55555 17k;> 18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; cyf tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa epfo ... G-8 PII T/cha 5.pdf · 67,ytr...

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 66

17k;> 18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; cyf

tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs;

ehfupf tsu;r;rpapy; gy;NtW rk;gtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

kdpjdpd; tho;f;if Cl;lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; tpjj;ij tuyhw;iw MuhAk;

NghJ njupe;J nfhs;syhk;. 17k;> 18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpfukhd

epfo;Tfs;> kdpj ehfupfj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;G toq;fp mit

cyf tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpakhd jpUg;GKidfshf mike;j tpjj;ij

Muha;e;J ghu;g;gNj ,t;tyiff; fw;gjd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

mjw;fika ,g;ghl myfpd; %yk; Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp> mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;

Nghu;> gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp> ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp vd;gtw;wpy; cq;fs; ftdk;

<u;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp - fp.gp. 1688Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp - fp.gp. 1688Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp - fp.gp. 1688Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp - fp.gp. 1688Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp - fp.gp. 1688

vkJ ehl;il epu;tfpf;Fk; gpujhd kj;jpa epiyak; ghuhSkd;wkhFk;.

cyfpy; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfs; ghuhSkd;wj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl

jkJ ehLfis epu;tfpj;J tUfpd;wd.

,t;thwhd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwikia cyfpw;F toq;fpNahu;

gpupj;jhdpau; Mtu;. vkJ ehl;bw;Fk; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwia mwpKfk;

nra;jtu;fSk; mtu;fNsahtu;.

5555555555

,q;fpyhe;Jg; ghuhSkd;wk;,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wk;

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf67

fp.gp. 1688y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w Gul;rp cyf tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa

fl;lkhf fUjg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk;> mg;Gul;rpapd; %yk; ehl;Lf;F epu;thfk;

rhu;e;j rfy mjpfhuq;fisAk; kd;duplk; ,Ue;J ghuhSkd;wk; jkjhf;fp

nfhz;likahFk;.

gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; murdpd; mjpfhuq;fisg;

ghuhSkd;wk; RtPfupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghLk; gy;yhz;Lfshfg;

gbg;gbahf ,lk;ngw;W te;jnjhd;whFk;.

murDf;F MNyhrid toq;fpa ~~nkf;Dk; nfhd;]pypAk;|| my;yJ

k`h rig> ,q;fpyhe;Jg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; %ytpj;jhFk; vd;gJ

ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhuJ mgpg;gpuhakhFk;. murdplk; ,Ue;J epyj;ijg;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;l gpujk Fj;jiff;fhuu;fs; ,k; kfhrigapy; mq;fj;Jtk;

ngw;wdu;. ,tu;fs; r%fj;jpy; cau; me;j];Jg; ngw;W rYiffis

mDgtpf;Fk; gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fshtu;. ,tu;fs; ngud;fs; (gpuGf;fs;)

vDk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Muk;gk;ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Muk;gk;ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Muk;gk;ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Muk;gk;ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Muk;gk;

khdpa Kiwapd; MNyhridr; rigapy; ,lk;ngw;w ngud;fsplk;

,Ue;J kl;LNk murDf;F tup t#ypf;f Kbe;jJ. vdpDk;> ngud;fs;

rpW njhifapdNu ,Ue;jdu;. ,jdhy; murdpd; tUkhdk;

Nghjpasthdjhf ,y;yhikahy; gzf;fhuu ;fshf ,Ue;j

iel;LfisAk;> ,k;kfh rigf;F miog;gjw;Fj; jPu;khdpj;jdu;.

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; gpuhe;jpaq;fspdJk; efuq;fspdJk; gpujpepjpfs;

miof;fg;gl;ldu;. tpNrlkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspNyNa ,t;thwhdtu;fisf;

nfhz;L kfhrig $l;lg;gl;lJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,JNt ghuhSkd;wkhf

tsu;r;rp fz;lJ.

,t;thW Muk;gkhd ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; murUf;Fk; ,ilNa

mjpfhuj;ij mDgtpf;Fk; tplaj;jpy; fUj;J NtWghLfSk; Nkhjy;fSk;

Vw;gl;ld. fp.gp.1688y; Vw;gl;l Gul;rp> ,tw;wpw;F KbTfl;b> rfy

mjpfhuq;fisAk; kd;ddplkpUe;J ghuhSkd;wk; gwpj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;

Kw;Wg; ngw;wJ.


1688f;F Kw;gl;l Kf;fpa rk;gtq;fs;1688f;F Kw;gl;l Kf;fpa rk;gtq;fs;1688f;F Kw;gl;l Kf;fpa rk;gtq;fs;1688f;F Kw;gl;l Kf;fpa rk;gtq;fs;1688f;F Kw;gl;l Kf;fpa rk;gtq;fs;

Mq;fpNyau; jkJ cupikfis ntd;nwLg;gjw;F ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp

Kiw xd;iw milag;ngw;w Kjy; rk;gtkhf fp.gp.1215,y; ,lk;ngw;w

~~kf;dh fhl;lh|| (kfh gl;lak;) xg;ge;jj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

kf;dh fhl;lh xg;ge;jk; vd;why; vd;d?kf;dh fhl;lh xg;ge;jk; vd;why; vd;d?kf;dh fhl;lh xg;ge;jk; vd;why; vd;d?kf;dh fhl;lh xg;ge;jk; vd;why; vd;d?kf;dh fhl;lh xg;ge;jk; vd;why; vd;d?

kf;dh vd;gjd; nghUs; kfh vd;gjhFk;

fhl;lh my;yJ rhl;lu; vd;gJ cupikg; gj;jpukhFk;.

,jw;Nfw;g kf;dh fhl;lh vd;gJ kfh gl;lakhFk;.

,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd tplakhf 'kfh rigapd; mDkjpapd;wp

tuptpjpf;fNth ehl;by; eilKiwapy; cs;s rl;lj;jpw;F mikthf

tprhuiz nra;ag;glhj gpui[ xUtidj; jz;bf;fNth kd;dDf;F

mjpfhuk; ,y;iy" vd;w thrfk; kd;ddpd; ifnahg;gj;Jld; vOj;jpd;

%yk; ntspaplg;gl;likiaf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

kfhgl;lak; ; ,q;fpyhe;J

murdpd ; mjpfhuj ;ijg ;

gytPdg;gLj;Jk; KjyhtJ

tuyhw ;W MtzkhfTk; >

ghuhSkd;w mjpfhuk; tsu;r;rp

ngWtJ rk;ge;jkhd Kf;fpakhd

epfo;thfTk; mikag; ngw;wJ.

,jpy; fp.gp. 1215,y; gpbthj

FzKs;s gytPdkhd murd; 1

Mk; N[hd;> gpuGf;fspd;; tw;GWj;

jyhy; ifnahg;gkpl;lhd;.

murdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

jPu;khdk; rl;lkhff; fUjg;gLk;

fhyj;jpy;> ,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpy;

murd; ifnaOj;jpl;ljd; %yk;

mtDk; rl;lj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;gLk;

epiyik cUthdJ.

kf;dh fhl;lh xg;ge;jk;


,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; gb kd;dd;,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; gb kd;dd;,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; gb kd;dd;,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; gb kd;dd;,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; gb kd;dd;

Gjpa tup xd;iw tpjpg;gjw;Fk;.

jkJ tpUg;gg;gb epjpiaf; ifahStjw;Fk;

Gjpa rl;lk; xd;iwj; ,aw;Wtjw;Fk; eilKiwapYs;s rl;lk;

xd;iw jpUj;Jtjw;Fk;

kfhrigapd; mDkjpiag; ngwNtz;bapUe;jJ.

kfhrigNa gpw;fhyj;jpy; gpuGf;fs; rig> gpujpepjpfs; rig vDk;

ngau;fSld; ,d;iwa ghuhSkd;wkhf tsu;r;rpAw;wJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

,U rigfSs; gpuGf;fs; rigapy; gpuGf;fSk; gpujpepjpfs; rigapy;

kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSk; mq;fk; tfpj;jdu;.

ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Lk; mjpfhuk; kd;ddplNk fhzg;gl;lJ. vdNt>

jhd; tpUk;Gk;NghNj kd;dd; mjidf; $l;bdhd;.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; NkYk; xUgb tsu;r;rp mile;jJ vl;lhtJ

n`d;wp kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpyhFk; (1519 - 1547). ,tdJ fhy fl;lj;jpy;

INuhg;ghtpy; rka rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk; Vw;gl;l Ntisapy; ghg;ghz;ltupd;

Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J kPsj; Njitahd rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cjtpiag; gad;gLj;jpdhd;. ,jdhy; ghuhSkd;wk;

NkYk; NkYk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mile;jJ.

fp.gp. 1603k; Mz;by; ];̂ tl; vDk; mur tk;rk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd;

Ml;rp gPlj;jpy; mku;e;jJld; epiyik khwj; njhlq;fpaJ. Kjyhk;

rhs;]; kd;dd; (1625-1649) ghuhS

kd;wj ;ijg ; Gwe ;js;sptpl ;L

rl ;lq ;fisAk; tupfisAk;

tpjpf;f Kide;jhd;. ,jidg;

ghuhSkd;wk; vjpu;f;fNt kd;dd;

mjidf; fiyj;J tpl;lhd;.

murdpd; ,r;nraw;ghl;il

vjpu;j;j xyptu; Fnuhk;nty;ypd;

jiyikapy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk;>

kd ;dDf;FkpilNa Nghu ;

Vw;gl;L> mjd; ,Wjp Kbthf

Njrj;JNuhfpahf kd;dd; kPJ Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L mtd; rpur;Nrjk;

nra;ag;gl;lhd;.

