Research for Studying Forms of Policy Corruption

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( )

() ( ) ( )

( )

.. () ( ) Blackmail ()

()

( )

( )

. . .

(in the public interest) (access to public resources) (power to take decisions or to make policy) (Political Corruption) () () ()

. .. .. (Patronag system spoils system) Crdit mobilier scandal .. New York Sun (Union Pacific Railroad) Crdit mobilier (Anticorruption Project)

spoils system

()

, : , .

() embezzlement () graft on public contracts and

franchises () regulatory corruption and graft on crime () insider trading Rebecca Menes, Limiting the Reach of the Grabbing Hand: Graft and Growth in American Cities, to , Edward L. Glaeser and Claudia Goldin, Corruption and reform: lessons from Americas economic history, University of Chicago Press, , .

(.) (.) (.) (.) . Political Corruption (..) (..) .. () () (Political Corruption) () (.) (the highest levels)

(.) () (Accumulation or Extraction purposes) () () (Power preservation or strengthening purposes) ) (government officials) (government revenues) Bribes Grafts Kickbacks Extraction Embezzlement Rent-seeking Plunder Kleptocracy Extraction (procurement) (privatization processes) (Military procurement)

(illegal) (immoral) (bribes) (embezzlement) (fraud) (rent-seeking) ( ) (natural resources) ) (favoritism) (patronage politics)

(benefits advantages) (spoils) (political loyalty) (political support) (rivals) (opposition) () (Administrative or Bureaucratic corruption) (the implementation end of politics) (the formulation end of politics) (the distribution of the nations wealth) (the supply side

of corrupt transactions) (the demand side of corrupt transactions) (unethical behavior) ( the norms) (the formal rules) (political authority) (World Bank) () (.) (politicians) (president) (vice presidents) (government ministers) (senior civil servants) (senior public office holders)

abuse of public power or political power for private benefit or private gain.

(.) (motif) (wealth) (status) (power) (self-enrichment) (self-indulgence) (power preservation) (the rulers or ruling elites) (misuse of resources) (collective goods) (pecuniary benefits or material favors) (undue uses of political influence) (Watergate scandal) (abuse of office)

.. .. () Teapot Dome () Lockheed bribery () Teapot Dome Teapot Dome (White House administration) .. Warren G. Harding (Kickbacks) (.) Teapot Dome (United States Naval Oil Reserve) Natrona Wyoming Elk Hills Buena Vista Hills Kern (The Navy Department) Edwin C. Denby (The United States Secretary of the Navy) Albert B. Fall Republican Edwin C. Denby (Department of Interior) . . (Executive order) Harding .. Albert B. Fall (the United States Secretary of the Interior) Albert B. Fall Albert B. Fall Teapot Dome

Harry F. Sinclair Elk Hills Edward L. Doheny Pan American Petroleum Albert B. Fall Mineral Leasing Act of Albert B. Fall , (.) .. Wall Street Journal Albert B. Fall John B. Kendrick Wyoming Democrat Albert B. Fall Robert M. La Follette, Sr. Wisconsin Republican (the Senate Committee on Public Lands) Thomas J. Walsh Montana Democrat Albert B. Fall Albert B. Fall Thomas J. Walsh Edward L. Doheny Albert B. Fall .. , .. Albert B. Fall

Sinclair Oil Mammoth Oil

Robert M. La Follette, Sr. Robert M. La Follette, Sr.

.. (The Supreme Court) Elk Hills Teapot Dome .. Albert B. Fall , Albert B. Fall Harry Sinclair , (contempt of the Senate) (jury tampering) .. Edward Doheny Albert B. Fall () Lockheed bribery Lockheed bribery Lockheed .. .. (Deal of the Century) (political controversy) (.) Lockheed Aircraft Corporation ( Lockheed) .. Lockheed (the Government Emergency Loan Guarantee Board) Lockheed

Lockheed bribery Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of Jimmy Carter Logan Act .. Alco Hydro-Aeroplane Company Allan Loughead Malcolm Loughead Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company .. .. Lockheed Aircraft Company Hollywood California Detroit Aircraft Corporation .. .. Robert E. Gross Courtland S. Gross Lockheed Aircraft Detroit Aircraft Corporation Lockheed Aircraft Corporation .. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation C- Hercules Lockheed U- F- Starfighter .. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation .. .. Frank Church Lockheed Aircraft Corporation / ()

