TRNG I HC TI CHNH MARKETING

KHOA O TO SAU I HC

TI LIU N TP MN TING ANH K THI TUYN SINH SAU I HC GRAMMAR FOCUS H thng ha nhng im thit yu trong ng php ting Anh. n tp k nng s dng ting Anh trnh trung cp- ngng (Intermediate/ Threshold). Cung cp cho hc vin mt nn tng c bn trong thc hnh hai k nng c v vit, p ng yu cu ca bi thi u vo. Gip hc vin lm quen vi cc k nng lm bi thi. NGUYEN HOANG QUE 06/12/2011

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A. GRAMMAR FOCUS

PART I: TENSES

1. THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE: Th hin ti n

Khi thy cc trng t ch s thng xuyn (adverb of frequency) nh: always (lun lun),

usually (thng thng), often (thng), frequently (thng xuyn), sometimes (thnh

thong), occasionally, seldom (him khi), rarely (t khi), never (khng bao gi), every (day,

week, month hng ngy, tun, thng), once a week, twice a day, th chia ng t chnh

th hin ti n. Xem xt ch t s nhiu hay s t ty theo m thm S/ES hay gi

nguyn ng t. (ng t tn cng bng SS, SH, TCH, X, O, Z th ta thm ES nu ch t l

ngi th 3 s t. Hoc ng t tn cng bng mt ph m + Y th ta i thnh IES nu ch t

l ngi th 3 s t.)

Ex: - She goes to school by bus every day.

- He usually studies late at night.

Th ny c dng din t mt hnh ng/ trng thi hin xy ra, hin c; mt s tht hin

nhin; mt tp qun/ c tnh; mt vic tng lai ln lch

Ex: This book belongs to me.

Mr. Brown drinks coffee after meal.

The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

Their train leaves at 9.00 tonight.

2. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE: Th hin ti tip din

2.1. Khi thy cc ch: now, at present, at the moment, while, Hurry up!, Look! th ta chia ng t

th Hin ti tip din. Nh phi mn ng t TO BE ri mi thm ING cho ng t chnh.

Ex: He is reading a book at the moment.

I, We, You, They, plural Noun + V1 + O

He, she, It, Name, singular Noun + V s / -es + O

I + am

We / you / they / plural Noun + are V-ing + O

He / she / it / name / singular + is

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3. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: Th hin ti hon thnh

3.1. Du hiu : just, rencently, already, not yet, never, ever, since + im thi gian, for +

khong thi gian, before, lately, so far, Its the first time, Up to now, How long

Ex: She has learned English for 3 years

I have already booked my flight to Bangkok.

3.2. Th ny c dng din t mt hnh ng va mi hon thnh; mt kt qu ca hnh

ng trong qu kh m n hin ti (lc ni) vn cn; mt kinh nghim n hin ti mi ngng;

mt vic mi n hin ti vn cn tip tc,

Ex: She has just written her letter.

Spring has come.

He left home last year and I have not seen him since.

Have you ever seen a whale?

I have lived in this city for 10 years.

4. PAST SIMPLE TENSE: Th qu kh n

Khi ta thy cc ch Last, yesterday, ago, in 1990 , when I was a child, this morning, th ta

chia ng t chnh th ny (thm ED hoc chn ng t bt quy tc ct 2 ca bng ng t

bt quy tc). Th ny c dng din t mt hnh ng/ trng thi xy ra v xong hn

trong qu kh; mt tp qun, kh nng trong qu kh; mt kinh nghim qu kh

Ex: They went to Singapore last month.

A terrible fire broke out downtown yesterday.

I wandered lonely in town last night.

He was happy when he lived in France.

She sang very well when she was young.

He used to smoke a lot.

Did you ever see a lion?

5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE: Th qu kh tip din

I, we, you, they, Plular Noun + Have + V3 / V ed + O

He, she it, Tn, Singular Noun + Has + V3 / V ed + O

S + V2/ V ed + O

We, You, They, plural Noun + were + V ing + O

He, She, It, I, Tn, Singular Noun + was + V ing + O

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Din t mt hnh ng ang thc hin d dang trong qu kh ti mt thi im c cp

n. (at + thi gian + this morning / yesterday / last night, at the time).

Ex: This time last year I was living in Brazil.

Din t mt hnh ng ang din ra trong qu kh th c mt hnh ng khc xy ra.

S + was / were + V ing + O when S + V2 / V ed + O

While + S + was / were + V ing + O, S + V2/ V-ed + O

Ex: Yesterday, while we were having dinner, Tom phoned me.

6. PAST PERFECT TENSE: Th qu kh hon thnh

Din t mt hnh ng xong trc hnh ng khc trong qu kh.

After + QKHT, QK hoc QK + after + QKHT

Before QK, QKHT hoc QKHT + before QK

Th qu kh hon thnh th i cp vi th qu kh n.

Ex: We had finished dinner by the time you arrived.

When she got to the airport, the plane had already taken off.

Din t mt kinh nghim chm dt trong mt thi gian qu kh.

Ex: I knew that place well for I had often been there before.

Din t mt hnh ng vn tip tc n mt thi gian qu kh no ..

Ex: He had been ill for 2 days when the doctor was sent for.

7. THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE: Th tng lai n.

Khi thy cc ch nh: Tomorrow, in 2010 , the day after tomorrow, next week, ta chia ng t

th tng lai. Th ny din t mt hnh ng, trng thi trong tng lai.

Ex: We will complete our MBA program in 2012.

8. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENES: Th tng lai tip din.

Subject + had + V3 / V ed + Object

I, We + will / shall + V1 + O

He, she, it you, they + will + V1 + O

S + will + be + V ing + O

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Din t mt hnh ng s ang din ra ti mt thi im trong tng lai theo s tng tng .

Ex: By this time next Sunday I will be swimming at the beach.

9. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: Th tng lai hon thnh

Din t mt hnh ng s c hon tt ti mt thi im trong tng lai theo s tng tng.

Ex: I intend to build this house in 3 months. I have built it for 2 months. So, I will have finished

it by next month.

10. THE NEAR FUTURE TENSE: Th tng lai gn.

Din t mt d nh hay mt vic chc chn s c thc hin trong tng lai.

Ex: We are going to complete our MBA course next month.

PRACTICE: Fill in the blank with the correct tense of verb in brackets:

1. Buses (pass) my house every day.

2. We (live) here since 1990.

3. He always (help) his father to plant the trees in the garden.

4. They (ride) home from school now.

5. She (fly) to New York tomorrow.

6. By the time next year, they (buy) a new house.

7. They have kissed their mother before they (leave) home for school.

8. I (go) to Dalat last week and I have stayed there for five days.

9. She sometimes ( cut) her husbands hair.

10. They rarely (remember) his address.

11. The boys (play) football in the field when I arrived.

12. She doesnt work, she (swim) now.

13. We (give) her 100 thousand dong last night.

14. Our teacher (teach) English at the moment.

15. We (swim) in the sea by this time tomorrow.

16. She (wash) the dirty plates in the kitchen with her mother.

17. When you phone him, he (help) me to wash the car.

S + will / shall + have + V3 / V ed + O

Subject + is / am / are / + going + to + V1 + Object

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18. I usually go buy bus tomorrow I (take) a taxi.

