyl) ‚¥¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–
‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈ ‡ªìπªØ‘°‘√‘¬“À≈—°¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“» °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬
™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π (aerobic biodegradation) ‡ªìπªØ‘°‘√‘¬“À≈—°¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬
¢Õß acetone „ππÈ”º‘«¥‘π πÈ”„μ⥑π ·≈–¥‘π §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß acetone „π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 3
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß acetone „π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ («—π) §”Õ∏‘∫“¬
Õ“°“» 11.6 - 116 §”π«≥®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—π‚¥¬· ß
(photooxidation)
πÈ”º‘«¥‘π 1 - 7 §”π«≥®“°°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫
„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π„ππÈ” (aqueous aerobic bio-
degradation)
πÈ”„μ⥑π 2 - 14 §”π«≥®“°°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫
„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π„ππÈ”
¥‘π 1 - 7 §”π«≥®“°°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫
„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π„ππÈ”
∑’Ë¡“: Howard et al. (1991)
Õ– ’́‚μπ12
6.2 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ (concentrations)acetone ‡ªìπ “√∑’Ëæ∫°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π∫√√¬“°“»¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ
∑’Ëæ∫§àÕπ¢â“ßμË” ‡™àπ acetone ∑’Ëæ∫„πÕ“°“»¢Õ߇°“– Carmen ª√–‡∑»‡¡Á°´‘‚° ´÷Ë߇°Á∫
μ—«Õ¬à“ß√–À«à“߇¥◊Õπ°ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å - 惻®‘°“¬π 2547 ¡’§à“√–À«à“ß 6.24 - 22.8 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/
≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ acetone ∑’Ëæ∫„πÕ“°“»¢Õ߇¡◊Õß Beirut ª√–‡∑»‡≈∫“πÕπ ´÷Ë߇°Á∫
μ—«Õ¬à“ß√–À«à“߇¥◊Õπ ‘ßÀ“§¡ - μÿ≈“§¡ 2547 ¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬ‡∑à“°—∫ 12.9 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/
≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“»¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 4
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 4 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“»¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ
ª√‘¡“≥
‡¡◊Õß/ª√–‡∑» ªï∑’Ë»÷°…“ ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/ ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß
≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
‡°“– Carmen °.æ. - æ.¬. 2547 6.24 - 22.8 Ceron et al. (2007)
ª√–‡∑»‡¡Á°´‘‚°
‡¡◊Õß Cuetzalan °.¬. 2545 3.25 Ceron et al. (2005)
‡¡◊Õß Monte Pio ¡’.§. 2546 1.88
ª√–‡∑»‡¡Á°´‘‚°
‡¡◊Õß Sao Paolo °.æ. 2540 3.32 Nguyen et al. (2001)
ª√–‡∑»∫√“´‘≈
‡¡◊Õß Beirut .§. - μ.§. 2547 12.9 Moussa et al. (2006)
ª√–‡∑»‡≈∫“πÕπ
‡¡◊Õß Beijing æ.¬. 2547 - 16.6 Pang and Mu (2006)
ª√–‡∑»®’π μ.§. 2548
‡¡◊Õß Osaka æ.§. - ∏.§. 2540 1.3 Nguyen et al. (2001)
ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ
ACETONE 13
6.3 °“√√—∫ “√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å (human intake)U.S. EPA (2008a) §”π«≥§à“ oral reference dose (RfDo) ¢Õß acetone
®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß National Toxicology Program (NTP, 1991) ¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“
´÷Ëß»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat ‚¥¬ÀπŸ∂Ÿ°·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπÀπŸ°≈ÿࡧ«∫§ÿ¡ 1 °≈ÿà¡ ·≈–ÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫ acetone
5 °≈ÿà¡ ·μà≈–°≈ÿࡪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ÀπŸ 20 μ—« ‡ªìπÀπŸ‡æ»ºŸâ 10 μ—« ·≈–ÀπŸ‡æ»‡¡’¬ 10 μ—«
ÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫ acetone º ¡„ππÈ”§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 2,500; 5,000; 10,000; 20,000 ·≈– 50,000
¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 13 —ª¥“Àå À√◊Õ‡∑à“°—∫‰¥â√—∫ acetone 200; 400; 900; 1,700
·≈– 3,400 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ”À√—∫ÀπŸ‡æ»ºŸâ ·≈–‰¥â√—∫ acetone 300;
600; 1,200; 1,600 ·≈– 3,100 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ”À√—∫ÀπŸ‡æ»‡¡’¬
®“°°“√μ√«®æ¬“∏‘ ¿“æ¢ÕßÕ«—¬«–μà“ßÊ ¢ÕßÀπŸ‡¡◊ËÕ ‘Èπ ÿ¥°“√∑¥≈Õß æ∫«à“ §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘
∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ ·≈– U.S. EPA (2008a) „™â ”À√—∫°”Àπ¥§à“ NOAEL ¢Õß acetone §◊Õ
§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘¢Õ߉μ√–¥—∫ª“π°≈“ß (mild nephropathy) ́ ÷Ëßæ∫„πÀπŸ‡æ»ºŸâ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ acetone
1,700 ·≈– 3,400 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ‡∑à“π—Èπ ¥—ßπ—Èπ §à“ NOAEL ¢Õß acetone
®÷ß¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 900 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π
U.S. EPA (2008a) „™â§à“ uncertainty factor ‡∑à“°—∫ 1,000 „π°“√§”π«≥§à“
RfDo ¢Õß acetone ´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬
factor 10 ”À√—∫ °“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß (interspecies extrapolation)
factor 10 ”À√—∫ individual sensitivity ¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å
factor 10 ”À√—∫ °“√»÷°…“°÷Ë߇√◊ÈÕ√—ß (subchronic study)
U.S. EPA (2008a) „™â§à“ modifying factor ‡∑à“°—∫ 1 ¥—ßπ—Èπ §à“ RfDo ¢Õß acetone
®÷߇∑à“°—∫ 900/(1,000 × 1) = 0.9 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π (¥Ÿ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡√◊ËÕß
°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’Ë¬ß„π¿“§ºπ«° 2)
°“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ¢Õߪ√–™“™π®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
ª√–™“™π “¡“√∂‰¥â√—∫ acetone ®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¥—ßπ’È
1. Õ“°“» ‡ªìπ«‘∏’À≈—°∑’˪√–™“™π‰¥â√—∫ acetone ®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡μ≈Õ¥‡«≈“
‡π◊ËÕß®“° acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑—Èß®“°∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈–®“°°“√°√–∑”¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å
ª√–™“™π°≈ÿࡇ ’ˬ߮“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ®πÕ“®‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬ ‰¥â·°à
- §πß“π„π‚√ßß“πº≈‘μ acetone ·≈–‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡∑’Ë„™â acetone ‡ªìπ
μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬·≈–º≈‘μ “√‡§¡’Õ◊Ëπ
- ª√–™“™π∑’Ë„™âº≈‘μ¿—≥±å∑’Ë¡’ acetone ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬º ¡Õ¬Ÿà
- π—°«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å·≈–π—°«‘®—¬∑’ËμâÕß„™â acetone ª√‘¡“≥¡“°„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√
Õ– ’́‚μπ14
2. πÈ”¥◊Ë¡ ª√–™“™π¡’‚Õ°“ ‰¥â√—∫ acetone ®“°°“√∫√‘‚¿§πÈ”‰¥â„πª√‘¡“≥∑’ËμË”¡“°
·¡â«à“ acetone º ¡°—∫πÈ”‰¥â∑ÿ° —¥ à«π°Áμ“¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“° acetone ¡’°≈‘Ëπ ∂â“πÈ”¡’ acetone
ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¡“°®–∑”„ÀâπÈ”¥◊Ë¡¡’°≈‘Ëπ·≈–ª√–™“™πªØ‘‡ ∏°“√¥◊Ë¡πÈ”‰¥â
ACETONE 15
7.1 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª‚¥¬™’«¿“æ(biodegradation and biotransformation)acetone ∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π Rathbun ·≈–§≥– (1982)
√“¬ß“πÕ—μ√“°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ acetone ‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π‡ªìπ first-order reaction
¡’§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ‡∑à“°—∫ 2 «—π ´÷Ëß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone „π
·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘π‡∑à“°—∫ 1 - 7 «—π ∑’Ë√“¬ß“π‚¥¬ Howard ·≈–§≥– (1991) (¥Ÿ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥
„πÀ—«¢âÕ 6.1 °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬·≈–°“√§ß ¿“æ, loss and persistence)
7.2 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß (photodegradation)acetone „π∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ troposphere ∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß·¥¥ ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√
¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‡ªìπ·∫∫ first-order reaction ¡’§à“§ßμ—«¢Õߪؑ°‘√‘¬“‡∑à“°—∫ 1 × 10− 7 «‘π“∑’
À√◊Õ¡’§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ‡∑à“°—∫ 81 «—π (Meyrahn et al., 1986)
7.3 °“√·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ” (hydrolysis)‡π◊ËÕß®“° acetone ‰¡à¡’À¡Ÿàøíß°å™—π∑’Ë®–·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ” ¥—ßπ—Èπ acetone ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ
„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡®÷߉¡à Ÿ≠ ≈“¬‚¥¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ” (Toxnet, 2008)
7.4 °“√√«¡μ—« (sorption)acetone ¡’§à“ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫„π¥‘π (Koc) ∑’˧”π«≥®“°§à“ log Kow ‡∑à“°—∫ 1
· ¥ß«à“ acetone √«¡μ—«°—∫¥‘π‰¥â‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ ®÷ß “¡“√∂‡§≈◊ËÕπμ—«„π¥‘π‰¥â¥’¡“°
7.5 °“√°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ (evaporation)acetone ¡’§à“ Henryûs law constant ‡∑à“°—∫ 3.97 × 10− 5 ∫√√¬“°“» × ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å
‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ acetone ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π·À≈àßπÈ”√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â¥’¡“°
®“°°“√§”π«≥‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ߧ≥‘μ»“ μ√å acetone ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π·¡àπÈ”∑’Ë¡’
Õ– ’́‚μπ16
§«“¡≈÷° 1 ‡¡μ√ πÈ”‰À≈¥â«¬§«“¡‡√Á« 1 ‡¡μ√/«‘π“∑’ ·≈–§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡‡Àπ◊Õ·¡àπÈ”‡∑à“°—∫
3 ‡¡μ√/«‘π“∑’ ¡’§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‡∑à“°—∫ 38 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ”À√—∫·À≈àßπÈ”
∑’ËπÈ”‰À≈™â“·≈–≈¡æ—¥§àÕπ¢â“ߙⓠacetone ®–√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê ®“°°“√
§”π«≥‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß∑–‡≈ “∫∑’Ë¡’§«“¡≈÷° 1 ‡¡μ√ πÈ”‰À≈¥â«¬§«“¡‡√Á« 0.05 ‡¡μ√/
«‘π“∑’ ·≈–§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡‡Àπ◊Õ∑–‡≈ “∫‡∑à“°—∫ 0.5 ‡¡μ√/«‘π“∑’ §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√√–‡À¬
°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ¢Õß acetone ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 13.9 «—π (Lyman et al., 1990)
7.6 °“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—π (oxidation)acetone „πÕ“°“» ∂Ÿ°ÕÕ°´‘‰¥ å‚¥¬Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈ Meyrahn ·≈–§≥–
(1986) √“¬ß“π§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone ∑’Ë∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–
‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈‡∑à“°—∫ 80 «—π ́ ÷Ëß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ 11.6 - 116 «—π ́ ÷Ëß√“¬ß“π‚¥¬ Howard
·≈–§≥– (1991)
7.7 °“√»÷°…“√Ÿª·∫∫∑“ß√–∫∫𑇫» (model ecosystem studies)acetone „ππÈ”√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â¥’¡“° ®÷ß∑”„Àâ acetone ªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π·À≈àßπÈ”
‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ acetone ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—π·≈– – ¡„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ”‰¥âπâÕ¬¡“° · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“
acetone ¡’º≈μàÕ√–∫∫𑇫»πâÕ¬¡“°
ACETONE 17
acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥â∑—Èß®“°∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈–®“°°“√°√–∑”¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘
25°´ acetone ¡’§à“§«“¡¥—π‰Õ‡∑à“°—∫ 231 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡μ√ª√Õ∑ ¥—ßπ—Èπ acetone ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ
„πÕ“°“» à«π„À≠àÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–∑’ˇªìπ‰Õ °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“» à«π„À≠à
‡ªìπ°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰Œ¥√Õ° ‘́≈‚¥¬¡’· ߇ªìπμ—«‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“ acetone „π
∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ troposphere ¬—ß∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß·¥¥ ‚¥¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‡ªìπ
·∫∫ first-order reaction ‡π◊ËÕß®“° acetone ¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â¥’ ¥—ßπ—Èπ acetone
„πÕ“°“»®÷ß∂Ÿ°™–‚¥¬§«“¡™◊Èπ Ωπ ·≈–À‘¡–≈ß Ÿà·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘π·≈–¥‘π
acetone ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘π à«π„À≠à∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™â
ÕÕ°´‘‡®π acetone ¡’§à“ Henryûs law constant ‡∑à“°—∫ 3.97 × 10− 5 ∫√√¬“°“» ×
≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ · ¥ß«à“ acetone „π·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘π®–√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‡¢â“ Ÿà∫√√¬“°“»
‰¥â¥’¡“° acetone – ¡„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ”‰¥â‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ ¡’§à“ bioconcentration factor
(BCF) ∑’˧”π«≥®“°§à“ log Kow ‡∑à“°—∫ 3 ‡∑à“π—Èπ