Logan Act .. ( .. )

.. Lockheed (.) ) Earnest Hauser Lockheed Aircraft Corporation Franz Josef Strauss F- Starfighter .. Franz Josef Strauss Earnest Hauser .. Bundestag (Federal Ministry of Defense) .. ) Lockheed bribery Christian Democrat (Italian Air Force) C- Hercules LEspresso Luigi Gui Mario Tanassi Mariano Rumor Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

http://en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org

) Bernhard . Lockheed Aircraft Corporation F- Starfighter Joop Den Uly Bernhard Bernhard .. Bernhard ) .. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation Tanaka Kakuei Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Tanaka Kakuei Marubeni Corporation Marubeni Corporation () All Nippon Airways () Kodama Tanaka Kakuei (Ministry of Transportation) All Nippon Airways Lockheed Aircraft Corporation L- Tri-Stars McDonnell-Douglas DC- All Nippon Airways Lockheed Aircraft Corporation . All Nippon Airways Tanaka Kakuei All Nippon Airways Yoshio Kodama . .. Tanaka Kakuei Foreign Exchange

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.bookrags.com/research/lockheed-scandal-ema-03/ http://encyclopedia.com

Control Law Tanaka Kakuei .. Miki Takeo .. Tanaka Kakuei (Tokyo District Court) Lockheed Aircraft Corporation (Tokyo High Court) Tanaka Kakuei (the Supreme Court) .. ) .. .. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation Adnan Khashoggi Adnan Khashoggi Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

http://en.wikipedia.org

. .. .. .. .. () (Information deficits) (Lack of government transparency) (Freedom of Information Act - FOIA) (Freedom of speech) (Freedom of the Press)

() (Lacking control of government) (Lacking civic society and non-governmental organizations) (Weak rule of law) (Lacking protection of whistleblowers) () (Opportunities and incentives) - (poorly-paid government officials) - - - -

() (Social conditions)

(Lacking literacy and education) .. (transparency) (conflict of interests) () () () (Whistle Blower) () (Executive)

(United States Constitution of ) (Legislature) (Executive) (Judiciary) ( Check and Balance) ( )

(.) ( Congress) Article Section

(Senate) (House of

Representatives) (Article Section ) (sitting members of the legislature)

(Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces) (Treaties) (Article Section ()) (principal officer) (Executive Departments) (Article Section ()) (Article Section ()) (Reprieves and pardons) (Impeachment) (Article Section ()) (Impeachment)

Article Section Article Section ()

(.) (the Presidents closest confidants) (the President's Cabinet) (Secretary) (at the pleasure of the President) ( (Cabinet committees) (screening committee) )

,

(Cabinet Law), , . Article Section The Presidentmay require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of

Executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Officers, ,

(Cabinet Law), , .

(Sunshine Act of ) (Whistleblower Act) () (.) (.) (.) (Whistle Blower)

(Article Section )

(.) .. (Federal Sunshine Act of ) ) (prohibition of ex parte communications) )

.. Gerald Ford

.. .. (United States Code-U.S.C.)

Government is and should be the servant of the people, and it should be fully accountable to them for the actions which it supposedly takes on their behalf (U.S.C.C.A.N. , )

, (The Sunshine Act) , .

Title U.S.C. Section b (b)

) (any agency) (Freedom of Information Act-FOIA) (a collegial body) () (any subdivision) (meeting) (deliberations) (members) (joint conduct or disposition of official agency business)

Title U.S.C. Section b. Except as provided in subsection (c), every portion of every meeting of

an agency shall be open to public observation. Title U.S.C. Section b (a) () Title U.S.C. Section b (e)

(Congress) District of Columbia

Title U.S.C. Section b (a) ()

(public announcement) (open) (closed) (minutes) ) - (national defense) (foreign policy) - (internal personnel rules and practices) - (accusing a person of a crime)

Title U.S.C. Section b (c) () - () (General

Counsel) (chief legal officer) Title U.S.C. Section b (f) ()

Title U.S.C. Section b (e) ()

Title U.S.C. Section b (f) () ()

Title U.S.C. Section b (j)

Title U.S.C. Section b (c) () - ()

- (trade secrets) (commercial or financial information) - (information of a personnel nature) (invasion of personal privacy) (.) (Conflict of interest) .. (Ethics in Government Act of ) (Watergate scandal) ) Ethics in Government Act of (exploitation of positions of public trust) (integrity) (Financial disclosure for public officials)

(Ethical conduct of government employees) Title United States Code (Ethics in Government Act of )

Title a U.S.C. Section Frank Anechiarico and James B. Jacobs, The pursuit of absolute integrity: how corruption control makes

government ineffective, University of Chicago Press, , .