19. She (see) him at the supermarket yesterday.

20. We (eat) dinner before we came here.

21. They (spend) all the money last Monday.

22. I (go) to Ho Chi Minh city with my parents last week.

23. The police (catch) two thieves in Bien Hoa last night.

24. We (move) to Long Khanh in 1986.

25. Ann (draw) ten pictures for me last year.

26. The manager didnt allow the actors to travel by air while they (work) on film.

27. The neighbors often (complain) about the noise of this machine.

28. The Earth (go) round the Sun.

29. The Sun (rise) in the East.

30. Water (boil) at 100 centigrade degree.

31. What you (read) now?

32. Ann usually (do) the shopping at the weekend but today I

(do) it.

33. He usually drinks tea but today he (drink) coffee.

34. While we (plant) trees, the principal came and talked to us.

35. You cant see Tom now, he (have) a bath.

36. Ann (make) a new dress for her mother at the moment.

37. I (wear) the sunglasses today because the sun is very strong.

38. I usually go buy bus but tomorrow I (go) in Toms car.

39. I (not/tell) the secret if you dont promise.

40. The milk smells sour. you (keep) it for a long time?

41. you ever (see) him before?

42. This message (just, arrive).

43. We (already, meet) our friends in the school yard.

44. Peter seldom (work) in the garden. He often works in the office.

45. We (understand) the lesson well after he had explained slowly.

46. He spoke very slowly so that we (can) understand that.

47. We (hear) a terrible noise on the street yesterday.

48. they (go) to Dalat tomorrow morning.

49. We (fish) for 5 hours.

50. She (play) the piano when our guests (arrive) last night.

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51. She just (come) to see you since five oclock.

52.I (come) as soon as my work is finished.

53. We (not live) in London for the last two years.

54. They (prepare) the Christmas dinner today.

55. John (live) in the same house since he left school.

56. Our teacher (tell) us yesterday that he (visit) London

in 1990.

57. John (work) at the university for 45 years before he (retire).

58. I (lose) my key. Can you help me to look for it?

59. Alice and Peter (know) each other for 6 months.

60. My teacher wasnt at home. When I (arrive) he (just, go) out.

61.We went to the airport late. By the time we (get) there, Bobs plane

(already, arrive).

62. We have been married for a long time. By the next anniversary, we (be)

married for 43 years.

63. He (come) and see you in ten minutes.

64. The doctor (examine) the patients thoroughly before he

(prescribe) the medication.

65. Peter (work) at the university for 45 years before he (retire).

66. Yesterday Tom (eat) breakfast at 8 oclock. He

(already / finish) when he left for class at 8:45. He (eat) breakfast before

he (go) to class.

67. At 10 oclock tomorrow morning we (clean) the floor.

68. Next month they (be) here exactly 6 months.

69. How long they (live) here?

70. Your teacher (wait) for you since 7:30.

71. Why you (not/finish) this letter yet?

72. I found this ring while I (dig) hole in the garden.

73. She (buy) this house 3 years ago.

74. We (meet) my parents at the airport tomorrow afternoon.

75. Why you (go) to Vung Tau last week?

76. My father (move) to Nha Trang next month.

77. He (phone) his girlfriend at the moment.

78. I wonder how many people (be) here next week?

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79. He (take) the bus to Ho Chi Minh city every day.

80. you (interview) Miss World tomorrow?

81. After they had finished their work, they (go) home at once.

82. He (not/go) to school because tomorrow is Sunday.

83. He (can) play piano when he was 8 years old.

84. We (just/come) back from my uncles farm.

85. The banks open at 8 oclock and (close) at four thirty.

86. After John (wash) his clothes, he began to study.

87. George (wait) for an hour before the bus came.

88. Jane sent a letter to her university after she (receive) her scholarship.

89. Look! The train (come).

90. Be careful! Our teacher (look) at you.

91. Be quiet! Her baby (sleep).

92. Tom (do) his homework when I visited him last night.

93. Hurry up! The bus (come).

94. That man (suffer) from the heart disease for many years.

95. She (go) to supermarket twice a week.

96. Last night, I(1.walk) along the street when I(2.realize) that a

man with a black beard, whom I(3.see) three times already that afternoon,

.. (4.follow) me. I..(5.be) very worried, and at last

I.(6.stop) and asked him why he..(7.follow) me. The man apologized

and told me he(8.mistake) me for one of his friends.

97. Yesterday morning, when I...(1.arrive) at the airport, Sophie.(2.wait)

for me. She.(3.wear) a pink dress and..(4.look) very pretty.

98. Yesterday Ann introduced me to her husband. As I ..(see) him,

I.(know) that I(meet) him before we went to primary school together.

99. When she(go) out of the house this morning, she ..(take) her umbrella

because it..(rain).

100. Sally is a writer. She (1) (write) several novels, and (2) (win)

several a wards for her books. A few years ago, she (3) (win) the prize for most

promising author of the year. At the moment, she (4) (write) a detective story.

101. In the evenings I often play chess with my next door neighbor. I (play). chess

with him ever since I (come)..to live here ten years ago. He (be). here

all his life; he (inherit) the house from his father, another great chess player.

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- You ever (play) chess with the father?

- We (play)once or twice but he (die) a

year after I (arrive).

102. Mary had to go to New York last week, but she almost(1)(miss) the

plane. She.(2)(stand) in the queue at the check-in desk when she

suddenly..(3)..(realize) that she.(4).leave) her

passport at home. Fortunately, she..(5)(not/live) very far from the airport, so

she ..(6).(have) time to take a taxi home to get it.

1. A. missed B. was missing C. had missed D. had been missing

2. A. stood B. had stood C. was standing D. had been standing

3. A. was realizing B. realized C. had realized D. would realize

4. A. was leaving B. left C. had left D. would leave

5. A. hadnt lived B. hasnt lived C. isnt living D. doesnt live

6. A. has B. had C. had had D. has had

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PART II: PHRASES AND CLAUSES

1. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION

1. Mc d, cho d, bt lun, d th no:

Ex: Although the team played well, they lost.

Even though the play received good notices, a few people went to see it.

Much as I admire his courage, I think he is foolish.

Ch MUCH AS thng i vi cc ng t nh like, dislike, approve, admire, enjoy,

sympathize.

2.

Ex: I am very hungry, but I dare not to eat much.

3.

Ex: Despite their playing well, they lost.