Kjyhk; rhs;]; kd;dd;


1Mk; rhs;]; kd;ddpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; Fnuhk;nty; nghJey muR

ngaUld; mLj;j 11 Mz;Lfs; ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jhd;. vd;whYk; nghJey

muR vd;w gy;NtW rpf;fy;fSf;F Kfk;

nfhLj;jjdhy; FNuhk;nty;ypd;

kuzj;jpd; gpd; ngUk;ghd;ikNahupd;

tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; kPsTk; Kbahl;rp

Kiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

jPtpu fj;Njhypf;f gf;jdhd 2Mk;

N[k;]; kd;dd; gjtpNaw;wJld; (1685-

1688) kd;dDf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk;

,ilapy; kPz;Lk; Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lJ.

,k;NkhjYf;F rkaf; fUj;J NtWghNl fhuzkhf mike;jJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;

ngUk;ghd;ikapdu ; r Pu ;j ;j pUj;j

rkaj;jtuhapUf;f kd;dNdh Nwhkd;

fj;Njhypf;fdhapUe;jhd;. kd;dDf;Fj;

Njitg;gl;lNjh muRupikia Nwhkd;

fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jtDf;F toq;FtJ

MFk;. vd;whYk; ghuhSkd;wk; kd;ddpd;

kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;jpUe;j rPu;jpUj;j

rkaj;jtuhd neju;yhe;ijr; Nru;e;j

,sturu; tpy;ypaj;jpw;F Kb#l

tpUk;gpaJ. ,stur jk;gjpiag;

gjtpNaw;f ghuhSkd;wk; miog;G

tpLj;jJ. mt;tpUtUk; miog;ig Vw;W

,q;fpyhe;jpw;F te;jpwq;fpa NghJ>

,uz;lhk; N[k;]; kd;dd;

gpuhd;rpw;Fj; jg;gp Xbdhd;. ntw;wp

ngw ;w ghuhSkd;wk ; %d;whk ;

tpy;ypaj;ijAk; ,uz;lhk; NkupiaAk;

gpupj;jhdpa rpk;khrdj;jpy; mku;j;jpaJ.

,tu ;fs ; ghuhSkd ;wj ;jhy ;

tpjpf;fg;gl;l cupikfs; kDit

Vw ;Wf ;nfhz ;Nl gjt pa py ;

xyptu; Fnuhk;nty;

xyptu; Fnuhk; nty; - 1k; rhs;]; Nghupd;

NghJ jPg;gpbj;j yz;ld; efur; rpj;jpuk;

2 Mk; N[k;]; kd;dd;


mku;e;jikahy; ghuhSkd;wj;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;l kd;duhl;rp ,q;fpyhe;jpy;

cUthdJ.

Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;

1688 Mq;fpy Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa tpisthf mike;jJ. 1689 ,y;

ntspaplg;gl;l ~~cupikfs; kD|| MFk;.

kf;dh fhl;lh xg;ge;jj;Jld; Muk;gkhd ghuhSkd;w Mjpf;fk; fp.gp

1689y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l cupikfs; kDtpd; %yk; ngUk;ghYk; G+u;j;jp

nra;ag;gl;ld.

mjd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; tUkhW :

1. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp kd;dd; tup tpjpj;jy; MfhJ.

2. kd;dDf;F epue;jug; Nghu;g; gil xd;W Njitnadpy; mjw;Fg;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjp ngwg;glNtz;Lk;.

3. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Ngr;R> tpthjk;;> KbntLf;Fk; cupikfspy; kd;dd;

jiyaplf; $lhJ.

4. nfh^ukhd kdpjj;jd;ikaw;w jz;lidfs; toq;fg;glf; $lhJ

5. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Ml;rpAupik Gul;l];jhe;J rkaj;jpdUf;F kl;LNk

cupj;JilaJ. cNuhkd; - fj;Njhypf;f kjj;ijr; rhu;e;j vtUf;Fk;

my;yJ mtu;fSld; jpUkz cwT itj;Jf;nfhz;l vtUf;Fk;

rpk;khrd cupik ,y;iy

ePz;l fhykhf kd;ddplkpUe;j mjpfhuq;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

trkhdikahy; nghJ kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshyhd mj;jhgdj;jplk;

,q;fpyhe;jpd; Ml;rp eltbf;iffs; nrd;wile;jd. ,g;Gul;rp ,uj;jk;,uj;jk;,uj;jk;,uj;jk;,uj;jk;

rpe;jhg; Gul;rpnad;Wk; khz;GkpF Gul;rp vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.rpe;jhg; Gul;rpnad;Wk; khz;GkpF Gul;rp vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.rpe;jhg; Gul;rpnad;Wk; khz;GkpF Gul;rp vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.rpe;jhg; Gul;rpnad;Wk; khz;GkpF Gul;rp vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.rpe;jhg; Gul;rpnad;Wk; khz;GkpF Gul;rp vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

,g;ghuhSkd;wk; [dehafj;ij Nehf;fp neUq;fpr; nry;Yk;

mstpw;F tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.

c+k; : gpw;fhyj;jpy; thf;Fupik> murpay; fl;rpfspd; Njhw;wk;>

gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk; cUthjy;.

,q;fpyhe;jpd; ghuhSkd;w KiwiaNa cyfpYs;s mNdfkhd

[dehaf ehLfs; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wik.

cjhuzkhf : ,yq;if> ,e;jpah

mnkupf;f Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;Djhuzkhf mike;jik.

c+k; :~~gpujpepjpj;Jtkpd;Nwy; tupAkpy;iy|| vd;w Nfh\k;

cupikfs; kDtpd; thrfj;jpypUe;Nj ngwg;gl;lJ.


nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL

1. kf;dh fhl;lh xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; kfh rigf;Fg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;l cupikfs; %d;iwf; Fwpf;Ff.

2. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfSf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;l ngau;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

3. 1689 xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb ghuhSkd;wk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l cupikfs;

%d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

4. Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; ahit?

mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu;mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu;mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu;mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu;mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu;

15k; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l ehLfhz; gazq;fsp;d;

tpisthf mnkupf;fhf; fz;lk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. mnkupf;fhitf;

fz;Lgpbj;j gpd;du; ];ghdpau;> Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> gpuhd;rpau;> xy;yhe;ju>;

Mq;fpNyau; vd;Nghu; mq;F FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jdu;.

INuhg;gpau; mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jjd;INuhg;gpau; mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jjd;INuhg;gpau; mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jjd;INuhg;gpau; mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jjd;INuhg;gpau; mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jjd;

Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.

rpwe;jnjhU tho;f;ifia cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd nry;tk;>

epyk;> Rje;jpuk; vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

rka gpurhuq;fSf;fhfTk; rka Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfTk;> kjr;rPu;jpUj;j

,af;fq;fspdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW rkag; gpuptpdUk;

jj;jkJ rka rPu;j;jpUj;jf; nfhs;iffisg; gpurhuk; nra;tjw;fhfTk;

Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fj;jpw;Fk; rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa

,lk; ngw;w Nkhjy;fshy; ghjpg;Gw;w kf;fs; rka Rje;jpuj;Jld;

tho;tjw;fhfTk; nry;yy;.

Gfo;ngWtjpy; ehl;lk; : Gjpa gpuNjrq;fisf; fz;lwpjyhy; jkf;Fk;

jkJ ehl;bw;Fk; Gfo; Nru;j;jy;.


INuhg;gpau; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jy;INuhg;gpau; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jy;INuhg;gpau; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jy;INuhg;gpau; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jy;INuhg;gpau; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jy;

INuhg;gpau; tUk;NghJ mnkupf;fhtpy; tho;e;j Mjpf;FbapdNu

nrt;tpe;jpau;fshtu;. ,tu;fspd; Ml;rpiaAk; fyhrhuj;ijAk; mopj;

njhopj;Jtpl;Nl INuhg;gpau; mt;tplq;fspy; jkJ FbNaw;wq;fis

mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.

,t;thW ,tu;fs; gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapypUe;Nj

FbNaw;wq;fis mikg;gjpy; <Lgl Muk;gpj;jdu;.

];ghdpa> Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa> xy;yhe;j> gpuhd;rpa> Mq;fpNya

,dj;jtu;fshy; mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;

tl mnkupf;fhtpy; epiyahd FbNaw;wq;fis cUthf;Ftjpy;

ngUksTf;F ntw;wp ngw;wtu;fs; Mq;fpNyau;fNsahtu;. 1776 ,y; Rje;jpug;

Nghu; Muk;gkhFk;NghJ Mq;fpNyaf; FbNaw;wq;fs; gjpd;%d;W

tlmnkupf;fhtpy; fhzg;gl;ld.

mitahtd:

Ntu;[pdpah> N[hu;[pah> ngd;rpy;Ntdpah> epANahu;f;> epAN[u;rp>

nlyntahu;> k];]{nrl;];> nfdf;bfl;> njd;; fNuhypdh> tl fNuhypdh>

epAN`k;\au;> k];]pnrl;];> Nuhl;Iyz;l;> Nkupyz;l;.

nrt;tpe;jpau;


njd; fNuhypdhnjd; fNuhypdhnjd; fNuhypdhnjd; fNuhypdhnjd; fNuhypdh

tl fNuhypdhtl fNuhypdhtl fNuhypdhtl fNuhypdhtl fNuhypdh

N[hu;[pahN[hu;[pahN[hu;[pahN[hu;[pahN[hu;[pah

tl mkupf;fhtpd; Muk;g Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;tl mkupf;fhtpd; Muk;g Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;tl mkupf;fhtpd; Muk;g Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;tl mkupf;fhtpd; Muk;g Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;tl mkupf;fhtpd; Muk;g Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;

epANahu;fepANahu;fepANahu;fepANahu;fepANahu;f

epAN`k;\au;epAN`k;\au;epAN`k;\au;epAN`k;\au;epAN`k;\au;