(Employment restrictions for former government employees) Comptroller General (. ) ) (.) (.) ) Ethics in Government Act of (Executive branch) (Director of the Office of Government Ethics) Congress Congress (annual public financial disclosure reports) - - (stocks) (bonds) (property)

Title a U.S.C. Section (f) Title a U.S.C. Section

- - (dependent children) (. ) ( ) (the designated agency ethics official)

(trustee) blind trust

blind trust Title a U.S.C. Section (f) ()-()

(Title a U.S.C. Section (a) ())

Title a U.S.C. Section (a)

(the designated agency ethics official)

Title a U.S.C. Section (b) Title a U.S.C. Section (d) Title a U.S.C. Section Title a U.S.C. Section (a) () Title a U.S.C. Section (b) () Title a U.S.C. Section (b) () (A) Title a U.S.C. Section (b) () (B)

- - -

(b) () (divestiture) (restitution) (the establishment of blind trust) (request for an example) (voluntary request for transfer or reassignment) (limitation of duties) (resignation)

Title a U.S.C. Section (b) () Title a U.S.C. Section Title a U.S.C. Section (a) (d)

(Office of the Director of National Intelligence) (Central Intelligence Agency) (Defense Intelligence Agency) (compromise the national interest) (. (a) ())

Title a U.S.C. Section (b) ()

(unlawful purpose) (commercial purpose) (credit rating) (. (c) ())

(Attorney General) (civil action) (knowingly and willfully) (United States district court) (a civil penalty) , (filing fee)

Title a U.S.C. Section (b) () (A) Title a U.S.C. Section Title a U.S.C. Section (b) Title a U.S.C. Section (a) Title a U.S.C. Section (c) Title a U.S.C. Section (d) ()

) (Employment restrictions) Ethics in Government Act of (Outside earned income limitation) (Limitations on outside employment) (compensation for affiliating with a firm or partnership) (a fiduciary relationship) (compensation for teaching) (prior notification and approval) Ethics in Government Act of - -

(a noncareer officer or employee) GS- General Schedule (basic pay) GS- General Schedule

Title a U.S.C. Section Title a U.S.C. Section

(.) (Whistle Blower) Ethics in Government Act of (anticorruption project) (blew the whistle) Richard Nixon Federal Civil Service Reform Act of -CSRA Jimmy Carter (problems of employees with poor job performance) (accountability) (protection of federal employees who blew the whistle on government misconduct and fraud) .. Whistleblower Protection Act of United States Code .. Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of

Congress ..

) (corruption of government officials) (fraud regarding public funds) Whistle Blower Act of (retaliation or reprisal) (impartiality of the civil service) (rule of law) (freedom of expression) (foundation of democratic accountability) (democratic government) )

(negative personnel actions) (demotion) (termination) (transfer) (negative personnel inactions) (failure to promote)

) (illegal or improper or misconduct government activities) (a federal agency) (personnel actions or practices) (covered employees) (Executive branch of government) (Senior Executive Service) (Whistleblower) (reasonably believe) (good faith) (violation of law, rule or regulation) (gross mismanagement) (gross waste of funds) (abuse of authority) (substantial and specific danger to public health or safety)

(suspension) (transfer)

Title U.S.C. Section (Section . Prohibited personnel practices)

Title U.S.C. Section (a) () (B)

(Title U.S.C. Section (a) () (B) (i) (ii))

(inspectors general of Department of Investigation) (Office of Special Counsel-OSC) (internal disclosure) (prohibited by law) (Executive Order) (national defense) (conduct of foreign affairs) (back pay/ compensatory damages) (contributing factor) (an act of disloyalty) (fulfillment of civic responsibility)