In spite of good notices, a few people went to see it.

For all his wealth and fame, hes a very lonely man.

Notwithstanding her bad behavior, we love and forgive her.

4.

Ex: Although he is old, he still manages to enjoy life.

Ex: Although he is old, he still manages to enjoy life.

Though / Although

Even though + S + V + (O), S V O

Even if / Much us

Clause of concession main clause

(OR Main clause + Clause of concession)

Subject + verb + object, BUT / YET / NEVERTHELESS + main clauses (SVO)

Despite

In spite of possessive adjective + noun / V-ing, main clauses

For all (Phrase) (SVO)

Notwithstanding

Past participle

(V3 / V-ed) + As / Though + subject + verd, main clauses

Adjective (SVO)

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Old as he is, he still manages to enjoy life.

Even though you are bored to death, you have to continue to life.

Bored though you are to death, you have to continue to live.

5.

Ex: Try as hard as I might, I cant lift this metal box.

D cho ti c gng my i na th ti cng khng th nng ni ci hp kim loi

ny.

EXERCISE

Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first sentence.

1. If you like, you can eat everything. (whatever)

You can ............................................................................................................................

2. Take what kinds of measures you consider best. (whatever)

Take .............................................................................................................................

3. No matter what you say, I wont believe you

Whatever ..........................................................................................................................

Although ..........................................................................................................................

4. No matter how hard I tried, I couldnt open the door

However ...........................................................................................................................

Hard as .............................................................................................................................

Although ..........................................................................................................................

Try as hard as ...................................................................................................................

5. No matter what your problems are difficult, you have no right to o that.

Whatever ..........................................................................................................................

Although ..........................................................................................................................

Difficult as .......................................................................................................................

However ...........................................................................................................................

Whatever = It doesnt matter what / which = It makes no difference which

= No matter what + Noun: Bt lun g i na th

Whoever = It doesnt matter who = It makes no difference who = No matter who

Whenever = No matter when: D lc no i na, bt lun khi no th

However = No matter how + Adjective: D th no i na

Try as + Adj + as I might = No matter how I tried: D ti c gng n my i na

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6. No matter what kinds of difficulties you have, you should study well.

Whatever ..........................................................................................................................

Although ..........................................................................................................................

In spite of .........................................................................................................................

7. However much I like the job, I still wish to earn more.

No matter how..................................................................................................................

Much as ............................................................................................................................

In spite of .........................................................................................................................

8. However much ill children are, they still try to smile.

No matter how..................................................................................................................

Ill as ..............................................................................................................................

In spite of .........................................................................................................................

9. In spite of his illness, he goes to school every day.

Although ..........................................................................................................................

No matter how..................................................................................................................

10. You can use it as long as you like, it has no problem.

No matter how..................................................................................................................

Long as .............................................................................................................................

Although ..........................................................................................................................

11. Although it rains heavily, we go to school.

Despite ............................................................................................................................

Heavy as the .....................................................................................................................

No matter how heavy .......................................................................................................

12. In spite of his trying, he couldnt pass the exam.

Although ..........................................................................................................................

Try as ..............................................................................................................................

Hard as he ........................................................................................................................

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2. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON

1. FORM:

2. USES:

Mnh ch l do c bt u bng mt trong nhng lin t sau: AS, SINCE,

BECAUSE, FOR.

Ex: Why do you study English?

I study English because / as / since it is necessary for my future.

AS and SINCE are used when the reason is already known to the listener or

hearer.

AS and SINCE Clauses often come at the beginning of sentence.

Ex: As its raining again, well have to stay at home.

Since he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.

BECAUSE puts more emphasis on the reason, and most often introduces new

information which is not known to the listener.

Khi l do l phn rt quan trng ca cu th khng th dng AS hoc SINCE.

Ex: Why are you leaving? Im leaving because Im fed up.

FOR cng gii thiu thng tin mi. Ch FOR khng bao gi ng u cu.

N thng xut hin gia cu v sau du hoc du phy.

Ex: I decided to stop and have lunch for I was feeling hungry.

3. WHY questions and Clauses of Reason:

S + V + O + Because / Since / As + S + V + O

Main clauses Subordinate Clauses

S + V + O + BECAUSES OF + The / His / Her + Adj + N

Main clauses DUE TO V-ing + O

Phrase

is/ am / are

was / were

WHY + will / shall / may / can. + Subject + (main verb) + (Object)?

have / has / had

do / does / did

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Ex1: He is going to the post office because he wants to send some letters.

Why is he going to the post office?

Ex2: We went without him because he wasnt here.

Why did you go without him?

EXERCISE

I. Rewrite these sentences using BECAUSE OF:

1. They didnt come to your party because they had a meeting.

.............................................................................................................................................

2. He was punished because he talked during the class- hour.

.............................................................................................................................................

3. She doesnt want to have dinner because she feels very tired now.

.............................................................................................................................................

4. We didnt go to Vung Tau because it rained heavily.

.............................................................................................................................................

5. The train couldnt continue to go because the fog was so thick.

.............................................................................................................................................

6. We postponed our trip to Dalat because the weather was too bad.

.............................................................................................................................................

7. She was absent yesterday because her father was ill.

.............................................................................................................................................

8. We dont buy that car because we havent got enough money.

.............................................................................................................................................

9. I am very disappointed because my students are very lazy.

.............................................................................................................................................

10. These people have to live in the cottages because they are so poor.

.............................................................................................................................................

11. All the students respect the principal because he is very kind.

.............................................................................................................................................

12. Because he behaves badly, he is punished by his father.

.............................................................................................................................................

13. My parents are happy because I get good marks at school.

.............................................................................................................................................

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14. The chairman was pleased because he was cheered by the crowd.

.............................................................................................................................................

15. They dont buy that house because it is too old. (n, a)

.............................................................................................................................................

16. He was here yesterday because he wanted to meet his father.

.............................................................................................................................................

17. They didnt come here on time because they started so lately.

.............................................................................................................................................

18. These people are homeless because the fire burnt their house.

.............................................................................................................................................

19. Because he didnt prepare the lesson well, he failed that exam.

.............................................................................................................................................

20. Because the sea is rough, we cant go fishing.

.............................................................................................................................................

21. His parents are pleased because he is a pious (hiu tho) child.

.............................................................................................................................................

22. We like him because he is kind to everyone.

.............................................................................................................................................

23. Loan stayed at home because her mother was sick.

.............................................................................................................................................

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3. PHARSES AND CLAUSE OF PURPOSE

1. So that + clause (S + can / could / would + V1 + O) dng din t mc ch: m

Ex I study hard so that I can pass this exam = I study hard for this exam.

These soldiers risk their lives in order that we may live more safely.

I have given him a key so that he can get into the house whenever he likes.

2. To infinitive phrase c dng din t mc ch ca hnh ng ca ch ng.

Ex: The bank receives money. It wants to keep it safe.