acetone ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π¥‘π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡™◊ÈπμË” à«π„À≠à®–√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ acetone
√«¡μ—«°—∫¥‘π‰¥â‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ °Õ√ª°—∫ acetone ≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â¥’¡“° ®÷ß “¡“√∂‡§≈◊ËÕπμ—«
≈ß ŸàπÈ”„μ⥑π·≈–∂Ÿ°™–¥â«¬πÈ”‰À≈≈ß Ÿà·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘π‰¥â acetone ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π¥‘π∫“ß à«π
∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone ∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„ππÈ”„μ⥑π
à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ° ‘́‡®π
Õ– ’́‚μπ18
9.1 °“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ (absorption)acetone ∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´÷¡®“°√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„®·≈–√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÕ“À“√‰¥â‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’
Õ“ “ ¡—§√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ “¡“√∂μ√«®æ∫ acetone „π°√–· ‡≈◊Õ¥‰¥â
„π‡«≈“‡æ’¬ß 30 π“∑’À≈—߉¥â√—∫ “√ °“√»÷°…“„πÕ“ “ ¡—§√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√°‘π
ª√‘¡“≥ 137 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂μ√«®æ∫ acetone „π°√–· ‡≈◊Õ¥
‰¥â Ÿß ÿ¥„π‡«≈“‡æ’¬ß 10 π“∑’À≈—߉¥â√—∫ “√ (IPCS, 1998)
9.2 °“√·æ√à°√–®“¬ (distribution)acetone ¡’°“√·æ√à°√–®“¬„π√à“ß°“¬‰¥â¥’¡“° °“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ mouse ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫
[14C] acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1,190 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ 1 - 24
™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—𠇪ìπ‡«≈“ 1 - 5 «—π “¡“√∂μ√«®æ∫ [14C] acetone ‰¥â„π∑ÿ°Õ«—¬«–¢Õß√à“ß°“¬
§◊Õ ‡≈◊Õ¥ À—«„® μ—∫ÕàÕπ ¡â“¡ ‰μ ¡Õß μ—∫ μàÕ¡‰∑¡— Õ—≥±– ªÕ¥ °≈â“¡‡π◊ÈÕ ·≈–
‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‰¢¡—π (Wigaeus et al., 1982)
9.3 °“√ – ¡„π√à“ß°“¬ (bioconcentration)acetone ‡ªìπ ketone bodies ∑’Ë√à“ß°“¬ “¡“√∂ —߇§√“–À宓°°√¥‰¢¡—π·≈–
𔉪„™â„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå glucose ‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√ gluconeogenesis ”À√—∫„™â‡ªìπ
æ≈—ßß“π ®÷߉¡àæ∫√“¬ß“π°“√ – ¡¢Õß acetone „π√à“ß°“¬ (IPCS, 1998)
9.4 ‡¡∑μ“‚∫≈‘´÷¡ (metabolism)acetone ‡ªìπ “√∑’Ë√à“ß°“¬ “¡“√∂ —߇§√“–Àå·≈–𔉪„™â„π°“√ —߇§√“–À凪ìπ
glucose ‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√ gluconeogenesis ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“π‰¥â °“√»÷°…“„πÕ“ “ ¡—§√
∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ [14C] acetone ‚¥¬°“√©’¥‡¢â“‡ âπ‡≈◊Õ¥ æ∫«à“ √âÕ¬≈– 3.1 - 11 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥ acetone
∑’ˉ¥â√—∫∂Ÿ°π”‰ª —߇§√“–Àå glucose (Reichard et al., 1979)
ACETONE 19
acetone ∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ å‚¥¬‡Õπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 ‰¥â hydroxyacetone
(acetol) ´÷Ëß®–∂Ÿ°ÕÕ°´‘‰¥ 凪ìπ methylglyoxal À√◊Õ∂Ÿ°√’¥‘« 凪ìπ 1,2-propanediol ´÷Ëß
‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈∑å∑—Èß Õßπ’È√à“ß°“¬ “¡“√∂𔉪 —߇§√“–Àå glucose ‰¥â
9.5 °“√¢—∫ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬ (excretion)°“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone „πª√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬ √âÕ¬≈– 20 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥∑’ˉ¥â√—∫®–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°
∑“ß≈¡À“¬„® √âÕ¬≈– 75 ®–∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ å ¡’‡æ’¬ß∫“ß à«π®–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ßªí “«–
·μà∂Ⓣ¥â√—∫ acetone „πª√‘¡“≥ Ÿß √âÕ¬≈– 80 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥∑’ˉ¥â√—∫®–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ß
≈¡À“¬„® ·≈–√âÕ¬≈– 20 ®–∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ å
acetone ∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬‰¥âÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«À≈—߉¥â√—∫ “√ °“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ mouse
∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫ [14C] acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1,190 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß æ∫«à“ §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√¢—∫ acetone ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬‡∑à“°—∫ 2 - 3
™—Ë«‚¡ß (Wigaeus et al., 1982) ·≈–®“°°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ acetone ∑“ߪ“°
ª√‘¡“≥ 1.16 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« æ∫«à“ 13.5 ™—Ë«‚¡ßÀ≈—߉¥â√—∫ “√ √âÕ¬≈– 97.4
¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥ acetone ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ß≈¡À“¬„® (IPCS, 1998)
Õ– ’́‚μπ20
acetone ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—ππâÕ¬¡“°μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡∑—Èß‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ߪ“°
ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß ·≈–‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ LD50 ‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ߪ“°„πÀπŸ rat ¡’§à“√–À«à“ß
1,726 - 7,138 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« LD50 „πÀπŸ mouse ·≈–°√–μà“¬¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫
3,000 ·≈– 5,340 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« μ“¡≈”¥—∫ LD50 ‚¥¬°“√ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß
„π°√–μà“¬·≈–ÀπŸμ–‡¿“ ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 20,000 ·≈–¡“°°«à“ 7,373 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡
πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« μ“¡≈”¥—∫ §à“ LD50 ¢Õß acetone „π —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 5
LC50 ¢Õß acetone ∑’Ë 4 ·≈– 8 ™—Ë«‚¡ß„πÀπŸ rat ¡’§à“ 76,000 ·≈– 50,100
¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ μ“¡≈”¥—∫ (Pozzani et al., 1959)
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 5 §à“ LD50 ¢Õß acetone „π —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡
LD50
ªï™’ å «‘∏’°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√ (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡ ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßՑ߆
† † πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«) †
ÀπŸ rat ∑“ߪ“° 1,726 - 7,138 Kimura et al. (1971)
ÀπŸ rat ∑“ߪ“° 5,806 Freeman and Hayes (1985)
ÀπŸ mouse ∑“ߪ“° 3,000 IUCLID (2000)
°√–μà“¬ ∑“ߪ“° 5,340 IUCLID (2000)
°√–μà“¬ ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß 20,000 IUCLID (2000)
ÀπŸμ–‡¿“ ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß > 7,373 Roudabush et al. (1965)
ÀπŸ mouse ‚¥¬°“√©’¥‡¢â“ 1,297 IUCLID (2000)
™àÕß∑âÕß
ÀπŸ rat ‚¥¬°“√©’¥‡¢â“‡ âπ‡≈◊Õ¥ 5,500 IUCLID (2000)
ACETONE 21
11.1 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑“ß™’«‡§¡’ (biochemical interactions)°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat “¬æ—π∏ÿå Sprague-Dawley æ∫«à“ ÀπŸ∑—Èß Õ߇æ»∑’ˉ¥â√—∫
acetone ∑“ߪ“°ª√‘¡“≥ 2,500 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—𠇪ìπ‡«≈“ 90 «—π ¡’º≈
∑”„Àâ‡Õπ‰´¡å alanine aminotransferase „π‡≈◊Õ¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ (U.S. EPA, 1986)
acetone “¡“√∂°√–μÿâπ°“√ √â“߇Õπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 IIE1 „πμ—∫‰¥â
¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π ®–∑”„Àâ acetone ∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ 剥â‡√Á«¢÷Èπ
‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’‡Õπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 IIE1 „πμ—∫¡“°¢÷Èπ (IPCS, 1998)
11.2 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß (carcinogenicity)°“√»÷°…“‚¥¬ National Toxicology Program ¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ æ∫«à“
acetone ‰¡à°àÕ„À⇰‘¥¡–‡√Áß„πÀπŸ rat ·≈–ÀπŸ mouse ´÷Ë߉¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ªÑ“¬
∫πº‘«Àπ—ß (NTP, 1991) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
®—¥„Àâ acetone ‡ªìπ “√„π°≈ÿà¡ A4 (not classificable as a human carcinogen)
(ACGIH, 2006)
11.3 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå (mutagenicity)acetone ‰¡à‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå„π°“√»÷°…“ short term test μà“ßÊ §◊Õ
- Ames test ∑’Ë„™â·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Salmonella Typhimurium “¬æ—π∏ÿå TA 98,
TA 100, TA 1535 ·≈– TA 1537 (NTP, 1991)
- °“√»÷°…“‚¥¬„™â‡´≈≈å¢Õß —μ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ ‰¥â·°à mouse lymphoma,
Chinese hamster ovary cell ·≈– human lymphocytes (IPCS, 1998)
11.4 °“√‡ √‘¡æ‘…/°“√μâ“πæ‘… (potentiation/antagonism)acetone “¡“√∂°√–μÿâπ°“√ √â“߇ÕÁπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 IIE1 „πμ—∫‰¥â
°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß æ∫«à“ °“√„Àâ acetone °àÕπ°“√„Àâ (pretreatment) μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬
Õ– ’́‚μπ22
„π°≈ÿà¡ chlorinated hydrocarbon ‡™àπ chloroform, carbon tetrachloride ·≈–
1,1,2-trichloroethane ®–∑”„Àâæ‘…μàÕμ—∫ (hepatotoxicity) ·≈–‰μ (nephrotoxicity)
¢Õßμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ (IPCS, 1998)
11.5 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ√–∫∫ª√– “∑ (neurotoxicity)acetone ¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°¥√–∫∫ª√– “∑ à«π°≈“ß °“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’Ë
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß®–∑”„Àâ´÷¡ ‡«’¬π»’√…– ¡÷πßß ·≈– Ÿ≠‡ ’¬°“√√—∫√Ÿâ (IPCS, 1998)
11.6 °“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õ߇∫◊ÈÕßμâπ (primary irritation)°“√À“¬„®‡Õ“‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß acetone ‡¢â“‰ª®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßμàÕ
√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„®
°“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ∫√‘‡«≥º‘«Àπ—ß®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‰¢¡—π¢Õߺ‘«Àπ—ß
´÷Ë߇ªì𠓇Àμÿ∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥º◊Ëπ·¥ß º‘«Àπ—ß·Àâß·≈–·μ° °àÕ„À⇰‘¥Õ“°“√ª«¥· ∫ª«¥√âÕπ‰¥â
·≈–∂Ⓣ¥â√—∫ acetone ∑“ߺ‘«Àπ—߇ªìπ‡«≈“π“π ®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßÕ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß
À√◊ÕÕ“®∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√Õ—°‡ ∫¢Õߺ‘«Àπ—߉¥â ‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß acetone °àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õß
μàÕμ“ ∑”„À⪫¥μ“ πÈ”μ“‰À≈ ·≈–μ“·¥ß
°“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ª√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬∑“ߪ“°®–‰¡à°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßμàÕ√–∫∫
∑“߇¥‘πÕ“À“√ ·μàÀ“°‰¥â√—∫„πª√‘¡“≥¡“° ®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßμàÕ√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘π
Õ“À“√ ª«¥∑âÕß §≈◊Ëπ‰ â ·≈–Õ“‡®’¬π (°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…, 2550)
11.7 º≈μàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ (embryotropic action)º≈°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ acetone ‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¢Õß
μ—«ÕàÕπ °“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat “¬æ—π∏ÿå Sprague-Dawley ÷́Ëß∂Ÿ°·∫à߇ªìπ°≈ÿࡧ«∫§ÿ¡
1 °≈ÿà¡ ·≈–°≈ÿà¡∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ acetone 3 °≈ÿà¡ ·μà≈–°≈ÿࡪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ÀπŸ‡æ»‡¡’¬ 26 - 29 μ—«
ÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1,045; 5,200 ·≈– 26,100 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/
≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ 6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π 7 «—π/ —ª¥“Àå √–À«à“ß«—π∑’Ë 6 - 19 ¢Õß°“√μ—Èß∑âÕß º≈°“√
»÷°…“°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ„π«—π∑’Ë 20 ¢Õß°“√μ—Èß∑âÕßæ∫«à“ μ—«ÕàÕπ„π°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë·¡àÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫
acetone §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 26,100 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ ¡’πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«πâÕ¬°«à“μ—«ÕàÕπ„π
°≈ÿࡧ«∫§ÿ¡ ·μà‰¡àæ∫§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ„πÀπŸ∑ÿ°°≈ÿà¡∑’ˉ¥â√—∫
acetone πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ßæ∫«à“ acetone ‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ¥—™π’∑’Ë„™â· ¥ß°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå §◊Õ ®”π«π
μ—«ÕàÕπ∑’Ë¡’™’«‘μ/§√Õ° ®”π«πμ—«ÕàÕπ∑’Ë쓬·≈–∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥°≈—∫/§√Õ° ·≈–Õ—μ√“ à«π¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ
‡æ»ºŸâ·≈–‡æ»‡¡’¬ (NTP, 1988)
ACETONE 23
°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ mouse “¬æ—π∏ÿå CD-1 ´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°·∫à߇ªìπ 4 °≈ÿà¡ °≈ÿࡧ«∫§ÿ¡
1 °≈ÿà¡ ·≈–°≈ÿࡉ¥â√—∫ acetone 3 °≈ÿà¡ ·μà≈–°≈ÿࡪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ÀπŸ‡æ»‡¡’¬ 28 - 31 μ—«
ÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1,045; 5,200 ·≈– 15,670 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/
≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ 6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π 7 «—π/ —ª¥“Àå √–À«à“ß«—π∑’Ë 6 - 17 ¢Õß°“√μ—Èß∑âÕß º≈°“√
»÷°…“°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ„π«—π∑’Ë 18 ¢Õß°“√μ—Èß∑âÕßæ∫«à“ μ—«ÕàÕπ„π°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë·¡àÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫
acetone §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 15,670 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ ¡’πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«πâÕ¬°«à“μ—«ÕàÕπ„π
°≈ÿࡧ«∫§ÿ¡ ·μà‰¡àæ∫§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ„πÀπŸ∑ÿ°°≈ÿà¡∑’ˉ¥â√—∫
acetone πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ßæ∫«à“ acetone ‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ¥—™π’∑’Ë„™â· ¥ß°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå §◊Õ ®”π«π
μ—«ÕàÕπ∑’Ë¡’™’«‘μ/§√Õ° ®”π«πμ—«ÕàÕπ∑’Ë쓬·≈–∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥°≈—∫ (resorption)/§√Õ° ·≈–
—¥ à«π¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ‡æ»ºŸâ·≈–‡æ»‡¡’¬ (NTP, 1988)
11.8 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π (immunotoxicity)°“√»÷°…“º≈¢Õß acetone μàÕ¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π„πÀπŸ mouse “¬æ—π∏ÿå SSIN ‰¥â√—∫
acetone ‚¥¬°“√ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß æ∫«à“ acetone ¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°¥¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π humoral immunity
§◊Õ ≈¥°“√ √â“ß “√¿Ÿ¡‘μâ“π∑“π™π‘¥ immunoglobulin M (IgM) ‚¥¬ B cell ·μà‰¡à¡’º≈
μàÕ T cell (Singh et al., 1996)
11.9 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘μàÕ°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå (reproduction)°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat ·≈–ÀπŸ mouse · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ acetone ‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ°“√
◊∫æ—π∏ÿå (¥Ÿ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥„πÀ—«¢âÕ 11.7 º≈μàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ, embryotropic action)
11.10 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’ˇ°‘¥„π∑“√° (teratogenicity)°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat ·≈–ÀπŸ mouse · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ acetone ‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ°“√
æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ ´÷Ëß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ acetone ‰¡à°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„π∑“√°
11.11 æƒμ‘°√√¡ (behavior)°“√»÷°…“„π°≈ÿࡧπß“π∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫ acetone ∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¡“°°«à“ 28,500
¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ æ∫«à“ §πß“π∫“ß§π· ¥ßÕ“°“√¡÷πßß —∫ π ·μà‰¡à¡’º≈∑”„Àâ
æƒμ‘°√√¡‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª (Raleigh and McGee, 1972)
Õ– ’́‚μπ24
12.1 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ” (aquatic)acetone ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—πμàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ”∑’ËπâÕ¬¡“° §à“ LC50 ¢Õß acetone
∑’Ë 96 ™—Ë«‚¡ß„πª≈“∑ÿ° ªï™’ å∑’Ë∑¥ Õ∫¡’§à“¡“°°«à“ 5,000 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√ §à“ LC50 ¢Õß
acetone ∑’Ë 96 ™—Ë«‚¡ß„πª≈“ fathead minnow, ª≈“ rainbow trout ·≈–ª≈“ bleak
‡∑à“°—∫ 6,210 - 8,120; 5,540 ·≈– 11,000 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√ μ“¡≈”¥—∫ §à“ LC50 ¢Õß
acetone μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ” · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 6
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 6 §à“ LC50 ¢Õß acetone μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ”
√–¬–‡«≈“ LC50
ªï™’ å °“√∑¥≈Õß (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/ ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß
(™—Ë«‚¡ß) ≈‘μ√)
ª≈“ fathead minnow 24 9,500 Brooke et al. (1984)
(Pimephales promelas) 48 9,000
96 6,210 - 8,120
ª≈“ rainbow trout 24 6,100 Majewski et al. (1977)
(Salmo gairdneri) 96 5,540 Johnson and Finley (1980)
ª≈“ bleak 96 11,000 Linden et al. (1979)
(Alburnus alburnus)
ª≈“ japanese killifish 48 14,300 Slooff et al. (1983)
(Oryzias latipes)
ª≈“ guppy 48 9,600 Slooff et al. (1983)
(Poecilia reticulata)
ACETONE 25
12.2 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ∫π∫° (terrestrial)¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—π¢Õß acetone μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ∫π∫°¡’®”°—¥¡“° §à“ LC50 ¢Õß
acetone „πÕ“À“√∑’Ë„™â‡≈’Ȭßπ° Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) ·≈–π°‰°àøÑ“
ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) ¡’§à“¡“°°«à“ 40,000 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡
Õ“À“√ · ¥ß«à“ acetone ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—πμË”μàÕ —μ«åªï° (Hill and Camardese, 1986)
Õ– ’́‚μπ26
13.1 °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß (sampling)Õ“°“» ‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»‚¥¬„™âÀ≈Õ¥‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»∑’Ë∑”®“°·°â«¿“¬„π
∫√√®ÿ¥â«¬ Carbosieve S-III (‡ªìπ resin —߇§√“–Àå ‚§√ß √â“߇ªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫§“√å∫Õπ
À√◊Õ carbon based adsorbent resin) ‡ªìπ«— ¥ÿ¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»¥â«¬Õ—μ√“
0.05 ≈‘μ√/π“∑’ ∂Ⓣ¡à “¡“√∂«‘‡§√“–À剥â∑—π∑’ „À⇰Á∫√—°…“À≈Õ¥‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß„πμŸâ‡¬Áπ∑’Ë
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 5°´ ·≈–§«√«‘‡§√“–Àå¿“¬„π 14 «—π ´÷Ëß®–¡’ acetone §ß‡À≈◊Õª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈–
94.1 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥∑’Ëæ∫„π«—π∑’ˇ°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß (OSHA, 2008)
πÈ” ‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”„Àâ‡μÁ¡¢«¥·°â« ’™“‚¥¬‰¡à¡’øÕßÕ“°“» ·≈–ªî¥ª“°¢«¥„Àâ π‘∑
¥â“π„π¢ÕßΩ“¢«¥μâÕ߇ªìπ polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ‡°Á∫√—°…“μ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘
4°´ μ√«®«‘‡§√“–Àå∑—π∑’ ∂Ⓣ¡à “¡“√∂«‘‡§√“–À剥â∑—π∑’„Àâ‡μ‘¡ 6 N HCl ®”π«π 4 À¬¥
μàÕμ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ” 40 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘μ√ ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ ∂â“„πμ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”¡’
§≈Õ√’πÕ‘ √– (residual chlorine) ªπ‡ªóôÕπÕ¬Ÿà„Àâ‡μ‘¡°√¥·Õ §Õ√å∫‘° (ascorbic acid)
25 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ À√◊Õ‚´‡¥’¬¡‰∏‚Õ´—≈‡øμ (sodium thiosulfate) 3 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ À√◊Õ‚´‡¥’¬¡
´—≈‰øμå (sodium sulfite) 3 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡μàÕμ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ” 40 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘μ√ ‡°Á∫√—°…“μ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”‰«â∑’Ë
4°´ ·≈–§«√«‘‡§√“–Àå¿“¬„π 7 «—π (Standard Methods, 2004)
13.2 °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå (preparation/analysis)«‘∏’‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß «‘∏’«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ ·≈–§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âππâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë«‘‡§√“–À剥â
¢Õß acetone · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 7
ACETONE 27
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¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥°“√À°√¥À√◊ÕÕ—§§’¿—¬¢Õß acetone (°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…
2550; °√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡, 2544)
14.1 °“√À°√¥(1) „Àâ°—Èπ·¬°∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√À°√¥¢Õß acetone Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 50 ‡¡μ√ (150 øÿμ)
‚¥¬√Õ∫∑—π∑’ °—π∫ÿ§§≈∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«¢âÕßÕÕ°®“°®ÿ¥‡°‘¥‡Àμÿ „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà‡Àπ◊Õ≈¡
- °√≥’∑’Ë¡’°“√À°√¥¡“° „ÀâÕæ¬æºŸâ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„μâ≈¡ÕÕ°‰ªÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 300 ‡¡μ√
(2) °”®—¥·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥‰ø∑ÿ°™π‘¥ Àâ“¡ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë ®ÿ¥æ≈ÿ‰ø À√◊Õ°“√∑”„À⇰‘¥
ª√–°“¬‰ø ‡ª≈«‰ø„πæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°‘¥‡Àμÿ
(3) Õÿª°√≥å∑ÿ°™π‘¥∑’Ë„™â„π°“√∂à“¬‡∑À√◊Õ¢π¬â“¬ acetone μâÕßμàÕ “¬¥‘π
(4) Àâ“¡ —¡º— À√◊Õ‡¥‘π¬Ë”∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’ acetone À°√—Ë«‰À≈
(5) ªÑÕß°—π‰¡à„Àâ acetone ‰À≈≈ß Ÿà·À≈àßπÈ” ∑àÕ√–∫“¬πÈ” ™—Èπ„μ⥑π À√◊Õ
∫√‘‡«≥∑’ËÕ—∫Õ“°“»
(6) °“√„™â‚ø¡©’¥¥—°®—∫‰Õ√–‡À¬ Õ“®™à«¬≈¥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß acetone ‰¥â
- °√≥’∑’Ë¡’°“√À°√—Ë«‰À≈ª√‘¡“≥¡“° °“√„™âπÈ”©’¥‡ªìπ≈”ΩÕ¬Õ“®™à«¬≈¥‰Õ
√–‡À¬¢Õß acetone ‰¥â ·μàÕ“®ªÑÕß°—π°“√≈ÿ°μ‘¥‰ø¢Õß acetone „π∑’Ë
Õ—∫Õ“°“»‰¡à‰¥â
(7) ¥Ÿ¥´—∫ acetone ∑’ËÀ°√—Ë«‰À≈¥â«¬¥‘π ∑√“¬ À√◊Õ«— ¥ÿÕ◊Ëπ∑’ˉ¡àμ‘¥‰ø ·≈⫇°Á∫
„π¿“™π–‡æ◊ËÕ𔉪°”®—¥ ‚¥¬„™âÕÿª°√≥å∑’Ë –Õ“¥·≈–‰¡à°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√–°“¬‰ø
‡°Á∫√«∫√«¡ acetone ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´—∫
- °√≥’∑’Ë¡’ acetone À°√—Ë«‰À≈ª√‘¡“≥¡“° „Àâ √â“ß∑”π∫°—Èπ acetone ∑’Ë
À°√—Ë«‰À≈‡æ◊ËÕ√Õ°“√°”®—¥
ACETONE 29
14.2 °“√‡°‘¥Õ—§§’¿—¬À√◊Õ√–‡∫‘¥(1) acetone ‡ªìπ “√∑’ˉ«‰ø Ÿß ≈ÿ°μ‘¥‰øßà“¬‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡√âÕπ ª√–°“¬‰ø
À√◊Õ‡ª≈«‰ø ‡¡◊ËÕ acetone º ¡°—∫Õ“°“»Õ“®‡°‘¥ à«πº ¡∑’Ë√–‡∫‘¥‰¥â(2) ‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß acetone Õ“®‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’ˉª¬—ß·À≈àß∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√μ‘¥‰ø·≈–
≈ÿ°μ‘¥‰ø¬âÕπ°≈—∫‰ª¬—ßμâ𰔇𑥰“√√—Ë«‰À≈‰¥â(3) ‡¡◊ËÕ acetone ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡√âÕπ ŸßÀ√◊Õ‡¡◊ËÕ‰ø‰À¡â®– ≈“¬μ—«„À⧫—π∑’Ë¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï
°—¥°√àÕπ ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õß À√◊Õ‡ªìπæ‘…- „π°“√¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß„Àâ «¡™ÿ¥ªÑÕß°—π‰Õ√–‡À¬∑’˪‘¥™‘¥∑—Èßμ—« æ√âÕ¡‡§√◊ËÕߙ૬
À“¬„®™π‘¥¡’∂—ßÕ“°“»„πμ—« (self contained breathing apparatus,SCBA)
(4) °“√‡°‘¥Õ—§§’¿—¬°√≥’‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â¢π“¥‡≈Á°- „™âºß‡§¡’·Àâß §“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å πÈ”©’¥‡ªìπ≈”ΩÕ¬ À¡Õ° À√◊Õ‚ø¡
¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß™π‘¥ alcohol-resistance foam°√≥’‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â¢π“¥„À≠à- „Àâ©’¥πÈ”‡ªìπ≈”ΩÕ¬ À¡Õ° À√◊Õ‚ø¡¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß™π‘¥ alcohol-resistance
foam Àâ“¡©’¥πÈ”‡ªìπ≈”μ√߉ª¬—ß∑’ˇ°‘¥‡æ≈‘ß- ∂Ⓣ¡à‡ ’ˬßÕ—πμ√“¬ „À⇧≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬¿“™π–∫√√®ÿÀ√◊ÕÀ’∫ÀàÕ∑’ˉ¡à‡ ’¬À“¬
ÕÕ°®“°∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇ°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â°√≥’‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â¿“™π–∫√√®ÿÀ√◊Õ„°≈â°—∫¿“™π–∫√√®ÿÀ√◊Õ√∂¢π àß- „ÀâÕæ¬æºŸâ§πÀà“ßÕÕ°‰ªÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 1,000 ‡¡μ√‚¥¬√Õ∫∑—π∑’- Àâ“¡Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥À—«À√◊Õ∑⓬¢Õß∑àÕÀ√◊Õ¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ‡æ√“–¿“™π–∫√√®ÿÕ“®
√–‡∫‘¥- „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà‰°≈®“°¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‰ø≈ÿ°∑à«¡- „À⥗∫‡æ≈‘ß®“°√–¬–‰°≈∑’Ë ÿ¥ À√◊Õ„™âÀ—«©’¥πÈ”™π‘¥∑’ˉ¡àμâÕß„™â§π∂◊Õ À√◊Õ
„™â·∑àπ©’¥πÈ”·∑π ·μàÀ“°‰¡à¡’„Àâ∂Õπ°”≈—ßÕÕ°®“°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–ª≈àÕ¬„Àâ≈ÿ°‰À¡â®π‰ø¥—∫‰ª‡Õß
- Àâ“¡©’¥πÈ”‰ª∑’Ë√Õ¬√—Ë«À√◊ÕÕÿª°√≥å√–∫“¬‰Õπ‘√¿—¬‚¥¬μ√ß ‡æ√“–Õ“®∑”„À⇰‘¥πÈ”·¢Áߢ÷Èπ‰¥â
- ∂â“Õÿª°√≥å√–∫“¬§«“¡¥—ππ‘√¿—¬¢Õß¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß¥—ßÀ√◊Õ¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ‡ª≈’Ë¬π ’ „Àâ∂Õπ°”≈—߇®â“Àπâ“∑’ËÕÕ°®“°∫√‘‡«≥π—Èπ∑—π∑’‡æ√“–Õ“®‡°‘¥√–‡∫‘¥‰¥â
(5) πÈ”®“°°“√¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°—¥°√àÕπÕ“®‡ªìπæ‘…·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“πÈ”‡ ’¬‰¥â
Õ– ’́‚μπ30
15.1 °“√ª∞¡æ¬“∫“≈°√≥’‰¥â√—∫ acetone ∫√‘‡«≥º‘«Àπ—ß „Àâ∂Õ¥‡ ◊ÈÕºâ“∑’ˇªóôÕπÕÕ°∑—π∑’ ≈â“ߺ‘«Àπ—ß
∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇªóôÕπ¥â«¬πÈ” –Õ“¥·≈– ∫Ÿà °√≥’‰¥â√—∫ acetone ∫√‘‡«≥μ“À√◊Õº‘«Àπ—ß„Àâ≈â“ߥ⫬
πÈ” –Õ“¥‚¥¬‡ªî¥πÈ”„Àâ ‰À≈ºà“πÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 20 π“∑’ ∂⓺Ÿâ∫“¥‡®Á∫¡’Õ“°“√πÈ”μ“‰À≈¡“°
μ“∫«¡ √–§“¬‡§◊Õß À√◊Õ ª«¥μ“ „Àâ√’∫π” àß·æ∑¬å
°√≥’‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ À√◊Õ‚¥¬°“√°‘π „Àâπ”ºŸâ∫“¥‡®Á∫ÕÕ°®“°
∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’ acetone À°√¥„Àâ ‰¥â√—∫Õ“°“»∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï √—°…“√à“ß°“¬¢ÕߺŸâ∫“¥‡®Á∫„ÀâÕ∫Õÿàπ
„ÀâÕÕ° ‘́‡®π∂⓺Ÿâ∫“¥‡®Á∫À“¬„®≈”∫“° ·≈–√’∫π” àß·æ∑¬å (°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… 2550;
