Tun 1: Ngy th nhtC 3 muV(V rete iru)V(V reta) vV(V sete kudasai)

I. V()(Vreru)(ukemi)Khi cp n thc t m khng c ch ng th thng dng th b ng.

V d1. =()

There is no detailed explanation in this book.Khng c gii thch chi tit trong cun sch ny.

2=(

The entrance ceremony will take place in this hall.L nhp hc s din ra ti hi trng ny.

3

This is believed to be the biggest diamond in the world.Vin kim cng ny c cho l ln nht th gii.

4

Such an idea used to be considered correct.T ngy xa, suy ngh c cho l chnh xc.

II. (N) V( N ni V reru)Ch ra 1 tnh hung kh khn, lng tng, bi ri do ci g em li. Hay gp V(V rete shimatta)

V d1. When I held my friend's baby, it cried.Khi ti m ly a con ca bn ti, n khc.

2. My clothes got soaked in the rain.Gp ma nn t ht qun o.

3.

I couldn't continue my university education after my father died.Sau khi cha ti qua i, ti khng th tip tc vic theo hc i hc.

III. V(V sete kudasai)S dng khi xin php ngi khc v hnh ng ca mnh.C th gp cc dng V() / / ?(V(sa) sete kudasai / moraemasuka / moraemasen ka)

V d1. Since I am not feeling very well, could I go home early?Ti cm thy khng khe nn ti c th v sm c khng?

2. Please tell me about your company.K cho mnh nghe chuyn v cng ty cu i.

3. Could I wash my hands?Ti c th ra tay khng?

Bi tpCode:Bi 1: 1.a. b. 2. (a. b. )3.a. b. 4.a. b. 5.a. bBi 2:6. a. b. c. d. 47. a. b. c. d. Tun 1: Ngy th haiC 3 mu V(V-nai to)V(V-chatta)V(V-toku)

I. V(V-nai to) vV(V-nakucha)y l cch ni ngn gn ca V (V-nai to ikenai) v V (Vnakereba naranai).

V d1. 1= = There is only one month to go before the exam. I must concentrate on my study.n lc thi ch cn 1 thng na. Mnh phi tp trung vo vic hc tp.

II. V(V-chatta):y l cch ni ngn gn ca V-te shimatta.Cch chia:V (V-te shimau) V (V-chau)V(V-de shimau) V (V-jau)Chng hn nh (shite shimau)--> (shi chau) (kite shimau)--> (ki chau) (kaette shimau)--> (kaetchau) (nonde shimau)--> (non jau) (tabete shimau)--> (tabe chau)

V d1. (= ) = Konde shimattaHello, the traffic is bad... I'll be a little late.Ny, xin li cu. ang kt xe nn mnh s n mun 1 cht

III. V(V-toku):L cch ni ngn gn ca V(V-te oku)Cch chia:V (V-te oku) --> V (V-toku);V --> V(V-doku);V (V-te okanai) --> V (V-tokanai)V d1. ?(= ?) = Can you wash this?Em c th git ci ny khng?

Bi tpCode:Bi 1: 1.a. b. 2. (a. b. )3.a. b. 4.a. b. 5.a. bBi 2:6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. Tun 1: Ngy th baC cc mu (~mitai)(~rashii)(~ppoi)

I. Mu ~(~mitai)Mu ny s dng ni iu g trng ging nh ci g khc. Bn ng nhm mu ny vi t(mitai) - mun xemnh.

Cu trc ng php: ~(~mitai) thng i sau ng t, danh t v tnh t ( c a v (futsuukei - th thng thng) ri nh).C 3 cch dng y:(+)ng cui cu: (mitai da)(++) ng gia cu, s dng nh 1 tr t: ~ (~mitai ni)(+++) ng gia cu, s dng nh 1 tnh t ui (A-na).Tt nhin trong trng hp ny i sau n s l 1 danh t: N (~mitai na N)

Ni th lng nhng, nhng xem v d s hiu r hn1. (= )

Looks like it's sold out already.Hnh nh n c bn ht.

2.(= ~)

I wish I could speak Japanese like Vn-chan.Ti mun ti c th ni ting Nht gii nh Vn.

3. (=~)

The grains of sand in this area is star-shaped.Nhng ht ct y c hnh ngi sao.

II. Mu ~(~rashii)Dng trnh by s suy on t nhng iu nhn thy hoc nghe thy.

Cu trc ng php: ~ (rashii) thng i sau ng t, danh t v tnh t c a v (futsuukei).Hay gp nht l N (N rashii).

V d1.

Today was a very warm and spring-like day.Hm nay l mt ngy rt m p v ging nh ma xun.

2. ( )

I don't wear many feminine clothes.Ti khng hay mc nhng b qun o n tnh.

III. Mu ~(~ppoi)(+) Mang ngha cm thy nh l ~ ; Thy nh l .... Nhng (~ppoi) hay dng cho ngi hn v ch dng trong vn ni.Hay gp nht l (kodomoppoi)(onnappoi) v (otokoppoi).Trng hp ny th (~ppoi) i sau danh t hoc tnh t ui (A-i)i b (i) i ri.(+) i khi (~ppoi) dng din t ci g d lm hoc thng xy ra.Lc , ng t th V-masu b masu i v thm (~ppoi) vo ng sau.

V d:1. ()

That child (primary school student) acts very adult-like.Em hc sinh tiu hc kia trng rt ngi ln.

2. (

I don't like this dish. It is too greasy.Ti khng thch mn n ny, n c qu nhiu du.

Bi tpCode:Bi 1: 1.a. b. 2.(a. b. )3.a. b. 4.a. b. 5.a. bBi 2:6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. Tun 1: Ngy th t

Cc bn hn quen thuc vi mu cu(~you ni. . .) ri nh?Hm nay Say cng cc bn n li 3 cch s dng quen thuc ca mu ny nh.

I. Mu (~you ni suru) = C gng* Mu ny khi kt hp vi ng t nguyn mu v ph nh vn tt c s dng biu th vic c gng, rng sc lm hoc khng lm hnh ng mang tnh lin tc hoc thi quen. Trong mu ny cc ng t c ch c s dng.* Thng dng vi cc ph t nh (dekiru dake)(kanarazu)(zettai ni)* ~ (~you ni shite kudasai): Dng trong trng hp nh hay khuyn ai 1 cch mm mng hy c gng lm V hoc ng qun lm V. Hnh ng V mang tnh cht nhiu ln ch khoong phi ch 1 ln (nu ch 1 ln s s dng mu V - Vte kudasai).

V d:1. (=)Wasuremono wo shinai you ni shimashou (= wasuremono wo shinai doryoku wo shimashou)Try not to leave thing behind.C gngkhng qun

2. .( =)Maishokugo, ha wo migaku you ni shite imasu. (= ha wo migaku doryoku wo shite imasu)I try to brush my teeth after meals.Tic gng nh rng ca ti sau ba n.

* Cng c th s dng trong trng hp ch nh v 1 ln nhng vic nh v khng phi l by gi m l tng lai.V d:8 (Ashita no asa, 8ji ni kuru you ni shite kudasai): 8 gi sng mai n y!

* V ~ (~you ni shite kudasai) mang tnh cht nh 1 li khuyn m i hi s n lc nn ngi ni tr thnh ngi ng gc ch th. Do hc sinh khng c s dng vi gio vin, cp di khng dng vi cp trn.

II. Mu V1V2 (V1 you ni V2) = nhm mc ch choV1 c th l cc ng t th kh nng, cc t ng t, cc ng t nh (wakarimasu)(Arimasu )(narimasu) nguyn mu hoc ph nh vn tt. Mu ny biu th 1 hnh vi c thc nhm thc hin 1 mc tiu hay mc ch no . V1 ch trng thi mc tiu mun t c, cn V2 l hnh ng n lc hay s nh v t c mc ch .

V d:1. (= )Minna ni kikoeru you ni motto ookina koe de hanashite kudasai (=kikoenai to komaru kara)Please speak louder so everyone can hear you.Xin vui lng ni to hn mi ngi c th nghe bn

2.( )Wawure nai you ni, techou ni kaite okou (=wasureru to komaru kara)I will write it down in my datebook so that I won't forget. khng qun ti s ghi li n trong s tay ca ti.

* Ch : Vi cc ng t V1 c ch nh (kau)(hataraku)... th ta s dng vi ~(~tame ni)

III. Mu V (V you ni narimashita)

Dng biu th s thay i v trng thi ca ng t. T trng thi khng th V thnh c th V.Vi V l ng t th hin kh nng, c a v th t in.* Nu gp cu hi th cu tr li s l: , l sai)hoc , l sai)* Vi cc ng t m bn cht ca n biu th s bin i nh th khng s dng trong cu trc ny.

V d:1. Koko no denki wa hito ga tooru to tsuku you ni natte imasu.This light goes on whenever someone passed by.Ci n ny t bt sng bt c khi no c ai i ngang qua.Code:

Bi 1: 1.a. b. 2.(a. b. )3.a. b. 4.a. b. 5.a. bBi 2:6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. Tun 1: Ngy th nm

Hm nay vn l tip tc vi mu(~you ni. . .).Cc bn ng vi nn nha, v c rt nhiu sc thi khc nhau khi mnh dng cch ni vi (~you ni. . .) .

I. MuN(no)hocV(futsuukei)+ (~you ni. . .)c s dng khi gii thiu 1 s gii thch, chng hn nh l ~ (zu no you ni...: theo nh s )

V d

1. (= )Minna-sama go-zonji no you ni, shiken no naiyou ga kawarimashita. (= Shitte iru naiyou to onaji de)As you are aware, the content of the exam will change.Nh cc bn bit, ni dung ca k thi s thay i.

2. ()Koko ni kaite aru you ni, kondo no mokuyoubi, jugyou wa gozenchuu dake desu. (=Kaite aru naiyou to onaji de)As is written here, there will be morning classes only next Thursday.Nh c vit y, th 5 ti ch hc nguyn bui sng.

3. .( )Mae ni o-hanashi-shita you ni, rainen kara jugyouryou ga ne-agari-shimasu. (=Mae ni hanashita naiyou to onaji de)As I informed you earlier, the tuition fees will go up next year.Nh ti thng bo hm trc, hc ph s tng vo nm ti.

