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Transcript of 8 25 Lecture Ch 1 A
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PowerPoint Lecture Slides
prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College
C H A P T E R
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The Human
Body: AnOrientation:Part A
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: The study of structure
Subdivisions:
Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, surface,and systemic anatomy)
Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology)
Developmental (e.g., embryology)
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology: The study of function at many
levels
Subdivisions are based on organ systems
(e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Essential tools for the study of physiology:
Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic
to cellular and molecular)
Basic physical principles (e.g., electrical
currents, pressure, and movement)
Basic chemical principles
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Principle of Complementarity
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable.
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on itsspecific form
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical: atoms and molecules (Chapter 2)
Cellular: cells and their organelles (Chapter 3)
Tissue: groups of similar cells (Chapter 4)
Organ: contains two or more types of tissues
Organ system: organs that work closely
together
Organismal: all organ systems
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular
system
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are madeup of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are madeup of different types
of tissues.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work togetherclosely.
Organismal level
The human organism is madeup
of many organ systems.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
HeartBlood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
1 2
3
4
56
Figure 1.1
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
MoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
1
Figure 1.1, step 1
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are madeup of
molecules.
Smooth muscle cell
1 2
Figure 1.1, step 2
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are madeup of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
1 2
3
Figure 1.1, step 3
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular
system
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are madeup of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are madeup of different types
of tissues.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work togetherclosely.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
HeartBlood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
1 2
3
4
5
Figure 1.1, step 5
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular
system
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are madeup of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are madeup of different types
of tissues.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work togetherclosely.
Organismal level
The human organism is madeup
of many organ systems.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
HeartBlood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
1 2
3
4
56
Figure 1.1, step 6
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3a
NailsSkin
Hair
(a) Integumentary System
Forms theexternal body covering, and
protects deepertissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands.
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3b
Bones
Joint
(b) Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs,
and provides a framework the muscles
use to cause movement. Blood cells
are formed within bones. Bones store
minerals.
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3c
Skeletal
muscles
(c) Muscular System
Allows manipulation of theenvironment,
locomotion, and facial expression. Main-
tains posture, and produces heat.
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3d
Brain
NervesSpinal
cord
(d) Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of
the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3e
Pineal gland
Pituitary
gland
Thyroid
gland
Thymus
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
(e) Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body
cells.
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3f
(f) Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.
Heart
Blood
vessels
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3g
Lymphatic
vessels
Red bone
marrow
Thoracic
duct
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vesselsand returns it to blood. Disposes of debris
in the lymphatic stream. Houses white
blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in
immunity. Theimmuneresponse mounts
the attack against foreign substances
within the body.
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3h
Nasal
cavity
Bronchus
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
(h) Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
The gaseous exchanges occurthrough
thewalls of the airsacs of the lungs.
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3i
Liver
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Large
intestine
Stomach
Smallintestine
Rectum
Anus
(i) Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable
units that enterthe blood for
distribution to body cells. Indigestible
foodstuffs areeliminated as feces.
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3j
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
(j) Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the
body. Regulates water, electrolyte and
acid-base balance of the blood.
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3k-l
Prostate
gland
Ductus
deferens
Penis
Testis
Scrotum
Ovary
Uterine
tube
Mammary
glands (inbreasts)
Uterus
Vagina
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex
hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female
reproductive tract. Ovaries produceeggs and female sex hormones. Theremaining
female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organ Systems Interrelationships
All cells depend on organ systems to meet
their survival needs
Organ systems work cooperatively to perform
necessary life functions
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2
Digestive system
Takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbedmatter(feces)
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Food O2 CO2
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells anddelivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients
Urinarysystem
Eliminatesnitrogenous
wastes andexcess ions
Nutrients and wastes passbetween blood and cells
via theinterstitial fluid
Integumentary system
Protects the body as a whole
from theexternal environment
Blood
Heart
Feces Urine
CO2O2
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Necessary LifeFunctions
1. Maintaining boundaries between internal
and external environments
Plasma membranes
Skin
2. Movement (contractility)
Of body parts (skeletal muscle)
Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)
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Necessary LifeFunctions
3. Responsiveness: The ability to sense and
respond to stimuli
Withdrawal reflex
Control of breathing rate
4. Digestion
Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
Absorption of simple molecules into blood
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Necessary LifeFunctions
5. Metabolism: All chemical reactions that
occur in body cells
Catabolism and anabolism
6. Excretion: The removal of wastes from
metabolism and digestion
Urea, carbon dioxide, feces
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Necessary LifeFunctions
7. Reproduction
Cellular division for growth or repair
Production of offspring8. Growth: Increase in size of a body part or of
organism
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Survival Needs
1. Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals,vitamins
2. Oxygen
Essential for energy release (ATPproduction)
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Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal
environment despite continuous outside
changes
A dynamic state of equilibrium
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Involve continuous monitoring and regulation
of many factors (variables)
Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish
the communication via nerve impulses andhormones
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Components of a Control Mechanism
1. Receptor (sensor)
Monitors the environment
Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)
2. Control center
Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response
3. Effector
Receives output from control center
Provides the means to respond
Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus
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Stimulusproduceschangein
variable.