°√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡, 2544)
15.2 §”·π–π” ”À√—∫·æ∑¬åacetone ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇À≈«√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√√—°…“欓∫“≈®÷ßμâÕß
√–«—߇√◊ËÕß√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® ‰¡à§«√∑”„À⺟â∫“¥‡®Á∫Õ“‡®’¬π °“√≈â“ß∑âÕßμâÕß„ à∑àՙ૬
À“¬„®°àÕπ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π‰¡à„Àâ ‰Õ¢Õß acetone °≈—∫‰ª√–§“¬μàÕ‡¬◊ËÕ∫ÿ√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„®Õ’°
(«‘π—¬, 2541)
ACETONE 31
«‘∏’®—¥°“√°“°¢Õ߇ ’¬ acetone ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡∑’Ë International Register of
Potentially Toxic Chemicals ·π–π” §◊Õ °“√‡º“·∫∫ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å (incineration) ‚¥¬°“√
‡ª√¬å acetone „π‡μ“‡º“ °“√‡º“‰À¡â®–ßà“¬¢÷Èπ∂⓺ ¡ acetone °—∫μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬∑’Ë
μ‘¥‰øßà“¬ (IRPTC, 1985)
Õ– ’́‚μπ32
17.1 ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬1. °√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬
ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡√◊ËÕß ∫—≠™’√“¬™◊ËÕ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬ æ.». 2546
´÷ËßÕÕ°μ“¡§«“¡„πæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬ æ.».2535 °”Àπ¥„Àâ acetone ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡
‡¢â¡¢âπ¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 75 ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—° ‡ªìπ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬™π‘¥∑’Ë 3 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ °“√º≈‘μ
°“√π”‡¢â“ °“√ àßÕÕ° À√◊Õ°“√¡’‰«â„π§√Õ∫§√ÕßμâÕ߉¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ ‚¥¬°√¡‚√ßß“π
Õÿμ “À°√√¡ °√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡ªìπÀπ૬ߓπ√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ (°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡, 2546)
2. °√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬
ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ ‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™π‘¥¢Õ߇À≈«μà“ßÊ ∑’ˇªìππÈ”¡—π
‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßμ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘«à“¥â«¬°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“πÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß æ.». 2474 °”Àπ¥„Àâ
acetone ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇À≈«∑’ˇªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß (°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬, 2504)
3. °√–∑√«ß·√ßß“π
ª√–°“»°√¡ «— ¥‘°“√·≈–§ÿ⡧√Õß·√ßß“π ‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™π‘¥·≈–ª√–‡¿∑
¢Õß “√‡§¡’Õ—πμ√“¬ ´÷ËßÕÕ°μ“¡§«“¡„πª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ ‡√◊ËÕß §«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬
„π°“√∑”ß“π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ “√‡§¡’Õ—πμ√“¬ ≈ß«—π∑’Ë 22 ‘ßÀ“§¡ 2534 °”Àπ¥„Àâ acetone
‡ªìπ “√‡§¡’Õ—πμ√“¬ (°√¡ «— ¥‘°“√·≈–§ÿ⡧√Õß·√ßß“π, 2535)
4. °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡
ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 14 (æ.». 2538)
‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™◊ËÕ ª√–‡¿∑ ™π‘¥ À√◊Õ¢π“¥∫√√®ÿ¢Õß “√‡§¡’ À√◊Õº≈‘μ¿—≥±å‡ªìπ “√√–‡À¬
´÷ËßÕÕ°μ“¡§«“¡„πæ√–√“™°”Àπ¥ªÑÕß°—π°“√„™â “√√–‡À¬ æ.». 2533 °”Àπ¥„Àâ
acetone ‡ªìπ “√√–‡À¬ (°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡, 2539)
ACETONE 33
17.2 μà“ߪ√–‡∑»°ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–∑’Ë„™â§«∫§ÿ¡ acetone „πμà“ߪ√–‡∑»· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 8
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 8 °ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–∑’Ë„™â§«∫§ÿ¡ acetone „πμà“ߪ√–‡∑»
ª√–‡∑»°ÆÀ¡“¬/†
¡“μ√∞“π «—π∑’ˇ√‘Ë¡∫—ߧ—∫„™â† ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–† † †
·§π“¥“ °ÆÀ¡“¬ 13 ¡’π“§¡ 2529
À√“™Õ“≥“®—°√ °ÆÀ¡“¬ 1 ¡°√“§¡ 2535
À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π– ªï æ.». 2532
Õ“√凮πμ‘π“ °ÆÀ¡“¬ 29 情¿“§¡ 2534
∑’Ë¡“: IRPTC (1993)
¡“μ√∞“𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡©≈’ˬμ≈Õ¥√–¬–‡«≈“∑”ß“πª°μ‘ 8 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π ‡∑à“°—∫ 1,780¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (750 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡) ∑—Èßπ’È®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“15 π“∑’ „¥Ê ¢Õß°“√∑”ß“π‰¥â ‰¡à‡°‘π 2,375¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (1,000 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡)
¡“μ√∞“𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡©≈’ˬμ≈Õ¥√–¬–‡«≈“∑”ß“πª°μ‘ 8 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π ‡∑à“°—∫ 1,780¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (750 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡) ∑—Èßπ’È®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“10 π“∑’„¥Ê ¢Õß°“√∑”ß“π‰¥â ‰¡à‡°‘π 3,560¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (1,500 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡)
¡“μ√∞“𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡©≈’ˬμ≈Õ¥√–¬–‡«≈“∑”ß“πª°μ‘ 10 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π ‡∑à“°—∫ 1,780¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (750 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡) ∑—Èßπ’È®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“15 π“∑’ „¥Ê ¢Õß°“√∑”ß“π‰¥â ‰¡à‡°‘π 2,380¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (1,000 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡)
¡“μ√∞“𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡©≈’ˬμ≈Õ¥√–¬–‡«≈“∑”ß“πª°μ‘ 8 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π ‡∑à“°—∫ 1,780¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (750 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡) ∑—Èßπ’È®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“15 π“∑’ „¥Ê ¢Õß°“√∑”ß“π‰¥â ‰¡à‡°‘π 2,375¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (1,000 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡) ‚¥¬®–¡’™à«ß‡«≈“¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â ‰¡à‡°‘π 4 §√—Èß/«—π·≈–μâÕß¡’√–¬–Àà“ߢÕß™à«ß‡«≈“∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß ÿ¥‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ 60 π“∑’
Õ– ’́‚μπ34
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ßreferences†
†
°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… (2550) §Ÿà¡◊Õ√–ß—∫Õÿ∫—μ‘¿—¬ “√‡§¡’ 2004 Emergency Response
Guidebook °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
°√ÿ߇∑æœ 374 Àπâ“
°√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡ (2544) §Ÿà¡◊Õ°“√√–ß—∫Õÿ∫—μ‘¿—¬®“° “√‡§¡’ °√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡
°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ °√ÿ߇∑æœ 244 Àπâ“
°√¡ «— ¥‘°“√·≈–§ÿ⡧√Õß·√ßß“π (2535) ª√–°“»°√¡ «— ¥‘°“√·≈–§ÿ⡧√Õß·√ßß“π
‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™π‘¥·≈–ª√–‡¿∑¢Õß “√‡§¡’ √“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ‡≈à¡ 109 μÕπ∑’Ë 113
«—π∑’Ë 9 °—𬓬π 2535
°√¡»ÿ≈°“°√ (2546 - 2550) ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ∂‘μ‘°“√§â“√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»¢Õ߉∑¬ Foreign Trade
Statistics of Thailand Imports. °√¡»ÿ≈°“°√ °√–∑√«ß°“√§≈—ß
°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ (2504) ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ ‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™π‘¥¢Õ߇À≈«μà“ßÊ
∑’ˇªìππÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßμ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘«à“¥â«¬°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“πÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß æ.».
2474 √“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ‡≈à¡ 78 μÕπ∑’Ë 4 «—π∑’Ë 17 ¡°√“§¡ 2504
°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ (2539) ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢
°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 14 æ.». 2538 ‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™◊ËÕ ª√–‡¿∑ ™π‘¥ À√◊Õ
¢π“¥∫√√®ÿ¢Õß “√‡§¡’À√◊Õº≈‘μ¿—≥±å‡ªìπ “√√–‡À¬ √“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ‡≈à¡ 113
μÕπ∑’Ë 8 ß «—π∑’Ë 25 ¡°√“§¡ 2539
°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ (2546) ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡√◊ËÕß ∫—≠™’√“¬™◊ËÕ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬
æ.». 2546 √“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ©∫—∫∑—Ë«‰ª ‡≈à¡ 120 μÕπ摇»… 113 ß «—π∑’Ë 30
°—𬓬π 2546
«‘π—¬ «π“πÿ°Ÿ≈ (2541) æ‘…®“° “√μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ „π: À≈—°°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“¿“«–‡ªìπæ‘…/
“√æ‘… ¡‘ß ‡°à“‡®√‘≠ ·≈–§≥– »Ÿπ¬åæ‘…«‘∑¬“ §≥–·æ∑¬»“ μ√å‚√ß欓∫“≈
√“¡“∏‘∫¥’
ACGIH (2006) Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical
Agents and Biological Exposure Indicies. American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Cincinnati. Ohio. USA.
ACETONE 35
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Õ– ’́‚μπ36
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ACETONE 37
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Õ– ’́‚μπ38
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ACETONE 39
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Õ– ’́‚μπ40
¿“§ºπ«° 1Õ∏‘∫“¬§”»—æ∑å
†
§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ (half-life, t 12) √–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë “√‡§¡’ ≈“¬μ—«·∫∫ first-order ‰ª§√÷ËßÀπ÷ËߢÕß
ª√‘¡“≥‡√‘Ë¡μâπ °“√ ≈“¬μ—«·∫∫ first-order À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√ ≈“¬μ—«¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë
¡’Õ—μ√“‡√Á«¢Õß°“√ ≈“¬μ—«‡ªìπªØ‘¿“§μ√ß°—∫ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà
− dAdt
α A
‚¥¬ A ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’ A ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà
®“°§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏套߰≈à“« “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π‡ªìπ ¡°“√‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
dAdt
= − kA
‚¥¬ k ‡ªìπ§à“§ßμ—«¢Õß°“√ ≈“¬μ—«¢Õß “√‡§¡’„πªØ‘°‘√‘¬“
®“° ¡°“√¢â“ßμâπ ‡√“ “¡“√∂§”π«≥ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß A ∑’ˇ«≈“ t ‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
At = A0e− kt
‚¥¬ At ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’ A ∑’ˇ«≈“ t
A0 ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’ A ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√‘Ë¡μâπ
t ‡ªìπ√–¬–‡«≈“¢Õß°“√ ≈“¬μ—«
®“° ¡°“√∑’Ë„™â§”π«≥ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√ A ∑’ˇ«≈“ t ¢â“ßμâπ “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π ¡°“√‡æ◊ËÕ
„™â§”π«≥§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ‰¥â ¥—ßπ’È
‡¡◊ËÕ At = 12A0
12A0 = A0e
− kt
12 = e− kt
ln 12 = − kt
t 12
= (0.693)/k
ACETONE 41
—¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫„π¥‘π (soil adsorption coefficient) °“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‡§¡’„π¥‘π
“¡“√∂· ¥ß‚¥¬§à“ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√°√–®“¬μ—«·∫àß à«π¢Õß “√‡§¡’√–À«à“ߥ‘π
·≈–πÈ” (partition coefficient, Kd)
Kd = CC
s
w
‚¥¬ Cs ‡ªì𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’¥‘π (‰¡‚§√°√—¡¢Õß “√∑’Ë∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´—∫/°√—¡
¢Õߥ‘π)
Cw ‡ªì𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ” (‰¡‚§√°√—¡¢Õß “√∑’Ë≈–≈“¬πÈ”/°√—¡
¢ÕßπÈ” À√◊Õ‰¡‚§√°√—¡¢Õß “√∑’Ë
≈–≈“¬πÈ”/≈‘μ√)
°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‡§¡’„π¥‘π à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫‚¥¬ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õπ
(organic carbon) ¿“¬„π¥‘𠥑πμà“ß™π‘¥°—π¡’ à«πª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë·μ°μà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡“°
‚¥¬‡©æ“– à«πª√–°Õ∫∑’ˇªìπ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õ𠥑π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å
¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õπ Ÿß “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´—∫‡Õ“ “√‡§¡’∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ‰«â ‰¥â¡“° ·≈–¥‘π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥
“√Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫ÕππâÕ¬°Á¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‡§¡’‰«â ‰¥âπâÕ¬ ®÷ß∑”„Àâ§à“ partition
coefficient ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π¥‘π™π‘¥μà“ß°—π¡’§à“∑’Ë·μ°μà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡“° ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√
· ¥ß§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‡§¡’„π¥‘π®÷ßπ”‡Õ“‡ªÕ√凴Áπμå “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õπ
¡“§”π«≥¥â«¬‰¥â‡ªìπ§à“ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫„π¥‘π (adsorption coefficient, Koc)
¥—ß ¡°“√
Koc = Koc
d × 100%
‚¥¬ % oc ‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈–¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õπ„π¥‘π