Nuhl;Nuhl;Nuhl;Nuhl;Nuhl;

Iyz;l;Iyz;l;Iyz;l;Iyz;l;Iyz;l;

nfdf;bfl;nfdf;bfl;nfdf;bfl;nfdf;bfl;nfdf;bfl;

epAN[u;rpepAN[u;rpepAN[u;rpepAN[u;rpepAN[u;rp

nlyntahu;nlyntahu;nlyntahu;nlyntahu;nlyntahu;

Ngupyz;l;Ngupyz;l;Ngupyz;l;Ngupyz;l;Ngupyz;l;

mj;jpyhe;jpf;mj;jpyhe;jpf;mj;jpyhe;jpf;mj;jpyhe;jpf;mj;jpyhe;jpf;

rKj;jpuk;rKj;jpuk;rKj;jpuk;rKj;jpuk;rKj;jpuk;

ngd;rpy; Ntzpahngd;rpy; Ntzpahngd;rpy; Ntzpahngd;rpy; Ntzpahngd;rpy; Ntzpah

k];]{nrl;];k];]{nrl;];k];]{nrl;];k];]{nrl;];k];]{nrl;];

If;fpa mnkupf;fIf;fpa mnkupf;fIf;fpa mnkupf;fIf;fpa mnkupf;fIf;fpa mnkupf;f

FbNaw;wq;fs;FbNaw;wq;fs;FbNaw;wq;fs;FbNaw;wq;fs;FbNaw;wq;fs;

Ntu;[u;dpahNtu;[u;dpahNtu;[u;dpahNtu;[u;dpahNtu;[u;dpah

fdlhfdlhfdlhfdlhfdlh

fdlh

If;fpa

mnkupf;fh

13 Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;13 Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;13 Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;13 Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;13 Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;fs;


,e;j mnkupf ;ff; FbNaw;wq;fspd; gpui[fs; jha;ehlhd

gpupj;jhdpahtplkpUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngWtjw;F Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lNk

mnkupf;fr; Rje;jpug; Nghu; vdg;gLfpwJ.

,r;Rje;jpug; Nghu; cyf tuyhw;wpNy Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd epfo;thff;

fUjg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshtd:

gyk; tha;e;j gpupj;jhdpa NguuRf;F tpNuhjkhf FbNaw;w thrpfs;

Gupe;j KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhf ,Ue;jik.

Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;w gpd;du; FbNaw;w thrpfs; cUthf;fpa

murpay; ahg;Ng cyfpy; vOjg;gl;l KjyhtJ ahg;ghf

mike;jik.

Rje;jpug; NghUf;fhd gpd;dzpRje;jpug; NghUf;fhd gpd;dzpRje;jpug; NghUf;fhd gpd;dzpRje;jpug; NghUf;fhd gpd;dzpRje;jpug; NghUf;fhd gpd;dzp

tlmnkupf;fhtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fs;> gpupj;jhdpa

Kbahy; epakpf;fg;gl;l MSeu;fshNyNa epu;tfpf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. epu;thfk;

rhu;e;j tplaq;fspy; mnkupf;fu;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa Rje;jpuk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

vdpDk ; nghUshjhu

tplaq;fspy; ,t;thwhdnjhU

Rje ;j puk ; mtu ;fSf ;Ff ;

fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. cyfk;

G +uhTk ; FbNaw ;wq ;fisf ;

nfhz;bUe;j gpupj ;jhdpauJ

gpujhd Nehf;fk; ,tw;wpypUe;J

,ad;wsT ,yhgj;ij cioj;Jf;

nfhs;tjhFk;. ,g;gjpd;%d;W

FbNaw;wq;fSk; gpupj;jhdpag; gpui[fisf; nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk;

Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,tu;fs; kPJ ,yhgk; ciof;Fk; nfhs;ifiaNa

eilKiwg;gLj;jpdu;.

,f;fhyj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy; ifj;njhopypy; ngUKd;Ndw;wk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

Mdhy; mnkupf;fh ifj;njhopypy; Kd;NdWtij> gpupj;jhdpah

tpUk;gtpy;iy. jkJ ifj;njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd %yg; nghUl;fisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; KbTg; nghUl;fis tpw;gjw;Fkhd xU

re;ijahfNt mnkupf;fhit mtu;fs; ghtpj;jdu;.

Gifapiyg; gz;iz


cjhuzkhf gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Gilitf; ifj;njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd

gUj;jpg; gQ;irAk;> rpfnul; njhopw;rhiyf;Fj; Njitahd

GifapiyiaAk; gapupl;lJ mnkupf;fhtpy; gapuplg;gl;lJ vd;whYk;

mtw;wpw;fhd njhopw;rhiyfis mnkupf;fhtpy; mikg;gJ

jLf;fg;gl;bUe;jikiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,t;thW gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l rl;ljpl;lq;fshy;>

jkJ tu;j;jf eltbf;iffs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtJ FbNaw;wthrpfspd;

ntWg;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhaike;jJ.

FbNaw;w thrpfs; jkJ jha;ehl;Lld; kd];jhgg;gLtjw;F

,d;DnkhU fhuzkhf mike;jJ> jk;kPJ gy;NtW tupfis

tpjpj;jikNaahFk;.

,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fk; gpuhd;]pw;Fk; ,ilNa FbNaw;wq;fspy;

,lk;ngw;w Nghupw;fhd nryTfis <Lfl;Ltjw;fhfNt> jha; ehl;lhy; Gjpa

tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. jtpu 1765Mk; Mz;L NkYk; Gjpa tupfs;

tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. Njapiy tup> fz;zhb tup> fljhrp tup> Kj;jpiu tup

vd;gd mtw;Ws; rpythFk;.

,jdhy; gjpTfs;> gj;jpupiffs;> rl;luPjpahd Mtzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fg;

ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ij tupahfr;

nrYj;j Ntz;bNaw;wgl;lJ.

FbNaw;w thrpfs; ,t;tupf;Fj;

jkJ gyj;j vjpu ;g ;igj ;

njuptpj;jdu;. fp.gp 1688Mk; Mz;Lg;

Gul;rpapd; NghJ> gpujpepjpfspd;

mDkjpapd;wp tuptpjpf;ff; $lhJ

vDk; thrfk; cupik kDtpy;

,lk; ngw;wpUf;ifapy;> vkJ

gpujpepjpfs; ,lk;ngwhj> gpupj;jhdpag; ghuSkd;wj;jhy; vk;kPJ vt;thW

tuptpjpf;f KbAk; vdf; FbNaw;w thrpfs; Nfs;tp vOg;gpdu;. ,f;Nfhupf;iff;F

nrtprha;f;fg;glhikahy;> ~~gpujpepjpj;Jtkpd;Nwy; tupAkpy;iy||~~gpujpepjpj;Jtkpd;Nwy; tupAkpy;iy||~~gpujpepjpj;Jtkpd;Nwy; tupAkpy;iy||~~gpujpepjpj;Jtkpd;Nwy; tupAkpy;iy||~~gpujpepjpj;Jtkpd;Nwy; tupAkpy;iy|| vd;w

Nfh\j;Jld; jkJ Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLj;jdu;.

Kj;jpiufs;


,jd; gpujpgydhf Njapiy tup jtpu;e;j

Vida tupfs; mfw;wg;gl;ld. vd;whYk;

jkJ FbNaw;wq;fs; k PJ> jkf;F

tuptpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L vd;w

epiyg;ghl;by; gpupj;jhdpah cWjpahf

,Ue;jJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; mnkupf;ff;

FbNaw;wq;fSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l

Njapiy tupia gpupj;jhdpah ePf;ftpy;iy.

FbNaw;w thrpfsplkpUe;J vt;tpj tupiaAk;

mwtplg; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F

cupikapy;iy vdf;$wpa FbNaw;wthrpfs;

Kw;wpYk; gpupj;jhdpah Ml;rpapypUe;J

tpLjiy ngWk; nghUl;Lg; Nghuhl;lj;ij

Muk;gpj;jdu;.

1773Mk; Mz;lstpy; ,g;Nghuhl;lk; jPtpukile;jJ. mg;NghJ tl

mnkupf;fhtpy; ,Ue;j ngh];ld; JiwKfj;jpy; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j

Njapiy Vw;wg;gl;l fg;gy;fspy; Eioe;j Nghuhspfs;> mq;fpUe;j Njapiyg;

ngl;bfisj; J}f;fpf; flypy; vwpe;jdu;. ~~ngh];ld; NjePu; tpUe;J|| vd

miof;fg;gLk; ,r;rk;gtNk> Rje;jpug; Nghupd; Muk;gkhf mike;jJ.

,U jug;gpdUk; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ fp.gp 1776y; Nghuhspfspd;

gpynly;gpah efupy; xd;W $bdu;.

tupt#ypf;f te;j mjpfhupfisf;

FbNaw;w thrpfs; jhf;Fjy;

ngh];ld; NjdPu; tpUe;J ngh];ld; JiwKfj;jpd; ,d;iwa

Njhw;wk;


gpynly;gpahj; jPu;khdj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa thrfq;fs;gpynly;gpahj; jPu;khdj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa thrfq;fs;gpynly;gpahj; jPu;khdj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa thrfq;fs;gpynly;gpahj; jPu;khdj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa thrfq;fs;gpynly;gpahj; jPu;khdj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa thrfq;fs;

1. gpupj;jhdpag;; nghUl;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;.

2. FbNaw;w thrpfspd; cupikfs; njhlu;ghd mwpf;if xd;iw

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.

