6.1 layer and composition of the atmosphere
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Transcript of 6.1 layer and composition of the atmosphere
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Composition and Layers of the Atmosphere
Mr. Silva
Ag Earth Science
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Composition of the Atmosphere• Nitrogen 78.08%• Oxygen 20.95%• Argon 0.93% (9300 ppm)• Carbon Dioxide 0.035% (350 ppm)• Neon 18 ppm• Helium 5.2 ppm• Methane 1.4 ppm• Ozone 0.07 ppm
3. Composition of the Atmosphere
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Other Components of the Atmosphere
• Water Droplets• Ice Crystals• Sulfuric Acid Aerosols• Volcanic Ash• Windblown Dust• Sea Salt• Human Pollutants
3. Composition of the Atmosphere
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Aerosols
Aerosols Any solid or liquid particle in the
atmosphere.
• Natural (e.g. dust) and human (e.g. soot) sources.
• Can remain suspended for long periods of time (days to weeks).
• Contribute to cloud formation and precipitation by acting as condensation nuclei.
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Aerosols: Saharan Dust Storm
Dust particles are about 10 micro-meters in size (0.00001 meters). Roughly 1/10 the
width of a human hair. Big ones settle out..
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Aerosols: Pollution over Los Angeles
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Ozone: O3
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Partial PressureGas Molecular
WeightPartial
Pressure
Nitrogen 28 78%
Oxygen 32 21%
Argon 40 0.9%
Water Vapor 18 0-4%
Carbon Dioxide 44 350 ppm
2. Partial pressure, vapor pressure and humidity
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Layers of the Atmosphere
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Structure (Layers) of the Atmosphere
• Defined by Temperature Profiles• Troposphere
– Where Weather Happens
• Stratosphere– Ozone Layer
• Mesosphere• Thermosphere
– Ionosphere
4. Layers in the atmosphere are defined by temperature profiles
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The Troposphere
• Most dense• All weather takes place here
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Troposphere• Heating of the Surface creates warm air at
surface• Warm air rises, but air expands as it rises
and cools as it expands (Adiabatic cooling)
• Heating + Adiabatic Cooling = Warm air at surface, cooler air above
• Buoyancy = Cool air at surface, warmer air above
• Two opposing tendencies = constant turnover4. Layers in the atmosphere are defined by temperature profiles
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The Stratosphere
• Dry• Absorbs ultraviolet
radiation (UV)• Ozone layer is here
• Ozone (O3) absorbs much UV C and UV B waves.
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Stratosphere
• Altitude 11-50 km• Temperature increases with altitude• -60 C at base to 0 C at top• Reason: absorption of solar energy to
make ozone at upper levels (ozone layer)
• Ozone (O3) is effective at absorbing solar ultraviolet radiation
4. Layers in the atmosphere are defined by temperature profiles
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The Mesosphere
• Coldest• Many meteors burn up here
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Mesosphere
• 50 – 80 km altitude• Temperature decreases with altitude• 0 C at base, -95 C at top• Top is coldest region of atmosphere
4. Layers in the atmosphere are defined by temperature profiles
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The Thermosphere (Ionosphere)
• Region of charged ions (positive) and electrons
• Electrons are torn off atoms by sunlight of short wavelengths
• Electrons don’t recombine easily because the distance between molecules is large at high altitudes and collisions are not frequent
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Thermosphere
• 80 km and above• Temperature increases with altitude as
atoms accelerated by solar radiation• -95 C at base to 100 C at 120 km• Heat content negligible• Traces of atmosphere to 1000 km• Formerly called Ionosphere
4. Layers in the atmosphere are defined by temperature profiles
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