Bioconcentration factor (BCF) ‡ªìπ¥—™π’∑’Ë„™â· ¥ß°“√ – ¡ “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ
„ππÈ” °“√ – ¡¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘쇪ìπ°“√°√–®“¬μ—«·∫àß à«π (partition)
√–À«à“ß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ·≈–πÈ”∑’Ë ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μπ—ÈπÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà à«π„À≠à “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ – ¡
„π à«π∑’ˇªìπ‰¢¡—π ·≈–∫“ß à«π√«¡μ—«°—∫™’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å ‡™à𠂪√μ’π
®÷ß∑”„À⧫“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’¿“¬„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μπ—Èπ Ÿß°«à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ„ππÈ”¡“°
BCF §”π«≥‰¥â®“° ¡°“√
Õ– ’́‚μπ42
BCF =
Henryûs law constant §à“§ßμ—«¢Õß°“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”
Henryûs law °≈à“««à“ ∑’Ë ¡¥ÿ≈§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ”‡ªìπªØ‘¿“§μ√ß°—∫
§«“¡¥—π¬àÕ¬ (partial pressure) ¢Õß “√‡§¡’π—Èπ„πÕ“°“» (headspace) ÷́Ë߇¢’¬π
‡ªìπ ¡°“√‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
P = H × X
‚¥¬ P ‡ªì𧫓¡¥—π¬àÕ¬¢Õß “√‡§¡’ ¡’Àπ૬‡ªìπ ∫√√¬“°“»
H ‡ªìπ Henryûs law constant ¡’Àπ૬‡ªìπ ∫√√¬“°“» × ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈
X ‡ªì𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ” ¡’Àπ૬‡ªìπ ‚¡≈/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
Henryûs law constant Õ“®À¡“¬∂÷ß —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√°√–®“¬μ—« (partition coefficient)
¢Õß “√‡§¡’√–À«à“ßÕ“°“»·≈–πÈ” ¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷ß “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π ¡°“√· ¥ß Henryûs law
constant ‡ªìπ
H = VPS
‚¥¬ H ‡ªìπ Henryûs law constant ¡’Àπ૬‡ªìπ ∫√√¬“°“» × ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈
VP ‡ªì𧫓¡¥—π‰Õ¢Õß “√‡§¡’ ¡’Àπ૬‡ªìπ ∫√√¬“°“»
S ‡ªìπ§à“°“√≈–≈“¬πÈ”¢Õß “√‡§¡’ ¡’Àπ૬‡ªìπ ‚¡≈/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
“√‡§¡’∑’Ë≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”‰¥â¥’·≈–¡’§à“§«“¡¥—π‰ÕμË” ¡’·π«‚πâ¡®–√–‡À¬°≈“¬
‡ªìπ‰Õ®“°πÈ”‰¥âπâÕ¬ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡’§à“ Henryûs law constant πâÕ¬°«à“
À√◊Õ‡∑à“°—∫ 10− 7 ∫√√¬“°“» × ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ ∂◊Õ«à“‰¡à¡’°“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ
‰Õ®“°πÈ” “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡’§à“ Henryûs law constant πâÕ¬°«à“ 10− 5 ∫√√¬“°“» ×
≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ °“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ®“°·À≈àßπÈ”‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥âπâÕ¬·≈–∂◊Õ«à“‰¡à¡’
π—¬ ”§—≠ ”À√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡’§à“ Henryûs law constant ¡“°°«à“ 10− 5 ∫√√¬“°“»
× ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ °“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ®“°πÈ”‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠ ·≈–„π
‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‡ªìπ«‘∏’°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬ “√‡§¡’®“°·À≈àßπÈ”∑’Ë ”§—≠
«‘∏’Àπ÷Ëß
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ∑’ËÕ“»—¬„ππÈ”
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”
ACETONE 43
LC50 (median lethal concentration) ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬ 2 ·∫∫ §◊Õ
(1) À¡“¬∂÷ß §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„πÕ“°“» ÷́Ëߧ“¥«à“®–∑”„Àâ —μ«å∑¥≈Õß∑’Ë
Ÿ¥¥¡„π√–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë√–∫ÿ‰«â쓬‰ª‡ªìπ®”π«π§√÷ËßÀπ÷Ëß (50%) ¢Õß®”π«π‡√‘Ë¡μâπ
LC50 ‡ªìπ§à“∑’˧”π«≥‰¥â®“°º≈°“√»÷°…“ °“√∑¥≈Õß∑”‚¥¬·∫àß —μ«å∑¥≈Õß
ÕÕ°‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡®”π«π —μ«å„π·μà≈–°≈ÿࡇ∑à“Ê °—π °≈ÿà¡≈– 10 μ—«À√◊Õ¡“°°«à“
„Àâ —μ«å∑¥≈Õ߉¥â√—∫ “√°≈ÿà¡≈–Àπ÷Ëߧ«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’ˇ¢â“
Ÿà√à“ß°“¬¢Õß —μ«å∑¥≈Õߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫√–¬–‡«≈“¢Õß°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√√“¬ß“π§à“
LC50 ®÷ßμâÕß√–∫ÿ√–¬–‡«≈“¢Õß°“√∑¥≈Õߥ⫬ ‡™àπ LC50 ∑’Ë 4 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ¢Õß
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate „πÀπŸ rat ‡∑à“°—∫ 44,660 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/
≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√
(2) À¡“¬∂÷ß §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ”´÷Ëߧ“¥«à“®–∑”„Àâ —μ«åπÈ”μ“¬‡ªìπ
®”π«π§√÷ËßÀπ÷Ëß (50%) ¢Õß®”π«π‡√‘Ë¡μâπ LC50 ‡ªìπ§à“∑’˧”π«≥‰¥â®“°º≈°“√
»÷°…“ °“√∑¥≈Õß∑”‚¥¬·∫àß —μ«å∑¥≈ÕßÕÕ°‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡ ®”π«π —μ«å„π·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡
‡∑à“Ê °—π °≈ÿà¡≈– 10 μ—«À√◊Õ¡“°°«à“ ‡≈’È¬ß —μ«å∑¥≈Õß„ππÈ”∑’Ë¡’ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë°”≈—ß
»÷°…“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ≈–Àπ÷Ëß°≈ÿà¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’ˇ¢â“ Ÿà√à“ß°“¬¢Õß
—μ«åπÈ”¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫√–¬–‡«≈“°“√Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„ππÈ”∑’Ë¡’ “√‡§¡’≈–≈“¬Õ¬Ÿà ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√
√“¬ß“π§à“ LC50 ®÷ßμâÕß√–∫ÿ√–¬–‡«≈“°“√∑¥≈Õß∑’Ë·πàπÕπ¥â«¬ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¡—°
„™â‡«≈“°“√∑¥≈Õ߇∑à“°—∫ 24, 48, 72 À√◊Õ 96 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ‡™àπ LC50 ∑’Ë 96 ™—Ë«‚¡ß
¢Õß acrylonitrile „πª≈“ fathead minnow (Pimphales promelas) ‡∑à“°—∫
18,100 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√
Kamrin (1997) ‰¥â‡ πÕ°“√®—¥√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π —μ«åπÈ”‚¥¬„™â§à“
LC50 ∑’Ë 96 ™—Ë«‚¡ß‰«â 5 √–¥—∫ ¥—ßπ’È
√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘… LC50 (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√)
æ‘…√⓬·√ß¡“° < 0.1
æ‘…¡“° 0.1 - 1
æ‘…ª“π°≈“ß 1 - 10
æ‘…πâÕ¬ 10 - 100
‰¡à‡ªìπæ‘… > 100
∑’Ë¡“: Kamrin.M.A. (1997) Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity and
Environmental Impact. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, USA.
Õ– ’́‚μπ44
LD50 (median lethal dose) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥ (dose) ¢Õß “√‡§¡’´÷Ëߧ“¥«à“®–∑”„Àâ
—μ«å∑¥≈Õß∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ “√π—Èπ‡æ’¬ß§√—È߇¥’¬«μ“¬‰ª‡ªìπ®”π«π§√÷ËßÀπ÷Ëß (50%) ¢Õß
®”π«π‡√‘Ë¡μâπ LD50 ‡ªìπ§à“∑’˧”π«≥‰¥â®“°º≈°“√»÷°…“´÷Ëß„Àâ —μ«å∑¥≈Õß®”π«π
À≈“¬°≈ÿࡉ¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’˪√‘¡“≥μà“ßÊ °—π √–¬–‡«≈“∑’ˇΩÑ“ —߇°μ°“√쓬¢Õß —μ«å
ª√–¡“≥ 2-3 «—π ·μà®–‰¡à‡°‘π 2 —ª¥“Àå ·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ “¡“√∂‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡
‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π —μ«åμà“ß™π‘¥´÷Ëß¡’πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«·μ°μà“ß°—π‰¥â ®÷ß√“¬ß“π§à“ LD50
‡ªìππÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß “√‡§¡’/πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«¢Õß —μ«å∑¥≈Õß ‡™àπ LD50 ‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ߪ“°
(oral) ¢Õß chloroform „πÀπŸ rat “¬æ—π∏ÿå Sprague-Dawley ‡æ»ºŸâ ·≈–‡æ»‡¡’¬
¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 908 ·≈– 1,117 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« μ“¡≈”¥—∫
Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° ‰¥â·∫àß “√‡§¡’‡ªìπ 4 °≈ÿà¡ ‚¥¬„™â§à“ LD50 „πÀπŸ rat
¥—ßπ’È
†
† † † † † †∑’Ë¡“: WHO (2004) The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and
Guidelines to Classification. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
* Àπ૬¢Õß LD50 §◊Õ ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«
√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…LD50 ‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ߪ“°* LD50 ‚¥¬°“√ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß*
¢Õß·¢Áß ¢Õ߇À≈« ¢Õß·¢Áß ¢Õ߇À≈«
Ia æ‘…√⓬·√ß¡“° ≤ 5 ≤ 20 ≤ 10 ≤ 40
(extremely hazardous)
Ib æ‘…√⓬·√ß 5 - 50 20 - 200 10 - 100 40 - 400
(highly hazardous)
II æ‘…ª“π°≈“ß 50 - 500 200 - 2,000 100 - 1,000 400 - 4,000
(moderately hazardous)
III æ‘…πâÕ¬ ≥ 500 ≥ 2,000 ≥ 1,000 ≥ 4,000
(slightly hazardous)
ACETONE 45
n-octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) ‡ªìπ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï∑’Ë„™â· ¥ß§«“¡‰¡à™Õ∫
πÈ” (hydrophobicity) ¢Õß “√‡§¡’ Kow ‡ªìπ§à“§ßμ—«‡©æ“–¢Õß “√‡§¡’·μà≈–™π‘¥
°“√∑¥≈ÕßÀ“§à“ Kow ∑”‚¥¬«—¥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ”·≈– n-octanol ∑’Ë∫√√®ÿ
„π flask ÷́Ë߇¢¬à“®π∂÷ß®ÿ¥ ¡¥ÿ≈ (equilibrium) Kow §”π«≥‰¥â®“° ¡°“√
Kow =§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π n-octanol
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ”
Kow ‰¡à„™àÕ—μ√“ à«π√–À«à“ß°“√≈–≈“¬¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π n-octanol ·≈–°“√
≈–≈“¬¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ” ‡π◊ËÕß®“° n-octanol “¡“√∂≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”‰¥â‡≈Á°πâÕ¬
(5.5 × 10− 3 ‚¡≈/≈‘μ√) ·≈–πÈ”°Á “¡“√∂≈–≈“¬„π n-octanol ‰¥â‡≈Á°πâÕ¬‡™àπ°—π
(2.3 ‚¡≈/≈‘μ√) ®“°°“√»÷°…“æ∫«à“ Kow ¢Õß “√‡§¡’¡’§à“μ—Èß·μà 0.001 ®π∂÷ß
100,000,000 ¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷ßπ‘¬¡√“¬ß“π§à“ Kow „π√Ÿª¢Õß log Kow “√‡§¡’∑’ˉ¡à™Õ∫
πÈ”¡“°®–¡’§à“ Kow Ÿß
Kow ‡ªìπæ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å ”§—≠∑’Ë„™â∑”π“¬æƒμ‘°√√¡¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
°≈à“«§◊Õ “√‡§¡’∑’ˉ¡à™Õ∫πÈ”¡“°¡’§à“ Kow Ÿß¬àÕ¡ – ¡„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ‰¥â¥’ ‡æ√“–°“√
– ¡¥—ß°≈à“« à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ°“√ – ¡„π‰¢¡—π¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ ·≈– “√‡§¡’π—Èπ°Á∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´—∫
„π¥‘π‰¥â¥’‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°„π∑“ߪؑ∫—μ‘°“√∑¥≈ÕßÀ“§à“ Kow ßà“¬°«à“°“√∑¥≈Õß
À“§à“ bioconcentration factor (BCF) ·≈–§à“ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫„π¥‘π (Koc)
¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷ß¡’°“√»÷°…“À“§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß§à“ Kow ·≈– BCF; Kow ·≈– Koc
¢Õß “√‡§¡’°≈ÿà¡μà“ßÊ ´÷Ëß· ¥ß‚¥¬ regression equation ‡™àπ
(1) §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß Kow ·≈– BCF
log BCF = 0.761 log Kow − 0.23
¡°“√π’È„™â§”π«≥À“§à“ log BCF ”À√—∫ “√‡§¡’ polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), “√¶à“»—μ√Ÿæ◊™·≈– —μ«å, chlorinated aliphatic, chlorinated aromatics
·≈– nitroaromatics ‚¥¬„™â§à“ log Kow „πª≈“ fathead minnow, bluegill, rainbow
trout ·≈– mosquito fish
(2) §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß Kow ·≈– Koc
log Koc = 0.989 log Kow − 0.346
¡°“√π’È„™â§”π«≥À“§à“ log Koc ”À√—∫ aldrin ·≈– “√‡§¡’ polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) ∑—Èßπ’È§à“ Koc ¢Õߥ‘π§«√¡’ “√ª√–°Õ∫Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õπ
√–À«à“ß 0.66 - 2.38%
Õ– ’́‚μπ46
¿“§ºπ«° 2°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬß
†
„π°“√®—¥°“√§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡®–μâÕß¡’°“√·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫§«“¡
ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡ ¡Õ ‡™àπ πÈ”ª√–ª“¡’ “√ª√–°Õ∫ nitrate
ªπ‡ªóôÕπ∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0.1 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡ (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√) ¡’§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬μàÕ°“√∫√‘‚¿§À√◊Õ‰¡à
πÈ”ª√–ª“¡’ “√Õ—πμ√“¬ªπ‡ªóôÕπ 5 “√ ·μàÀπ૬ߓπ∑’˺≈‘μπÈ”ª√–ª“¡’ß∫ª√–¡“≥„π
°“√°”®—¥‰¥â‡æ’¬ß 2 “√ Àπ૬ߓπ¥—ß°≈à“«¡’À≈—°°“√‡≈◊Õ°«à“®–°”®—¥ “√„¥°àÕπÕ¬à“߉√
∑’Ë¥‘π 2 ·ª≈ß¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√ÀπŸ∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡∑à“°—π ∑”‰¡∑’Ë¥‘π·ª≈ßÀπ÷Ëß®÷ßμâÕß
¡’°“√øóôπøŸ (clean up) ·μà∑”‰¡∑’Ë¥‘πÕ’°·ª≈߉¡àμâÕß¡’°“√øóôπøŸ ·≈–°“√°”Àπ¥§à“
¡“μ√∞“π¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¡’À≈—°°“√·≈–¢—ÈπμÕπÕ¬à“߉√
ªí≠À“‡À≈à“π’È≈â«π·μà¡’æ◊Èπ∞“π‡¥’¬«°—π §◊Õ §«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õß
ª√–™“™π ‚¥¬°“√π”‡Õ“§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“πæ‘…«‘∑¬“¡“√«¡‡¢â“°—∫§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π ∂‘μ‘∑”„À⇰‘¥
»“ μ√å„À¡à¢÷Èπ¡“‡æ◊ËÕ·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“μà“ßÊ ∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“·≈â«¢â“ßμâπ »“ μ√套߰≈à“«π’È ‰¥â¢¬“¬
Õߧ姫“¡√Ÿâ‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπμ“¡≈”¥—∫·≈–¡’°“√ª√–¬ÿ°μå„™âÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß »“ μ√å∑’Ë°≈à“«π’È
§◊Õ ç°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬßé (risk assessment) ªí®®ÿ∫—π‰¥â¡’°“√π”‡Õ“À≈—°°“√
°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬ߮“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’‰ª„™â∑“ߥâ“π®ÿ≈™’««‘∑¬“ (microbiological
risk assessment) πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—߉¥â¡’°“√𔧫“¡√Ÿâ ‰ª„™â ”À√—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡ªìπ°“√
ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬßμàÕ√–∫∫𑇫» (ecological risk assessment) ·≈–„™â ”À√—∫°“√