The bank receives money to keep it safe.

Ex1: We write these letters SO THAT we send them to our friends.

Ex2: She drinks orange juice IN ORDER THAT she isnt thirsty.

Ex3: He has a mountain of homework TO DO.

3. Subject + need / want + object + to infinitive: cn

Need to be + V-ed / V3 = Need + V-ing: Cn phi c

Ex: I need a typewriter to type this contract.

This car needs to be repaired = This car needs repairing.

4. For + V-ing / Noun cng c dng din t mc ch.

Ex: He decided to put his money in a bank for safekeeping.

EXERCISE

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using TO, SO AS

TO, IN ORDER TO where necessary:

1. I am buying paint. I want to paint my hall door. (To / so that)

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

S + V + O + SO THAT + CLAUSE

Main clause IN ORDER THAT (S + can/could/will/would + (not) V1 + O)

TO

S + V + O + IN ORDER (not) TO + Infinitive + O

SO AS (not) TO

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2. He opened the lions cage. He intended to feed the lions. (in order to / in order that)

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

3. She has a box. She wants to put her savings in it. (so as to / so that)

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

4. He rushed into the burning house. He wanted to rescue the child. (in order to)

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

5. They got up very early. They wanted to get the top of the hill before sunrise.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

6. She rang the bell. She wanted to tell us that dinner was ready.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

7. I sent him out of the room. I wanted to discuss his marks with the Headmaster.

.............................................................................................................................................

8. He fixed a metal ladder to the wall below the window. He wanted to escape from fire.

.............................................................................................................................................

9. The government evacuated the habitants from the danger zone. They wanted to reduce

the risk.

.............................................................................................................................................

10. I am learning Chinese. I want to work for a Chinese company.

.............................................................................................................................................

11. We are saving up. We want to buy a new house.

.............................................................................................................................................

12. He coughed. He intended to warn them that he was coming.

.............................................................................................................................................

13. The workmen left red lights near the hole. They wanted to warn motorists.

.............................................................................................................................................

14. They sent their children to their aunts house. They wanted to have some peace.

.............................................................................................................................................

15. The town council has forbidden coal fires. They are trying to keep the air clean.

.............................................................................................................................................

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16. They employed a detective. They wanted to learn what I did in the evenings.

.............................................................................................................................................

17. The boys are collecting the wood. They intend to put them on the fire. (b them)

.............................................................................................................................................

18. His mother sent him to the U.S.A. She wanted him to study computer.

.............................................................................................................................................

19. He left his rifle outside. He didnt want to frighten his wife.

.............................................................................................................................................

20. Mrs. White read only for short periods each day. She didnt want to strain her eyes.

.............................................................................................................................................

21. We must keep our gloves on. We dont want to get frost-bitten.

.............................................................................................................................................

22. I took off my shoes. I didnt want to make any noise.

.............................................................................................................................................

23. he was playing softly. He didnt want to disturb anyone.

.............................................................................................................................................

24. We put bars on the lower windows. We didnt want anyone to climb in.

.............................................................................................................................................

25. He killed that woman. He wanted nobody to know why she died.

.............................................................................................................................................

26. He wears a false beard. He doesnt want anybody to recognize him.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

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4. CLAUSES OF RESULT

1. TOO TO: Qu n ni khng th

Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink.

2. ENOUGH TO:

Ex: The man is not strong. He cant run far.

The man is not strong enough to run far.

3. SO THAT: Qu n ni

Ex: I am very weak. I cant lift this metal box.

I am so weak that I cant lift this metal box.

4. SUCH THAT:

Ex1: It is such a bad film that many people go out of the cinema.

Ex2: That was such an exciting match that it pleased a large number of fans.

EXERCISE

Use TOO.. TO, ENOUGH TO, SO THAT or SUCH THAT to combine the

following pairs of sentences.

1. She is very short. She cant win the Miss Worlds diadem

She is too .............................................................................................................................

S + V + TOO + Adj + (For me / him / her / you / us / them) to V1 + (O)

S + V + Adj + ENOUGH + (For me / him / her / you / us / them) to V1 + (O)

Subject + V + SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT + Subject + can / cant + V1 + Object

S + V + SUCH (a / an) + adjective + Noun + THAT + S + (can / cant) + V1 + Object

19

She isnt tall enough............................................................................................................

She is so ..............................................................................................................................

She is such...........................................................................................................................

2. Tea is very hot. I cant drink it.

Tea is too .............................................................................................................................

Tea is not enough.. (warm)

Tea is so ..............................................................................................................................

It is such ..............................................................................................................................

3. This cars very expensive. I cant buy it.

This car is too ......................................................................................................................

This car is not enough (cheap)

This car is so .......................................................................................................................

It is such ..............................................................................................................................

4. That metal box is very heavy. He cant carry it.

That metal box is too...........................................................................................................

That metal box is not enough.. (light)

That metal box is so ............................................................................................................

Is it such ..............................................................................................................................

5. The ceiling very high. She cant touch it.

The ceiling is too .................................................................................................................

The ceiling is not. enough (short)

The ceiling is so ..................................................................................................................

It is such ..............................................................................................................................

6. This shirt is very old. She shouldnt wear it.

This shirt is too....................................................................................................................

This shirt is not enough. (new)

This shirt is so .....................................................................................................................

It is such ..............................................................................................................................

7. They are so busy. They cant help you.

They are too ........................................................................................................................

They are is not enough. (free)

They are so ..........................................................................................................................

These are such .....................................................................................................................

8. He is too tired. He cant walk with you.

20

He is too ..............................................................................................................................

He is not.. enough. (strong)

He is so ................................................................................................................................

It is such ..............................................................................................................................

9. They are to hungry. They cant work.

They are too ........................................................................................................................

They are not.. enough.. (full)

Those are such.....................................................................................................................

10. They are very poor. They cant buy a big house.

They are too ........................................................................................................................

They are so ..........................................................................................................................

These are such .....................................................................................................................

11. The soup is very sweet. We cant eat it.

The soup is too ....................................................................................................................

The soup is so......................................................................................................................

It is such ..............................................................................................................................

12. The music is so loud. We cant bear it.

The music is too ..................................................................................................................

The music is to ....................................................................................................................

It is such ..............................................................................................................................

13. This exercise is so difficult. We cant do it.

This exercise is too..............................................................................................................

This exercise is not.. enough.

This exercise is so ...............................................................................................................

It is such ..............................................................................................................................

14. They are very rich. They can buy two cars.

They are.. enough.

They are so ..........................................................................................................................

These are such .....................................................................................................................

21

5. RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. For Person: Who (Thay cho danh t v i t: I, we, you, they, he, she, it, N)

Whom (thay cho object: me, us, you, him, her, them, it, N)

Whose (thay cho adjective possessive: my, our, your, his, her, its)

That ( thay cho subject or object)

Ch That c th thay th cho Who khi n i sau cc ch: all, everyone, everybody,

no one, nobody, and whose.

