5 Buoc de Noi Mot Ngoai Ngu

1

5 bc ni mt

ngoi ng

_____________

( Phm Quang Hng )

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5 BC NI MT NGOI NG MI

Bn quyn 2010 thuc v Phm Quang Hng

Sch c ng k bn quyn. Khng c ti bn hoc chuyn th bt c

phn ni dung no sang bt k mt hnh thc no khc m khng c s cho

php ca tc gi

Xut bn ti Hp chng quc Hoa K bi nh xut bn Cooper Cameron

Publishing Group, Oregon.

ISBN 978-0-578-06697-4

In n ti Hp chng quc Hoa K

Thng 8 nm 2010

3

Dnh tng cho

Thu Nguyn, v v l ngi bn tt nht ca ti

B m ti, nhng ngi hng thc s ca ti

4

Trang ny c trng c ch

5

Ni dung

Chng 1 Nhng iu cn bit trc khi bt u 7

Chng 2 Nguyn l Pareto v Nhm t vng ct li 16

Chng 3 Xy dng h thng thu np ngn ng t nhin 24

Chng 4 Lng u vo th nht K thut c T Do 34

Chng 5 Lng u vo th hai K thut To lp bn m thanh 55

Chng 6 Vit Mt cng c tuyt vi 69

Chng 7 Pht trin k nng ni 76

Chng 8 Trau chut k nng pht m 94

Chng 9 Nhn nhn ng php mt kha cnh khc 104

Chng 10 Mt s phng php hc thut tng tc khc 111

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Trang ny c trng c ch

7

CHNG MT

Nhng iu cn bit

trc khi bt u

Nu bn mun ta sng ngy mai, hy long lanh ngay t hm nay

PHM QUANG HNG

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ic ni c mt ngoi ng l ci g m rt nhiu ngi thng

m c. H mun iu v nhng l do khc nhau. i vi

nhng ngi ang sng Vit Nam nc ti th nu c th ni

c ting anh gii s c th bt ng thay i c tng lai s

nghip ca h. Cn i vi nhng a tr c sinh ra trn t M

trong khi b m chng li khng th ni ting Anh tt th vic hc ting m

c th gip gia nh h gn gi nhau hn. Mt s khc th hc ngoi ng v

ngi yu, nh bn ti chng hn, Brian, anh chng ang yu say m mt c

gi Vit Nam. i , ti li khng c y m ni r ti sao chng ta cn phi

hc mt ngoi ng no v hc nh th no. Vy th ti sao chng ta khng

cng nhau bt tay vo vic ngay by gi nh ?

Mi vn ng vin u c mn khi ng trc khi bc vo cuc chi. Chng

ta cng lm tng t. Tip sau y, chng ta s ni v mt s cu chuyn hoang

ng ph bin trong vic hc mt ngoi ng mi. Bn s nhn ra rng mc d

vic hc mt ngoi ng khng phi l vic lm d nhng bn hon ton c th

lm ch c ngn ng nu bn bit cch lm th no.

Nhng cu chuyn hoang ng

Ti sinh ra khng phi hc ngoi ng

Hu ht mi ngi tin rng hc mt ngoi ng yu cu phi c ti nng no .

iu chng ta vn thng nghe thy t gia nh chng ta l : Con trai ti c ti

hc ngoi ng hoc l ngc li Con trai ti khng gii hc ngoi ng. Ti

hi vng bn may mn nghe c cu th nht v n c th mang li cho

bn s t tin v kch thch bn c gng hc hi. Nu bn nghe phi cu th hai,

c th bn tin l nh vy v b cuc ngay t nhng s c gng u tin.

Mt ngoi ng hay cn gi l mt ngn ng th hai. ti hi bn mt cu :

Chng phi rng bn thnh cng vi ngn ng u tin bn c c ? V

nu bn c th hc ngn ng u tin l ting m ca mnh th ti sao bn

li khng th hc ngn ng th hai ?