3. gpupj;jhdpahTf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhf

N[hu;[; nth\pq;lidj; jiytuhf epakpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

Rje;jpuKk; Gjpa murpay; ahg;Gk;Rje;jpuKk; Gjpa murpay; ahg;Gk;Rje;jpuKk; Gjpa murpay; ahg;Gk;Rje;jpuKk; Gjpa murpay; ahg;Gk;Rje;jpuKk; Gjpa murpay; ahg;Gk;

1776Mk; Mz;L [_iy khjk; 4k; jpfjp FbNaw;wthrpfs; gpupj;jhdpah

Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ij ntspapl;ldu;. mjidf;

fLikahf vjpu;j;j gpupj;jhdpah FbNaw;w thrpfSf;fhd epiyg;ghl;il

NkYk; fLikahf;fpaJ. N[hu;[; th\pq;ldpd; fPo; jplkdJld; Nghuhba

FbNaw;w thrpfs; Rje;jpu mnkupf;fhtpw;fhd murpay; ahg;ig

mikg;gjw;fhd eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.

ePz;l fhy Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; 1783 Mk; Mz;by; gpuhd;]pd; Ntu;nrapy;];

khspifapy; gpupj;jhdpah - mnkupf;f ehLfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; If;fpa mnkupf;fh Rje;jpukile;jJ.

gpy;nly;gpah rk;Nksdk;


,g;Gjpa ehL 1787,y; jdf;nfd murpay; ahg;G xd;iw vOjpf;

nfhz;lJ. ,JNt cyfpy; vOjg;gl;l KjyhtJ murpay; ahg;G vd;w

ngUikiag; ngWfpwJ. kdpj mbg;gil cupikfs; ,jpy ;

Nru;f;fg;gl;likahy; cyfshtpa kjpg;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;w thrpfspd; Rje;jpuk; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mjd; %yk; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;wq;fs;

cjakhapd. mjd; gpd;du; mikf;fg;gl;l mnkupf;f murpay; ahg;gpw;F

mika Nju;jy; eilngw;W N[hu;[; th\pq;ld; [dhjpgjpahfj; njupT

nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

If;fpa mnkupf;fh ,t;thW jkJ cupikfis ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf

Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lKk; kdpj cupikfs; gpufldKk; INuhg;ghtpy;

Vida ehLfSf;F Kd;khjpupahf mike;jd. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapYk;

,jd; nry;thf;iff; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

mnkupf;f Rje;jpu gpufldk;


Rje;jpukile;j If;fpa mnkupf;fh Jupjkhf ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy;

Kd;Ndwp jdJ vy;iyfisg; gbg;gbahf tp];jupj;J ,d;W cyfpd;

jiyaha ty;yurhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL

1. fPwpl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf.

(m) 13 FbNaw;wq;fSld; Muk;gkhd If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy;

,d;W ......................................... khepyq;fSs;sd.

(M) ,d;iwa If;fpa mnkupf;f [dhjpgjpahf ....................................

flikahw;Wfpwhu;.

(,) mnkupf;fhtpy; Kjy; fhy; gjpj;j ehLfhz; gazp ....................

Mthu;.

(<) re;jpudpy; ,wq;fpa Kjy; kdpjdhd .....................................

If;fpa mnkupf;fhitr; Nru;e;jtu;.

(c) ~~kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l kf;fshl;rpNa

[dehafk;|| vd mnkupf;fhtpd; Gfo; ngw;w [dhjpgjp

...................... Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

2. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; cjak; cyf ehLfSf;Ftoq;fpAs;s

Kd;khjpupfs; ahit?

3. fPo;tUk; tplaq;fisg; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

1. ngh];ld; NjePu; tpUe;J

2. N[hu;[; nth\pq;ld;

3. mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; gpufldk;

4. $l;lhl;rp (rk\;b) Kiw

4. cyfg;glk; xd;wpy; ,d;iwa If;fpa mnkupf;fhit epow;wpf;

fhz;gpf;f.


gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpgpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpgpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpgpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpgpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp

Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpuhd;rpy; ,lk;ngw;w khngUk; khw;wNk gpuhd;rpag;

Gul;rpahFk;. ,J kdpj cupikfisf; fhj;Jj; je;j rk;gtkhf mwpKfk;

nra;aj;jf;fJ. mJ mbg;gil kdpj cupikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;

Kd;Ndw;wg; gazj;jpy; ,d;DnkhU Kf;fpa fl;lkhFk;.

fp.gp 1789y; gpuhd;i] Mz;L nfhz;bUe;j gjpdhwhk; Y}ap kd;ddpd;

Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l murpay;> r%f khw;wNk gpuhd;rpaggpuhd;rpaggpuhd;rpaggpuhd;rpaggpuhd;rpag;

Gul;rp vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

,g;Gul;rpahdJ xNu Kiwapy; %z;lnjhd;wy;y mjw;Fg; gy;yhz;LfSf;F

Kd;dNu Mz;l 14k; Y}ap 15k; Y}ap kd;du;fspd; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj

tpUj;jpaile;J te;j xd;whFk;.

Gul;rpf;F Kd;du; gpuhd;]py; khdpa Kiw r%f mikg;Ng epytpte;jJ.

mjpy; murid Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L gpuGf;fs;> FUkhu;fSld; nghJ

kf;fSkhf %d;W r%fj; juq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,g; gpuptpdu; midtUk;

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhapdu;.

kd;dupd; vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuq;fs;kd;dupd; vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuq;fs;kd;dupd; vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuq;fs;kd;dupd; vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuq;fs;kd;dupd; vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuq;fs;

,f;fhyj;jpy; gpuhd;rpy; kd;duhl;rp KiwNa epytp te;jJ. murhl;rp

Mz;ltdhy; jkf;fspf;fg;gl;l tukhff; fUjg;gl;L rl;lk; ,aw;Wjy;>

mjid mKy; elj;Jjy;> ,Wjpahf ePjp toq;fy; vDk; vy;yh

mjpfhuq;fSk; kd;did ikakhff; nfhz;Nl mike;jpUe;jd. kd;du;fs;

jkJ gjtpahy; ve;jsT jiytPf;fk; mile;jpUe;jhu;fs; vd;why;> ~~ehNd ~~ehNd ~~ehNd ~~ehNd ~~ehNd

muR|| muR|| muR|| muR|| muR|| vd;W 14k; Y}ap Fwpg;gpl;ljpypUe;J ,jid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

mtd; jhd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ve;jnthU tplaKk; rl;l uPjpahdJ vdf;

Fwpg;gpl;lhd;. ve;jnthU Fw;wr;rhl;Nlh> ePjptprhuizNah ,d;wp

tpUk;gpatu;fisf; ifJ nra;J MAs; KOJk; rpiwapy; milf;Fk;

mjpfhuk; murDf;fpUe;jJ. gpuhd;rpa kd;du;fs; ,t;tjpfhuj;ijj; jdJ

jdpg;gl;l murpay; vjpupfis xopj;Jf; fl;Ltjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpaNjhL>

mt;thwhdtu;fs; g];By; Nfhl;ilr; rpiwapy; milj;J itf;fg;gl;ldu;.


murd; ru;thjpfhupahfTk;> RfNghf tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;gtdhfTk;

,Ue;jhd;. murd; tho;e;j Ntu;nrapy;]; khspif kpfTk; Mlk;gukhdjhf

,Ue;jJ. gpuGf ;fSk; FUkhUk; kl ;LNk ,jpy ; g puNtrpf ;f

mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jikahy;

kd;dd; - kf;fs; cwT

gytPdg;gl;Lg; NghapUe;jJ.

murd; vNjr;rjpfhupahf

elg;gijj; jLf;f KbahjpUe;j

ikf;fhd fhuzk;> rhjhuzg;

nghJ kf;fs; jkJ Ntjid

fisr; nrhy;tjw;F re;ju;g;

gNkh egNuh fpilahjpUe;j

ikahFk;.

gpuhd;rpa Ml;rpr; rigahd ];Nll; n[duy; 175 tUlq;fshff;

$l;lg;glNt ,y;iy. ,jdhy; jkJ Jd;g Jauq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;

Xuplk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mifahy; kf;fspd; f\;l e\;lq;fs; kd;did

vl;lTkpy;iy.

14k; Y}ap kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd gpd;dzp cUthfp

te;jjhf Kd;Nd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;Nshk;. ,k;kd;dd;

ru;thjpfhupahf ,Ue;jhYk; Mw;wy; kpf;f

kd;ddhff; fhzg;gl;lhd;. Mdhy; Gul;rpapd;

NghJ kd;ddhf ,Ue;j 16k; Y}ap ryd Gj;jp

gilj;jtdhfTk;> Nkhrkhd epu;thfpahfTk;

fhzg ;gl ;lhd ; . muridr ; #o ;e ;j pUe ;j

tiuaiwaw;w mjpfhuKk;> jpwikapd;ikAk;

gLNkhrkhd epu;thfj;ij cUthf;fpaJ.

,k;kd;ddJ kidtpahd Nkup md;Nlhapdl;

murp ngUkpjk; gpbj;j ntspehl;Lg; ngz;zhf ,Ue;jNjhL mur

epu;thfj;jpYk; jiyaPL nra;J te;jhs;. rhjhuz kf;fs; grpf;Fg; ghz;

Nfl;Lg; Nghuhba NghJ ~~ghz; ,y;iyNay; Nff; rhg;gpLq;fs;|| ~~ghz; ,y;iyNay; Nff; rhg;gpLq;fs;|| ~~ghz; ,y;iyNay; Nff; rhg;gpLq;fs;|| ~~ghz; ,y;iyNay; Nff; rhg;gpLq;fs;|| ~~ghz; ,y;iyNay; Nff; rhg;gpLq;fs;||

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lw;F mk;kf;fisg;gw;wp mts; mwpe;jpuhikNa fhuzkhFk;.