Ex: This is the man who met me last week.

She is the excellent student whom we need to praise.

I saw some people whose motorbikes have broken down.

The woman that lives next door is very beautiful.

Everyone who/ that knew him liked him.

Trong li hnh vn trang trng th ch That khng th thay th cho Whom khi ng

t c mt gii t i trc danh t hoc i t.

2. For Things: Which, That (subject or object), Of which, with which, in which, (=

whose: instead of things and animals), Upon which, on which, about which (thay th

cho danh t hoc i t lm tc t).

Ex: That is the house which my parents bought in 1995.

The bed that I slept in last night wasnt very comfortable.

The beb in which I slept last night wasnt very comfortable.

Its the problems of which we are thinking.

This is the amount of money upon which he depends to do his research.

3. For Place: where, in which (thay cho ch: here, there, in + Noun of place).

Ex: This is the house where we have been living since 1980.

This is the house in which we have been living since 1980.

4. For Time: When (thay cho cm t: at the time, the day, in + season, then)

Ex: This is the time when we should act.

I met Jane in January when she left for America.

5. For cause: Why (thay th cho cm t: for that reason).

Ex: That is the reason why he didnt want to coordinate with you.

Notes:

Defining relative clause is written without commas.

22

Non-defining relative clause is separated by too commas and it can be left.

That is not used here.

Ex: Her sons, both of whom are living in Australia, phone her every week.

I picked up the apples, some of which were ripened well.

Non-defining relative clause is used after proper name, this, that, these, those,

adjective possessive, the name of sports, noun + prepositional phrase.

It + be + Noun / Pronoun + Defining relative clause: Chnh l ngi m

Khng bao gi c t i t quan h sau cc i t nhn xng.

EXERCISE

I. Fill in the blank with the proper relative pronoun: (Who, whom, which, whose)

1. Let me see all the letters you have written.

2. The boy is standing near the machine is Tom.

3. I know the place roses grow a lot.

4. The woman is wearing the blue hat is my aunt.

5. The man you want to meet has just left.

6. The magazine you lend me is very interesting.

7. I met the woman husband is the headmaster.

8. We visited the school my father taught 2 years ago.

9. It was the first time I spoke to him.

10. 1960 was the year the revolution took place.

11. Dr. Fleming discovered penicillin was a Nobel Prize winner for

medicine in 1945.

12. The things he is talking about are strange to me.

13. They will move to the house is being built near the station.

14. The painting he has just bought is very expensive.

15. My friends are reading picture books were borrowed from library.

16. She is looking for the students lost their bicycles.

17. They spent some days with a businessman company imported

coffee from VN.

18. I dont understand the questions she asks me.

19. They are waiting for the man motorbike is found near my house.

20. New York is the only city he visited when he came to

America.

23

21. The woman daughter is my friend is a famous singer.

22. You should go to the national library you can find various kinds of

books.

23. I never forget the bus stop I first met her.

24. The team scores more goals wins the match.

25. Peter kept talking about lion-tamer he admires a lot.

26. That is the car took us to Da Lat.

27. It is the house we have lived since 1990.

28. The post office is the building windows are green.

29. I wish we had a garden we can play football.

30. She hasnt got any brooms she can use to sweep the floor.

31. The fifth man was interviewed was unsuitable for this job.

32. Neil Armstrong was the first man walked on the moon.

33. I have just come back from Ha Noi I was born.

34. Spring is the time flowers blossom beautifully.

35. We havent got anybody we can go with.

36. Lady Astor was the first woman took her seat in Parliament.

37. He didnt accept the idea they told him.

38. She is very rude to the people she talks to.

39. This is building our family have lived since 1998.

40. Please tell me the reason you didnt come here last night.

II. Combine the pair of sentences by using the relative pronouns:

1. It is the first idea. It comes to my mind.

.............................................................................................................................................

2. They should go to Da Lat in January. The weather is very good for their then.

.............................................................................................................................................

3. Mrs. Brown is the only woman. He wants to meet her.

.............................................................................................................................................

4. The man is very young. You are driving his car.

.............................................................................................................................................

5. Tom has been driving all day. He was tired and wanted to stop.

.............................................................................................................................................

6. Show me the thing. You are keeping it in your hand.

24

.............................................................................................................................................

7. We live near this river. We can swim in that river.

.............................................................................................................................................

8. Here are some accounts. You have to check these accounts.

.............................................................................................................................................

9. This is Mrs. Jones. Her son won the championship last year.

.............................................................................................................................................

10. You cant enjoy hiking in winter. Snow covers everything in winter.

.............................................................................................................................................

11. Well take you to Da Lat. You can enjoy fresh air there.

.............................................................................................................................................

12. Do they meet the boy? He broke their window.

.............................................................................................................................................

13. The woman is preparing lunch for everyone. They want to see her.

.............................................................................................................................................

14. That is the lake. I went swimming in that lake.

.............................................................................................................................................

15. Do you know the building? The windows of the building are painted green.

.............................................................................................................................................

16. Romeo and Juliet were lovers. Their parents hated each other.

.............................................................................................................................................

17. The woman is a secretary. We are waiting for her.

.............................................................................................................................................

18. He has just gone to Mr. Lams house. There is a party there today.

.............................................................................................................................................

19. I saw several house. Some of them were uncomfortable.

.............................................................................................................................................

20. Do you remember the day? We had a class discussion on books then.

.............................................................................................................................................

21. I listen to music late at night. The children have gone to bed at the time.

.............................................................................................................................................

22. We first met in 1945. The revolution took place then.

.............................................................................................................................................

25

III. Replace the relative clause by an infinitive or infinitive phrase:

1. We have a river in which we could swim.

.............................................................................................................................................

2. Tom is lonely. Tom would be happier if he had someone that he could play with.

.............................................................................................................................................

3. If I had a family that I had to cook for Id be more interested.

.............................................................................................................................................

4. We had some exercise that we must do now.

.............................................................................................................................................

5. They had no chairs which they could sit on.

.............................................................................................................................................

6. He was the first man who left the burning house.

.............................................................................................................................................

7. You are the last person who saw her alive.

.............................................................................................................................................

8. My brother is the only one who realized the danger.

.............................................................................................................................................

9. I was the only person who saw the difficulties.

.............................................................................................................................................

10. There are many exercises that we have to finish before 6 a.m

.............................................................................................................................................

11. There is a good hotel where we can stay tonight.

.............................................................................................................................................

12. The mistakes which you have to correct are very important.

.............................................................................................................................................

13. There is an old house that we can buy in this district.

.............................................................................................................................................

14. He was the only student who got the highest grade in the school.

.............................................................................................................................................