II. MuV(V-ru)hocV(V-nai)+ (~you ni. . .)Dng th hin mnh lnh, yu cu 1 cch nh nhng..Cc bn cn nh hm trc mu (~you ni suru), Say cng c ni qua ri. Mu (~you ni shite kudasai) cng l 1 cch ni thuc v mu ang c gii thiu ny

V d

1. ()Ashita wa motto hayaku kuru you ni.Please come much earlier tomorrow.Ngy mai nh n sm .

2(=)Koko de, tabako wo suwanai you ni. (= suwanaide kudasai)Please do not smoke here.Vui lng khng ht thuc y.

III.V(V-masu)/ V(V-masen)/ V(V-remasu) + (~you ni. . .)dng din t mong c; kht vng; c vng; nguyn vng; khao kht.Chng hn nh l (kachimasu you ni)(katemasu you ni)(makemasen you ni)

V d

1.()Goukaku shimasu you ni. (=goukaku suru koto wo nozonde imasu)I hope I will pass the exam.Ti hy vng ti s vt qua k thi.

2Haha no byouki ga naorimasu you ni (=naoru koto wo nozonde imasu)I hope my mother will get better soon.Mnh hy vng m s sm khi bnh.

3)Infuruenza (nfluenza) ni kakarimasen you ni. (=kakaranai koto wo nozonde imasu)I hope I won't get the flu.Ti hy vng ti s khng b cm.

Bi tpCode:

Bi 1: 1.a. b. 2.(a. b. )3.a. b. 4.a.b. 5.a. bBi 2:6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. Tun 1: Ngy th su

I. Cu trc:V(V-you to omou)Vi ng t V c chia th (ikoukei)-th hng). Cn cch chia th ny nh th no th bn tham kho ng php bi 31 nh.Mu ny din t quyt nh, ch hoc k hoch ca ngi ni, quyt nh c t trc v by gi vn gi quyt nh . Thng hay gp chia th (omotte imasu) - Ti ang ngh l ~

V d1. . ()Jikan ga areba, ryokou wo shiyou to omotte imasu. (=ryokou suru tsumori desu)Nu m c thi gian th ti d nh s i du lch.

2. .Nihon de shigoto wo mitsukeyou to motte imasu.Ti d nh l s tm vic ti Nht Bn.

3. .Gaikoku de benkyoushiyou to omotte imasu.Ti d nh l s hc tp ti nc ngoi.

II. Cu trc:V(V-you to suru)Din t vic khi bt u lm hnh ng 1 th c hnh ng 2 xy ra.

V d1. (=)Densha ni norou to shita toki ni, door ga shimatte norenakatta.Lc ang nh bc ln tu in th cnh ca ng sp li, lm t khng ln c.

2. (=)A, pochi ga, anata no kutsu wo kamou to shite iru yo., c v nh Pochi mun cn giy ca bn.(Pochi l tn con ch thui)

III. Cu trc:V(V-you to shinai)Din t vic khng mong mun lm g .

V d1. (=)Kare wa jibun no koto wa nani mo iou to shinai.ng y khng c nh ni v chnh mnh.Sau 6 bi hc th chng ta s lm bi tp tng hp, cc bn nh.Thi gian l 15 pht cho 25 cu hi. Tnh im l 4 im 1 cu nh, thang im 100.Code:1( 12130()12342()12343()12344()12345()12346()12347()12348()12349()123410()123411()123412()123413()123414()123415()123421216 123417 123418 123419 123420 1234321251221)22)23)24)25)( 21)1. 2 34( 22) 1. 2 34( 23) 1. 234( 24)1. 2 3 4( 25) 1. 2 3 4Tun 2: Ngy th nht

L lt mt vi tun mi xong bi hc ca tun u tin :p.Hm nay mnh chuyn sang bi hc ca tun th 2 :">

I. Cu trc~(~bakari)Dng trnh by s lng, s ln rt nhiu. C ngha rngCh....Chng ta c th gp cc dng sau:N / V (N/V-te bakari)N / V (N/V-te bakari da)N / V N1 (N/V-te bakari no N1)N / V ((N/V-te bakari de))V(V-te bakari iru)

V d:1. (=)Kono mise no okya-san wa josei bakari desu ne. (=josei dake)Khch ca ca hng ny ch c n gii nh.

2. Otouto wa terebi wo mite bakari iru. (=Itsumo terebi dake mite iru)Em trai ti dnh ton b thi gian ca mnh xem ti vi.

3. (Musuko wa shigoto mo shinai de asonde bakari iru.Con trai ti khng lm vic m ch c chi a.

II. Cu trcN ~(N dake shika ~ nai)Dng nhn mnh ch c t hoc ngoi ra khng c ci khc. C ngha lCh..., Ch c...

V d1. (Kono konsaato wa kaiin dake shika hairemasen (=Kaiin dake haireru)Bui ha nhc ny ch c cc hi vin mi vo c.

2. Kyou wa okyaku-sama ga hitori shika kimasendeshita.Hm nay ch c 1 khch hng n thi:(

III. Cu trc(~sae / ~desae)Dng din t mun ni:Ngay c, n cTrong trng hp ny th cc tr t (ga) v(wo) s lc b i.

V d:1. (=)Hiragana sae kakenain desu kara, kanji nante kakemasen. (=hiragana mo)V ngay c ch Hiragana ti cn khng vit ni th khng th vit c nhng th nh l ch Hn.

2. Sonna koto, kodomo desae shitte iru. (=Kodomo demo)iu th ngay c a tr con cng bit.

IV. Cu trc/(~koso / ~kara koso)Thng dng nhn mnh. Mang nghaChnh l..., Thc s l...Thng gp:+ (N + koso) + (th thng thng ca V, A-i, A-na, N + kara koso)

V d:1.(=)Ashita koro benkyou suru zo. (=Ashita wa kitto)Ti chc chn s hc vo ngy mai.

2. )Aijou ga aru kara koso, shikarun desu (=hontou ni aru kara)Chnh v thng cho nn mi mng(kiu "Yu cho roi cho vt" ca dn Vit mnh hay ni y)

Code:

Bi 1: 1.a. b. 2.(a. b. )3.a. b. 4.a. b. 5.a. bBi 2:6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. Tun 2: Ngy th hai

^^^Cm n cc bn quan tm v ng h Say, do ny bn cng vic qu nn Say cng khng post bi thng xuyn c. Cc bn gip Say trng nom topic n khng mc mc nh

Nhng bn no n qua ng php 2kyu th s thy quen thuc vi my mu ng php ngy hm nay.

I. Mu~ N(~ni kanshite (wa)/~ni kanshite mo/ ~ni kansuru N) ngha: V vn ...., Lin quan ti.....Cu trc: (Danh t ni kanshite)[] ([bun] no ni kanshite)

V d:1.( )Kono mondai ni kanshite, go-iken arimasen ka? (=Kono mondai ni kankei shite)Lin quan ti vn ny, ai c kin g khng?

II. Mu N(~ni tsuite (wa)/ ~ni tsuki/ ~ni tsuite mo/ ~ni tsuite no N) ngha: V...~Cu trc (Danh t ni tsuite)

V d:1.Nihon no keizai ni tsuite kenkyuu shite imasu.ang nghin cu v nn kinh t ca Nht Bn.

III. Mu(~ni yoru to/ ~ni yoreba) ngha: Cn c vo..., da trn.....Cu trc: (Danh t ni yoru to)

V d1. Kesa no shinbun ni yoru to, rainendo futatsu no daigaku ga shinsetsu sareru sou da.Da vo tin tc bo sng nay, nghe ni l 2 trng hc s c xy trong nm nay.

IV. Mu/ / N/ (~ni yotte/ ~ni yori/ ~ni yoru N/ ~ni yotte wa)Cu trc: (Danh t ni yotte)

ngha:

A. Th hin ch th ca hnh ng (thng i vi th b ng)V d:1. Amerika tairiku wa Koronbusu ni yotte hakken sareta.Chu M c tm thy bi Columbo.

B. Bi v.... (ch ra nguyn nhn, l do)V d1.Fuchuui ni yotte, daijiko ga okoru kt mo aru.Bi v khng ch nn xy ra v tai nn nghim trng.

CBng cch (ch phng php, cch lm)V d1. .Mondai wa hanashiai ni yotte kaiketsu shita hou ga ii.Cc vn nn gii quyt bng i thoi.

Ty voV d1, Shuukan wa kuni ni yotte chigau.Tp qun khc nhau ty vo mi nc.

E. Trng hpV d1. Kono kusuri wa hito ni yotte wa fukusayou ga deru koto ga arimasu.Thuc ny ty vo tng ngi m c tc dng ph khc nhau.Bi tp luyn tpCode:Bi 1: 1.a. b. 2.(a. b. )3.a. b. 4.a. b. 5.a. bBi 2:6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. Tun 2: Ngy th ba

Bn ca Say cm ti liu i photo, thnh ra topic ny c ngm... dm hi luCh ca ngy th ba tun th hai ny mnh s hc v cch danh t ha ng t, tnh t nh.

I. Cch 1:~ (~sa)Chc cc bn thng nghe ni n (ureshisa)(atsuisa)(omo sa)(majimesa).... chuyn mt tnh t v dng ~(~sa) kh n gin.Vi tnh t ui "i" th mnh b "i", tnh t ui "na" th b "na" i ri thm " - sa" vo l ta c 1 danh t ri.Ring tnh t (ii-tt; p; ng) th chuyn thnh (yosa).Ch l cch ny c s dng ch ra mt c tnh hay cm gic, v mc ca n.

V d1. (=)Ookisa wa chigau ga, kimi to onaji kaban wo motte iru yo. (=dono gurai ookii ka)Tuy kch c khc nhau nhng mnh c ci cp ging vi cu y.

2. (= )Kodomo ni inochi no taisetsu-sa wo oshie nakereba naranai. (=inochi ga dono gurai taisetsu ka)Phi dy cho tr em tm quan trng ca cuc sng

II. Cch 2:~ (~mi)Cng tng t nh cch 1, th y l mt cch chuyn tnh t ui "i" v "na" v dng danh t.Vi tnh t ui "i" th mnh b "i", tnh t ui "na" th b "na" i ri thm " - mi" vo.Ch cch ny dng ch tnh cht i din cho trng thi m n tr thnh.Chng hn nh l (kanashimi - bun thng)(yowami - nhc im) (itami - cn au)(shinkenmi - nghim chnh)Th nn nhng cch ni nh l (ookimi)(ureshimi) (atsumi)(majimemi) l khng c trong ting Nht.