V

9

Khi m bn hc ngn ng u tin, bn thiu rt nhiu cng c h tr.

tui ln hai hoc ba, bn khng c t in, khng c vit cng nh chng c

kinh nghim g c. Th nhng, bn c th lm ch c n. Gi y bn

c rt nhiu cng c xung quanh h tr cho bn, ti sao bn li khng th lp

li thnh cng mt ln na ?

im mu cht chnh l vn v nim tin ca bn

Ti qu gi hc mt ngn ng mi

y l mt trong hu ht nhng li phn nn m ti vn nghe thy t sinh vin

ca ti hoc m bn. Nhiu ngi, trong c c cc nh khoa hc tin rng

nhng a tr c th hc ngoi ng tt hn ngi ln. H cng tin rng ngi

ln khng th tip thu c mt ngn ng no thm na.

ng tht l nhng a tr dng nh c th hp th rt nhanh trong mt mi

trng ngn ng mi. Nhiu bn bo co cng hu thun cho kin . Tuy

nhin, bn cng c th nhn ra rng nhng a tr lm quen c rt nhanh vi

mt ngn ng mi, nhng ch sau mt thi gian ngn sau chng c xu hng

gim dn xung mc hc bnh thng. Ti hc ting Php khi ti 11 tui

v ting Anh khi ang trong trng trung hc. Ting Anh l mt mn hc

chnh ca ti trong nhiu nm qua cho ti tn khi ti ri trng i hc. V n

vn quan trng khi ti khi nghip. Vi nm sau, ti vn khng th ni ting

Anh tt c. Tuy vy, khi trng thnh hn ( ng nhin, mi ngi u

trng thnh hn so vi khi hc trung hc ) , ti li c th t c nhiu thnh

cng hn ch trong vi thng ch khng nh tt c thi gian trc .

Steve Kaufmann l mt nh ngn ng hc ngi M ; ng c th ni c ti 9

ngn ng ( by gi, c th l ng hc thm c vi th ting na ri ). V

ng bt u hc ngn ng th 9 khi m ng 59 tui.

Nh vy vn khng phi l bn gi c no ; m l do bn ngh rng bn gi

ti mc no.

Ti nht thit phi i ti mt nc ni m ngi ta ni th

ting ti mun hc.

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Ti ng rng vic bn mt nc ni ngi ta ni ting bn a, th ting

m bn mun hc th s gip ch cho bn rt nhiu. Nhng khng phi l nht

thit.

Ti bn M trong 6 thng lin hc ting Anh. V ti tm ra rng c

rt nhiu yu t mi trng ti bt gp chng tn ti Vit Nam qu

hng ti. Ti vn cn nh ngay nhng ngy u trn t M; Mt ngi bn

M gc Vit ni vi ti : Tt hn l cu nn xem ti vi hng ngy ci

thin kh nng nghe ting Anh. l mt li khuyn co chn thnh nht.

Nhng n li khin ti sc bi ti ti M vi hi vng t nc ny c th gip

ti y mnh k nng nghe ting Anh, ch khng phi l xem ti vi.

Vy nu bn nh m mun ci thin k nng nghe th ti sao khng xem ti vi ?

Chng 10, ti s ch cho bn nhiu mo khc c th c c mt mi

trng ni ting bn a ngay nc nh.

Hc mt ngn ng l c mt qu trnh di. Phi dnh c i

ngi mi hc c mt m thi.

Nu phi dnh c i hc c mt ngn ng mi , vy bn ngh Steve

Kaufmann hoc nhng ngi c th ni ti bn nm ngn ng khc nhau phi

dnh ti bao nhiu i ngi hc cho c ? Trong thc t, nhiu ngi,

gm c ti, v ang hc mt ngoi ng mi m mt thi gian di chng ng

g ti n. Cng ging nh khi bn mun luyn c bp bng vic nng vt

nng 5kg ch 3 ln mt ny. Kt qu s khng bao gi c c theo cch .

Khi cp ti vic hc mt ngoi ng th tp trung ng hng chnh l cha

kha thnh cng. Nu bn tp trung ng cch, bn c th t c thun li

ch sau mt thi gian ngn.

Ti nht thit phi c mt gio vin gii.