Ntu;nrapy;]; khspif

14k; Y}ap


,t ;thW kd ;dDf ;Fk ; kf ;fSf ;Fk ;

njhlu;gpy;yhky; ,Ue;jik> nghJkf;fis

kdf;Fog;gkilar; nra;J mJ Gul;rp xd;W

cUthtjw;F toptFj;jJ. kd;ddpd; mjPj

mjpfhuj;jpd; fhuzkhf mtid tpku;rpg;gjw;Fr;

re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,t;thwhf mur

vjpu;g;G> Gul;rp xd;whf tbtk; ngw;wJ.

gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuk;gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuk;gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuk;gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuk;gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuk;

mf;fhyg; gpuhd;]pa r%fj;jpy; gpuGf;fshff; fUjg;gl;ltu;fs; epyr;

Rthe;ju;fSk;> FUkhUk; Mtu;. mtu;fs; gpuhd;rpa kf;fs; njhifapy;

4% kl;LNk. gpuhd;]pd; epyj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp ,g;gpuGf;fs; trNk ,Ue;jJ.

13k;> 14k; Y}ap kd;du;fspd; fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fshy;

murpay;> ePjp> Nghu; rhu;e;j mjpfhuq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit kj;jpa

murhy; gwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jdhy; gpuGf;fs; gpuhe;jpa epu;thf

mjpfhuq;fis ,oe;jpUe;jdu;. mt;tjpfhuq;fisr; nraw;gLj;j murdhy;

,d;nld;ld;l;]; ,d;nld;ld;l;]; ,d;nld;ld;l;]; ,d;nld;ld;l;]; ,d;nld;ld;l;]; (Intendants) vDk; mjpfhupfs; epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;.

vd;whYk; gpuGf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;j r%f me;j];Jk; rYiffSk;

mtu;fsplkpUe;J mfw;wg;gltpy;iy. Mifahy; vr;NritiaAk; Gupahky;

rYiffis kl;Lk; mDgtpj;Jf; nfhz;L Mlk;gu tho;f;if tho;e;J

nfhz;bUe;j gpuGf;fSk; rhjhuz kf;fspd; ntWg;Gf;F Mshfpdu;.

Mdhy; gpuGf;fNsh jhk; ,oe;j mjpfhuq;fis kPsg; ngWtjw;fhd

toptiffisj;; Njbf;nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

Nkup md;Nlhapdl;Lk; mtuJ

gps;isfSk;

16k; Y}ap


gpuGf;fSld; neUq;fpa cwT nfhz;bUe;j FUkhu;fs; epyr;

nrhe;jf;fhuuhfTk;> nrhj;JilNahuhfTk; tho;e;jNjhL> rYiffisAk;

mDgtpj;J te;jdu;.

gpuGf;fs; mDgtpj;j rYiffs; rpy gpuGf;fs; mDgtpj;j rYiffs; rpy gpuGf;fs; mDgtpj;j rYiffs; rpy gpuGf;fs; mDgtpj;j rYiffs; rpy gpuGf;fs; mDgtpj;j rYiffs; rpy

ehl;by; tpUk;gpa ,lj;jpy; Ntl;ilahlTk; kPd;gpbf;fTk;

cupikAilNahu;.

gpuGf;fspd; MiyfspYk; NghwizfspYk; (ntJg;gfq;fspYk;)

nghJkf;fs; jkJ Njitfis epiwT nra;Ak; NghJ $ba

thlif t#ypj;jy;.

tptrhapfspd; epyj;jpy; tup mwtpLk; mjpfhuk;

murhq;fj;jpw;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba rpy tupfspypUe;J tpLjiy.

nghJkf;fspd; epiynghJkf;fspd; epiynghJkf;fspd; epiynghJkf;fspd; epiynghJkf;fspd; epiy

gpuhd;]py; tptrhapfSk; fpuhkpa efu njhopyhsu;fSk; kj;jpa

tu;f;fj;jpdUk; rhjhuz kf;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldu;.

,tu;fSs; gpuhd;rpa rdj;njhifapy; 92 tPjj;jpdu; njhopyhsUk;

tptrhapfSk; Mtu;. vd;whYk; ,r;r%f mikg;gpy; kpfTk; Jd;Gw;w

tu;f;fj;jpdu; ,tu;fNsahtu;. ,tu;fs; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> Njthyaj;jpw;Fk;>

gpuGf;fSf;Fk; gy;NtW tupfisr; nrYj;j Ntz;batu;fsha; ,Ue;jdu;.

nghJkf;fisj; Jd;gj;Jf;Fs;shf;fpa tupfspy; rpynghJkf;fisj; Jd;gj;Jf;Fs;shf;fpa tupfspy; rpynghJkf;fisj; Jd;gj;Jf;Fs;shf;fpa tupfspy; rpynghJkf;fisj; Jd;gj;Jf;Fs;shf;fpa tupfspy; rpynghJkf;fisj; Jd;gj;Jf;Fs;shf;fpa tupfspy; rpy

tUlhe;j epytup (nghUshfNth gzkhfNth)

10 my;yJ 15 tUlq;fSf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba tupfs;.

cw;gj;jpapy; 10% Njthyaj;jpw;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba ~~lapj;||

vDk; tup.

cg;G tup : tUlhe;jk; xt;nthUtUk; VO ,whj;jy; cg;ig

tpiy nfhLj;J thq;fpahf Ntz;Lk;.

,tw;Wf;F Nkyhf ntt;NtW tifahd mur tupfSk;> Myaj;jpw;Fr;

nrYj;j Ntz;ba gzKk; ,Ue;jd. ,jw;fika tptrhapfspd;

tUkhdj;jpy; 60% tiu tupfSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ.

gpuGf;fsplkpUe;Jk; FUkhuplkpUe;Jk; tup mwtPL nra;ag;gltpy;iy.


gpuhd;rpy; kj;jpajutu;f;fj;jpdupd; vOr;rpgpuhd;rpy; kj;jpajutu;f;fj;jpdupd; vOr;rpgpuhd;rpy; kj;jpajutu;f;fj;jpdupd; vOr;rpgpuhd;rpy; kj;jpajutu;f;fj;jpdupd; vOr;rpgpuhd;rpy; kj;jpajutu;f;fj;jpdupd; vOr;rp

gpuhd;rpy; tpahghu> ifj;njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wj;jhy; cUthd kj;jpaju

tu;f;fj;jpdu; Ntfkhf mjpfupj;jdu;. Kaw;rpahsu;fs;> vOj;jhsu;fs;

rpe;jidahsu;fs;> jj;Jtthjpfs;> rl;ltpayhsu;fs;> fw;Nwhu; MfpNahu;

kj;jpa juj;jpduhtu;. mtu;fsplk; gzKk; mwpTk; cau; kl;lj;jpypUe;jhYk;

,tu;fSf;F r%f me;j];Njh> mur gjtpfNsh toq;fg;gltpy;iy.

vd;whYk; fw;fhj nraw;wpwdw;w gpuGf;fSf;F ,itaidj;Jk; tha;f;fg;

ngw;wikahy; ,r;r%f Kiwia mtu;fs; vjpu;j;jdu;. xUtUila

epiyia kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;baJ mtUila gpwg;ig itj;jy;y.

Mw;wiyAk; gzj;ijAk; itj;Nj MFk; vd;w fUj;J tYg;ngw;wJ

,jid itj;Nj MFk;. ,jw;fika gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa

RNyhfkhf 'rkj;Jtk;" 'rkj;Jtk;" 'rkj;Jtk;" 'rkj;Jtk;" 'rkj;Jtk;" vDk; nrhy; mike;jJ. ,J gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd;

Kf;fpa RNyhfkhf khwpaJ.

gpuhd;rpy; epytpa rpf;fyhd cs; uhl;rp Kiw kj;jpa tFg;ghupd;

nraw;ghLfSf;F ,ilQ;ryhf ,Ue;jJ. khdpa Kiw mikg;gpy;

epu;thfk; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gpuNjrk; NtWgl;lJ. ,tw;wpilNa 360 tifahd

rl;lq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. mj;NjhL xt;nthU gpuNjr vy;iyapYk; tup

nrYj;jTk; Neu;e;jJ. njd; gpuhd;rpypUe;J jiyefuhd ghup]pw;F

nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L tUifapy; 40 ,lq;fspy; tup nrYj;j Ntz;b

,Ue;jNjhL ,jw;fhd gpuahzf; fhyk; ,U thuq;fshapUe;jd. ,jdhy;

cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L tpahghuk; ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tw;iw

mwpahj gpuGf;fs; nfhs;if tFg;gtu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf

mtw;iwj; jhNk ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; tpahghupfspilNa

tYtile;J te;jJ.

jj;Jthu;j;jf; fUj;Jf;fs;jj;Jthu;j;jf; fUj;Jf;fs;jj;Jthu;j;jf; fUj;Jf;fs;jj;Jthu;j;jf; fUj;Jf;fs;jj;Jthu;j;jf; fUj;Jf;fs;

gpuhd;rpd; murpay;> r%f epiyfshy; Ngjypj;Jg; NghapUe;j midj;Jg;

gpuptpdUf;Fk; rpe;jidahsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; r%f khw;wj;Jf;fhd

rf;jpiaAk;> ijupaj;ijAk; toq;fpd. ,t;thwhd jj;Jthu;j;jf;

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Njhupy; nkhz;nl];fpA+> &N]h> Nthy;lau; Mfpa

rpe;jidahsu;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;Nfhu; Mtu;.