(predominant or motivating factor)

) (Office of Personnel Management -OPM) (Office of Special Counsel-OSC) (investigating complaints) (disciplinary actions) (Merit Systems Protection Board-MSPB) (personnel action) (MSPB) (independent right of action-IRA) (OSC) (OSC) (reasonable grounds to believe)

Title U.S.C. Section (a)

(OPM) (corrective action) (United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit) .. (Purging Corruption from Public Contracting) () () (Paralysis of Procurement) () New York , New York .. New York Tammany Hall

Title U.S.C. Section (b) () (C) Frank Anechiarico and James B. Jacobs, The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity: How corruption control

makes government ineffective, (University of Chicago Press, ), .

Boss William Marcy Tweed (County Board of Supervisors) Manhattan (Manhattan courthouse) Boss William Marcy Tweed (kickbacks) Boss William Marcy Tweed Office of the Commissioner of Accounts (OCA) (Department of Investigation DOI) OCA (competitive bidding) (lowest responsible bidder) .. New York City Parking Violations Bureau (PVB) Donald Manes Stanley Friedman Democrat Citisource Geoffrey Lindenauer (hand-held computers) Citisource Stanley Friedman (controlling shareholder) (shell company) Manes Lindernauer Friedman PVB .. (New York City Charter Revision Commission)

(emergency) (Procurement Policy Board-PPB) (integrity standards) (comptroller) (possible corruption) (procurement code) (integrity of procurement system) (waste) (fraud) (abuse) (financially, operationally and morally responsible) (record of business activity) (computerized data bank) Vendor Information Exchange System-VENDEX

-

- - (ineligible) - (felony charges) - (misdemeanor charges)

VENDEX (cautions) (debarments) (blacklisting) VENDEX () (Paralysis of Procurement) .. New York (New York City Comptrollers Office) (Special Contract Audit Unit) (mayor) .

(..) (..) ..

() () () New York New York New York ( investigate and prevent official corruption) (City Charter) (Anticorruption Project) New York (New York City Department of Investigation-DOI) (Inspector general system) (.) (Department of Investigation) Office of the Commission of Accounts-OCA ..

Office of the Commission of Accounts-OCA

.. Boss Tweed OCA (Corruption detection and prevention) .. OCA OCA .. OCA

(organ intragovernmental anticorruption investigation and enforcement) (Inspectors-general system) (Inspector General Act) (complaints) (corrupt or criminal activity) (conflict of interest) (unethical conduct) (misconduct) (incompetence) (functional equivalent of spies) ( .) (Corruption Prevention and Management Review Bureau) .. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration-LEAA ..

(Department of Investigation and Accounts) (Department of Investigation)

..

(corruption hazards) (Report on the City-Wide Anticorruption Program) () (Special State Prosecutor) New York (Department of Police) New York (Commission to Investigate Allegations of Corruption-Knapp Commission) ..

-

(via intermediaries) (indirect payments)

- (arcane) (illicit remuneration)

- (disincentives) (cutting their funding) (firing their personnel)

- (politically allied) (political support)

(underprosecuted)

(public hearings) (recommendations) (Special Anticorruption Prosecutor) (an independent prosecutor) (district attorneys) (close allies) .. Nelson Rockefeller New York (Office of the Special Prosecutor of Corruption-OSPC) (enforcement of law) (administration of criminal justice) New York (judgeship) (bribery) .. ..

.. .. () (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of -FCPA) (Office of the Special Prosecutor) (questionable payments) Lockheed bribery () (Inter-American Convention against Corruption-IACC) () .. (United Nations Convention against Corruption-UNCAC)

Title 15 U.S.C. Section 78dd-1 et seq. http://www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/index.html ..

..

.. ..

() (Inter-American Convention against Corruption-IACC) - - - - (.) - -

- (.) (progressive development) () .. (United Nations Convention against Corruption-UNCAC) .. ..

..

.. . .

