• 老布勒哲爾是荷蘭畫家。他的作品類別包括了繪畫、雕凹版畫和素描等，主題涵蓋的範圍包括從政治、社會諷刺到自然素描，從幻想寓意畫到聖經故事畫，無論哪一類，都顯示出敏銳的觀察力，以及突出細節的本領。

The Fall of the Rebel Angels, (1562), Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium

• 老布勒哲爾最著名的是繪畫作品，分為三類：幻想或寓意、風土人情及聖經故事。作品中顯示出老布勒哲爾描繪日常生活景象的本領，說明了老布勒哲爾對農人生活的喜愛，也解釋了為什麼他有「農夫老布勒哲爾」的封號。

Dull Gret {1562}.Museum Mayer van den Bergh, oil on panel

• 他的觀察力敏銳，但很容易被人誤解為描寫細膩的寫實作品，他擅長於掌握精確的時刻中的動作。為了強調主題的動作，他排除了身體色調的層次，因此在他的農人裡，找不到獨特的人，他們幾乎是一個模樣﹝圓臉…﹞，他們的視覺效果端賴動作中呈現的本性和氣質。老布勒哲爾的世界裡喧鬧佔最大多數，如同永不休止的政治和宗教的騷動。

The Tower of Babel (1563), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, oil on board

Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap (1565), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

The Hunters in the Snow (1565) Dec-Jan, oil on oak panel, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

The Gloomy Day {1565}, Feb-Mar, oil on wood, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

The Harvesters (1565), Aug-Sept, oil on panel, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

The Return of the Herd {1565} OCt-Nov, oil on oak panel, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

The Wedding Dance (c.1566), oil on oak panel, The Detroit Institute of Arts

The Census at Bethlehem (1566), oil on wood panel, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium

Massacre of the Innocents, (c. 1565-1567), Brukenthal National Museum, Sibiu

The Land of Cockaigne (1567), Alte Pinakothek, an illustration of the medieval mythical land of plenty called Cockaigne

The Peasant Wedding (1568), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

The Peasant Dance (1568), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, oil on oak panel

The Peasant and the Nest Robber (1568), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

The Beggars (The Cripples) (1568), Louvre, Paris, oil on panel

“The Procession to Calvary” 1564, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

Pieter Bruegel the Elder Wallpapers

Pieter Brueghel the Elder-Christus und die Ehebrecherin

Pieter Brueghel the Elder, The Wine of Saint Martin’s Day (work in process of restoration), ca, 1565-68. Private Collection Madrid

老布勒哲爾﹝ Pieter Bruegel the Elder l525 ﹞﹝~ 1569﹞

Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Winter Landscape with Skaters and Bird Trap

格呂內華德﹝ Matthias Grunewald 1470 ~ 1528﹞﹝ ﹞

• 格呂內華德是日耳曼畫家最偉大而特出的藝術家之一。他擔任過宮廷畫家、建築師和工程師，留傳到今日的作品不多，全部是宗教畫，代表作是替亞耳沙斯伊森海姆市﹝ Isenheim﹞修道院附設醫院禮拜堂畫的祭壇畫。

• 這巨大的多翼式祭壇有兩套翼板，描繪耶穌釘刑、基督復活、聖告等主題。這些場景的透視法技巧非常嫻熟，意象卻大致遵循末期哥德式風格，設色華麗而巧妙。這件祭壇畫最動人的特色是情緒強烈而震撼人心，流露情緒的扭曲肢體，是一幅以「釘刑」為畫作題材呈現所未見的肉體折磨慘狀景象。他有不少素描傳到今日，但是，他和大多數當代日耳曼大畫家不同，似乎沒有製作過版畫。

格呂內華德﹝ Matthias Grunewald 1470 ~ 1528﹞﹝ ﹞

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• Hans Holbein died between 7 October and 29 November 1543 at the age of 45. Karel van Mander stated in the early 17th century that he died of the plague. Wilson regards the story with caution, since Holbein‘s friends attended his bedside; and Peter Claussen suggests that he died of an infection. Describing himself as "servant to the king's majesty", Holbein had made his will on 7 October at his home in Aldgate. The goldsmith John of Antwerp and a few German neighbours signed as witnesses. Holbein may have been in a hurry, because the will was not witnessed by a lawyer. On 29 November, John of Antwerp, the subject of several of Holbein's portraits, legally undertook the administration of the artist's last wishes. He presumably settled Holbein's debts, arranged for the care of his two children, and sold and dispersed his effects, including many designs and preliminary drawings that have survived. The site of Holbein's grave is unknown and may never have been marked.