S


gpuhd;rpa mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; ,g;Gul;rpia %l;Lk;

jPg;nghwpfshf mike;jd.

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd Vida fhuzq;fs;gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd Vida fhuzq;fs;gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd Vida fhuzq;fs;gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd Vida fhuzq;fs;gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd Vida fhuzq;fs;

¯ gpuhd;rpaUila ntspehl;Lg; Nghu;fshy; mjd; jpiwNrup fhypahff;

fple;jJ. ,jdhy; nghUshjhu mOj;jq;fs; mtu;fisf; fLikahfg;

ghjpj;jd.

¯ mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;.

¯ 1688 ,y; Vw;gl;l Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpAk; mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd;

jhf;fKk; mtu;fis Ml;nfhz;bUe;jd.

¯ 1787Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l tul;rpAk;> 1788Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l> nts;sKk;

Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fSs; rpythFk;.

Gul;rpapd; Muk;gk;Gul;rpapd; Muk;gk;Gul;rpapd; Muk;gk;Gul;rpapd; Muk;gk;Gul;rpapd; Muk;gk;

gpuhd;]; vq;Fk; mikjpapd;ik NkNyhq;fpr;nrd;wJ. ,g;gpur;rpidf;Fj;

jPu;T fhz;gjw;fhf 16k; Y}ap kd;ddhy; ];Nll; n[duy; vDk;

ghuhSkd;wk; $l;lg;gl;lJ. ePz;l fhykhff; $l;lg;glhj ,r;rigapd;

rl;l jpl;lq;fs; rk;gpujhaq;fs; gw;wp mwpahjtu;fs; ngUk; FsWgbfSf;F

Kfq; nfhLj;jdu;. gpuGf;fSk;> FUkhUk; VidNahiu ,jpypUe;J

ntspNaw;wpdu;.ntspNaw;wg;gl;l kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpduhd mtu;fs; mUNf

,Ue;j nldp]; ikjhdj;jpy; xd;W $b gpuhd;Rf;F Gjpa ahg;nghd;iw

mikf;fhky; fiytjpy;iynad ~~nldp]; Nfhl;||~~nldp]; Nfhl;||~~nldp]; Nfhl;||~~nldp]; Nfhl;||~~nldp]; Nfhl;|| rj;jpag;gpukhdj;ijr;

nra;J nfhz;ldu;.

,tw;why; Fog;gkile;j tptrhapfSk;> njhopyhsu;fSk; 1789 -07 -

14k; jpfjp ~~g];By;|| ~~g];By;|| ~~g];By;|| ~~g];By;|| ~~g];By;|| rpiwr;rhiyiaj; jfu;j;jJld; Gul;rp %z;lJ.

Gul;rpapd; kj;jpapy; kd;dDk; kfhuhzpAk; ehl;il tpl;Lj; jg;gpNahbf;

nfhz;bUe;j NghJ Gul;rpahsu;fspd; iffspy; rpf;fp kuz jz;lid

ngw;wdu;. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J ehshe;jk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gpuGf;fs;

fpsl;bd; vDk; fOj;Jj; Jz;bf;Fk; fUtpf;F ,iuahf;fg;gl;ldu;.


Gul;rpahsu;fs; gpuhd;rpw;F murpay; ahg;G xd;iw vOjp toq;fpaNjhL

kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; xd;iwAk; jahupj;J ntspapl;ldu;. gpuhd;rpa

mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisj; jk;Ks; nfhz;l ,g;gpufldk; ,d;Wk; cyf

ehLfspy; Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L gad;gLj;jg;gl;LtUfpwJ.

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

w rf;jp tha;e;j Kiwahd mikg;Gldhd kj;jpa murhq;fk;

xd;wikf;fg;gl;lik.

w 1791k; Mz;L cupikfs; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

w &Nrhtpd; nfhs;iffs; mlq;fpa ,e;jg; gpufldj;jpy; kdpj

cupikfs; njhlu;ghd Mq;fpy> mnkupf;fu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fspd;

jhf;fKk; ,Ue;jJ.

g];By; jfu;f;fg;gly;.

fpsl;bd; fUtp

];Nll; n[duy; rigf; $l;lk;


w ,e;jg; gpufldj;jpd; gb ,d;W cyfpy; gy ehLfspd; murpay;

ahg ; G jahu pf ;fg ; gl ;Ls ;sJld ; mJ cyif NkYk ;

tsg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjtpahf cs;sJ.

w fp.gp 1791y; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l kdpj cupikfs; gpufldj;jpd;

cs;slf;fk; tUkhW

• midj;J kdpju;fSk; Rje;jpug; gpui[fshfg; gpwg;gjdhy;

mtu;fs; midtUk; rkkhd cupikfis cilNahuhtu;.

• rl;lj;ij ,aw;Wtjpy; gq;FngWk; cupik. xt;nthU

Fbkf;fSf;Fk; cupajhFk;.

• rl;lj;jpw ;Fg; Gwk;ghf xUtiuf; ifJ nra;aNth>

rpiwg;gLj;jNth $lhJ.

• xt;nthU gpui[f;Fk; Rje;jpukhff; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;Fk;

cupik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• jhd; tpUk;Gk; rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wk; cupik xt;nthUtUf;Fk;

cz;L.

w kf;fspd; tUkhd kl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g tup nrYj;Jk; Kiw te;jik

w epykhdpaKiw tPo;r;rpaile;J Rje;jpukhd Kjyhspj;Jtg;

nghUshjhu Kiw Vw;gl;lik.

w jpwikf;F cupa ,lk; fpilj;jik.

w epy cilikAs;s rpW tptrha tu;f;fk; xd;W cUthdik.

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfspd; gb kdpj cupikfis

ntd;nwLg;gjw;F mk;kf;fs; Gupe;j jpahfk; mtu;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp>

cyf kf;fs; midtUf;FNk ,d;Wk; ed;ik gaf;fpd;wJ.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL

1. gytPdkhd jyikj;Jtj;jpdhy; ehL tPo;r;rpailAk; vd;gij

16Mk; Y}ap kd;ddpd; tho;tpypUe;J njspTgLj;Jf.

2. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j me;ehl;L jj;JtQhdpfs;

%tupd; ngau;fisj; jUf.

3. kdpj cupikfs; gpufldj;jpd; gb rpwe;j Ml;rpahsd; xUtdplk;

fhzg;gl Ntz;ba gz;Gfs; %d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.


kdpjd; iffspdhy; nra;j NtiyfSf;Ff; fUtpfisf; fz;lwpe;jJk;

kdpj kpUf rf;jpf;Fg; gjpyhf tY %yq;fisf; fz;lwpe;jJNk

ifj;;njhopy; Gul;rpahFk;. ,jdhy; ifj;njhopw;Wiwapy; ghupa khw;wq;fs;

Vw;gl;L Fbir ifj;njhopy;fs; ghupa Miyj; njhopy;fshf khwp

re;ijfis Nehf;fpa Ngustpyhd cw;gj;jpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

toptiffs; Vw;gl;ld.

18k; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpafhyg; gFjpapy; INuhg;gpa ehLfs;

cynfq;fpYk; FbNaw;wq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jd. ,jdhy; gue;j re;ijfs;

fpilf;fg; ngw;wikAk;> rdj;njhif ngUfpr; nrd;wikAk; tpahghu

r%fk; tpUj;jpaile;jikAk; cw;gj;jpj;Jiwapy; ghupa khw;wq;fis

Ntz;b epd;wd. ,e;epiyapy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Kjypy; ,lk;ngw;wJ

gpupj;jhdpa ehl;byhFk;.

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

%yg;nghUs; :%yg;nghUs; :%yg;nghUs; :%yg;nghUs; :%yg;nghUs; :

%yg;nghUl;fis ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbe;jik> ,Uk;Gk;

epyf;fupAk; mq;F fhzg;gl;lNjhL mjd; FbNaw;wq;fspypUe;Jk;

%yg;nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbe;jik.

murpay; cWjp :murpay; cWjp :murpay; cWjp :murpay; cWjp :murpay; cWjp :

1688y; Vw;gl;l Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpiaj; njhlu;e;J gpupj;jhdpahtpy;

cWjpahd Ml;rp epytpaJ. Mdhy; INuhg;ghtpy; Vida

ehLfspy; murpay; Fog;gq;fs; Vw;gl;bUe;jd.

Fbj;njhifg; ngUf;fk; :Fbj;njhifg; ngUf;fk; :Fbj;njhifg; ngUf;fk; :Fbj;njhifg; ngUf;fk; :Fbj;njhifg; ngUf;fk; :

18Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ gpupj;jhdpah cs;ehl;L>ntspehl;Lg;

Nghu;fspypUe;J tpLgl;likahy; rdj;njhif ngUf;fKw;wJ.

,tu;fspd; mjpfupj;j Efu;thy; cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;f Ntz;ba

Njit Vw;gl;lik.

,yhgfukhd ciog;G :,yhgfukhd ciog;G :,yhgfukhd ciog;G :,yhgfukhd ciog;G :,yhgfukhd ciog;G :

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; rdj;njhifg; ngUf;fj;ijj; njhlu;e;J czTj;

Njitia epiwT nra;a NgusT gz;izfs; cUthapd.

,jw;fhf rpW tptrhapfspd; epyq;fs; xd;W Nru;f;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;

epykpoe;j rpW tptrhapfs; njhopy; ehb efuq;fis Nehf;fp

te;jikahy; kypthd $ypf;Fj; njhopyhsiug; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s

Kbe;jJ.