15. This English course which you have to attend is very necessary for your future.

.............................................................................................................................................

16. This is the best book which has been sold in this book-store.

.............................................................................................................................................

17. The vegetables which are sold in the shop are grown without chemicals.

26

.............................................................................................................................................

18. He was the second man who was killed in this area.

.............................................................................................................................................

19. The book which is put on the table has just been bought by my father.

.............................................................................................................................................

20. This is the eightieth car which is made in that factory.

.............................................................................................................................................

6. IF CLAUSES

1. Type 1: Real in present or future

Ex: The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.

If you study hard, you can pass this exam easily

If you want to lose weight, you must eat less bread and meat.

If the fog gets thicker, the plane may be diverted. (i hng)

2. Type 2: Unreal in present of future

Ex: If I were you, I would love her

If I had a lot of money, I could buy five new cars. (but I have no money now)

If you tried again, you might succeed.

is / am / are will

IF + S + V1 + O, S + shall + V1 + O

V-s / es can

dont / doesnt V1 must

please V1 + O

simple present tense

Were would

IF + S + V-ed + O, S + should + V1 + O

V2 could

didnt V1 might

27

3. Type 3: Unreal in the past

Ex: If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.

If we had found him earlier, we might have saved his life.

If my documents had been in order, I could have left at once.

4. If + subject + auxiliary can be replaced by inversion of auxiliary and subject with

if omitted.

Ex: Were I Tom I would refuse.

Had you obeyed orders this disaster wouldnt have happened.

Should you require anything, think carefully before telling me.

5. UNLESS = IF. NOT : Nu. khng.

Ex: If you dont study harder, you wont pass this exam.

Unless you study harder, you wont pass this exam.

Unless you had a letter of recommendation you couldnt get a job.

6. OR WILL: Nu khng th.s b..

Ex: You have to hurry up or you will be late for school.

You need to wear your warm clothes or you will get cold.

EXERCISE

I. Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

1. Mr. Harry..(help) you if you want.

2. If my friend(be) here now, he would help me.

3. If I(make) that mistake again, my father will get angry with me.

4. We wouldnt understand Miss Lee if she. (speak) too fast.

5. What.you.(do) if you were a famous actor?

6. .you..(lend) me the money if you get your check?

7. The teacher..(be) always happy if his students study hard.

8. If I.(be) a spaceman, I would take a space trip to the moon.

9. Please dont disturb him if he (be) busy.

would

IF + S + had V ed / V3 + O, S + should + have V ed / V3 + O

P.P could

might

28

10. If you (go).. way, please write to me.

11. I.. (tell) you the answer if I knew it myself.

12. We would play football if the weather(be) fine.

13. Will you help me if I.(need) you?

14. If this room were large enough, we.(put) a bookcase here.

15. If he(be) here, he would help us.

16. If you had been there yesterday, you (have) a lot of fun.

17. If there were a fairy here, he.(give) us many wishes.

18. If he came in time, my teacher..(not, punish) him.

19. If I had a type write, I (type).. it myself.

20. You could make better progress if you (attend)..class regularly.

21. If I (know)..his telephone number, I would give it to you.

22. If he (eat).. another cake, he will be sick.

23. His parents (be).very happy if he worked hard.

24. He could get a job easily if he (have) a degree.

25. If he (study) hard, he can pass the exam.

26. Rice plants (grow). well if there is enough rain.

27. He might get fat if he (stop). smoking.

28. I (not do)..that if I were you.

29. It will be impossible for me to finish my work if you (not cease).this

chatter.

30. If he (take).. my advice, everything can go well.

31. What.you (do).if you found a burglar in your house.

32. If he (not hurry), she may be late.

33. Tell him to ring me if you (see)..him.

34. What.you (do).if she refuses your invitation?

35. If today (be).Sunday, we would go to the beach.

36. They (make). Fewer mistakes if they were more careful.

37. I could understand the French if she (speak) more slowly.

38. If we (invite) her, she might go dancing with us.

39. These plants will die if you (not water) them.

29

PART III: VERB FORM

BARE INFINITIVE, GERUND or INFINITIVE

1. Verbs followed by Bare infinitive:

Let + (Obj)

Make + (Obj)

Would rather (not)

Had better (not)

Can / could

Will / would

Shall / should + Bare infinitive (V1)

May / might

Ought to

Be able to

Be going to

Need to

Neednt

Have to / must

Have + somebody

Do / does / did

Used to

Ex: Let me see.

The clown made us laugh a lot

Youd rather not behave like that

You neednt photo this report.

He used to smoke heavily but now he is a nonsmoker.

2. Verbs followed by TO infinitive:

Ex: I would like a cup of tea, please.

Would you like to drink coffee? Yes, please./ No, thank you.

Would you like to go to the shops with me?

Subject + WOULD LIKE + TO infinitive + Object

Noun

30

Mt s ng t thng c theo sau bi TO infinitive:

Attempt agree ask arrange

Aim appear choose claim

Be (phi) beg decline decide

Demand declare determine expect

Fail forget hesitate remind

Hope learn manage offer

Plan prepare promise prove

Intend refuse seem

Tend tell want volunteer

3. Verbs followed by Gerund:

Ex: She doesnt like eating out.

Do you like fishing? No, I dont. I like boating.

Does he like a big breakfast?

Mt s ng t c theo sau bi Gerund

To be used to to be worth to be no good to be no use

Theres no point in what the point of cant stand / help cant bear

Avoid admit consider delay

Deny detest dislike like

Dread enjoy escape fancy

Finish forgive hate imagine

Keep love mean miss

Mind postpone practice permit

Remember resist regret risk

Stop start suggest object to

Quit preposition (in, on, of, about)

4. Verbs followed by Gerund or To infinitive:

a. Regret, remember, forget + V-ing: nh lm ri

+ To infinitive: nh m lm

Ex: I regret spending so much money.

Subject + LIKE + noun.

V-ing + (object)

31

We regret to inform you that you have failed this exam.

I didnt forget to clock the door (= I locked the door)

I forgot clocking the door and left you inside.

If you go out, remember to post these letters.

Do you remember clocking the door before leaving home?

b. Advise, allow, permit, recommend + obj + to infinitive

+ V-ing

Ex: My parents dont allow me to go out at night.

They dont allow going into that room.

I am not allowed to go out at night.

c. Stop + to Inf: dng li lm g

+ V-ing: b lun, ngh lun

Ex: He stops to smoke but the wind is so strong.

He cant do it.

My father stopped (smoke) 2 years ago.

d. Try To Inf (c gng lm g )

V-ing (th lm kim tra, th nghim)

Ex: I was very tired. I tried (keep) my eyes open but I couldnt.

I had a terrible headache and I tried (take) an aspirin but it didnt

help.

5. HAVE: Causative form and purpose

Ex: We have a porter carry our luggage this morning.

We have our luggage carried by a porter this morning.