• 霍爾班是德國畫家，可能是北歐最善於心理刻劃的寫實肖像畫家。他早年的肖像畫顯示出了他刻劃人物特性的天賦，而他的宗教作品顯出他是很冷酷的寫實畫家或裝飾畫家，而不是虔誠的宗教畫家。

• 1526 年，霍爾班第一次造訪英國，並加入了摩爾爵士的社交圈，他為摩爾家人畫了一幅肖像畫，並描繪出家中周遭的背景，這在北方藝術中是前所未有的。 1532 年，他二度造訪倫敦，霍爾班很成功地為許多外國商人畫像，和外交圈來往並獲朝廷的注意。之後他成為亨利八世的宮廷畫家。由於宮廷畫的需求量大，於是他改變方式，依據素描來畫油畫，而不再使用模特兒。他的肖像畫，有等身大小的，也有畫成纖細畫﹝ miniature﹞的，比他早年的作品更簡略，這是因為他強調細節，及根據素描作畫，使他對畫面的處理與感受比較不敏銳了。Portrait of the Merchant Georg Gisze, 1532. Oil and tempera on oak, Berlin State Museums

小霍爾班﹝ Hans Holbein the Younger 1497-1543﹞﹝ ﹞

Jane Small, portrait miniature, c. 1540. Bodycolour on vellum, Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Design for a chimney-piece, c. 1538–40. Pen and black ink with grey, blue, and red wash on paper, British Museum, London

Portrait of Anne of Cleves, c. 1539. Oil and tempera on parchment mounted on canvas, Louvre, Paris

• 杜勒﹝ Albrecht Durer 1471 ~ 1528﹞﹝ ﹞• Albrecht Dürer (German pronunciation: [ˈalbʁɛçt ˈdyːʁɐ]; 21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528)[1] was

a German painter, printmaker, engraver, mathematician, and theorist from Nuremberg. His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance ever since. His vast body of work includes altarpieces and religious works, numerous portraits and self-portraits, and copper engravings. His woodcuts, such as the Apocalypse series (1498), retain a more Gothic flavour than the rest of his work. His well-known works include the Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium.

• Dürer's introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, has secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatises, which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.

• 杜勒是北歐藝術的宗師，也是第一位到義大利學畫的德國畫家。他的作品中以版畫最具影響力，尤其是木刻版畫和銅板畫最為出色。

• 杜勒是日耳曼一位金屬工匠之兒子，他在十三歲時就能夠畫出精密的自畫像，而成為西方繪畫史上最早以寫實方式記錄自己容貌的畫家。

• 十五世紀前後，歐洲藝術的中心還在義大利，文藝復興的巨大成就使杜勒充滿了憧憬與嚮往，因此他不惜長途跋涉，三次翻越阿爾卑斯山，向義大利的藝術大師學習，研究文藝復興的構圖、透視的技巧。因此，他將義大利文藝復興的形式與理論傳播到歐洲北部，並且成功的將文藝復興的理念與哥德式的個人主義風格相結合。

• 杜勒在三次到義大利途中，都以極客觀科學的精神，一絲不苟地將許多風景和生物的神態記錄下來，因此，他也可能是西方繪畫史上第一位對大自然做直接寫生的畫家。

• 當時日耳曼地區從東方傳入印刷術，然後很快地發展成精密的版畫技術。杜勒在這種環境之下成為一位很出色的木刻版畫和銅板畫家。他甚至以版畫複製了自己的作品，編成一本作品集。

The earliest painted Self-Portrait (1493) by Albrecht Dürer, oil, originally on vellum (Louvre, Paris)

杜勒﹝ Albrecht Durer 1471 ~ 1528﹞﹝ ﹞

杜勒﹝ Albrecht Durer 1471 ~ 1528﹞﹝ ﹞

杜勒Albrecht Durer1471 ~ 1528

李常生 Eddie Lee leechangsheng5555@gmail.com資料來源：視覺素養學習網、 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia、百度百科、拙風文化網謹向歷史上所有的畫家致敬。 I have the honor to pay tribute to all the painters in the history.