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpifj;njhopw; Gul;rpifj;njhopw; Gul;rpifj;njhopw; Gul;rpifj;njhopw; Gul;rp


tu;j;jf tpUj;jptu;j;jf tpUj;jptu;j;jf tpUj;jptu;j;jf tpUj;jptu;j;jf tpUj;jp :

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhd ey;y

trjpfs; fhzg;gl;lik. jPu;itaw;w gz;lg; gupkhw;wk; ,lk;

ngw;wik. gue;j FbNaw;wq;fshy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w re;ij trjp

vd;gtw;why; tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpAw;wik.

tpUj;jpaile;j tq;fp KiwtpUj;jpaile;j tq;fp KiwtpUj;jpaile;j tq;fp KiwtpUj;jpaile;j tq;fp KiwtpUj;jpaile;j tq;fp Kiw :

cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jhy; cioj;j ngUe; njhifg;

gzj;ijg; ghJfhj;J itg;gjw;fhf tq;fpfSk;> epjpj;

jhgdq;fSk; Njhd;wpd. ,it ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;fhd

%yjdj;ij toq;fpaik.

,t;thwhd gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; tpUj;jpAw;w ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp

fPo;tUk; %d;W njhopy; Jiwfspy; ,lk; ngw;wd.

1. nerT

2. epyf;fup

3. ,Uk;G

nerTf; ifj;njhopy;nerTf; ifj;njhopy;nerTf; ifj;njhopy;nerTf; ifj;njhopy;nerTf; ifj;njhopy;

,j;JiwapNy Kjd; Kjyhf njhopDl;gk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J

Muk;gj;jpy; Fbirf; ifj;njhopyhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ,U gpupTfs;

cs;sd. E}y; E}w;wy;> Jzp nea;jy; vd;gdNt mit. tu;j;jf tpUj;jpiaj;

njhlu;e;J ,tw;wpw;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jikahy; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f

toptiffs; fz;lwpag;gl Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ.

¯ 1733,y; N[hd; Nf vd;gtuhy; nerT ,ae;jpuk; (XLk; ehlh) xd;W

tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.

¯ 1767,y; N[k;]; - Mt; fpuP]; vd;Nghuhy; E}y; E}w;Fk; ];gpdpq;

n[dp vDk; ,ae;jpuk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

¯ wpr;rl; Mf;iul; vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;l ePu;r;rl;lj;jhy; iffspdhy;

fUtpia Row;Wtjw;Fg; gjpyhf ePupd; cjtpahy; mjid Nkw;nfhs;s

Kbe;jJ.


¯ 1779y; rhKNty; FNuhk;ud; fz;lwpe;j kpA+y; ,ae;jpuj;jhy; E}y;

E}w;wy; NkYk; Ntfkile;jJ. n[dp> kpA+y; ,ae;jpuq;fis ,af;f

ePu;r;rl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

¯ vl;kd;l; fhl;iul; vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;l tpirj; jwpapdhy;

cw;gj;jp gy;fpg; ngUfpaJ. ,t;tpae;jpuj;jhy; Kd;G njhopyhsp

xUtu; cw;gj;jp nra;j Jzpiag; Nghy; ehd;F klq;if xU

rpWtdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;a ,aYkhapUe;jJ. 1785y; ghupa

nerthiy xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,d;W gytpjkhd ghupa ,ae;jpuq;fs; tiuapyhd nerTf;

ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rpaile;J te;Js;sJ. ,J njhlu;ghf NkYk; Gjpa

Kiwfs; fz;lwpag;gl;L tUfpd;wd. vdNt njhopw;Gul;rpahdJ Fwpg;gpl;l

fhyj;jpw;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf md;wp njhlu;e;J nraw;gl;L tUk;

xd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

ePu;r;rl;lk;E}w;Fk; ,ae;jpuk;

ghupa nerT ,ae;jpuk;


,Uk;GUf;Fj; njhopy;,Uk;GUf;Fj; njhopy;,Uk;GUf;Fj; njhopy;,Uk;GUf;Fj; njhopy;,Uk;GUf;Fj; njhopy;

1730 ,y; Mgpu`hk; lhu;tp vd;gtupd; fz;Lgpbg;igj; njhlu;e;J

,Uk;Gj;jhij cUf;Ftjw;F tpwFf;Fg; gjpyhf epyf;fupiag;

gad;gLj;jf; $bajhapUe;jJ.

1856,y; Ng];ku; ,Uk;ig cUf;Fk; NghJ cUthFk; fopit

mfw;Wtjw;fhd Kiw xd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.

1831,y; ePy;rd; vd;gtu; nfhjp ciyiaf; fz;lwpe;jjhy; rf;jp

tha;e;j cNyhfkhd cUf;fpd; cw;gj;jp tsu;r;rp mile;jJ.

1846,y; rPkd; vd;gtu; jpwe;j ciyia epu;khzpj;jhu;. ,tw;why;

mtrukhfTk;> mjpfkhfTk; ,Uk;igAk; cUf;ifAk; cw;gj;jp

nra;af; $bajhapUe;jJ.

ePz;l fhyg; ghtidAk;

JUg; gpbf;fhj jd;ikAk; cUf;fp-

lk; fhzg;gl;likahy; mjd;

ghtid mjpfupj;Jr; nrd;wJ.

,d;W cyf ehLfs; midj;-

jpYk; JUg;gpbf;fhj ,Uk;GUf;Ff;

ifj;njhopy ; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

,ae;jpu rhjdq;fs;> thfdq;fs; cw;gj;jpf;fhfTk;> epu;khzj; Jiwf;fhfTk;

,jd; Njit ehshe;jk; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. ,d;W ,tw;Wld; epy;yhJ

gy;NtW tifg;gl;l NjitfSf;fhf vj;jidNah tpjkhd cNyhfq;fs;

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpf;F Kd;du;

MAj cw;gj;jpf;Nf ,Uk;G

ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L

te;jJ. Mdhy; ,f;fhyj;jpy;

,ae ;j pu rhjdq ;fspd ;

cw;gj;jpf;fhf ,Uk;G ngUksT

Njitg;gl;lJ.

,Uk;ig cUf;Fk; etPd ,ae;jpuk;

Ng];kupd; cUf;F ciy


epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy; gpuNjrk;

N[k;]; Nthl;bd; ePuhtp ,ae;jpuk;

gpupj;jhdpah epyf;fupr; Ruq;fq;fs; epiwe;j ehL. ,jdhy; tPl;Lg;

ghtidf;F epiwaNt

,jidg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.

,Uk;GUf;Fj; njhopypd;

tsu;r ;rpiaj; njhlu;e;J

mjid cUf;Ftjw;fhf

epyf;fupapd; NjitAk;

ntFthf mjpfupj;jJ. mg;NghJ

mjid mjpfkhf mfOk;

NghJ ,U gpur;rpidfSf;F

Kfq; nfhLf;f Neu;e;jJ.

1. Ruq;fj;jpDs; Cw;nwLf;Fk; ePu;

2. Ruq;fj;jpDs; cUthFk; khrile;j tsp

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Ruq;fj;jpDs; Njq;Fk; ePu; iffspdhNyNa

,iwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhfg; ngUksT njhopyhsu; Njitg;gl;ldu;. NkYk;

Ruq;fj;jpd; Mok; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;ifapy; mq;F fhzg;gLk; ntg;gj;ijj;

jzpf;ff; Fsp&l;lg;gl;l fhw;W nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;bAkpUe;jJ.

,g;gpur;rpidfs; ,uz;ilAk; fp.gp 1735 ept; Nfhkhd; vd;gtu; fz;lwpe;j

ePuhtpahy; ,aq;Fk; vQ;rpd; %yk; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;sf;$bajhapUe;jJ.

,e;j vQ;rpid N[k;];

Nthl; NkYk; tpUj;jp

nra ;J GJg ; g pj ; jhu ; .

,jdhy; epyf;fup cw;gj;jp

ngUfj; njhlq;fpaJ.

1812,y; `k;g;wp Nltp

ahy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l

ghJfhg;ghd tpsf;fhy;>

epyf;fupr; Ruq;fj; njhopy;

ghJfhg;Gkpf;fjhf khwpaJ.

epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;


Ruq;fj;jpDs; cUthFk; ,yFthfj; jPg;gpbf;ff; $ba kPnjd;

thAtpdhy; mq;F ntspr;rj;ij toq;FtJ Mgj;jhd fhupakhf ,Ue;J

te;jJ. ,t;thgj;ij vjpu;nfhs;sj;jf;fjhf ,t;tpsf;F mike;jpUe;jJ.

epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopypypUe;J gy;NtW cg cw;gj;jpj; njhopy;fs;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

jhu;

rha tiffs;

kUe;J tiffs;

thridg; nghUl;fs;

vz;nza; tiffs;

gris

,tw;why; epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy; nrOikAw;wJ. ,d;W Kf;fpakhd

Xu; vupnghUshf ,J jpfo;fpwJ. vupnghUs; gpur;rpidahy; ,j;Jiwapyhd

fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; KLf;fp tplg;gl;Ls;sd.

tptrhaj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopy;; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gtptrhaj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopy;; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gtptrhaj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopy;; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gtptrhaj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopy;; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gtptrhaj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopy;; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;G

tptrha eltbf;iffSf;fhf gy;NtW ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fisf;

ifahsy;.

Ngustpyhd gz;izfs;.

$ba tpisr;rYf;fhfg; gapu;fis khw;wpg; gapupLk; Kiw.

tupirahf tpijf;Fk; Kiw.

tpyq;F tsu;g;gpy; njhopDl;gg; ghtid.

tptrhag; gz;iz

tptrha eltbf;ifapy; ,ae;jpug;

ghtid


tupirahfg; gapuply;

tpyq;Fg; gz;iz

gapu;r;nra;if> tpyq;F tsu;g;Gj; JiwfspYk; md;wpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu

vj;jidNah Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L NkYk; tsu;r;rp ngw;wtz;zKs;sd.

Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpNghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpNghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpNghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpNghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp

ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; nghUl;fisf; fhTk;

Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwf;Fk; tpahgpj;Js;sJ. Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjdq;fspy;

kl;Lkd;wp ghijfspYk; ,jd; nry;thf;if mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. 18k;

E}w;whz;by; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ngUe;njUf;fSk;> Gifapujg; ghijfSk;>

fhy;tha;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

1811,y; N[hd; nkflk; vd;gtuhy; fw;ghijfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

ngupa fw;fisg; gutp mjid mOj;jp nrg;gdpl;L mjd; kPJ rpW

fw;fisg; gutp kPsTk; mOj;jp nrg;gdpLtjd; %yk; cWjpahd

njUf;fis mtu; mikj;jhu;. ,jdhy; thfdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Ntfk;

ngw Muk;gpj;jJ. nkflk; Kiwahy; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; ];nfhl;yhe;jpYk;

gutyhfg; ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

epyj;jpYk; ePupYk; tsu;r;rpAw;w Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiw Mfhaj;jpw;Fk;

gut Muk;gpj;jJ.


1807,y; N[k;]; Nthl;bd; ePuhtp vQ;rpidg; gad;gLj;jp>

mnkupf;fuhd nuhgl; Gy;ld; ~~fpNsu;nkhd;l;;|| vDk; Gifg;glif

Kjd; Kjypy; Xltpl;lhu;.

1811,y; gpuahzpfis Vw;wpr; nry;yj;jf;f Giff;fg;giy n`d;wp

ngy; cUthf;fpdhu;.

1814,y; N[hu;[; ];Btd;]d;> ePuhtpahy; ,aq;Fk; Gifapujj;ij

Xltpl;lhu;.

1885,y; N[u;kdpapy; nlk;yuhy; KjyhtJ Nkhl;lhu; thfdk;

fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

1903,y; mnkupf;fhtpy; iul; rNfhjuu;fshy; tpkhdk;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

nlk;yupd; Nkhl;lhu; tz;b


ePuhtpahy; ,aq;Fk; Gifapujk;

iul; rNfhjuu;fspd; tpkhdk;


Kd;Ndwpa njhopDl;gj;jhy; cUthd

Nkhl;lhu; tz;b

Nkw;$wg;gl;l tpjj;jpy;

Muk;gpf ;fg;gl;l Nkhl;lhu;

thfd> Gifapuj> fg;gy;>

Mfhatpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J

,d;W gy;NtW topfspy;

Kd;NdwpAs;sJ. ,itfs;

ifj ;njho py ; Gul ;r pa pd ;

tpisTfNsahFk;. ,d;W

cyfpy; gy ehLfs; gytpj

RfNghf > cau ;ju

thfdq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

njhiyj;njhlu;Gj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gnjhiyj;njhlu;Gj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gnjhiyj;njhlu;Gj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gnjhiyj;njhlu;Gj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gnjhiyj;njhlu;Gj; Jiwapy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;G

fp.gp.1840,y; ehl;by; vt;tplj;jpw;Fk; xU ngd;]; nrytpy;

fbjkDg;Gk; Nrit (Penny Post)

fp.gp.1844,y; mnkupf;fuhd rhKNty; Nkh]; je;jpr; Nritia

mwpKfQ; nra;jy;

fp.gp.1876,y; mnkupf;fuhd fpu`k; ngy; njhiyNgrpiaf;

fz;lwpjy;

fp.gp.1895,y; ,j;jhypauhd khu;f;Nfhzp thndhypia cyfpw;F

mwpKfk; nra;jy;

fp.gp.1940,y; N[hd; nyhfp ngahu;l; njhiyf;fhl;rpiaf; fz;lwpjy;

,t;thW Muk;gkhd njhiyj; njhlu;G ,d;W ifalf;f njhiyNgrp

%yk; gy;NtW nray;fisr; nra;af;$ba mstpw;F Kd;Ndw;wk;

fz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Kd;Ndw;wk; NkYk; njhlu;fpwJ. ifj;njhopy; kakhjy;

,d;W Nghl;bahf khwpAs;sJ. ,jd; tpisthfg; gy Gjpa

njhiyj;njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; cUthfp tUtij ehk; fhzf;$bajha;

cs;sJ. cyif rpW miwf;Fs; cs;slf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; ,d;W

njhiyj; njhlu;G Kd;Ndwp tUfpwJ.


ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; guk;gy;ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; guk;gy;ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; guk;gy;ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; guk;gy;ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; guk;gy;

18k; E}w;whz;by; ngupa gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Muk;gkhd ifj;njhopy;

Gul;rp 19k; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpia milAk; NghJ cyfj;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd

ehLfSf;Fg; gutp 20k; E}w;whz;by; cyifNa Ml;nfhz;L 21k;

E}w;whz;by; cynfq;Fk; ePf;fkw epiwe;Js;sJ.

cyif Ml;bg; gilf;Fk; ifj;njhopy; ty;yuRfs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;;

G 7 vDk; FOtpy; cs;s ehLfshtd :

If;fpa mnkupf;fh> fdlh> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> gpuhd;];> N[u;kd;>

,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; ,tw;NwhL u\;ah> rPdh> ,e;jpah> mT];jpNuypah

Nghd;w ngupa ehLfSk; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J> rpq;fg;G+u;> jha;thd;> ,];uNty;>

njd;nfhupah Nghd;w rpwpa ehLfSk; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; mghu

tsu;r;rp fz;Ls;sd.

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;

ve;jnthU tplaj;jpw;Fk; ey;ynjhU gf;fk; ,Ug;gJ Nghy jPikahd

gf;fk; xd;wpUg;gJ jtpu;f;f Kbahj tpjpNghy; cs;sJ. mjw;Ff;

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpAk; tpjptpyf;fy;y.

fpu`k; ngy;ypdJ njhiyNgrpAk; ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpAk;


ed;ikfs;:

¯ kdpj rpukj;ij ,ae;jpuq;fs; Fiwj;Js;sik.

¯ ghupa njhopw;rhiyfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

¯ Ngustpy; cw;gj;jp ,lk; ngWfpd;wik

¯ ehLfSf;fpilNa ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jp mile;Js;sik.

¯ gpuahzq;fs; nra;tjw;fhd trjp

¯ rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopyhs tu;f;fk; cUthfpAs;sik

¯ Kaw;rpahsu;fisf; nfhz;l ngUk; Kjyhsp tu;f;fk; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wik.

¯ tq;fpfs;> epjp epWtdq;fs ;fhg;GWjpj; jhgdq;fspd; tsu;r;rp

jPikfs;:

¯ Fbirf; ifj;njhopy; mopTw;wik

¯ fpuhk kf;fs; efuq;fSf;F te;jikahy; efuq;fspd;

rdj;njhif mjpfupj;jik.

¯ njhopyhsu;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk; FiwTw;wik> (ePz;l Neu

Ntiy> Fiwe;j Cjpak;> Vo;ik Nrup tPLfs;)

¯ ifj;njhopy; ehLfs; FbNaw;w ehLfisg; ngwKad;wik

cyf Aj;jk; Vw;glTk; fhuzkhdik.

¯ njhopw;rhiyfshy; #oy; khRWjy;.

#oy; khRwy;Nrupg;Gwq;fs;


nerT ,Uk;GUf;F epyf;fup tptrhak;

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL

1. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp Kbtpd;wpj; njhlUk; xd;whFk;. kdpj

tho;it ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gy cw;gj;jpfs; ,jdhy;

Njhd;wpd. jw;fhyj;jpy; mt;thW Njhd;wpa cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd

glq;fis Nrfupj;J rpW ifE}y; xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.

2. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp kdpjDf;F ed;ik tpistpf;Fk;> jPik

tpistpf;Fk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; tFg;gpy; tpthjk; xd;iw elhj;Jf.

3. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp njhlu;ghd Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.

rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;

¯ 17Mk;> 18Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;ghtpd; ghijia

khw;wpaikg;gjpy; Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp> mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu;>

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp vd;gd fhuzq;fshapd.

¯ ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp> mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;

NghUf;Fk;> gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;Fk; topahf mike;jJ.

¯ ,e;j Gul;rpfspd; %yk; murdpd; ru;thjpfhu Ml;rp Kiw

tPo;r;rpaile;J> Idehaf murpay; Kiw cUthdJ.

¯ ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw> $l;lhl;rp Nghd;w murpay; KiwfSk;

khdplthjk;; Nghd;w jj;Jtk; vd;gd INuhg;gpa ehLfspy;

cjakhfp> cyfpd; Vida ehLfSf;Fk; gutpaJ.

¯ iffshy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyfis ,ae;jpuq;fs; nra;jikahy;

kdpjdpd; Ntiyfs; RygkhdJ. ,J NkYk; ,yFthFk;

nghUl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp njhlu;e;Jk; eilngw;Wf;

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. mt;thNw gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Muk;gkhd

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp> ,d;W cyfpy; gy ehLfspYk; gutpAs;sJ.

kdpjdpd; ed;ikf;fhf Muk;gkhd ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp ,d;W

kdpjDf;Fj; jPikahf mike;j re;ju;g;gq;fSk; cz;L.

Nghf;Ftuj;Jk;

njhlu;ghlYk;

55555 17k;> 18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; cyf tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa epfo ... G-8 PII T/cha 5.pdf · 67,ytr...

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Transcript of 55555 17k;> 18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; cyf tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa epfo ... G-8 PII T/cha 5.pdf · 67,ytr...