ª»ÿ —μ«å´÷Ëß à«π„À≠à‡πâπ°“√‡°‘¥‚√§μàÕΩŸßª»ÿ —μ«å (herd health risk assessment)
„π°“√»÷°…“·≈–𔧫“¡√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬ߉ª„™âπ—Èπ μâÕß∑√“∫«à“°“√
ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬߡ’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë ”§—≠ 2 ª√–°“√ §◊Õ ¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ state of the art
À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ¡’°“√‡Õ“π”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘ËߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈¥â“πæ‘…«‘∑¬“
∑’Ë ‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õ߉ª„™â§”π«≥§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ ”À√—∫¡πÿ…¬å ´÷ËßμâÕß¡’
°“√„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ߧ≥‘μ»“ μ√å (mathematical model) ·≈– ¡¡ÿμ‘∞“πμà“ßÊ „π°“√
§”π«≥ À√◊Õ·¡â®–„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“„π¡πÿ…¬å°ÁμâÕß¡’°“√π”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈π—Èπ‰ª§”π«≥
‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ߧ≥‘μ»“ μ√å ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ ‰¥â§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬∑’Ë “¡“√∂𔉪„™â ‰¥â°—∫
ª√–™“™π∑—Ë«‰ª‰¥â πÕ°®“°π’È°“√§”π«≥§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¬—ߢ÷Èπ°—∫·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ß
ACETONE 47
§≥‘μ»“ μ√å∑’Ëπ”¡“„™â ∂÷ß·¡â®–„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡¥’¬«°—π ·μà·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ß
§≥‘μ»“ μ√å∑’Ë„™âμà“ß°—π §à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬∑’˧”π«≥‰¥â°Á·μ°μà“ß°—π¥â«¬ °“√ª√–‡¡‘π
§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߬—ß¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑’Ë ”§—≠Õ’°ª√–°“√ §◊Õ ¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ dynamic À¡“¬§«“¡«à“
§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ ”À√—∫¡πÿ…¬å∑’˧”π«≥‰¥âπ—Èπ‰¡à„™à§à“§ß∑’Ë ·μà “¡“√∂‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉¥â
∂â“¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ߥâ“π«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å∑’ˉ¥â®“°»÷°…“„À¡àÀ√◊Õ¡’«‘∏’°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬„À¡à
°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬ߇ªìπ¢—ÈπμÕπ·√°¢Õß°“√«‘‡§√“–À姫“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk analysis)
´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 3 ¢—ÈπμÕπ §◊Õ °“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’Ë¬ß °“√®—¥°“√§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk
management) ·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk communication) ‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡‡¢â“„®„π
¢—ÈπμÕπ¢Õß°“√«‘‡§√“–À姫“¡‡ ’ˬߢլ°μ—«Õ¬à“ß ¥—ßπ’È °√≥’‡°‘¥¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õßμ–°—Ë«
„π·À≈àßπÈ”∏√√¡™“μ‘„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π·ÀàßÀπ÷Ëß∑’˧«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 5 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡ (5 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√) ´÷Ëß
‡ªìπ∑’Ë π„®·≈–°—ß«≈„®¢Õߪ√–™“™π¥â«¬§”∂“¡«à“ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¥—ß°≈à“«®–‡ªìπÕ—πμ√“¬
μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à·≈–®–¡’«‘∏’®—¥°“√Õ¬à“߉√ ¢—ÈπμÕπ·√°ºŸâ∫√‘À“√®–
„À⺟âª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk assessor) ‡ªìπºŸâª√–‡¡‘π«à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õßμ–°—Ë«„π·À≈àß
πÈ”π—Èπ‡ªìπÕ—πμ√“¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π∑’Ë„™âπÈ”®“°·À≈àßπÈ”π—ÈπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à‚¥¬„™â
À≈—°°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’Ë¬ß ´÷ËßμâÕß¡’°“√»÷°…“°“√„™âπÈ”¢Õߪ√–™“™π„πæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕ¬à“ß≈–‡Õ’¬¥
„π°√≥’∑’˺≈°“√»÷°…“ √ÿª«à“ ¡’§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߄π°“√„™âπÈ” ”À√—∫°“√Õÿª‚¿§∫√‘‚¿§ ¢—ÈπμÕπ
μàÕ‰ªºŸâ∫√‘À“√®”‡ªìπμâÕߥ”‡π‘π°“√®—¥°“√§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß ‡™àπ øóôπøŸ·À≈àßπÈ”¥—ß°≈à“« À√◊Õ
À“·À≈àßπÈ”·Ààß„À¡à„Àâª√–™“™π„™â ·≈–¢—ÈπμÕπ ÿ¥∑⓬®÷߇ªìπ°“√ ◊ËÕ “√°—∫ª√–™“™π∂÷ß
§«“¡‡ ’ˬß∑’ËÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√„™âπÈ”®“°·À≈àßπÈ”π—Èπ ·≈–«‘∏’°“√®—¥°“√·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“¢Õß
ºŸâ∫√‘À“√„Àâª√–™“™π∑√“∫
2.1 Àπ૬ߓπ¥â“π°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬß(1) U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) ‡ªìπ
Àπ૬ߓπÀ≈—°∑’Ë»÷°…“‡√◊ËÕß°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’Ë¬ß „π¢—ÈπμÕπ dose-response assessment
π—Èπ U.S. EPA √“¬ß“π§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¢Õß “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áߥ⫬§à“ reference dose (RfD)
·≈– reference concentration (RfC) U.S. EPA ‰¥â§”π«≥§à“ RfD/RfC ¢Õß “√‡§¡’
¡“°°«à“ 500 “√æ√âÕ¡∑—Èß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥°“√§”π«≥ “¡“√∂ ◊∫§âπ‰¥â®“° website
www.epa.gov/iris
(2) ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)
‡ªìπÕ’°Àπ૬ߓπÀπ÷ËߢÕß°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“∑’Ë»÷°…“‡√◊ËÕß°“√
ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬߢÕß “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Á߇∑à“π—Èπ ”À√—∫¢—ÈπμÕπ dose-response assessment
Õ– ’́‚μπ48
π—Èπ ATSDR √“¬ß“π§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¥â«¬§à“ Minimal Risk Level (MRL) ÷́ËßÀ≈—°°“√
§”π«≥‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫§à“ reference dose ¢Õß U.S. EPA ¢âÕ·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ß∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈
¢Õß ATSDR ·≈–¢Õß U.S. EPA §◊Õ ATSDR ®—¥∑” MRL ¢Õß “√‡§¡’‡ªìπ 3 √–¥—∫ §◊Õ
√–¥—∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π (acute) √–¥—∫ª“π°≈“ß (intermediate) ·≈– √–¥—∫‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß (chronic)
‚¥¬§à“ chronic MRL π—Èπ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ RfD ¢Õß U.S. EPA „π°√≥’∑’Ë¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√»÷°…“
¥â“πæ‘…«‘∑¬“¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡’√–¬–‡«≈“°“√»÷°…“πâÕ¬°«à“ chronic π—Èπ ATSDR ‰¥â®—¥∑”
§à“ MRL ”À√—∫ acute ·≈– intermediate ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫√–¬–‡«≈“°“√»÷°…“ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª∂â“
°“√»÷°…“πâÕ¬°«à“ 2 ‡¥◊Õπ ®–‰¥â§à“ acute MRL ∂â“√–¬–‡«≈“°“√»÷°…“ 2 ‡¥◊Õπ - 1 ªï
®–‰¥â§à“ intermediate MRL ∑”„Àâ°“√π”§à“ MRL ‰ª„™â ‰¥â°«â“ߢ«“ß°«à“§à“ RfD ¢Õß
U.S. EPA ´÷Ëß„™â‡©æ“–º≈∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π (chronic effects) ‡∑à“π—Èπ
2.2 ¢—ÈπμÕπ¢Õß°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬ߰“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk assessment) À¡“¬∂÷ß °√–∫«π°“√ª√–‡¡‘π‚Õ°“
∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥º≈‡ ’¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’ º≈¢Õß°“√ª√–‡¡‘π
§«“¡‡ ’ˬßπ’ȇªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ”§—≠∑’˺Ÿâ∫√‘À“√§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk manager) „™âª√–°Õ∫°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®
°àÕ𥔇π‘π°“√μà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (πÈ” Õ“°“» ¥‘π
·≈–Õ“À“√) „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫∑’˪≈Õ¥¿—¬ °“√√«∫√«¡·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å
μ≈Õ¥®π°“√ √ÿªº≈°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’Ë¬ß °√–∑”‚¥¬ºŸâ«‘‡§√“–À姫“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk assessor)
°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 4 ¢—ÈπμÕπ §◊Õ
(1) Hazard Identification ‡ªìπ°“√√«∫√«¡·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‡æ◊ËÕ √ÿª«à“°“√
‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë°”≈—ß π„®Õ¬Ÿàπ—Èπ¡’º≈‡ ’¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬À√◊Õ‰¡à ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’ “√‡§¡’
‡æ’¬ß‰¡à°’Ë “√‡∑à“π—Èπ∑’Ë¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…„π¡πÿ…¬åÕ¬à“ß·πà™—¥ ¥—ßπ—Èπ hazard identification
¢Õß “√‡§¡’®÷ß√«¡∂÷ߺ≈°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õߥ⫬
°“√ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’ˬ߮–À¬ÿ¥‡æ’¬ß·§à¢—ÈπμÕπ hazard identification ‡∑à“π—Èπ
∂Ⓣ¡àæ∫«à“°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë°”≈—ß»÷°…“Õ¬Ÿàπ’È∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈‡ ’¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å
(2) Dose-Response Evaluation ‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߪ√‘¡“≥¢Õß
“√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫·≈–§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕߧ«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…∑—È߇™‘ߧÿ≥¿“æ (qualitative) ·≈–‡™‘ߪ√‘¡“≥
(quantitative) ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ à«π„À≠à‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß ·≈–Õ“®¡’∫“ß à«π
∑’Ë ‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“„π¡πÿ…¬å °“√§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߮“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’®–∑”‰¥âπ—Èπ
μâÕß∑√“∫§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏凙‘ߪ√‘¡“≥√–À«à“ߧ«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…·≈–ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫
(dose-response relationship) ¥â«¬ „π¢—ÈπμÕππ’È·∫àß “√‡§¡’‡ªìπ 2 °≈ÿà¡ §◊Õ
ACETONE 49
(2.1) “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß (non-carcinogen) √«¡∂÷ß “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë ‰¡à¡’º≈
μàÕ¬’π (non-genetic carcinogen) ·≈–§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…Õ¬à“ßÕ◊Ëπ∑’ˉ¡à „™à°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß
(non-carcinogenic effects) ¢Õß “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß ·π«§«“¡§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß §◊Õ
“√‡§¡’°≈ÿà¡π’È· ¥ß threshold ÷́ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë “¡“√∂√—∫‡¢â“ Ÿà
√à“ß°“¬‰¥â∑ÿ°«—π‚¥¬‰¡à∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„¥Ê
(2.2) “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë¡’º≈μàÕ¬’π (genetic carcinogen) ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß
®–„™â·π«§«“¡§‘¥∑’Ë«à“ “√°≈ÿà¡π’È ‰¡à¡’ threshold ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ‰¡à«à“®–‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ
¡–‡√Áߪ√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥°Áμ“¡ ·¡â‡æ’¬ß 1 ‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈°Á¡’‚Õ°“ (probability) ∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥
¡–‡√Á߉¥â
(3) Exposure Assessment ‡ªìπ°“√ª√–‡¡‘πª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬åÀπ÷ËߧπÀ√◊Õ
ª√–™“°√Àπ÷Ëß°≈ÿࡉ¥â√—∫®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¢—ÈπμÕππ’Èπ—∫«à“¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠Õ¬à“ß¡“°¢Õß°“√
ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡‡ ’Ë¬ß ∑—Èßπ’ȇæ√“–§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‡§¡’®–‰¡à‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∂Ⓣ¡à‰¥â√—∫ “√π—Èπ
·≈–§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕߧ«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢÷Èπ°—∫ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ ¥—ßπ—Èπ ∂â“°“√ª√–‡¡‘π
ª√‘¡“≥ “√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º‘¥æ≈“¥®“°§«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß °“√§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߰Á®–¡’§«“¡§≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπ
(uncertainty) Ÿß
(4) Risk Characterization ‡ªìπ°“√√«∫√«¡‡Õ“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–º≈°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢Õß
“¡¢—ÈπμÕπ∑’ˉ¥â°≈à“«¡“·≈â«¢â“ßμâπ¡“„™â§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’ˬßÀ√◊Õ‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥º≈‡ ’¬„π
¡πÿ…¬å®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’
Risk AssessmentData
Collection & Evaluation
ExposureAssessment
ToxicityAssessment
RiskCharacterization
Õ– ’́‚μπ50
2.3 Dose-response Assessment ”À√—∫ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß„π¢—ÈπμÕπ dose-response assessment ”À√—∫ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áßπ’È ®”‡ªìπμâÕß„™â
§à“μà“ßÊ ∑“ßæ‘…«‘∑¬“ ‰¥â·°àNOEL (no-observed-effect level) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥
´÷Ë߉¥â√—∫∑ÿ°«—π·≈⫉¡à∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„¥ÊμàÕ√à“ß°“¬NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’
∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ́ ÷Ë߉¥â√—∫∑ÿ°«—π·≈⫉¡à∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…À√◊Õº≈‡ ’¬ (adverse effects) „¥ÊμàÕ√à“ß°“¬
