Part TwoPart Two

The The ParagraphParagraph

paragraphparagraph• 我们写文章或谈问题时，一个句子还

不能完全表达我们的思想，而是序言几个句子或几句话才可讲清楚，这样相关的句子连在一起就成为一个段落

• 好的段落必须具有统一性和连贯性。• 一般来说，一个段落需要由两部分组

成： topic sentence and supporting sentence

Prewriting(Prewriting( 写前准备）写前准备）• “writer’s block”( 不知从何写起），做

一些写前准备的工作必不可少。• 介绍三种技巧：• 自由发挥（ Free-writing)

• 提出问题（ questioning)

• 列单归类 （ listing and grouping )

Free- writingFree- writing

• 写前尽量在大脑中酝酿材料，一边思索，一边记录下来，不考虑语法，逻辑是否合理，组织是否严密，只是把与题目有关的，涌现心头的笔端的想法一律记录下来。

• 不要一遇到生词就借助词典，以免使思路短路。

• After Free-writing, you will find that there are a lot for you to write. What you need to do is to select the essential parts of your thoughts, and to erase the irrelative materials.

• E.g. “A Major Problem in My Dormitory”

• 自由发挥 ------( 第一阶段）• A . The dormitory is overcrowded;

• B. The dormitory is poorly maintained;

• C. The equipment in dormitory are old and need to be replaced.

• D. The dormitory is too small.

第二阶段第二阶段• 把上面四个问题兴趣不大，不值得讨

论的问题删掉，把内容相似的合并到一起

• The dormitory is overcrowded

• The equipment in dormitory are old and need to be replaced.

PracticePractice

“ The Harm of Television”

QuestioningQuestioning

• 看到题目切勿发呆，可对题目自问一系列的问题，并提供一系列的答案，这个过程可以使思维敏捷，内容丰富，能认清哪些该用，哪些该放弃。

• What? Who? Why? When? How?

• 答案给出后，再挑选出能用于写作的部分。

E.g. “ An Embarrassing E.g. “ An Embarrassing Moment”Moment”

•What’s the moment?•How did it start? •Why did I remember this moment?

•What can I do about it?

•How do I feel it now?

Listing and GroupingListing and Grouping

• 要求作者写出一连串的与题目有关的单词或词组，然后再进行选择分类，这样就形成了一个简易的段落，或短文的写作提纲。

• Practice 4 “ living on one’s own”

• Not depend on parents for money• Cook myself• Have my own house • Enjoy myself• Support myself • Pay my own schooling• Be a man • Part- time job

• Practice 5• How to Be a Good Student• Space travel program• Public transportation in my city• Teenage smoking• You can choose any one of the above topics

to write a passage using the ways we have learned.

Simple Outlining( 列出提纲 )

• 做好写前准备的基础上列出提纲。• 可以更好地理解；逻辑性；文章写得更加迅速。

好的提纲等于完成了写作的一半。• 先将题目写在上端，然后将要写的主要点和次

要点分列出来，提纲越细致，具体写作时就越省力。

• 提纲主要是自己看的，格式可以不受拘束。• p121

The Topic Sentence( 主题句）

•主题句告诉读者段落的主题•主题句的中心限制一段的内容范围•主题句能满足读者的期待•主题句是一个段落中最概括，最重

要的话语。

•主题句是段落中表达中心思想的句子，是段落的核心。

•位于句首，段中或句尾。•有时为了强调其主题，可以把段首

和段尾的主题句用不同的方式再重复一次。

Supporting Sentences

•支持句即一段话的具体内容。•对一段话的主题起解释说明

论证等作用•Practise5 p135

UNITY(统一性 )• Unity要求段落的支持句都必须围绕段落的主

题句的中心思想展开，并要求在人称，事态，文体等方面保持一致。

•任何与主题不相关的内容都应删除。• Eg 讨论勤工助学带来的好处，可以讨论所得

的收入与所获得的自立感，也可以提及父母的艰辛；如果将很多笔墨放到描写母亲脸上的皱纹和父亲因劳累所致的疾病就不必要了 !

• P 137 practice 2 p138

COHERENCE(连贯性）• 连贯性要求句子之间要转承自然，能够体

现出句子与句子之间的各种逻辑关系，从而使整个段落结构浑然一体

• 四种方法 ;• The use of pronouns(使用代词）• The repetiton of key nouns and key word groups(重复核心词或短语）

• Avoiding pronoun shifts( 避免随意更换代词 )• Using transitional signals(使用过渡性的词或

短语）

The use of pronouns(使用代词）

•代词用来代替前句中出现的名词•恰当使用代词是文章更有意思，更连贯• Eg English is considered an international language. It is spoken by more than 260 million people all over the world.