Receptor
detectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.
Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.
Responseofeffectorfeeds backto reducetheeffect ofstimulusand returns
variable tohomeostaticlevel.
Receptor Effector
Control
Center
BALANCE
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
1
2
3 4
5
Figure 1.4
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Stimulusproduceschangein
variable.
BALANCE
1
Figure 1.4, step 1
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Stimulusproduceschangein
variable.
Receptor
detectschange.
Receptor
BALANCE
1
2
Figure 1.4, step 2
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Stimulusproduceschangein
variable.
Receptor
detectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.
Receptor
Control
Center
BALANCE
Afferent
pathway
1
2
3
Figure 1.4, step 3
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Stimulusproduceschangeinvari
able
.
Receptor
detectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.
Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.
Receptor Effector
Control
Center
BALANCE
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
1
2
3 4
Figure 1.4, step 4
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Stimulusproduceschangeinvari
able
.
Receptor
detectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.
Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.
Responseofeffectorfeeds backto reducetheeffect ofstimulusand returns
variable tohomeostaticlevel.
Receptor Effector
Control
Center
BALANCE
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
1
2
3 4
5
Figure 1.4, step 5
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NegativeFeedback
The response reduces or shuts off the original
stimulus
Examples:
Regulation of body temperature (a nervous
mechanism)
Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an
endocrine mechanism)
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5
Sweat glands activated
Shiveringbegins
StimulusBody temperaturerises BALANCE
Information sentalong the afferent
pathway to controlcenter
Information sentalong the afferent
pathway to controlcenter
Afferent
pathway
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
Efferentpathway
Information sentalong theefferent
pathway toeffectors
Information sentalong theefferent
pathway to effectors
StimulusBody temperature falls
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Effectors
Sweat glands
Effectors
Skeletal muscles
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
centerin brain)
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
centerin brain)
Response
Evaporation of sweat
Body temperature falls;stimulus ends
Response
Body temperaturerises;
stimulus ends
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NegativeFeedback: Regulation ofBlood
Volume by ADH
Receptors sense decreased blood volume
Control center in hypothalamus stimulates
pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)
ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return
more water to the blood
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PositiveFeedback
The response enhances or exaggerates the
original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
Usually controls infrequent events e.g.:
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
(Chapter 28)
Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
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Feedback cycleendswhen plug is formed.
Positive feedback
cycleis initiated.
Positive
feedback
loop
Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel wall.
Plateletsadhere to site
and release
chemicals.
Releasedchemicals
attract more
platelets.
Platelet plug
forms.
1
23
4
Figure 1.6
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Positive feedback
cycleis initiated.
Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel wall.
1
Figure 1.6, step 1
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Positive feedback
cycleis initiated.
Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel wall.
Plateletsadhere to site
and release
chemicals.
1
2
Figure 1.6, step 2
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Positive feedback
cycleis initiated.
Positive
feedback
loop
Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel wall.
Plateletsadhere to site
and release
chemicals.
Released
chemicals
attract more
platelets.
1
23
Figure 1.6, step 3
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Feedback cycleendswhen plug is formed.
Positive feedback
cycleis initiated.
Positive
feedback
loop
Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel wall.
Plateletsadhere to site
and release
chemicals.
Released
chemicals
attract more
platelets.
Platelet plug
forms.
1
23
4
Figure 1.6, step 4
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Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis
Increases risk of disease
Contributes to changes associated with aging
May allow destructive positive feedback
mechanisms to take over (e.g., heart failure)