Ex: A: Would you like to go out for a drink tonight?

B: Sorry, I cant. I have a lot of homework to do this evening.

have / has

had somebody + V1

Subject + be having something + V3 / V ed

will have

Subject + have / has + something + to V1 . (c vic g phi lm)

32

EXERCISE

Put the correct form of the verb in the parentheses.

1. He made me (do) it all over again.

2. He wants me (go) with him.

3. I prefer (drink) tea to coffee.

4. She can (sing) quite well.

5. Would you like (go) now or shall we (wait) till the end?

6. After (hear) that sorry, we dare not to go out.

7. I used to (live) in a caravan.

8. We enjoy (go) on a trip with our classmates.

9. You ought (go) today.

10. You neednt (say) anything.

11. I dont mind (wait) for you.

12. May I (use) your telephone?

13. They refused (help) me when I asked them.

14. Please let me (know) your decision.

15. It is easy (be) wise after that event.

16. You seem (know) this area well.

17. I advise her (start) (look) for a flat at once.

18. They dont allow (smoke) in the meeting room.

19. I cant stand her (behave) like that.

20. I tried (persuade) him (agree) with my project.

21. You are too young (ride) motorbike.

22. Before (give) evidence, you must (swear).

23. It is nice (see) you again.

24. My parents allowed me (go) with you.

25. We are fed up with (do) the same work everyday.

26. He is strong enough (lift) this metal box.

27. I intend (visit) him.

28. I have a mountain of work (do).

29. I cant help (sneeze) because I caught a cold.

30. It is very kind of you (say) so.

31. They keep (talk) about the animal performances.

32. Do you remember (buy) me a box of colored pencils?

33

33. We arrange (meet) them here.

34. I hate (listen) to Rap music.

35. He wore dark glasses to avoid (be) recognized.

36. Would you mind (close) the windows?

37. I wish (see) the Queen.

38. He stopped (smoke) two years ago.

39. We cant find the place where (park) the car.

40. She told me (follow) her.

41. He insisted on (see) the documents.

42. Ask him (come) in, please.

43. They succeeded in (escape) from the burning house.

44. The man began (fire).

45. The flight attendant reminded us (fasten) the belts.

46. This bag is worth (buy).

47. Im looking forward to (hear) from you soon.

48. There is no point in (go) by car when we cant find the parking place.

49. Be careful of (speed) cars when you cross the street.

50. We had better (meet) him this afternoon.

51. Youd rather (not / go) out at midnight.

52. It is difficult for foreigners to get used to (eat) with chopsticks.

53. In England (drive) on the right-hand side of the road is illegal.

54. Sometimes Americans are said ( be) superficially friendly.

55. A lot of smokers want to quit (smoke).

56. She is very keen on (play) tennis.

57. Americans tend (be) informal in get-together.

58. You have to study harder (keep) pace with your classmates.

59. Mary will have (go) to New York next week.

60. My brother gave up (drink) beer 2 years ago.

61. Are you accustomed to (get) up early?

62. We have Mary (clean) and iron our clothes.

63. (smoke) is harmful to your health.

64. Seeing is (believe)

65. I have no objection to (hear) your story again.

66. Touch your toes without (bend) your knees.

34

67. Id hate (live) beside a volcano when it started

(erupt)

68. Even lazy people would rather (work) than starve.

69. They paused on the steps (look) at the beautiful garden.

70. He spent most of his time (work) in the garden.

71. Why does he detest (write) letters?

72. We are willing (check) our work.

73. Its no use (help) him, is it?

*****

35

PART IV: REPORTED SPEECH

1. ng t phn tng thut khi chia th hin ti n hay tng lai n th ch thay

i cc i t v tnh t s hu cho ph hp vi ch t v ng t ca phn tng thut.

Cc th ca ng t ca cu trong ngoc kp khng thay i.

Ex: Im trying to get a taxi, Tom says to Mary.

Tom tells Mary that he is trying to get a taxi.

2. The reporting verbs: say, tell, ask, suggest, warn (cnh bo), remark (nhn xt),

advise, know, order (ra lnh), be afraid, hope, be sure, be sorry

Ex: He said, I have lost my umbrella.

He said that he had lost his umbrella.

The police said to the tourist, You must be careful with your valuables.

The police warned the tourist to be careful with their valuables.

3. Nu Reporting Verbs chia qu kh th ng t ca cu trong ngoc kp thay i nh

sau:

is / am / are was / were have / has had

V1 / -s / -es V2 / V ed V2 / V ed had V3

Can could i i t nhn xng: Ngi 1 i theo Subj

May might I she / he / I

Will would My her / his / my

Shall should Me her / him / me

Must had to We they

Dont / doesnt didnt Our / us their / them

Cc i t nhn xng v tnh t s hu ngi th ba khng i: he, him, his, she, her,

they, them, their.

YOU v YOUR i theo ngha ca tc t.

Ch nh hn t (demonstrative determiners) v trng t ch thi gian (Adverbs of time)

thay i nh sau:

This that

These those

Here there

36

Today that day

Yesterday the day before, the previous day

Tomorrow the next day, the following day

Now then

Next week the following week

Last month the previous month

A year ago a year before

The day before yesterday two days before

The day after tomorrow in two days time

4. Cc loi cu:

a. SVO, svo svo that SVO

b. V1 + O, PLEASE, svo svo to V1 + O (b ch Please, Said to asked)

c. DONT + V1 + O, please, svo svo not to V1 + O. (b ch please)

d. Yes no question?, svo. svo if / whether + SVO.

(b Do / does th i V1 thnh V2 / V ed) ( b DID th i V1 thnh HAD V3 / V ed)

e. Wh- question?, SVO. svo + Wh + SVO

(b Do / does th i V1 thnh V2 / V ed)

( b DID th i V1 thnh HAD V3 / V ed)

EXERCISE

Change the following sentences into reported speech:

1. I have something to give you, I said to her.

2. Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun, she said.