V d1. (=)Sensou ga owatta ima demo, kn kuni no kurushimi wa mada tsuduite iru. (=kurushii joutai)Ngay c by gi chin tranh kt thc, nhng kh khn vn ang din ra t nc ny.

2. (=)Tanaka-san no tsuyomi wa futatsu no gengo ga hanaseru to iu koto desu.im mnh ca anh Tanaka l c th ni c 2 ngn ng.

III. Cch 3:~ (~koto)Cch ny th qu thng dng v quen thuc vi cc bn ri c phi khng?Ch n gin l a ng t, tnh t, danh t v th thng thng ri thm "koto" vo l xong.Ch mt cht hin ti n gin ca tnh t ui "na" th gi nguyn "na", cn danh t th chuyn qua dng "N de aru" hoc "N no".Trong cu trc ny th "N no koto" hoc "N de aru koto" s mang ngha "V N th~"

V d1. (= )Raishuu no tesuto no koto de, shitsumon ga arimasu. (=Tesuto ni tsuite)Em c cu hi v bi kim tra tun ti.

2. (= )Tanaka-san ga nyuuin shita koto wo shitte imasu ka?Anh c bit vic ch Tanaka phi nhp vin khng?

IV. Cch 4:~ (~no)Cch ni ny c v nh l thng dng nht.n gin l th thng thng ca ng t, tnh t, danh t thm "no" vo sau l c 1 cch danh t ha ri.Ch hin ti n gin ca tnh t ui "na" th gi nguyn "na", cn danh t th thm "na" vo.

V d:1. (= )Tanaka-san ni denwa suru-no wo sukkari wasurete imashita. (=denwa suru koto)Em qun vic gi in cho ch Tanaka.

2. (= )Nichiyoubi ni konda tokoro e iku-no wa amari suki janai.Vic ngy ch nht i n mt ni ng c th mnh khng thch cho lm.

Bi tp luyn tpCode:Bi 1: 1.a. b. 2.(a. b. )3.a. b. 4.a. b. 5.a. bBi 2:6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. Tun 2: Ngy th t

Hm nay Say cng cc bn n li 1 cht mu ~ (~to iu) chc cng khng tha u nh

Phn IDng cu trcN: Vi N l 1 phn t thuc N'. C th dch "N' c tn l N": Dng ni v 1 vt c tn l N: Ci g c ngha l N.

Cc bn tham kho thm v d c l s d hiu hn l ni chayV d1. (= )Sakki, Kimura-san to iu hito kara denwa ga arimashita. (=Kimura-san to iu namae no hito)Lc ny ti nhn c cuc gi t ngi c tn l Kimura.

2. (= )Kore wa nihon no gakki de "Shakuhachi" to iu mono desu. (="Shakuhachi" to iu namae no gakki)y l mt nhc c Nht Bn c gi l "Shakuhachi"

3. (=)O-kane wa irimasen. Muryou to iu koto desu. (=Muryou to iu imi).Em khng cn phi tr tin. N l min ph.

Phn II:Mu ~ (~to iu no wa) bi 33 ca cun Minna No Nihongo th chng ta hc cch gii thch ngha ca mt t ng hay cu no bng cch dng(A wa B to iu imi da).C th thay(A wa) bngA(A to iu no wa). y l biu hin thng c dng gii thch nh ngha v A.V(B to iu imi da) l phn gii thch ca A, cng hay c dng theo hnh thcB(B to iu koto da), nhng trn mt ngha th khng c s phn bit nhiu lm.Khi mun hi ngha ca 1 t no hay dng:(A to iu no wa dou iu imi desu ka)* (A to iu no wa) trong vn ni th hay dng hnh thc A (A tte iu no wa)

V d1. (=)"Dejimeka" to iu no wa dejitaru kamera ((degital camera) wo mijikaku shita iikata desu."Dejimeka" l cch ni ngn gn ca cm t "degital camera"

2. - (= )Densha de "kakutei" tte iu no wa nan no koto desu ka? (="Kakutei" no imi wa)Trn tu in, "Kakutei" c ngha l g vy?

- Kakueki ni teisha suru densha no koto desu.N c ngha l cc on tu c dng li mi trm.

Phn IIIS dng cch ni~(~to iu no) danh t ha 1 cu. Bin cu thnh ch ng hoc i tng ca cu.Thng hay gp dng nh sau:[] / / /Tc l cu vn chia v th thng thng, ri thm~to iu no / tte iu no/ to iu koto/ tte iu koto

V d:1. (= )Rin-san ga kikoku suru to iu koto wo kiite odorokimashita. (=Kikoku suru to iu hanashi)Ti ngc nhin khi nghe chuyn Linh s v nc.

2. (= )Konna ni yoku chikoku wo suru to iu no wa mondai desu yo. (=Chikoku wo suru to iu jijitsu)Vic hay i mun nh th ny thc s tr thnh vn ri y nh.

3. (= )Tanaka-san ga isha da to iu no wo shiranakatta. (= isha da to iu jijitsu)Mnh khng bit chuyn anh Tanaka l bc s.

Bi tp luyn tpCode:

Bi 1: 1.a. b. 2.(a. b. )(a. b. )3.a. b. 4.a. b. Bi 2:5. a. b. c. d. 6. a. b. c. d. Tun 2: Ngy th nm

Vi tin ny ca Say th chc khng kp cho k thi thng 12 ri, cc bn c nh hng hc th c theo di tip n k thi nm sau l ht topic ny thui

I. Mu~(~to iu yori): Ni ng hn l ~(ci ni ng sau mi l thch ng hn.)Cch s dng: (ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th thng thng ri kt hp vi "to iu yori"). Tuy nhin tnh t ui "na" v danh t thng khng gn "da" vo sau.

V d:1. Kare no iikata wa susumete iru to iu yori kyousei shite iru you da.Cch ni ca anh ta c v l ang thuyt phc nhng thc ra l ang cng p mi ngi.

2. Reibou ga kiki sugite, suzushii to iu yori samui.iu ho bt mnh qu, lnh ch khng phi mt na.

3. Ano hito wa kirei to iu yori jouhin da.Ngi kia ni l qu phi th ng hn l p.

4. .Ano hito wa gakusha to iu yori tarento(talent) da.Bo ng kia l hc gi, nhng phi gi l ngi sao truyn hnh mi ng.

II. Mu~ (~to iu to): Ni n ~ th ~Ly ln mt v d lm i din lin quan n ch ~ hoc t mt ch nh ra, lin tng n ~Cch s dng:[ / / . ng t, danh t, tnh t a v th thng thng, ri kt hp vi "to iu to", "to ieba", "to ittara". Tuy nhin danh t th khng thm "da" vo.

V d1.Supootsu(sport) no saiten to iu to< mazu Orinpikku (Olympic) desu ne.Ni v ngy hi th thao th trc ht phi l Olympic nh?

2. . A Kinou, John-san ni aimashita yo. Sou desu ka? John-san to ieba A-sha ni shuushoku ga kimatta sou desu ne.[I]Hm qua, t gp anh John y. Th , anh John , hnh nh c nhn vo lm cng ty A.

3. Italia to ieba, pasupooto(passport) wo otoshite komatta koto wo omoidashimasu.Ni v Italia, li nh ci ln khn kh v mt h chiu.

4. . Saikin suidou ga mazui desu ne. Mizu ga mazui to ieba, saikin ii jousuiki ga deta sou desu yo.Gn y nc my chn nh. Nc chn , gn y mi c loi my lc hay lm y.

III.Mu~ (~to itte mo)D l ~ nhng ~(thc t so vi iu c ngh t khc nhau)Cch s dng:[ . ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th thng thng ri kt hp vi "to itte mo". Tuy nhin i khi cng c trng hp tnh t ui "na" v "danh t" khng gn "da".

V d:1. Niwa ga aru to itte mo neko no hitai hodo desu.Ni l c vn y nhng m b t (nh ci trn mo).

2. Asa-gohan wo tabeta to itte mo, pan to koohii (coffee) dake no kantan na mono desu.D l n sng ri nhng cng ch n gin l bnh m v cafe thi.

3. Nihon wa bukka ga takai to itte mo, yasui mono mo arimasu yo.Nht Bn th ng l gi c cao tht nhng r cng c m.

4. Kyou wa atsukatta to itte mo, kuuraa(cooler) wo tsukeru hodo dewa arimasen deshita.Hm nay ni l nng y nhng cng cha n mc cn bt my lnh.

5. Nihon ryouri ga suki da to itte mo, tenpura to sushi dake desu.Ni l ti thch n Nht nhng ch l tenpura v sushi thi.

6. Kare wa shachou to itte mo shain ga sannin shika inai kaisha no shachou desu.Anh ta l ch tch cng ty y nhng m ch l ch tch ca cng ty c mi ba ngi thi.

Bi tp luyn tpCode:

Bi 1: 1.a. b. 2.(a. b. )3.a. b. 4.a. b. 5.a. bBi 2:6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. Tun 2: Ngy th su

I. MuVV-te goran)Dng ni vi ai th lm 1 iu g . (Thng l ni vi ngi di mnh.)Tng ng mu V (V-te minasai).Cch s dng rt n gin, a ng t v th "te" ri thm "goran" vo.

V d1. (=)Kore, oishii yo. Tabete goran. (=Tabete minasai)Ci ny ngon lm . Cu n th i.

2. (=)Wakarana kattara sensei ni kiite goran.Nu m khng hiu th hy th hi gio vin.

3. (=)Mou ichido yatte goran. (=yatte minasai)Th lm li 1 ln na i.

II. Mu~//(~youni iu/tanomu/onegai)y l 1 kiu mnh lnh gin tip. C ngha l ni vi mt ai thuyt phc anh ta lm gip mnh vic g .ng t s dng vi mu ny chia th ph nh hoc th t in.

V d:1. (= )Tanaka-san ni watashi no heya ni kuru you ni itte kudasai. (="kite kudasai" to itte)Hy bo cu Tanaka n phng ca ti.