• p141

The repetition of key nouns and key word groups(重

复核心词或短语）

•重复前句出现的核心词或短词，尤其是主题句中的中心思想，可使读者清楚中心所在，减少了回头翻看的麻烦。（有时核心词或短语可能以不同的形式出现 )

• eg

• I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs. I want a wife who will keep my house clean, a wife who will keep my clothes clean, ironed,mended ,replaced when need be……

• p142

Avoiding pronoun shifts( 避免随意更换代词 )

•尤其泛指任何人时，不可一会儿用第二人称，一会儿用第三人称。

• Anyone who want to be a good person, must correct your faults.

• Anyone who want to be a good person must correct his or her faults.

Using transitional signals(使用过渡性的词或短

语）

• 过渡性的词语起连接句子和意义的作用。这类词象路标一样向读者指明前进方向。

•但使用过多会显得矫揉造作。• However, therefore, first then finally, what’s more, generally speaking……p148

Ending a paragraph• 段落的开头与结尾同样重要，如果收尾

不好，即使主题句与支持句写得再好，再充分，也难以在读者中收到应有的效果。

• Different ways:• 重申主题；概述主要观点；说明结果；

将最重要的观点放到最后；得出逻辑结论

Restating the Main Idea 重申主题•用不同的词重申主题句有助于使读

者更清楚的了解该段的主题，知道强调的中心。

•这种方式适合比较长的段落•不要将整个主题句原封不动的抄下

来

Summarizing the Main Idea 概述主要观点•有时主题句不能把要点说得很清楚，概述主要观点对主要内容进行重述。

•p156

Showing a Result 说明结果

•当描述某种情况或一连串的动作后，读者所期待的便是最终结果。•P 156

Putting the Most Important Point Last将最重要的观点放到最后

•将最吸引人，最重要的观点留到最后，不用另外造结尾的句子

Drawing an Inference 得出逻辑结论

•结论必须合乎段落的内容，得出的列论必须是顺理成章的 !

•p161

Ways of Developing a ParWays of Developing a Paragraph agraph 段落的写作方法段落的写作方法 发展段落的方法多种多样，但最发展段落的方法多种多样，但最初应该是列提纲（包括句子提纲初应该是列提纲（包括句子提纲和主题提纲和主题提纲 ).).

提纲可以按照时间发生的时间和提纲可以按照时间发生的时间和逻辑顺序，也可以按照物体的空逻辑顺序，也可以按照物体的空间顺序排列，也可以通过举例说间顺序排列，也可以通过举例说明明

Time and ProcTime and Processess 时间和逻辑顺序时间和逻辑顺序叙事和描写过程的段落常用叙事和描写过程的段落常用

时间和逻辑顺序发展，如在时间和逻辑顺序发展，如在故事，小说，传记等中常采故事，小说，传记等中常采用时间顺序；用时间顺序；

在报告，说明类的文章中采在报告，说明类的文章中采用逻辑顺序 用逻辑顺序 p179p179

SpaceSpace 空间顺序空间顺序 可以根据其所处的位置可以根据其所处的位置描述，比如从左到右，描述，比如从左到右，由远及近，由上而下等由远及近，由上而下等等。常用过度的词语衔等。常用过度的词语衔接。接。

p183p183

ExemplificatioExemplification n 举例说明举例说明 为读者提供论证，进一为读者提供论证，进一步阐明主题思想，使段步阐明主题思想，使段落内容更清楚，全面。落内容更清楚，全面。

有两类列子：一连串短有两类列子：一连串短小的句子；一个长句子小的句子；一个长句子

P193 p198P193 p198

Other WaysOther Ways p p

198198ClassificationClassificationDefinitionDefinitionComparison﹠Comparison﹠ ContrastContrastCause Effect﹠Cause Effect﹠

自测题自测题 Which one can be seen as a Which one can be seen as a

topic sentence?topic sentence? a. Uncle Fred is very kind;a. Uncle Fred is very kind; b. uncle often gives money to b. uncle often gives money to

other people;other people; c. He helps everyone that needs c. He helps everyone that needs

his help;his help; d. He says a man should be d. He says a man should be

kindkind

It’s hard to find a good baby-It’s hard to find a good baby-sitter;sitter;

Many high school girls go out on Many high school girls go out on weekends;weekends;

A lot of girls won’t work for baby-A lot of girls won’t work for baby-sitting wages;sitting wages;

Baby-sitting is not as popular Baby-sitting is not as popular with girls as it once was.with girls as it once was.

I’ve been eating hamburgers I’ve been eating hamburgers twice a day all semester;twice a day all semester;

They are starting to taste like They are starting to taste like dog food;dog food;

I love Big Macs from I love Big Macs from McDonald's;McDonald's;

I am sick of eating hamburgersI am sick of eating hamburgers

划掉与段落内容不相关的划掉与段落内容不相关的

We had a short spring this year. We had a short spring this year. The weather was cold through The weather was cold through March and April due to storm March and April due to storm moving down from Canada. moving down from Canada. There was still snow on the There was still snow on the mountains in late April while it is mountains in late April while it is usually gone by the end of usually gone by the end of March. We had only two nice March. We had only two nice weeks in May. The winter was weeks in May. The winter was unusually mild, however.unusually mild, however.

An An Unforgetful Unforgetful PersonPerson