Mt s ngi c xu hng hay nh tr iu g . Ti gi h l nhng ngi

tr tr. H c i tm cho mnh mt gio vin gii m thm ch h cn chng th

ni c gio vin gii l gio vin phi nh th no ? Ti ngh mi gio vin

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u c nhng u im v nhng nhc im ring. iu quan trng l ci bn

c th hc hi t h ch khng phi ci bn khng th hc t h.

Thm ch mt gio vin bn ng s c nhng nhc im trong cch dy ngn

ng ring ca h. Ly v d, i khi mt gio vin bn ng khng th hiu r

c ti sao mt t no h rt d pht m nhng khng h d i vi ngi

hc.

Bn khng cn mt gio vin cc gii, nhng bn cn mt qu trnh hc tt

Ch ngi thng minh mi c th hc nhng ngn ng mi

Qu thc l khi bn bt gp mt vi ngi c th ni c mt hay nhiu th

ngoi ng, th bn cm thy ngi tht thng minh. Tuy nhin nhiu nghin

cu ch ra rng vic hc mt ngoi ng mi s tng cng ch s IQ ca bn,

iu c ngha vic hc ngoi ng lm cho bn thng minh hn, ch khng

phi rng bn phi thng minh th mi hc c ngn ng mi. Pht hin ny

ht sc th v, ng khng? Nu bn vn cn lo lng v mc thng minh ca

mnh th pht hin s thc s hp dn bn.

Mt kt qu nghin cu cng ch ra rng no b ca chng ta cha trn di 30

t n-ron thn kinh. Bt k khi no chng ta tip thu hoc phn tch thng tin

th nhng kt ni mi c thnh lp gia nhng n-ron thn kinh y. Nhng

kt ni ny c th b mt i nhanh chng hoc c gi li trong thi gian di

ty thuc vo mc quan trng ca thng tin i vi bn. Khng phi l s

n ron thn kinh nh gi mc thng minh ca bn, m chnh l s kt ni

bn c. S kt ni ny cn tng ln khi bn cn lm vic, v suy gim khi bn

thi suy ngh hoc nh ti ci g . Nu bn lm mt php ton m s kt

ni , th kt qu l mt iu khng tng, n hu nh l v gii hn.

Tony Buzan, mt chuyn gia ni ting v no ngi, c lng c rng

mt ngi bnh thng ch s dng ch khong 3% n 8% kh nng no b.

Mt ngi b cho rng khng thng minh th s dng 2% kh nng no b.

Trong khi nhng ngi thng minh c th s dng ch 10% tim nng no b.

iu c ngha khng quan trng ch s IQ hin gi ca bn l bao nhiu, bn

c th l u trong khong 2% ti 10% kia. Nu bn l vn ng vin ma ra

tng, ang ng cch vch ch vi mt hoc sau vch xut pht th cng khng

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c g khc bit nhiu. C nhiu ch cho bn ci thin. Nu iu ny ng, th

cu hi tip theo ca bn chnh l lm sao c thng minh hn ?

Ti thng ngh rng b no chng ta cng nh mt ci cng my tnh. V

rng nu chng ta nhi nht qu nhiu thng tin vo trong , mt s thng tin

c s b th ch bi thng tin mi nhn vo, v thng tin c s mt i. Ti

pht hin rng ti ngh th l sai. S thc l nu bn c nhiu thng tin hn, kh

nng ghi nh li cng tng ln theo. Bn sau cn c th ghi nh vi mc

nhiu hn nhanh hn na. Ngc li, nu bn khng ngh suy th kh nng t

duy cng b mn dn. B no chng ta c c ch lm vic ging nh cc c bp

vy. Nu bn thng xuyn lm vic th cc c bp s khe hn v ngc li

nu bn khng luyn tp cc c ca bn cng tr nn yu i. Cc cuc nghin

cu tit l mt pht hin th v rng c khi m chng ta i mt vi kh khn

v c tm ra gii php vt qua, kt ni mi c hnh thnh s lm cho no b

chng ta thng minh hn mt cht. Nu chng ta chn cch dng ngh suy,

chng ta s tr nn km thng minh hn.