2. Tsukatta ato wa katadukeru you ni onegaishimasu.Sau khi s dng th lm n dn dp gim.

III. MuV/ V(V-ru na to/ V-meireikei to): B ni ~Khi b ni, b yu cu l lm g/ khng lm g th mnh s dng mu ny.Cch s dng rt n gin: ng t chia v th mnh lnh/ hoc th t in + "na" ri thm /// (to iwareru/ chuui sareru/ shikareru/ okorareru).

V d1. (= )Isha ni sake wo nomu na to wareta.("Nonde wa ikenai" to)Ti b bc s ni l "Ung ru l khng c u y"

2. (=)Sensei ni motto benkyou shiro to iwareta. (="Benkyou shinasai" to)Ti b gio vin ni l "Hy chm hc hn na"

3. ()Chichi ni motto hayaku kaere to chuui sareta.Ti b b nhc l "Hy v nh sm hn".

IV. MuV(V-te kure to): B ai nh, hi, yu cu lm g s dng mu ny th trc ht a ng t v th "te", sau kt hp vi(kure to tanomareru) hoc(kure to iwareru)

V d:1. (=)Tomodachi ni, Tanaka-san no denwa bangou wo oshiete kure to tanomareta.Mt ngi bn nh ti ni cho s in thoi ca Tanaka.

2. (= )Ooya ni genkan no mae ni jitensha wo okanaide kure to iwaremashita.Ti b ng ch nh bo l ng xe p trc hin nh.Tun 3: Ngy th nht

Hc bi m khuya no c nh i, nh th ny cho d tp trung u c

I. Mu~(~te mo) biu hin v gi thuyt tng phn

ngha:d, mc d, cho d Cch dng:V-/A AA, N- Thm (mo) sau (te) l c c mt t ch iu kin nghch.- Ngc vi mu cu (~tara), mu cu (~te mo) dng trong tnh hung hy vng mt vic g ng nhin s xy ra trong iu kin cho trc nhng li khng xy ra, hoc kt qu xy ra tri ngc vi nhng g k vng.

V d:1. Suitchi wo irete mo kikai ga ugokimasen.D bt cng tc nhng my vn khng chy.

2. Takakute mo kono rajikase wo kaitai desu.Mc d t nhng ti vn mun mua ci radio-cassette ny.

3. Shizuka demo neru koto ga dekimasen.Mc d yn tnh nhng cng khng ng c.

4. Nichiyoubi demo shigoto wo shimasu.Mc d l ch nht nhng vn lm vic.

*Khi mun nhn mnh v mc iu kin ca mu ny th ta c th thm(donna ni),(ikura),(dare ga),(dou),(itsu),(nani wo)

V d1. (= )Watashi wa ikura osake wo nonde mo kaoiro ga kawaranai.(=osake wo takusan nonda baai mo)Ngay c khi ti ung nhiu ru th sc mt cng khng thay i.

2.(= )Gitaa wo narai hajimeta ga, donna ni renshuu shite mo zenzen umaku naranai. bt u hc n guitar nhng cho d c luyn tp nh th no th cng chng gii c

II. Mu ~V(~V-zuni)y l cch vit khc ca mu cuV(V-naide) m thi. ngha:lm hnh ng 2 trong trng thi khng lm hnh ng 1.Cch dng:Mu cu ny c dng khi ngi ni ch mt hnh ng khng din ra nh d on m c thay th bi mt hnh ng khc. Rt n gin, chia ng t v th ph nh vn tt (th "nai" y), ri sau thay "nai" bng "zuni".Ch : ring ng t(suru) th chuyn thnh(se zuni).

V d:1. , (=)Jisho wo tsukawa zuni kaita node, jishin ga arimasen.(=tsukawa naide)Vit m khng dng n t in nn chng thy t tin g c.

2. (=)Sakuya, ha wo migaka zuni nete shimatta.Ti qua i ng m khng nh rng.Tun 3: Ngy th hai

I. Mu~(~toshite)

ngha:s dng ni v lp trng, t cch, chng loi.Cch dng:N/ / / Ring vi th theo sau s l 1 danh t.

V d1. Yamamoto-shi wa taishi to shite Chuugoku ni haken sareta.ng Yamamoto c phi sang Trung Quc vi vai tr l mt i s.

2. .Kare wa sono hako o isu to shite tsukatta.Anh y dng ci hp lm gh ngi.

3..Watashi to shite wa kondo no kettei ni sansei dekimasen.V phn ti th khng th tn thnh c vi quyt nh hm nay.

4. Nihon wa Ajia no ichiin to shite no yakuwari wo hatasa nakereba naranai.Nht Bn phi ng vi tr nh l mt thnh vin ca Chu .

II. Mu ~(~ni shite wa)

ngha:So vi iu c ng nhin ngh n t th khc.Cch dng:V, A-i, A-na, N dng thng thng. Tuy nhin vi A-na v N th khng c " - da".

V d1. 20Ani wa Amerika ni 20nen ita ni shite wa eigo ga heta da.D anh trai sng M n 20 nm nhng ting Anh th d c.

2. Yamada-san wa isogashii ni shite wa yoku tegami wo kuremasu.Bc Yamada rt bn rn nhng vn hay vit th cho ti.

3. Kare wa kashu datta ni shite wa uta ga heta da.Anh ta l ca s y nhng ht d t.

4. Kare wa ryokushi ni shite wa kogara da.Anh ta l lc s nhng m ngi nh.

III. Mu ~(~ni shite mo) ngha:Ngay c nu, t nh ~, vn ~Cch dng:V, A-i, A-na, N dng thng thng. Tuy nhin vi A-na v N th khng c " - da". i khi cng gp A-na, N chuyn v th .

V d1. Donna ningen ni shite mo chousho wa aru mono da.D l ngi no th cng c s trng.

2. Ikura isogashii ni shite mo, shokuji wo shinai no wa yokunai.Ngay c l bn n th no, b n l khng tt.

3. .Ikura karada ga joubu de aru ni shite mo sonna ni hataraitara byouki ni narimasu yo.D dai sc th no i na, lm vic c th m mt y.

4. Chuuko no ie wo kau ni shite mo shakkin shinakereba naranai.D l mua mt ci nh c nhng vn phi vay tin.

IV. Mu ~(~to shitara) ngha:Nu m~, Nu ngh t ~ thCch dng:V, A-i, A-na, N dng thng thng.

V d1. Ryuugaku suru to shitara, Nihon ni ikitai to omotte imashita.Nu m i du hc, ti nh i Nht.

2. Moshi, mou ichido umare-kawareru to shitara, otoko to onna to dochira ga ii desu ka?Gi s l, nu c sinh ra ln na, bn thch l con trai hay con gi?

3. 9Yotei doori da to sureba hikouki wa 9ji ni tsuku hazu da.Nu m nh k hoch th my bay phi n lc 9h ri.

4. Ashi no warui hito fa chikatetsu wo riyou suru to shitara, donna setsubi ga hitsuyou darou ka.Nu ngi b tt v chn s dng tu in ngm th cn loi thit b nh th no nh.

5. . Kono reizouko wa mou shuuri wa muri desu ne. Shuuri ga muri da to shitara, atarashii no wo kau shika nai ne.Ci t lnh ny khng sa c na nh? Nu m khng sa c th ch c cch mua ci mi nh.

6. , Denwa wo kakete mo denai to sureba kara wa mou dekaketa no deshou.D gi in m anh ta khng ra th chc l ra ngoi ri.Tun 3: Ngy th ba

I. Mu (~tsumori)* ngha: d nh lm, d nh khng lm mt vic g .*Cch dng: V/ V *Ch :So vi mu cu V th ch , V thng thng th mang ngha quyt on hn c s dng ch mt hng r rt, 1 quyt nh chc chn hoc 1 d nh ln trong cuc sng.

V d1. Kino wa kaimono ni iku tsumori deshita ga, atama ga itakatta node zutto ie ni imashita.Hm qua d nh i mua sm ri nhng m do au u nn li nh sut.

2. Rainen kekkon suru tsumori desu.Nm ti ti d nh s kt hn.

3. Ashita kara wa tabako wo suwanai tsumori desu.Ti nh t ngy mai s khng ht thuc.

II. Mu~/~(~hazu da/ ~hazu ga nai)* ngha: chc chn~, chc chn khng~*Cch dng: V, A-i, A-na, N dng thng thng/ Ch l A-na vn gi nguyn "na", cn N th thm "no"

V d1. Tanaka-san wa ima ryokouchuu da kara ie ni inai hazu da.Anh Tanaka ang i du lch nn chc chn khng c nh.

2. Majime na Yamada-san ga mudan de yasumu hazu ga nai.Ngi chm ch nh cu Yamada th chc chn vic ngh khng php l khng c.

3.Machigai hazu ga nai yo.Chc chn vic nhm ln l khng c u.

III. Mu~/~/ ~(~beki/ ~beki da/ ~beki dewa nai)* ngha: Lm nh th l ng nhin, nn lm ~*Cch dng: ng t th t in + . Vi A-na th chuyn sang A-na, cn A-i th s l A.Vi th cng c khi s dng l .

V d1. Iu beki koto wa enryo shi naide hakkiri itta hou ga ii.Nhng iu nn ni th nn khng ngi ngn ni r rng ra.

2. Donna ni shitashii naka demo, karita mono wa kichinto kaesu beki da.D l ngi thn mc no mn th nn tr li cn thn.

3. Wakai uchi ni, gaikokugo wo benkyou shite oku beki datta.Khi cn tr nn hc ngoi ng trc.

4. Sensei no o-taku ni konna yonaka ni denwa suru beki dewa nai.Khng nn in thoi n nh thy lc na m th ny.

IV. Mu ~(~ta mono da)* ngha: Nh v vic xy ra lu trong qu kh*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t a v th qu kh ri + .

V d1. Kodomo no koro, itazura wo shite, yoku chichi ni shikarareta mono da.Hi b thng nghch ngm, hay b b mng.

2. Kono hen wa mukashi wa shizuka datta mono da.Khu ny trc y yn tnh lm.Tun 3: Ngy th t

I. Mu~(~tabi ni)* ngha: Mi khi, mi dp ~*Cch dng: V/N.

V d1.(= )Kaimono no tabi ni, fukuro wo takusan morau. (=kaimono no toki, itsu mo)C mi ln i mua sm nhn c rt nhiu ti.