§«“¡·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ß NOEL ·≈– NOAEL Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë endpoint ∑’Ë∑”°“√»÷°…“ ‡™àπ “√‡§¡’ “√Àπ÷Ëß¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘„π°“√√—°…“‚√§§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß‚¥¬°“√¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥¥—ßπ—Èπ §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘π’È ‰¡àπ—∫«à“‡ªì𧫓¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‡§¡’ “√π’È ·μà‡¡◊ËÕ„Àâ “√π’È„πª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ®÷ß∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈¢â“߇§’¬ß (adverse effect) À√◊Õ§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢÷È𠇙àπ º≈μàÕμ—∫´÷Ëß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°√–¥—∫‡Õπ‰´¡å ALT (alanine transaminase) À√◊Õ SGPT (serumglutamate pyruvate transaminase) „π‡≈◊Õ¥∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¥—ßπ—Èπ ª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’ˉ¡à∑”„ÀâÀ≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥¢¬“¬μ—« §◊Õ §à“ NOEL ·≈–ª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë ‰¡à∑”„Àâ§à“ ALT„π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß¢÷Èπ §◊Õ §à“ NOAEL „π∑“ߪؑ∫—쑇ªìπ°“√¬“°∑’Ë®–∑”°“√»÷°…“ endpoint ‰¥â∑ÿ°™π‘¥‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ ‰¥â§à“ NOEL à«π„À≠à®–»÷°…“‡©æ“– endpoint ”§—≠Ê ‡™àπ πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß º≈μàÕμ—∫ ÷́ËßÕ“®»÷°…“∂÷ß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß liver enzymes μà“ßÊ „π‡≈◊Õ¥ ·≈–°“√°àÕ„À⇰‘¥¡–‡√Áß ‡ªìπμâπ endpoint ‡À≈à“π’È· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‡§¡’ ¥—ßπ—Èπ§à“∑’ˉ¥â°Á§◊Õ§à“ NOAEL π—Ëπ‡Õß „π∑“ßæ‘…«‘∑¬“§à“ NOAEL ®÷߇ªìπ§à“∑’Ë¡’°“√𔉪„™âª√–‚¬™π剥⡓°°«à“§à“ NOEL
LOEL (lowest-observed-effect level) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’ËπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥ ´÷Ë߉¥â√—∫∑ÿ°«—π·≈â«∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß√à“ß°“¬Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëߢ÷Èπ
LOAEL (lowest-observed-adverse-effect level) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’ËπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥ ́ ÷Ë߉¥â√—∫∑ÿ°«—π·≈â«∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…À√◊Õº≈‡ ’¬μàÕ√à“ß°“¬ (adverseeffect) Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëߢ÷Èπ ÷́Ëß¡—°‡ªì𧫓¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’Ë°≈—∫§◊π‰¥â (reversible change) ‡™àπfatty liver, πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß
§«“¡·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ß LOEL ·≈– LOAEL “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬‰¥â‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫§«“¡·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ß NOEL ·≈– NOAEL
°“√∑¥≈ÕßÀ“§à“ NOEL, NOAEL, LOEL, ·≈– LOAEL ∑”‰¥â‚¥¬»÷°…“§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘À√◊Õ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß·μà≈–μ—«„π·μà≈– dose„Àâ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥‡∑à“∑’Ë®–∑”‰¥â μ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√∑¥≈Õß· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.1
ACETONE 51
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.1 °“√∑¥≈Õß„πÀπŸ´÷Ë߉¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’˺ ¡„πÕ“À“√‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 2 ªï
¢âÕ —߇°μ §à“∑—Èß ’Ë¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ§à“®√‘ß∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√°“√∑¥≈Õ߇∑à“π—Èπ ‰¡à„™à‰¥â®“°
°“√§”π«≥∑“ß ∂‘μ‘ ‡™àπ §à“ LD50 À√◊Õ LC50
dose* °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“ß欓∏‘«‘∑¬“·≈–™’«‡§¡’ §à“∑’ˉ¥â
0.1 πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπμ“¡ª°μ‘ NOEL
μ√«®‰¡àæ∫°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕ«—¬«–„¥Ê
0.5 πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß 4%
πÈ”Àπ—°μ—∫/πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 6%
μ√«®æ∫ fat droplet „π hepatocyte ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡≈Á°πâÕ¬
μ√«®‰¡àæ∫§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„πÕ«—¬«–Õ◊ËπÊ
1.0 πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß 7% NOAEL
πÈ”Àπ—°μ—∫/πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 8%
μ√«®æ∫ fat droplet „π hepatocyte ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡≈Á°πâÕ¬
μ√«®‰¡àæ∫§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„πÕ«—¬«–Õ◊ËπÊ
2.0 πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß 12%** LOAEL
πÈ”Àπ—°μ—∫/πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 18%
μ√«®æ∫ fat droplet ®”π«π¡“°„π hepatocyte
5.0 πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß 16%**
πÈ”Àπ—°μ—∫/πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 25%
μ√«®æ∫ fat droplet ®”π«π¡“°„π hepatocyte
* ®”π«πÀπŸ∑’Ë„™â 250 μ—«/°≈ÿà¡ ·≈– dose ∑’Ë„™â‡ªìπ ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π** ·μ°μà“ß®“°°≈ÿࡧ«∫§ÿ¡ (control group) Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠
Õ– ’́‚μπ52
‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√„™â§à“ NOAEL ‡ªìπ°“√„™â§à“∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß‡æ’¬ß§à“‡¥’¬« ‰¡à‰¥â„™â
dose-response relationship ¢Õß “√‡§¡’ °“√‡≈◊Õ° dose „π°“√∑¥≈Õß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠
Õ¬à“߬‘ËßμàÕ§à“ NOAEL °“√∑¥≈Õß∑’Ë¡’°“√„™â®”π«π dose ∑’Ëμà“ß°—π¡“° Õ“®¡’º≈∑”„Àâ§à“
NOAEL ¡’§à“¡“°À√◊ÕπâÕ¬°«à“§«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘߉¥â ‡™àπ °“√∑¥≈Õß„πÀπŸ ¡’°“√‡≈◊Õ° dose
√«¡ 5 dose ¥—ß· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 NOAEL ∑’ˉ¥â¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 1.0 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡
πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ·μà∂Ⓡ≈◊Õ°‡æ’¬ß 4 dose §◊Õ 0.1, 0.5, 2.0 ·≈– 5.0 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡
πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ¥—ßπ—Èπ §à“ NOAEL ∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß §◊Õ 0.5 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡
πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ´÷Ëß¡’§à“πâÕ¬°«à“∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“‚¥¬„™â 5 dose ¥—ßπ—Èπ ‡æ◊ËÕ·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“
¥—ß°≈à“«·≈–¡’°“√„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®√‘ß∑ÿ°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë ‰¥â®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß ®÷ß¡’°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π¡“„™â§à“
benchmark dose (BMD) ·∑π§à“ NOAEL °“√§”π«≥§à“ benchmark dose π—ÈπμâÕß
§”π«≥®“° model ∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡°—∫ data ∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥‡æ’¬ß model ‡¥’¬«
benchmark dose ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥ “√∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥ response „π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß 5% À√◊Õ 10%
μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â ‚¥¬„™â§à“ lower limit ¢Õß benchmark dose (BMDL) „π°“√§”π«≥§à“
RfD
Reference dose (RfD) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å “¡“√∂√—∫‡¢â“ Ÿà
√à“ß°“¬‰¥â∑ÿ°«—π‚¥¬‰¡à∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„¥Ê μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬ RfD ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ëπ”¡“
„™â·∑π ADI (acceptable daily intake) ´÷Ëß·μà‡¥‘¡„™â‡©æ“–°—∫ food additives ∑’Ë¡’°“√
‡μ‘¡≈ß„πÕ“À“√‚¥¬§«“¡®ß„® μàÕ¡“¡’°“√π”‡Õ“À≈—°°“√¢Õß ADI ¡“„™â°—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë
ªπ‡ªóôÕπ„πÕ“À“√ πÈ”¥◊Ë¡ Õ“°“» ·≈–¥‘𠧔π«≥ RfD ‰¥â®“° ¡°“√ (2.1)
RfD = NOAEL À√◊Õ BMDL5/10/(UF × MF) ................................... (2.1)
UF (uncertainty factor) ‡ªìπ§à“∑’Ëπ”¡“„™â‡æ◊ËÕ·°â ‰¢§«“¡‰¡à·πàπÕπ (uncertainty)
∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√π”‡Õ“ NOAEL „π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß¡“§”π«≥§à“ RfD ”À√—∫¡πÿ…¬å
UF ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ factor ¬àÕ¬ ‰¥â·°à
- factor 10H ‡ªìπ factor ∑’Ë„™â ”À√—∫·°â ‰¢ uncertainty ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π
ª√–™“°√ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡πÿ…¬å·μà≈–§π¡’§«“¡‰« (sensitivity) μàÕ “√‡§¡’
‰¡à‡∑à“°—π factor π’È„™â‡æ◊ËÕª°ªÑÕß¡πÿ…¬å∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‰«μàÕ “√‡§¡’¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥
·≈–‡ªìπ factor æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’ËμâÕß„™â„π°“√§”π«≥§à“ RfD ∑ÿ°§√—Èß
- factor 10A ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡à¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π¡πÿ…¬åÀ√◊Õ¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ ®÷ß®”‡ªìπ
μâÕß„™â§à“ NOAEL ∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß (chronic study)
„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß °“√π”‡Õ“§à“ extrapolate ∑’ˉ¥â®“° —μ«å∑¥≈Õß¡“„™â„π
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¡πÿ…¬å μâÕß¡’°“√·°â ‰¢‚¥¬„Àâæ‘®“√≥“«à“¡πÿ…¬å¡’§«“¡‰«μàÕ “√‡§¡’
¡“°°«à“ —μ«å∑¥≈Õß ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª®–æ‘®“√≥“„Àâ¡πÿ…¬å¡’§«“¡‰«‡ªìπ 10 ‡∑à“
À√◊Õ 1 log scale ¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√§”π«≥§à“ RfD ®÷ßÀ“√§à“ NOAEL ¥â«¬ 10
”À√—∫ factor π’È
- factor 10S ∂â“§à“ NOAEL ∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß∑’Ë¡’√–¬–‡«≈“
πâÕ¬°«à“°“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß ‡™àπ πâÕ¬°«à“ 2 ªï„πÀπŸ rat §à“
NOAEL ∑’Ë ‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“πâÕ¬°«à“ 2 ªï®–¡’§à“¡“°°«à“§à“ NOAEL
∑’Ë∑”°“√»÷°…“‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 2 ªï ®÷ßμâÕß·°â ‰¢‚¥¬°“√À“√¥â«¬ factor 10
- factor 10L „π°√≥’∑’ˉ¡à¡’·¡â·μà§à“ NOAEL ·≈–®”‡ªìπμâÕß„™â§à“ LOAEL
·∑π ‡π◊ËÕß®“° LOAEL ¡’§à“¡“°°«à“ NOAEL ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ßμâÕß·°â ‰¢§à“
LOAEL ‚¥¬°“√À“√¥â«¬ factor 10
- factor 10D (deficiency of information) ”À√—∫°√≥’∑’ˉ¡à¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈
æ‘…«‘∑¬“μàÕ√–∫∫ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå·≈–°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ (reproductive and
developmental toxicity)
factor ∑—Èß 5 ∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“π’È ·μà≈– factor ¬—ߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ çfactor ¬àÕ¬¿“¬„πé
Õ’° 2 factor §Ÿ≥°—π¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 10 ¥—ßπ—Èπ ·μà≈– çfactor ¬àÕ¬¿“¬„πé
¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ (10)1/2 ‚¥¬¡’§à“ª√–¡“≥‡∑à“°—∫ 3 ·≈–„Àâº≈§Ÿ≥¢Õß 3 Õßμ—«
¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 10
MF (modifying factor) ‡ªìπ factor ∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–§«“¡πà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ
¢ÕߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ëπ”¡“„™â ‡™àπ ®”π«π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß„π·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë„™â„π°“√À“§à“ NOAEL
√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß°“√∑¥≈Õß¡’¡“°πâÕ¬·§à‰À𠇙àπ °“√μ√«®∑“ß欓∏‘«‘∑¬“ (pathology)
∑”‰¥â≈–‡Õ’¬¥·≈–∂Ÿ°μâÕ߇撬߄¥ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡À≈à“π’ȇªìπ°“√· ¥ß§«“¡πà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ¢Õߺ≈°“√
∑¥≈Õß MF ¡’§à“Õ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß > 0 ·≈– 10 default value ¢Õß MF ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 1
2.4 Dose-Response Assessment ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áßdose-response assessment ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß¡’§«“¡¬ÿà߬“°°«à“ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß
∑—Èßπ’ȇæ√“– dose-response ¢Õß “√°àÕ¡–‡√Á߉¡à¡’ threshold ·μà°“√»÷°…“°“√‡°‘¥
¡–‡√Áß∑”‰¥â‡©æ“–∑’Ë dose ŸßÊ °“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë dose μË”Ê π—Èπ∑”°“√»÷°…“§àÕπ¢â“ß
¬“°¡“°‡æ√“–®”‡ªìπμâÕß„™â —μ«å∑¥≈Õß®”π«π¡À“»“≈‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡ÀÁπº≈°“√∑¥≈Õß ¥—ßπ—Èπ
®÷ßμâÕßÕ“»—¬·∫∫®”≈Õß (model) „π°“√ extrapolate °“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß®“° dose Ÿß¡“¬—ß
dose μË”Ê „πªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’ model μà“ßÊ „Àâ‡≈◊Õ°„™â ‡™àπ
Õ– ’́‚μπ54
ë Weibull model
ë Logit model
ë One-hit model
ë Multi-hit model
ë Multistage model
„π∑’Ëπ’È®–Õ∏‘∫“¬‡©æ“– one-hit model ·≈– multistage model ÷́Ë߇ªìπ model
∑’Ë U.S. EPA „™â§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߮“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß
2.4.1 One-hit model
¡¡ÿμ‘∞“π¢Õß one-hit model §◊Õ ‡¡◊ËÕÕߧåª√–°Õ∫¿“¬„π‡´≈≈åª°μ‘¿“¬„π√à“ß°“¬
∂Ÿ°‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥ⫬ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Á߇撬ߧ√—È߇¥’¬«À√◊Õ‡√’¬°«à“∂Ÿ° hit ‡æ’¬ß§√—È߇¥’¬« ‡´≈≈åπ—Èπ
®–¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª®π‡°‘¥‡ªìπ¡–‡√Áß´÷Ëß®–„™â‡«≈“π“π‡∑à“„¥°Á‰¥â ‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥
¡–‡√Áß “¡“√∂§”π«≥‰¥â‚¥¬„™â ¡°“√
P(d) = 1 − exp [− (qo + q1d)] ........................................... (2.2)
‚¥¬ P(d) ‡ªìπ‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë dose = d
q0 ·≈– q1 ‡ªìπ§à“§ß∑’Ë
®“° mathematical expansion
exp[x] = 12
2
+ + + +xx x
n
n
!......