- (mandatory requirements) - (optional requirements) - (optional measures)

(.) ( ) (B) () (C) () (a) (B) () (C) () (b) (United States Code) (.) ( ) (foreign public official) Foreign Corruption Practices Act-FCPA m (.) ( ) (.) ( ) (laundering of money instrument)

. Freedom of Information Act of Ethics in Government Act of Whistleblower Act of Sunshine Act of . (Special State Prosecutor) (impeachment)

. Code of conduct (Member of Parliaments - MPs) (.) (.) (.) (.) . .. The Serious Fraud Offices (SFO)

http://www.socialistworker.co.uk The Serious Fraud Office ..

SFO The Criminal Justice Act

(Political corruption) (bribery) (extortion) (embezzlement) (patronage) (fraud) MPs sleaze .. .. .. .. .. .. () The Matrix Churchill Affair () () BAE ( ) () The United Kingdom Parliament expenses scandal ()

http://in.wikipedia.org F.F. Ridley and Alan Doig, Sleaze: Politicians Private Interests & Public Reaction, (Oxford University

Press ), p. -.

, () The Matrix Churchill Affair of Matrix Churchill Ltd. .. (.) Matrix Churchill Ltd. Matrix Churchill Ltd. John Major (Persian Gulf War) Matrix Churchill ltd. (.) Matrix Churchill Sir Frank Brian Smedley Queens Bench Division .. Sir Frank Brian Smedley Matrix Churchill Ltd.

John Major Tony Blair ..

the Queens Division the Supreme Court of Judicature Act

Sir Frank Brian Smedley Public Interest Immunity John Major (unquantifiable damages) Alan Clark "economical with the actualit" defence counsel (Geoffrey Robertson, Gilbert Gray and James Hunt) Matrix Churchill Sir Richard Scott .. () BAE BAE (.) the British Broadcasting Corporation BAE Prince Bandar bin-Sultan the al-Yamamah BAE Systems

Public Interest Immunity (PII) Common Law

http://www.wikipedia.org BAE Systems British Aerospace

.. .. BAE British Aerospace Marconi Electronic Systems ..

BAE .. The Serious Fraud Office (SFO) BAE Systems plc Al Yamamah .. Eurofighter jets (.) BAE (anti-bribery laws) al-Yamamah BAE (The Economist, October ) BAE BAE Bandar bin Sultan al-Yamamah () The United Kingdom Parliament expenses (.) .. Freedom of information Act The Daily

Fraud, Bribery

Corruption http://www.corruptionisacrime.com/background

Telegraph Freedom of information Act (.) .. Freedom of information Act Information Tribunal , ( , )

) (Member of Parliament - MPs)

(House of Commons) (Lords) (House of Lords)

right to know ..

, .. .. , . , .. .. (the green book: A guide to member allowance) () .. - - Richard Thomas

- . Ed Balls Yvette Cooper , .. - Gordon Brown Tony Blair Richard Thomas - - Tony Blair Gordon Brown , .. - - Jacqui Smith - Geoff Hoon Whitehall Apartment

Mabey & Johnson Ltd. SFO .. .. UN "oil-for-food" Maybey & Johnson SFO .. Jamaica Ghana SFO Maybey & Johnson Jamaica Ghana Bangladesh, Mozambique, Angola Madagascar Maybey & Johnson Jamaica and Ghana UN sanctions busting SFO .. Crown Court (Lord Rivlin) UN Jamaica and Ghana . .

.. self - regulation self - regulation self - regulation

Paul Heywood, Political Corruption, (Oxford, Malden, Mass: Blackwell, ), p. -.

Codes of practice Members of Parliaments (MPs) The Prevention of Corruption Acts - Public body MPs agents Self - regulation Self-regulation Health and Safety commissions Self - regulation Self - regulation Self - regulation

OECD, OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform United Kingdom Challenges at the cutting edge , OECD, p.. The Health and Safety Commission (HSC) the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act (HSWA) The Commission Secretary of State

Self regulation .. Self - regulation Self -regulation Self - regulation .. Self - regulation Self - regulation self - regulation .. .. (MPs) The Matrix Churchill Affair of Matrix Churchill Ltd. John Major (Persian Gulf War)

(Nolan Principles) self - regulation Nolan (Nolan Principles) the Public Appointments Order in Council 1995 .. the Committee on Standards in Public Life Lord Nolan ( the Nolan Committee) Nolan Nolan Nolan an independent Public Appointments Commissioner the public appointments a Code of Practice public appointments procedures The Committee on Standards in Public Life .. John Major MPs