2. (= )Kono kyoku wo kiku tabi ni, furusato wo omoi-dasu.C mi ln nghe ca khc mnh li nh qu hng.

3. O-tonari no hito wa ryokou no tabi ni, o-miyage wo katte kite kureru.Anh hng xm c mi ln i du lch u mua qu cho t.

4. Kanojo ni au tabi ni, youji wo tanomareru.C ln no gp c y l li b nh vic g .

II. Mu ~(~tsuide ni)* ngha:Nhn tin; tin th (Lc lm vic g , li dng c hi lm mt vic khc)*Cch dng:V-/V- /N-

V d1. Ginkou e iku tsuide ni, kono tegami wo dashite kuremasen ka.Tin th n ngn hng anh gi cho em l th ny c khng?

2. Depaato e kainomo ni itta tsuide ni kimono no tenjikai wo mite kita.Tin th i siu th mua , ti n xem trin lm kimono.

3.Kaimono no tsuide ni honya ni yotta.Tin th i mua sm, ti gh vo hiu sch.

III. Mu ~(~ta totan)* ngha:Ngay sau ~*Cch dng:V-

V d1. Hannin wa keikan no sugata wo mita totan, nige-dashita.Ngay khi thy bng cnh st, tn phm nhn chy trn.

2. Tsukarete ita node, beddo ni haitta totan ni, nemutte shimatta.V mt qu, ln ging ci l ng mt ngay.

3. Sensei wa itsumo beru ga natta totan ni, kyoushitsu ni haitte kuru.Thy gio lc no cng vo lp ngay sau khi chung ku.

IV. Mu ~(~saichuu ni)* ngha: Ngay trong lc ang lm vic g *Cch dng:V-/ N-]

V d1.Kangaete iru saichuu ni hanashi-kakerarete komatta.ang ngh, c b ni xen vo, n kh.

2.Shiai no saichuu ni ame ga futte kita.Gia trn u, tri li ma.

3. .Kaigi wo shite iru saichuu nii, keitai denwa ga natta.Gia lc ang hp th in thoi di ng li ku.Tun 3: Ngy th nm

I. Mu ~(~toori)* ngha: Lm ging nh ~, ging nh~*Cch dng: V-/ V- /N- *Ch : Khi s dng N m khng c "" th lc mnh s c v vit l ""

V d1. Setsumeisho ni kaite aru toori ni yatte mite kudasai.Hy th lm nh c vit trong bn hng dn.

2. Ano hito no itta toori ni sureba daijoubu desu.Nu lm nh ng kia ni th khng sao c.

3. AKare wa A daigaku ni goukaku shita. Watashi no omotta toori datta.Anh y vo i hc A. ng nh ti ngh.

4. Yajirushi no toori ni susunde kudasai.Hy tin theo hng mi tn ch.

5. Sono kikaku wa keikaku doori ni wa susumanakatta.K hoch khng i theo d nh.

II. Mu ~(~mama)* ngha: Thc hin 1 hnh ng trong khi trng thi trc vn gi nguyn.*Cch dng: V-/ V-/ A-/ N-

V d1. (=)Sakuya wa terebi wo tsuketa mama nete shimatta. (=tsuite iru joutai de)Ti qua c nguyn ti vi ang m ri ng mt.

2. (=)Kono yasai wa nama no mama de tabete mo oishii desu yo. (=nama no joutai de)Loi rau ny sng n cng vn ngon lm .

III. Mu ~(~ppanashi)* ngha: Gi nguyn 1 trng thi no . Trong trng hp l t ng t th sau khng c g thay i. Trong trng hp l tha ng t th sau s l chng lm g c. Thng bao hm c cm gic bt mn, trch mc ca ngi ni.*Cch dng: ng t th b i, ri kt hp vi .

V d1. (= )Mado wo akeppanash de dete kita.Mnh c ca s m nguyn m i ra ngoi.i

2. .( =)Mizu wo dashippanashi ni shinai de kudasai.ng c nc chy sut nh th ch.

IV. Mu ~(~kiri)* ngha: Ch c ~*Cch dng:V-/ V- /N + . Tuy nhin vi nhng danh t s t th lc cng c th s dng l (kkiri).

V d1. Kanojo wa nani wo kiite mo waratte iru kiri de, kotaenai.C y nghe g cng ch ci, ch p li li no.

2. Kesa kouhii wo nonda kiri de, nani mo tabete inai.Sng nay ch c ung caf, ch n g.

3. Kodomotachi ga dokuritsu shite kara, fuufu futari kiri no seikatsu desu.Con ci m ra ring, ch c hai v chng sng vi nhau.Tun 3: Ngy th su

I. Mu~/ ~/ ~(~garu/ ~gatte/ ~garanai de)* ngha: S dng khi ni n cm gic, mong mun ca ngi khc.*Cch dng: Tnh t ui "A" th b "i" i, tnh t ui "A" th b "na", ng t th mong mun "V" th b "i" i, sau kt hp vi~/ ~/ ~.*Ch : Mu ny tuyt i khng s dng ni v mong mun, cm nhn ca bn thn.

V d

1.Kowagaranai de kudasai.ng c s.

2.Hazukashigaranai de, mae ni dete kite kudasai.ng c xu h, ng ln pha trc i no.

3. Tanaka-san ga anata ni aitagatte imashita yo.Cu Takana ni l mun gp em y.

II. Mu~/ ~(~te hoshii/ ~te moraitai)* ngha:Dng khi mong mun ai lm g cho mnh.*Cch dng:V/ V + /

V d

1. Anou, kyoukasho wo misete hoshii desu ga....Xin li, cho ti xem cun sch gio khoa kia.

2. Anata ni oshiete moraitai koto ga arimasu.Em c chuyn cn anh ni cho em nghe y.

3. Kuni e kaettemo nihongo wo wasure naide hoshii.D l c v nc th mong bn cng ng qun ting Nht

III. Mu ~(~furi wo suru)* ngha: Dng miu t trng thi th hin bn ngoi khc vi thc cht s vic.* Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th thng thng ri kt hp vi. Ch l tnh t ui "na" th gi nguyn "na", cn danh t th thm "no".

V d

1. Kare wa sono koto ni tsuite shitte iru furi wo shite iru ga, hontou wa shiranai to omou.Anh ta t ra l bit v iu y, nhng ti ngh thc ra ch bit g c u

2. 3.Tanaka-san wa dokushin no furi wo shite iru ga, kekkon shite ite, 3nin mo kodomo ga iru.Anh Takana t ra l ngi c thn nhng thc ra lp gia nh v c ti 3 a con ri.Tun 4: Ngy th nht

I. Mu ~(~ni totte)* ngha: i vi Nhn t lp trng ca ~ (sau l phn on, bnh phm)*Cch dng: Danh t + Cc dng thng gp ~/~/ ~/ ~

V d

1. Kono shashin wa watashi ni totte nani yori mo taisetsu na mono desu.Bc nh ny i vi ti l th quan trng hn tt c.

2.Shain ni totte wa kyuuryou wa takai hou ga ii.Vi nhn vin cng ty th, lng cao s tt hn.

3.Dare ni totte mo ichiban taisetsu na no wa kenkou desu.Vi bt k ai, sc kho l quan trng nht.

4. Kankyou mondai wa jinrui ni totte no mondai da.Vn mi trng l thch thc (nhim v) i vi nhn loi.

II. Mu ~(~wari ni wa)* ngha: Khng ph hp, khng xng vi ~, so vi ~*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th thng thng ri kt hp vihoc. Ch l tnh t ui "na" th gi nguyn "na", cn danh t th thm "no".

V d

1. Watashi wa takusan taberu wari ni futoranai.Mc d ti n rt nhiu, nhng m khng b tng cn.

2. Ano resutoran (restraurant) no ryouri wa nedan no wari ni oishii. n ca nh hng , so vi gi th l ngon.

3. Kare wa benkyou shinai wari ni wa seiseki ga ii.D n ch hc g m thnh tch tt gh.

4. Kono shinamono wa takai wari ni wa hinshitsu ga yokunai.Mt hng ny d l dt nhng cht lng khng tt.

5. Ani wa shinchou na wari ni wa yoku wasure_mono wo suru>D anh trai kh cn thn nhng m vn hay b qun .

III. Mu ~(~kuse ni)* ngha: D; mc du; li cn; ngay c ~ (Din t tm trng khinh mit, qu trch)*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th thng thng ri kt hp vi.*Ch : t khi dng cho cch ni trang trng.

V d

1. Yoku shiranai kuse ni, ano hito wa nan demo setsumei shitagaru.D l ch bit my, ng kia ci g cng mun gii thch.

2. Kare wa wakai kuse ni sugu tsukareta to iu.Anh y d l tr nhng hi t l ku mt.

3. Chichi wa heta na kuse ni karaoke ga daisuki nan desu.B ti d ht d nhng rt khoi karaoke.

4. Kare wa gakusei no kuse ni koukyuusha ni notte iru>Anh ta d l sinh vin nhng ton ln xe xn.

IV. Mu ~(~nanka)*Cch dng: V/ A(i->ku)/ A-na/ N/ / * ngha 1: Dng khi mun nu ln mt v d mun lm nh, nh gi thp. (Ch yu dng khi ni chuyn)

V d

1. "Kono kikai ni kuwashii hito wa imasen ka?" "Kare nado kuwashii to omoimasu yo""C ai bit tng tn v ci my ny khng?" "Ti ngh nh anh y l ngi bit r y."

2.Nekutai (necktie) nanka shimete, doko iku no?Tht ca vt th ny, i u vy ta?

* ngha 2: Dng khi ni mang tnh ph nh hoc coi nh mt th l khng quan trng lm.

V d

1. Isogashikute terebi nado mite irarenai.Bn gh, n nh c xem TV cn ch c.

2. Hontou desu. Uso nanka tsukimasen yo.ng tht y . Khng ni my li di tr u.

3. Sukii nante kantan desu yo. Dare demo sugu dekiru you ni narimasu.C nh trt tuyt th d khng m. Ai cng bit trt ngay.Tun 4: Ngy th hai

I. Mu ~(~okage de)* ngha: Nh, do c... ( Biu th lng bit n v nh nguyn nhn m c kt qu tt)*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th thng thng ri kt hp vi. Ch A-na th gi nguyn "na", cn danh t thm .