!.............................................. (2.3)
”À√—∫ x ∑’Ë¡’§à“πâÕ¬ ¡°“√ (2.3) “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π‰¥â‡ªìπ
exp[x] = 1 + x .............................................................................. (2.4)
°“√ª√–¡“≥§à“ exp[x] ¥â«¬ 1 + x π’È ¡’§«“¡∂Ÿ°μâÕ߇©æ“–‡¡◊ËÕ x ¡’§à“πâÕ¬Ê ‡∑à“π—Èπ
¥—ß· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.2
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μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.2 °“√ª√–¡“≥§à“ exp[x] ¥â«¬ 1 + x
®“° ¡°“√ (2.2) ·≈– (2.4) ®–‰¥â
P(d) = 1 − [ 1 + {− (q0 + q1d)}]
P(d) = q0 + q1d .............................................................................................................. (2.5)
∑’Ë d = 0, À¡“¬∂÷ß ‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áߢ÷Èπ‡Õß (spontaneous)
P(o) = q0 ................................................................................................................................................................................ (2.6)
®“° ¡°“√ (2.5) ·≈– (2.6) ®–‰¥â
P(d) = P(o) + q1d
∂â“„Àâ additional risk, A(d) = P(d) − P(o)
A(d) = q1d ......................................................................................................................... (2.7)
A(d) ‡ªìπ‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë dose = d ‡æ’¬ß
Õ¬à“߇¥’¬«¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë dose = d
´÷Ë߉¥â®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß≈∫¥â«¬‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Õß (dose = 0)
¡°“√ (2.7) ‡ªìπ ¡°“√∑’Ë„™â ”À√—∫°“√§”π«≥ risk ‚¥¬ one-hit model
2.4.2 Multistage model
¡¡ÿμ‘∞“π¢Õß multistage §◊Õ ‡´≈≈媰μ‘μâÕß¡’°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π¡“°°«à“Àπ÷Ëߢ—ÈπμÕπ
(stage) ®÷ß®–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ¡–‡√Á߉¥â °“√∑’ˇ´≈≈凪≈’Ë¬π®“° stage Àπ÷Ë߉ªÕ’° stage Àπ÷Ë߉¥âπ—Èπ
x§à“®√‘ß §à“ª√–¡“≥ (1+x) x 100
exp[x] 1 + x exp[x]
1 2.71828 2 73.57 %
0.1 1.10517 1.1 99.53 %
0.01 1.01005 1.01 99.995 %
0.001 1.0010005 1.001 99.99995 %
0.0001 1.000100005 1.0001 99.9999995 %
Õ– ’́‚μπ56
‡´≈≈åμâÕß∂Ÿ° hit ¡“°°«à“Àπ÷Ëߧ√—Èß ‡π◊ËÕß®“° model π’ÈÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Á߉¥â„°≈⇧’¬ß
°—∫°≈‰°°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Á߉¥â¥’°«à“ one-hit model ¥—ßπ—Èπ U.S. EPA ®÷߉¥â‡ª≈’ˬπ°“√
§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߮“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß®“° one-hit model ¡“‡ªìπ multistage model
·≈–¬—ߧ߄™â¡“®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π ‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß “¡“√∂§”π«≥‰¥â‚¥¬„™â ¡°“√
P(d) = 1 − exp [− (q0 + q1d + q2d2 + ......qnd
n)] ............................................. (2.8)
∑’Ë dose μË”¡“°Ê ∑”„Àâ·μà≈–§à“¢Õß d2, ....., dn = 0 ¥—ßπ—Èπ ¡°“√ (2.8) “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π
‰¥â‡ªìπ
P(d) = 1 − exp [− (q0 + q1d)] .................................................................................. (2.9)
‡√“ “¡“√∂§”π«≥§à“ additional risk ‰¥â‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫ one-hit model
A(d) = q1d
∂÷ß·¡â ¡°“√‡√‘Ë¡μâπ¢Õß multistage model ‡ªìπ polynomial equation ·μà∑’Ë
dose μË”¡“°Ê multistage model „Àâ ¡°“√‡ âπμ√ß ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷߇√’¬° model π’È«à“
linearized multistage model (LMS model)
¡°“√ ”À√—∫°“√§”π«≥ additional risk ¢Õß one-hit model ·≈– linearized
multistage model ‡À¡◊Õπ°—π §◊Õ A(d) = q1d
”À√—∫°“√∑¥≈Õ߇¥’¬«°—π §à“ q1 ´÷Ëߧ”π«≥‚¥¬ model ∑—Èß ÕßÕ“®‰¡à‡∑à“°—π
‡æ√“–°“√§”π«≥À“§à“ q1 π—È𠧔π«≥®“° ¡°“√‡√‘Ë¡μâπ¢Õß·μà≈– model §◊Õ ”À√—∫
one-hit model §”π«≥‚¥¬„™â ¡°“√ (2.2) ·≈– ”À√—∫ linearized multistage model
§”π«≥‚¥¬„™â ¡°“√ (2.8) ¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷߇¢’¬π ¡°“√°“√§”π«≥ additional risk ¢Õß
linearized multistage model ‡ªìπ
A(d) = q1* × d ............................................................................................................... (2.10)
q1* Õà“π«à“ q-one-star
¡°“√ (2.10) “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π„À¡à‰¥â‡ªìπ
Risk = CPS × CDI ..................................................................................................... (2.11)
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°√“ø∑’Ë √â“ߢ÷Èπ√–À«à“ߧ«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk) ·≈– ª√‘¡“≥ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’ˉ¥â√—∫„π
·μà≈–«—π (CDI) ‡ªìπ‡ âπμ√ß ¡’§à“§«“¡™—π‡∑à“°—∫ CPS À√◊Õ carcinogenic potency
slope ¡’Àπ૬‡ªìπ (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π)− 1 ¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 2.1
CPS „™â· ¥ß∂÷ß»—°¬¿“æ¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥¡–‡√Áß„π¡πÿ…¬å ∂â“ “√„¥¡’§à“
CPS ¡“° À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ “√π—Èπ¡’»—°¬¿“æ∑’Ë®–∑”„À⇰‘¥¡–‡√Á߉¥â Ÿß À√◊Õ∑”„À⇰‘¥¡–‡√Áß
‰¥â„πª√‘¡“≥μË”Ê carcinogenic potency slope π’ÈÕ“®‡√’¬°«à“ cancer slope factor
(CSF)
§à“ RfDo, RfDi, CPSo ·≈– CPSi ¢Õß “√‡§¡’ª√–¡“≥ 550 “√ “¡“√∂
◊∫§âπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‰¥â®“° internet ∑’Ë http://www.epa.gov/iris.
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2.1 §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߧ«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk) ·≈–ª√‘¡“≥ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß
∑’ˉ¥â√—∫„π·μà≈–«—π (CDI)
2.5 Exposure Assessment‡ªìπ¢—ÈπμÕπ°“√ª√–‡¡‘π°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’®“°∑ÿ°«‘∏’∑“ß (route) «‘∏’À≈—°∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å
‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¡’ 3 ∑“ß §◊Õ °“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑“ߪ“° ®“°°“√À“¬„®
·≈–¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ºà“πº‘«Àπ—ß
°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑“ߪ“°‡ªìπ°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„πÕ“À“√·≈–πÈ”¥◊Ë¡ ·≈–
¬—߉¥â√—∫®“°°“√∫√‘‚¿§¥‘π´÷Ë߇√“‰¥â√—∫‚¥¬‰¡àμ—Èß„® ‡™àπ °“√‡™Á¥ª“°¥â«¬¡◊Õ∑’ˇªóôÕπ¥‘π
°“√∫√‘‚¿§º—°º≈‰¡â∑’ˇªóôÕπ¥‘π
Risk
Slope = CPS
CDI
(¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π)
Õ– ’́‚μπ58
„π°“√ª√–‡¡‘π¢—ÈπμÕππ’È®”‡ªìπμâÕß∑√“∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„πÕ“À“√ πÈ”¥◊Ë¡
Õ“°“» ·≈–¥‘π∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫ª√–™“™π·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡ ®÷ßμâÕß¡’°“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß ”À√—∫°“√
μ√«®«‘‡§√“–ÀåÕ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ‡æ◊ËÕ∑√“∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ∑’ËÕ“®‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßμ“¡√–¬–‡«≈“
CDI (chronic daily intake À√◊Õ lifetime average daily dose; LADD) §◊Õ
§à“‡©≈’ˬ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥ “√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫„π·μà≈–«—π ¡’Àπ૬‡ªìπ ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π
CDI = total dose/(body weight × ATn) ......................................................... (2.12)
total dose = concentration × daily intake × EFr × EDtot × % Abs ............ (2.13)
daily intake À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥Õ“°“» πÈ”¥◊Ë¡ ¥‘π À√◊ÕÕ“À“√∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬åª°μ‘∫√‘‚¿§
„π·μà≈–«—π ¥—ß· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.3
% Abs À¡“¬∂÷ß √âÕ¬≈–¢Õß°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ “√‡§¡’‡¢â“ Ÿà√à“ß°“¬ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª∂Ⓣ¡à¡’
¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡¢Õß “√‡§¡’„¥ „Àâ„™â 100% ‡ªìπ default value „π°“√§”π«≥
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.3 §”¬àÕ æ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å ·≈–§à“¢Õß·μà≈–æ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å∑’Ë„™â ”À√—∫°“√§”π«≥
„π¢—ÈπμÕπ risk characterization
§”¬àÕ æ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å §à“∑’Ë„™â
CPSo §à“§«“¡™—π¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß‚¥¬°“√°‘π * (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡/«—π)− 1
CPSi §à“§«“¡™—π¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß‚¥¬°“√À“¬„® * (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡/«—π)− 1
RfDo reference dose ‚¥¬°“√°‘π * ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡/«—πRfDi reference dose ‚¥¬∑“ßÀ“¬„® * ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡/«—πBWa πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«ºŸâ„À≠à 70 °‘‚≈°√—¡BWc πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«‡¥Á°Õ“¬ÿ 1-6 ªï 15 °‘‚≈°√—¡ATc ‡«≈“‡©≈’ˬ ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß 25,550 «—πATn ‡«≈“‡©≈’ˬ ”À√—∫ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß 365* EDIRAa ª√‘¡“μ√Õ“°“»∑’˺Ÿâ„À≠àÀ“¬„® 20 ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/«—πIRAc ª√‘¡“μ√Õ“°“»∑’ˇ¥Á°À“¬„® 12 ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/«—πIRWa ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”∑’˺Ÿâ„À≠à¥◊Ë¡ 2 ≈‘μ√/«—πIRWc ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”∑’ˇ¥Á°¥◊Ë¡ 1 ≈‘μ√/«—πIRSa ª√‘¡“≥¥‘π∑’˺Ÿâ„À≠à°‘π 100 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/«—πIRSc ª√‘¡“≥¥‘π∑’ˇ¥Á°°‘π 200 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/«—π
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§”¬àÕ æ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å §à“∑’Ë„™â
EFr ®”π«π«—π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫ “√ 350 «—π/ªï
EDtot √–¬–‡«≈“∑’˺Ÿâ„À≠à‰¥â√—∫ “√ 30 ªï
EDc √–¬–‡«≈“∑’ˇ¥Á°Õ“¬ÿ 1-6 ªï‰¥â√—∫ “√ 6 ªï
SAa æ◊Èπ∑’˺‘«Àπ—ߢÕߺŸâ„À≠à∑’Ë —¡º— “√
- ºŸâÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ 5,700 μ“√“߇´π쑇¡μ√/«—π
- §πß“π 3,300 μ“√“߇´π쑇¡μ√/«—π
SAc æ◊Èπ∑’˺‘«Àπ—ߢÕ߇¥Á°∑’Ë —¡º— “√ 3,300 μ“√“߇´π쑇¡μ√/«—π
AFa ª√‘¡“≥¥‘π∫πº‘«Àπ—ߺŸâ„À≠à
- ºŸâÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ 0.07 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/μ“√“߇´π쑇¡μ√
- §πß“π 0.2 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/μ“√“߇´π쑇¡μ√
AFc ª√‘¡“≥¥‘π∫πº‘«Àπ—߇¥Á° 0.2 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/μ“√“߇´π쑇¡μ√
Abs °“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡∑“ߺ‘«Àπ—ß
- “√°÷Ëß√–‡À¬‰¥â 0.1
- “√√–‡À¬ -
- “√Õπ‘π∑√’¬å -
EFr §«“¡∂’Ë¢Õß°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√ 350 «—π/ªï
- ºŸâÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬
EFo §«“¡∂’Ë¢Õß°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√
- §π∑”ß“π 250 «—π/ªï
EDr √–¬–‡«≈“∑’˺ŸâÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ (ºŸâ„À≠à) ‰¥â√—∫ “√ 30 ªï
EDc √–¬–‡«≈“∑’ˇ¥Á°‰¥â√—∫ “√ 6 ªï
EDo √–¬–‡«≈“∑’˧πß“π‰¥â√—∫ “√ 25 ªï
* §à“‡©æ“–¢Õß “√‡§¡’·μà≈–μ—«
μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.3 (μàÕ)
Õ– ’́‚μπ60
2.6 Risk characterization ¢Õß “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áßrisk characterization ¢Õß “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß ∑”‰¥â‚¥¬°“√§”π«≥À“ hazard quotient
(HQ)
HQ = CDI/RfD ...................................................................................... (2.14)
μ—«Õ¬à“ß ®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.1
UF = 10H × 10A = 100
‡π◊ËÕß®“°„™âÀπŸ„π·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡¡“° (250 μ—«/°≈ÿà¡) risk manager „™â§à“ MF = 0.8
RfD = 0.5/(100 × 0.8)
= 0.00625 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π
¡¡ÿμ‘ “√‡§¡’π’Ȫπ‡ªóôÕπ„ππÈ”ª√–ª“ ·≈–ª√–™“™π‰¥â√—∫„πª√‘¡“≥ 0.001 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/
°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π
HQ = 0.001/0.00625
= 0.16
HQ ¡’§à“πâÕ¬°«à“ 1 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ °“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’μ—«π’È„ππÈ”ª√–ª“¬—ß
Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫∑’˪≈Õ¥¿—¬μàÕ°“√∫√‘‚¿§
°“√§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß ”À√—∫ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß‚¥¬„™â HQ π—È𠇪ìπ‡æ’¬ß°“√
‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫ª√‘¡“≥∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°—∫ RfD ‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¡à„™à§à“∑’Ë· ¥ß§«“¡‡ ’ˬß∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ߥ—߇™àπ
risk characterization ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß ·μà risk manager °Á “¡“√∂„™â§à“ HQ „π
°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®‰¥â °≈à“«§◊Õ ∂â“ HQ ¡’§à“πâÕ¬°«à“À√◊Õ‡∑à“°—∫ 1 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ∂“π°“√≥å
°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’¬—߉¡à√ÿπ·√ß®πÕ“®‡ªìπÕ—πμ√“¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π
·μà∂â“ HQ ¡’§à“¡“°°«à“ 1 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ∂“π°“√≥å°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’§àÕπ¢â“ß
√ÿπ·√ß®πÕ“®‡ªìπÕ—πμ√“¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π‰¥â μâÕß¡’°“√·°â ‰¢À√◊Õ¥”‡π‘π
°“√‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ
ACETONE 61
2.7 Risk Characterization ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß®“° ¡°“√ (2.11) Risk = CPS × CDI
“¡“√∂§”π«≥§à“§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk) ®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß®“°ª√‘¡“≥ “√∑’Ë
‰¥â√—∫∑ÿ°«—π (CDI)
∂â“ risk ∑’˧”π«≥‰¥â‡°‘π°«à“§à“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â ´÷Ëß‚¥¬ª°μ‘Àπ૬ߓπμà“ßÊ ®–°”Àπ¥
risk ‰«â∑’Ë 10− 6 ºŸâ∫√‘À“√μâÕߥ”‡π‘π°“√·°â ‰¢