3. I am going away tomorrow, mother he said.

4. I will go to Ho Chi Minh city, he said to me.

5. Ive been in England for 2 months, Peter said to me.

6. It isnt foggy today as it was yesterday, I remarked.

7. He said, My wife has just bought a new house.

8. Ill come with you as soon as I am ready, she said to me.

9. You can keep that book if you like it, Ann,, I said.

10. I know exactly what they said, he told me.

11. She said, My father will take me to Da Lat next week.

37

12. I had an English lesson this evening, said the small boy.

13. I wrote to him on Sunday, she said to me.

14. If you press this button, you can hear the songs, she said to me.

15. If you leave home at six, you should be here by nine, he said to me.

16. You should do very well at university, the headmaster said to us.

17. Open the safe immediately, please. The thief ordered the landlady.

18. Please do as I said, he told us.

19. He said, Get out of my way.

20. Please pay at the desk, said the assistant.

21. Lend me your pen for a moment, he asked me.

22. The secretary said, Please fill up this form.

23. Dont behave like that, Daisy, my mother said.

24. Dont argue with your parents, I said.

25. Dont go near the water, children, she said.

26. Did you play for your school team? said Bill.

27. Does she go shopping with you? he asked me.

28. Would you like to have lunch with me? he asked me.

29. Can you get there and come back home in one day? she said to me.

30. Have you seen the library? Ann asked him.

31. Are there any stadium near the school? they asked me.

32. Were your boys happy at school? I asked him.

33. Do you know this man? she said them.

34. Why dont you like pop music? he asked me.

35. Who do you want to meet? he said to me.

36. Why dont you fill up this form? The boss said to him.

37. How much milk did you buy? they asked me.

38. When does the plane arrive in New York? he asked her.

39. What country do you come from? said Lam.

40.Which team has won the previous match? I asked him.

41. Where were you last night, Peter? My father asked.

42. Whose car did you drive yesterday? I asked Jack.

38

PART V: PASSIVE VOICE

1. THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE: Th hin ti n

Ex: Jane buys this book in Thu Duc.

This book is bought in Thu Duc by Jane.

2. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE: Th hin ti tip din.

Ex: John is looking at the damaged car.

The damaged car is being looked at (by John.)

3. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: Th hin ti hon thnh.

Ex: The Smiths have built a new house near the river.

A new house near the river has been built (by the Smiths.)

4. PAST SIMPLE TENSE: Th qu kh n

Active: I, We, You, They, Plural Noun + V1 + O + R

He, she, it, Proper name, Singular Noun + V s / -es + O + R

Passive: S + is / am / are + V3 / V ed (P.P) + R + by O

Active: I + am

We / you / they + are + V-ing + O + R

He / she / it / tn + is

Passive: S + have / has + been + P.P + R + by O

Active: I, We, You, They + have + P.P + O + R

He, she, it, tn + has

Passive: S + have / has + been + P.P + R + by O

Active: S + V2 / V ed + O + R

Passive: S + was / were + P.P + R + by O

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Ex: Jane wrote a letter to her family yesterday.

A letter was written by Jane to her family yesterday.

5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE: Th qu kh tip din

Ex: The police were chasing the thief.

The thief was being chased by the police.

6. PAST PERFECT TENSE: Th qu kh hon thnh

Ex: We had eaten lunch before they arrived.

Lunch had been eaten (by us) before they arrived.

7. THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE: Th tng lai n

Ex: Bob and Kathy will buy a new car next month.

A new car will be bought by Bob and Kathy next month.

Modal verbs: can, could, may, might, would, should, must, have to, ought to, be able

to cng p dng cng thc ny.

Ex: We cant repair this car (because it is too old.)

This car cant be repaired.

Active: we, you, they, Ns + were + V-ing + O + R

I, he, she, it, tn + was

Passive: S + was / were + being + P.P + R + by O

Active: S + had + V3 / V ed + O + R

Passive: S + had + been + V3 / V -ed + R + by O

Active: I, We + shall / will + V1 + O + R

He, she, it, you, they + will

Passive: S + shall / will + be + V3 / V ed + R + by O

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8.THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE: Th tng lai tip din

Ex: The director will be seeing the new employees tomorrow.

The new employees will be being seen by the director tomorrow.

9. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: Th tng lai hon thnh

Ex: I shall have met and interviewed 10 applicants for the job by lunch time.

10 applicants for the job will have been met and interviewed (by me) by lunch

time.

10. THE NEAR FUTURE TENSE: Th tng lai gn

Ex: The company is going to cut down the admin costs.

The admin costs are going to be cut down.

11. SOME SPECIAL FORMS OF PASSIVE VOICE:

Ex: People believe that the governments savings policy will fail.

It is believed that the governments savings policy will fail.

The governments savings policy is believed to fail.

Active: S + will / shall + be + V-ing + O + R

Passive: S + will / shall + be + being + V3 / V -ed + R + by O

Active: S + will / shall + have + V3 + O + R

Passive: S + will / shall + have + been + V3 / V ed + R + by O

Active: S + is / am / are + going + to V1 + O + R

Passive: S + is / am / are + going + to + be + V3 / V ed + R + by O

Active: People / they + believe / think / say / report + that SVO

Passive: It is + believed / thought / said / reported + that SVO

S + be + believed / thought / said / reported + to V1 + O

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Ex: Close your book, please.

Let your book be closed.

Ex: It is your duty to go to work on time.

You are supposed to go to work on time.

Ex: I have the barber cut my hair.

I have my hair cut.

Ex: She makes me feel happy.

I am made to feel happy.

She continues to sing a song in her room.

A song continues to be sung in her room (by her).

Active: V1 + O, please. Dont V1 + O

Passive: Let + O + be + V3 / V ed S + be not to / mustnt + V1

Active: It is ones (tnh t s hu) duty + to V1 + O

Passive: S + be supposed + to V1 + O

Active: have

S + has + someone + V1

Passive: had + something + V3 / V ed

be having

Active: S + hear / make / let / see / watch / help + O + V1

Passive: S + be + hear / made / let / seen / helped + to V1

Active: S + continue / begin + to V1 + O + R

Passive: S + continue / begin + to be V3 / V -ed + R + by O

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EXERCISE

Put the transitive verbs into the passive voice. Do not mention the agent unless it seems

necessary.

1. The milkman / brings / the milk / to my door.

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2. People / steal / things / from supermarkets everyday.

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3. The men / sweep / this street / every day.

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4. An ambulance / takes / that sick man / to hospital.

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5. A carpenter / makes / this table / for us today.

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6. Women / are cleaning / the office / now.

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7. They / are polishing / the generals car.

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8. My father / is planting / trees / in the garden.

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9. They / are demolishing / the entire housing block.

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10. We / have bought / this house / since 1995.

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11. Peter / has sent / her / this gift.

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12. They havent stamped the letters.

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13. They have sold their car since 2000.

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14. He has built this building since we came here.

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15. The boys havent stamped their letters yet.

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16. She / left / her umbrella / in the cinema.

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17. He / didnt pay / me / for the work.

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18. She introduced me to her mother.

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19. Somebody stole 20 bottles of whisky from this shelf last week.

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20. The robbers killed 5 people on the road last month.

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21. They suggested allowing us to buy those house.

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22. You / must type / this report / carefully.

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23. They / will bring / letters / to the house.

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24. You / cant give / her / this book.

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25. He should leave these documents in the office.

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26. We shall build a new bridge here next year.

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27. A machine could do this work much more easily.

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28. Candidates may not use the dictionaries.

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29. You need not type this letter now.

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30. You must not move this man because he is too ill.

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31. Someone had picked my keys up in the street.

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32. They handed round the coffee and biscuits.

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