V d

1. Kagaku gijutsu ga hattatsu shita okage de, wareware no seikatsu wa benri ni natta.Nh khoa hc k thun pht trin, i sng ca chng ta tr nn tin li hn.

2. Ie ga umi ni chikai okage de, shinsen na sakana ga taberaru.Nh nh em gn bin nn lc no cng c c ti n.

3. , Yamamoto-san wa chuugokugo ga jouzu na okage de ii shigoto ga mitsukatta sou desu.Bc Yamamoto v gii ting Trung Quc nn nghe ni tm c mt cng vic tt.

4. Shigoto ga hayaku sunda no wa Yamada-san no okage desu.Cng vic lm xong nhanh chng l nh c bc Yamada.

II. Mu ~/ ~(~sei de/ sei ka)* ngha: Ti v ~ . (Do nguyn nhn m c kt qu xu)*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th thng thng ri kt hp vi/ ~. Ch A-na th gi nguyn "na", cn danh t thm .*Ch : Vi cch nithng l din t cm gic ca ngi ni, "phi chng l do~"

V d

1. Watashi ga shippao shita no wa kare no sei da.Ti tht bi l ti thng y.

2. Densha ga okureta sei de, chikoku shita.V tu chm nn ti n mun.

3. Amai mono ga sukina sei de, tabesugite futotte shimatta.Ti v thch n ngt, ti n nhiu qu v pht ph.

4..Atsui seika, shokuyoku ga nai.Chc do tri nng, ch thy thm n.

5. Ki no sei ka, kare wa kyou wa nantonaku genki ga naku kanjirare ta.Ti c cm tng hm nay anh y c khng kho lm sao y.

6. Shashin ga umaku torenakatta no wo kameta no sei ni shite iru.nh chp khng c p l do camera.

III. Mu ~(~ni kawatte )*Cch dng: N /

*A ngha: Thay th cho~. Biu th s thay i s dng vt ny thay th cho vt khc cho n by gi.

V d:1. Koko de wa, ningen ni kawatte robotto ga sagyou wo shite iru.Ti y robot lm vic thay th cho con ngi.

2. Ima wa taipuraitaa (typewriter) ni kawari, wapuro (word processor) ga tsukawarete iru.By gi my ch c thay th bi my x l vn bn

* ngha: i din cho, thay cho~. Biu th s thay th ngi ny bng ngi khc lm g

1. Chichi ni kawatte, watashi ga kekkonshiki ni shusseki shimashita.Ti i m ci thay cho b.

2. Shucchouchuu no buchou ni kawatte watashi ga go-aisatsu sasete itadakimasu.Ti c cho php cho hi thay cho trng phng ang cng tc.

IV. Mu ~(~kawari ni)

*A. ngha: Thay v khng ~ (Khng lm ~ m lm mt vic khc.)*Cch dng: V-ru

V d

1. Shiritsu daigaku wo hitotsu ukeru kawari ni, kokuritsu daigaku wo mittsu uketai.Khng ng k vo mt trng t no, ti mun ng k 3 trng quc lp.

2. CDOngakukai ni iku kawari ni, CD wo sanmai kau hou ga ii to omou.Thay v i nghe ho nhc, ti ngh mua 3 a CD c khi tt hn.

* B- ngha: Lm i l, thay th cho ~*Cch dng: N

V d

1. Byouki no chichi no kawari ni, watashi ga mairimashita.Thay cho b ang b m, ti i.

2. Houtai no kawari ni, hankachi (handkerchief) de kizuguchi wo shibatta.Thay v dng bng gc, ti dung khn tay bng ming vit thng.

*C- ngha:Ch c phn tng ng vi ~*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th thng thng ri kt hp vi

V d

1. Watashi ga ryouri suru kawari ni, anata wa souji shite kudasai.Cn phng ny nh hp, tng ng l gi thu cng r.

2. Watashi no manshon wa shizukana kawari ni, eki kara tookute fuben da.Khu nh ti kh yn tnh, b li ng t ga n li xa, kh bt tin.

Bi tp luyn tpCode:

Bi 1: 1.a. b. 2.(a. b. )3.a. b. 4.a. b. 5.a. bDVDBi 2:6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. Tun 4: Ngy th ba

I. Mu~/ ~/ ~/ ~(~kurai/ ~gurai/ ~kurai da/ ~gurai da)*A_ ngha: Chng, mc~ (Biu th mc trng thi)*Cch dng: [] / [] / [] / [] .

V d

1. Kono atari wa yoru ni naru to, sabishii kurai shizuka da.Khi m xung, vng quanh y yn tnh n c qunh.

2. Kare kurai nihongo ga hanasereba, tsuuyaku dekiru darou.Ni c ting Nht c nh cu y, lm phin dch c khng nh?

3. Onaka ga itakute, gaman dekinai gurai datta.Bng au n mc khng chu c.

4. Tana kara mono ga ochiru kurai ookii jishin ga atta.Trn ng t mnh n mc cc vt b ri xung t trn gi.

5. Kimura-san wa tanoshimi ni shite ita ryokou ni ikenaku natte, kawaisou na gurai gakkari shite ita.Anh Kimura tht vng n ti nghip khi khng i c chuyn du lch m anh y mong ch.

*B_ ngha: Biu th mc nh*Cch dng: [] / []

V d

1. Isogashikute mo denwa wo kakeru kurai wa dekita deshou?D bn nhng t ra mt cuc in thoi anh cng gi c ch?

2. Gaikokugo wa ikkagetsu naratta gurao de wa, jouzu ni hanaseru you ni wa naranai darou.Ngoi ng th hc c mt thng khng th giao tip gii c.

3. Hito ni attara, aisatsu gurai shite hoshii.Ti mun anh khi gp mi ngi, ch t cng phi cho hi.

II. Mu~(~hodo)(ging )* ngha: Chng, mc ~*Cch dng: [] / [] / [] / []

V d

1. Kaijou ni wa afureru hodo gitaa wo motta wakamono ga atsumatte ita.Cc thanh nin mang n ghi ta t tp ng n mc trn ngp c hi trng.

2. Kodomo wo nakushita go-ryoushin no kanashimi ga itai hodo wakaru.Ti hiu c ni au bun ca nhng bc cha m mt con.

3. Watashi ni mo iitai koto ga yama hodo aru.Nhng iu ti mun ni nhiu nh ni.

4. Hisashiburi ni kuni no haha no koe wo kiite, ureshikute nakitai hodo datta. lu mi c nghe ging ni ca m t trong nc, ti hnh phc n mun khc.

5.Mochikirenai hodo no nimotsu ga atta node, takushii de kaetta.Nhiu hnh l n mc mang khng xu, ti i taxi v nh.

III. Mu~(~hodo)(khc )* ngha: Mt ny c mc thay i, cng lc mt mt khc cng thay i mc .*Cch dng: / A-/ A- + / N

V d

1. Sumou de wa, futotte iru hodo yuuri da.Sumo th cng bo cng c li.

2. Nedan ga takai hodo shinamono ga ii to wa kagiranai.Khng hn c gi cao th hng tt u.

3. Suiri shousetsu wa fukuzatsu na hodo omoshiroi.Tiu thuyt trinh thm th cng phc tp cng hp dn.

4. Atama ga ii hito jiman shinai.Ngi cng thng minh cng khng t mn.

IV. Mu~~(~ba ~hodo)* ngha: Cng~ cng~*Cch dng: V/ / a v th + / /

V d

1Kanojo wa mireba miru hodo suki ni narimasu.C y cng ngm cng yu.

2Gaikokugo no benkyou wa wakakereba wakai hodo ii desu.Vic hc ngoi ng th cng tr cng tt.

3Pasokon wa sousa ga kantan nara kantan na hodo ii desu.My vi tnh th thao tc cng n gin cng tt.

4. .Kyuuryou ga takakereba takai hodo ii ne.Lng th cng cao cng tt nh ^^.

V. Mu~~(~hodo ~wa nai),~~(~kurai ~wa nai)

* ngha: ~ l nht*Cch dng:V/N/V/N + N()

V d

1. Naka no ii tomodachi to ryokou suru hodo tanoshii koto wa nai.i chi vi bn thn l vui nht.

2. Kanojo hodo atama ii hito ni wa atta koto ga nai.Ti cha gp ai thng minh nh c y.

3. Sensou hodo hisan na mono wa nai.Khng c g bi thm bng chin tranh.

4. Kanojo kurai shinsetsu na hito wa inai.Khng c ai thn thin nh c y c.Tun 4: Ngy th t

Gomen c nh, hm qua gp vn v sc khe nn l Say khng onl c Gi post bi mi cho cc bn hc n__________________________________________________ __________________

I. Mu ~(~koto wa nai)* ngha: Khng cn phi lm ~. Mu ny ging nh mnh hc l ~ .*Cch dng:

V d

1. Jikan wa juubun aru kara, isogu koto wa nai.Vn c thi gian, khng cn phi vi.

2. , Ryokou kaban nara, wazawaza kau koto wa arimasen yo. Watashi ga kashite agemasu.Vali du lch th khng cn phi lo mua u. T cho mn.

3. Kensa no kekka, ijou arimasen deshita kara, shinpai suru koto wa arimasen yo.V kt qu kim tra khng c g khc thng nn khng cn lo lng u.

II. Mu ~(~to iu koto da)*A_ ngha: Nghe thy ni l ~ (cch ni dn dng y nguyn iu nghe c)*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th thng thng ri kt hp vi. Vi mu ny th ta c th kt hp vi cc dng mnh lnh, hng, phng on hoc cm ca ng t.

V d

1. Jiko no genin wa mada wakaranai to iu koto desu.Nghe ni vn cha bit nguyn nhn ca tai nn.

2. Tenki yohou ni yoru to kotoshi wa ame ga ooi darou to iu koto desu.Nghe d bo thi tit th nm nay ma nhiu y.

3. A A-sha no shuushoku ni wa suisenjou ga hitsuyo da to iu koto desu.Thy ni l xin vic cng ty A cn phi c th gii thiu.

*B_ ngha: C ngha l ~

V d

1. "Ashita wa chotto isogashiin desu" "E. Ja, paatii ni wa korarenai to iu koto desu ka""Mai t bn t." "Th . Th ngha l khng n lin hoan ?"

2. Go-iken ga nai to iu koto wa sansei to iu koto desu ne.Khng c kin g tc l tn thnh phi khng .

*Ch : Mu ny khi s dng trong vn vit th s chuyn thnh dng V d

1. Haha no tegami dewa, chichi no byouki wa taishita koto wa nai to no koto na node, anshin shita.Trong th m vit, bnh ca b khng c vn g nn ti thy yn tm.

2. Michiko-san ga kekkon nasatta to no koto, omedetou gozaimasu.Nghe ni l ch Michiko kt hn, xinh chc mng .

III. Mu ~(~koto da)* ngha: Dng khi khuyn ngi khc rng vic l quan trng.*Cch dng: V/ V kt hp vi(~koto da)

V d

1. Daigaku ni hairitakereba ishoukenmei benkyou suru koto da.Nu mun vo i hc th nn chm ch hc hnh.

2. Kaze gimi nara, hayaku neru koto da.Nu thy c cm gic b cm th nn ng sm.

3. Koto ba no imi ga wakaranakereba mazu jisho de shiraberu koto da.Nu khng hiu ngha ca t ng th trc tin nn tra t in.(cu ny Say hay dng, v c b hi sut v t)

4. Hito no akkou wa iwanai koto desu.Khng nn ni xu ngi khc.

IV. Mu ~(~koto ka)* ngha: Khng bit th no y ~ (cm thn, th di)*Cch dng: V/ A/ A a v th thng thng ri kt hp vi(~koto ka)

V d

1. Musuko kara hantoshi mo renraku ga nai. Ittai nani wo shite iru koto ka.Con trai na nm ri ch thy lin lc g, khng hiu l ang lm ci g y.

2. Anata no henji wo donna ni matte ita koto ka.Ti i cu tr li ca anh bao lu.

3. Tomodachi to wakarete, donna ni sabishikatta koto ka.Chia bit bn, tht l c n bit bao.

4. Konpyuuta wa nanto benri na koto ka.My tnh tht l th tht tin li.

*Ch : Mu ny thng i km vi cc t nh l (donna ni - th no cng; kiu g cng), (dore dake), (dore hodo - chng bao nhiu), (nando - bao nhiu ln; my ln), (nanjikan)... ng trc.

Tun 4: Ngy th nm

I. Mu ~(~kke)* ngha:s dng trong vn ni. Din ti ang nh ra, nh li v mun xc nhn li mt vic g *Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th thng thng ri kt hp vi. Tuy nhin dng~hoc~cng c s dng.

V d

1. Kare ni wa mada paatii no basho wo shirasete inakattakke.Hnh nh ti cha bo cho anh y a im lin hoan hay sao y.

2. "Gakusei jidai wa tanoshikatta ne." "Sou sou, issho ni yoku takkyuu shitakke ne""Lc hc sinh vui tht y nh." "a, mnh cng nhau hay chi bng bn hay sao y nh."

3. 50Ano resutoran de soubetsukai shinai. Asoko 50nin ireru hodo hirokattakke.Khng t chc tic chia tay nh hng . ng kia hnh nh cha c tm 50 ngi, rng ri lm.

4. Souda. Kyou wa okaasan no tanjoubi dakke. nh, hm nay l sinh nht m hay sao y.

II. Mu ~(~shika nai)* ngha: Khng c cch no khc ngoi ~ ; Cn phi lm ~*Cch dng:

V d

1. Jiko de densha ga ugokanai kara, aruite iku shika nai.Do tai nn nn tu khng chy, ch c cch no khc l i b.

2. Dare ni mo tanomenai kara, jihun de yaru shika arimasen.Khng nh ai c, t mnh phi lm thi.

3. Yakusoku shita no dakara, iku shika nai darou. hn ri, phi i thi.

III. Mu~(~n datte)* ngha: (ti) nghe ni l ~. Dng truyn t nhng thng tin m mnh nghe thy u n ngi th 3 v khng c nhn nh ca bn.*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th ngn ri kt hp vi. Tuy nhin ta c th gp cc dng ~, ,

V d

1. "Tanaka-san, kekkon shite run datte" "E, shiranakatta""T nghe ni l anh Tanaka c gia nh ri" "Tht , t khng bit y"

2. 50Shiken no hani wa kyoukasho no saisho kara 50 peeji made datte.Gii hn ca k thi nghe ni l n trang 50 ca sch gio khoa.

3. Ame ga furun datte.Ti nghe ni l tri s ma.

4. Kanojo wa minna no mae de utau no ga suki dewanain datte.Nghe ni c y khng thch ht trc mi ngi.

*Ch : N gii thng hay s dng l(desutte)

IV. Mu(~n damon)* ngha: Bi v y l t dng trong vn ni, thng c ph n v tr em dng.*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th ngn ri kt hp vi. Tuy nhin, ta c th b khng ni cng c.

V d

1. "Hitori de ikeru?" "Un, daijoubu, chizu wo motte irun da mon""Cu c th i mt mnh ch?" ", khng sao u v t c bn m."

2. Denwa wa ashita ni shita hou ga iin janai? Mou osoin da mon. n mai gi in chng hn sao. V mun ri m.

3. "Tetsudatte ageyou ka?" "Ii yo. Hitori de dekiru mon"" t gip cu nh." "Thi m, c ri, v t lm mt mnh c m."

4. Tashou no itazura wa shikata arimasen yo. Kodomonan da mon.Chng c nghch ngm mt cht th cng khng c cch no u. V l tr con m.Tun 4: Ngy th su

I. Mu~(~tsumari)* ngha: tm li; tc l. c s dng khi ni v ci g y bng mt cch khc; ni li bng mt cch khc; din t li; din t li.*Cch dng: Ch n gin lmnh a. mnh a'.

V d

1. .Kare wa sono kaigi ni shusseki shinakatta. Tsumari sono keikaku ni wa sansei de nai to iu koto da.ng ta khng d cuc hp, c ngha l ng y khng tn thnh vi k hoch .

2..Tsumari kore ga kimi no iitai koto desu ne.Ni tm li y l iu cu mun ni phi khng.

3. ... "Eeto, mou tsukiau nowa muri da to omou..." ""Tsumari, watashi no koto ga kirai ni natta to iu koto na no ne""Uhm, anh ngh vic chng ta hn h l khng thch hp..." "Ni cch khc l anh ght em ch g?"

4. Chichi no ani, tsumari watashi no oji wa isha wo shite iru.Anh trai ca b, tc bc ca ti l mt bc s.

II. Mu~(~sono tame)* ngha: do ; v th; v l do ...*Cch dng:Mnh a (mc ch, l do). mnh b(kt qu)

V d

1. Tonari no eki de jiko ga atta rashii. Sono tame ni densha ga okurete iru.C tai nn ga bn cnh. Do m tu in b mun.

2. Ryuugaku suru tsumori da. Sono tame ni, baito shite okane wo tamete iru.Mnh d nh i du hc. V th m mnh ang i lm thm dnh dm tin.

III. Mu~(~sono kekka)* ngha: do , do vy, v th, sau khi...*Cch dng:a. b. Vial vic xy ra trong qu kh, l nguyn nhn/ l do khin vic xy ra.

V d

1. Chichi wa hito nanbai mo doryoku shita. Sono kekka, shigoto de seikou shita.Cha ti c gng gp my ln mi ngi. Do cha thnh t trong cng vic.

2. 35Sankagetsu daietto wo tsuduketa. Sono kekka, gokiro yaseta.Mnh n king sut 3 thng tri. Kt qu l gim 5kg.

IV. Mu~(~naze nara)* ngha: bi v l; nu ni l do sao th, v, bi v, v, do bi*Cch dng:a (/ / b. Vial kt lun. Cnbl nguyn nhn, l do. Kt thc mnh bthng l ~.

V d

1. Raishuu, kuni ni kaeru yotei desu. Naze naraba, shinyuu no kekkonshiki ni shusseki suru kara desu.Tun sau t nh v nc. T v m ci a bn thn y m.

2. Gakkou wo kaeta. Naze ka to iu to, boku no reberru (level) no kurasu(class) ga nakatta kara da.Mnh chuyn trng ri. Bi v trng c khng c lp ca trnh ca mnh.Tun 5: Ngy th nht

I. Mu~(~bakari ka)* ngha: Khng ch ~, ngoi ra cn*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th thng thng ri kt hp vi. Tuy nhin N khng c .

V d

1. Hayashi-san no otaku de gochisou ni natta bakari ka, omiyage made itadaita. nh anh Hayashi, khng ch c n ngon m cn c c qu mang v na.

2. , Anna-san wa atama ga ii bakari de naku, shinsetsu de kokoro no yasashii hito desu.C Ana khng ch thng minh, li l ngi chu o, du dng.

3. Kono chihou wa kikou ga odayaka na bakari de naku umino sachi, yama no sachi ni mo megumarete iru.Khu vc ny khng ch c kh hu n ho, cn c tri ph cho hi sn v rau qu trn ni na.

4. Kare wa sakkaa bakari de naku, suiei mo dansu mo jouzu nan desu yo.Anh y khng ch bng m cn bi, nhy u gii.

II. Mu ~/ ~(~wa mochiron/ ~wa moto yori)* ngha: ~ th ng nhin n mc khng cn ni.*Cch dng: Danh t hoc 1 mnh c danh t ha kt hp vi/ . Cn mnh sau thng thmsau nhn mnh.

V d

1. , Watashi ga umareta mura wa densha wa moto yori, basu mo kayotte inai.Ngi lng m ti sinh ra th xe in l ng nhin, xe bus cng khng lu thng.

2. Byouki no chiryou wa mochiron, yobou no tame no isha mo juuyou da.Vic tr bnh ng nhin l cn thit nhng y hc d phng cng quan trng.

3. Kyabetsu(cabbage) wa itamete taberu no wa mochiron, nama de tabete mo oishii.Bp ci th xo n l ng nhin ri, nhng n sng cng rt ngon.

*Ch : So vi th l cch ni trang trng hn.

III. Mu~(~ni kurabe te)* ngha: So vi.... ; Ni v mc khc nhau so vi ~ ly lm tiu chun.*Cch dng: Danh t/ mnh danh t ha +.

V d

1.Ani ni kurabete otouto wa yoku benkyou suru.So vi anh trai, ng em hc chm hn.

2. Shougaikoku ni kurabete nihon wa shokuryouhin ga takai to iwarete iru.So vi ngoi quc, gi thc phm Nht c cho l cao.

3. Kotoshi wa kyonen ni kurabe, ame no ryou ga ooi.Nm nay so vi nm ngoi th lng ma nhiu hn.

IV. Mu~(~ni taishite)* ngha: V vic, i vi~ ; ch i tng, i phng*Cch dng: Danh t/ mnh danh t ha +.Thng gp cc dng ~/ ~/ ~/ ~/ ~N.

V d:

1.O-kyaku-sama ni taishite shitsurei na koto wo itte wa ikemasen.i vi khch hng, cm ni iu tht l.

2.Ii koto wo shita hito ni taishi, hyoushoujou ga okurareru.Vi ngi lm vic tt, s c tng giy khen.

3. Chin-san wa Nihon no keizai dake dewa naku Nihon no bunka ni taishite mo kyoumi wo motte iru.Anh Trn khng ch c hng th vi kinh th Nht Bn m cn c vi vn ho Nht na.

4.Higaisha ni taisuru hoshou mondai wo kentou suru.Chng ti xem xt vn bi thng vi ngi b hi.Tun 5: Ngy th hai

i ch, tin chm chp vy m cng c n ngy th 2 ca tun th 5 ri.y th m bn Say lm bi tp vn b sai nh thngNi gin t cho cng thng thui, gi th hc tip nh

I. Mu ~(~ageru)* ngha: dng ni v mt ci g mi c hon thnh.*Cch dng: ng t a v dng, sau li bi, ri kt hp vi(ageru) nu l tha ng t, hoc kt hp vi(agaru) nu l t ng t.Xem v d bn di y c l cc bn s d hnh dung hn

V d

1. Yatto repooto (report) wo kaki ageta.Cui cng t hon tt bn bo co.

2. Keeki ga yaki agarimashita yo.Bnh nng xong ri y.

3. Gohan ga taki agatta yo.Cm chn ri y.

II. Mu ~(~kirenai)* ngha: Hon ton, ht c ~ / n cui cng c th, khng th ~*Cch dng: ng t a v dng, sau li bi, ri kt hp vi ~/ ~/ ~.

V d

1. Kimura-san wa tsukare kitta kao wo shite kaette kita.Anh Kimura vi b mt mt ph v.

2. Sonna ni takusan tabe kiremasu ka?n ht nhiu th ny c ?

3.Kazoe kirenai hodo takusan no hoshi ga hikatte iru.Cc v sao nhiu khng m ht ang to sng (trn bu tri).

III. Mu~(~kake)* ngha: Ch trng thi gia chng, mi bt u ~, cha kt thc ~*Cch dng: ng t a v dng, sau li bi, ri kt hp vi / / .

V d

1. Kono shigoto wa yari kake desu kara, sono mama ni shitoite kudasai.Cng vic ny mi bt u lm nn c nh th.

2. Teeburu (table) no ue ni nomi kake no kouhii ga oite aru.Trn bn c t mt cc caf ung d.

3. Nani ka ii kakete yameru no wa yokunai.Ni ci ri thi l khng tt.

4. Watashi wa kodomo no koro, byouki de shini kaketa koto ga aru souda.Hnh nh lc b c ln b m gn cht.

IV. Mu~(~tate)* ngha: mi/va mi lm~... Cch th hin ni: hnh ng va xy ra*Cch dng: ng t a v dng, sau li bi, ri kt hp vi N hoc Mu ny ging viVhocV.

V d

1.Yaki tate no pan wa oishii.Bnh m va mi nng xong ngon lm .

2.Taki tate no gohan wa oishii ne.Cm va chn ti ngon nh.

3. Ano suupaa (super) wa tori tate no shinsen na yasai wo utte iru. siu th ng kia bn rau rt ti. (rau va mi hi xong)Tun 5: Ngy th ba

I. Mu~/ ~(~tara ii naa/ ~to ii naa)* ngha: Th hin yu cu; nguyn cu; mong c*Cch dng:+) Cch 1: ng t, tnh t, danh t a v th ngn ri kt hp vi()+) Cch 2: ng t, tnh t, danh t chia v th gi nh (e) ri thm ().

V d

1. (=)Motto nihongo ga umaku hanasetara ii naa.T mong t c th ni ting Nht tt hn.

2. (=)Ashita, ame ga furanai to ii naa.Ngy mai, t hy vng tri khng ma.

II. Mu~(~ba yokatta)* ngha: Gi m~ (th hin s hi hn; s n nn; s hi li; s n hn)*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t chia v th gi nh (e) ri kt hp vi

V d

1. (= )Chikoku shite shimatta. Motto hayaku ie wo dereba yokatta...Mun mt ri. Bit th mnh ra khi nh sm hn...

2. (=)Yamashita-san ni anna koto wo iwanakereba yokatta...Gi m t khng ni vi bc Yamashita nhng iu nh vy...

III. Mu~~(~ba~noni)* ngha: th hin tm trng ng tic; ng tht vng.*Cch dng: ng t, tnh t, danh t chia v th gi nh (e) ri kt hp vi.

V d

1. Nomikai, tanoshikatta yo. Kimi mo ikeba yokatta noni.Lin hoan vui lm . Nu em cng i th tt.

2.Yasukattara kau noni.Nu r th mua ri y(thc t l cha mua v khng r)

IV. Mu~(~kanaa)* ngha: Dng th hin vic t hi chnh mnh v nhng mong mun v cm xc.*Cch dng: V/V kt hp vi ().

V d:

1. Basu, hayaku konai kanaa.Xe bus sao khng n sm ch(mun xe bus n sm.)

2. Kono jikken, umaku iku kana.Ln th nghim ny c tri chy khng y.

3. Kyou, Fujisan ga mieru kanaa.Hm nay liu c trng thy ni Ph S khng nh.Tun 5: Ngy th t

Sng sm mai Say phi i thi ting cng tyi, nhng cng c l lt cho xong ci topic ny, ko sang tun cng thi na ri

I. Mu~(~made)* ngha: Cho n khi~*Cch dng: V +

V d

1. 30Eiga ga hajimaru made sanjuppun arimasu.C 30 pht cho n khi phim bt u.

2.Renraku ga aru made matte imasu.Ch cho n khi c lin lc.

II. MuN~(N~made)* ngha: Ngay c N~, N cng~*Cch dng: Danh t +

V d

1. Kono sakana wa hone made taberaremasu yo.Loi c ny c xng cng n c.

2.Anata made watashi wo utagau no desu ka?Ngay c em cng nghi ng ti hay sao?

III. Mu~~(~kara~nikakete)* ngha: T khong ~ n ~ (ch chung phm vi thi gian, a im)*Cch dng: N N2

V d

1.Sakuya kara kesa ni kakete ame ga furimashita.Tri ma t m qua n sng nay.

2.Kantou chihou kara Touhoku chihou ni kakete, ookina jishin ga atta. c ng t mnh trong khi vc t Kanto n Tohoku.

IV. Mu(~ni oite)* ngha: ; ti; trong; v vic; i vi (Ch a im, thi gian)*Cch dng: N / / /

V d

1. Kaigi wa daiichi kaigishitsu ni oite okonawareru.Hi ngh c t chc phng hp s 1.

2. Gendai ni oite wa, konpyuutaa wa fukaketsu na mono dearu.Ngy nay, my tnh l vt khng th thiu c.

3.Wa ga kuni ni oite mo, seishounen no hanzai ga fuete iru. nc ta cng th, ti phm thanh thiu nin ang tng ln.

4. Sore wa watashi no jinsei ni okeru sairyou no hi deatta. l ngy p nht i ti.Tun 5: Ngy th nm

I. Mu~(tatoe ~ temo)* ngha: nu nh; d cho; ngay c nu; t nh*Cch dng: Rt n gin, a ng t, tnh t, danh t v th /, sau t sauv trcl bn c 1 cu hon chnh cho mu ny ri.

V d:

1..Tatoe ame demo kekkou.D tri ma vn quyt lm.

2.Tatoe hantai sarete mo ryuugaku suru.Cho d l b m c phn i th mnh vn i u hc.

3.Tatoe genki janakute mo kazoku e no tegami ni wa genki da to kaku.Cho d c khng khe th trong th gi cho gia nh vn vit l mnh khe.

II. Mu~(Moshika suru to ~kamoshirenai)* ngha: c l l cng khng bit chng. Mc d cng biu th s phng on ca ngi ni nh nhng kh nng xy ra thp hn. Nu din t s vic c th xy ra mc 70 80% th mu cu ny ch p dng cho nhng hnh ng m kh nng xy ra tng i thp, ch khong 50%.*Cch dng: Ta a ng t, tnh t, danh t v th thng thng, ri kt hp vi mu ny theo cu trc/ + V/A/N + /. Tuy nhin tnh t ui "na" v danh t th b "da" i.

V d

1. Moshika shitara, gogo kara yuki ga furu kamoshiremasen.Tuyt c th s ri vo bui chiu cng nn.

2.Moshika suru to, yakusoku no jikan ni maniawanai kamoshirenai.Chng ta c l s khng kp gi hn cng khng bit chng.

3. Yamada-san wa mada kite imasen ne. Byouki kamoshiremasen.Anh Yamada vn cha n nh. C l l m cng nn.

III. Mu~(kanarazushimo ~ towa kagiranai)* ngha: khng nht nh; cha hn th.*Cch dng: a danh t, ng t v tnh t v th thng thng ri kt hp vi~.

V d

1..Kanarazushimo seikou suru towa kagiranai.Cha hn thnh cng.

2. Okanemochi ga kanarazushimo koufuku da towa kagiranai.Giu c cha hn hnh phc.

3. Takai mono ga kanarazushimo ii mono da towa kagiranai. t tin khng hn l tt.

IV. Mu~(marude ~you)* ngha: Ging nh l~, hon ton~*Cch dng: + N/ng t th ngn + hoc l + (V/A/N)th ngn +

V d

1. Gougaku shita. Maru de yume no you da.Mnh ri. Ging nh l trong m vy.

2. Kare no nihongo wa marude nihonjin ga hanashite iru mitai ni kikoeru.Ting Nht ca anh y nghe nh ngi bn x ni chuyn.

3. Anata no iu koto wa marude rikai dekinai.Ti hon ton khng hiu nhng g cu ni.