Ti c mt ngi hng xm, by gi anh ta l ti x tc xi. Mt ln anh ta k ti

nghe rng anh y khng yu ngh ang lm. V khi ti hi ti sao khng thay

ngh th anh ta nht quyt cho rng mt nhn vin dn rc nh anh ta th khng

th hc hi thm c ci g. Vo mt ngy, khi chng ti ang thng tr vi

nhau ti nh anh, ang ngi trc ti vi xem trn Cp Bng Th Gii bt u,

th anh ta thch ti chi c. M bn c bit khng, ti khng phi l mt

c th t u. Ti thng h gc b ti v bn ca ng khi ti ch mi 11 tui.

Th m, ti thua ba vn lin tip ch trong 15 pht. Khi ti ang vit phn

ny, hnh nh anh hng xm bt cht hin ln trong u, v ti t hi : Sao

m mt cao th c li c th l nhn vin dn rc c !

Nu i khi bn ngh bn khng thng minh, bn hy ngh li !

ng, bn c th hc mt ngn ng mi

Ti nghe mt cu chuyn th v khi ti tham gia mt chuyn i thc t vi

Brian Tracy, mt ngi bn ng hnh nu bn ang theo ui thnh cng.

l v Chu Phi ni m c rt nhiu voi v ngi qun tng. Ngy , mt

nhm khch thm quan ti xem qun tng hun luyn nhng ch voi. H

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v cng ngc nhin khi thy qun tng dng nhng si dy mng manh

buc chn voi vo mt ci so. C v nh nhng ch voi kia c th ko t si

dy bt c lc no. Khi khch thm quan ti hi qun tng ang lm vic gn

, ng ta gii thch : Mt con voi b buc bng mt si dy nh ngay khi n

mi c sinh ra. Lc u n c gng vng vy thot ra. Nhng tt c nhng

c gng ch mang li cho chng nhng vt thng chn. N cn qu b

c th ko t c si dy. Sau vi ngy c gng cui cng n t b. Thm

ch khi sau ny trng thnh v kch thc n ln hn nhiu, n vn khng bao

gi c nh th li vic .

Bt k ai trong chng ta c th vn ang chp nhn mt tht bi no t khi

chng ta cn nh. Mt im s km trong trng hc l mt v d. Nhng tht

bi ny tc ng mnh ti nim tin v kh nng ca chng ta. Chng khin

chng ta ngh rng mnh khng th lm chc chn c iu g . Cc nh tm

l hc gi l Nim tin t gii hn bn thn. Ci tn ni ln tt c, c

khi m bn ngh rng khng th lm c, th bn khng th lm c tht. Tuy

nhin th khng phi l thc t m ch l nim tin thi. Ch c iu bn cn

phi lm l thay i n. ng vy, ti l thay i nim tin ca bn !

Vy, rt kh m hc c mt ngn ng mi hay sao ? Ti khng th tr li

cu ny nhng ti dm chc rng hc mt ngn ng mi ch l mt k nng,

khng phi l ngh thut g c. Mt ngh thut, v nh v tranh sn du, c th

l yu cu ti nng trnh no , ch khng phi l k nng. Mi ngi u

c th hc c mt k nng. Ly v d, nu bn cha tng chng y ht t

th kh nng l bn s khng th no lm c hn 10 ln. Nhng nu bn tp

thng xuyn trong vng mt thng th bn c th lm c t 50 ti 70 ln.

Mt s ngi c th lm thm ch ti c 100 ln. Tuy nhin, hy hnh dung nu

ti khng ni cho bn iu ny v nu t nhin bn nhin thy ai thc hin

100 ln chng y, bn s ngh anh ta phi rt l c bit, ng khng ? Nhiu

ngi h c nghe ti ni ting ging M cho rng chc ti phi sng trn t

M nhiu nm ri. Khi ti ni cho h bit ti mi ch hc 6 thng, h ngh

rng ti tht l c bit. H khng h bit rng, rt lu ri trc , ti cng

rt bnh thng.

Nhiu ngi khng t c thnh cng trong vic hc mt ngn ng mi bi

mt l do : h khng bit v chu trnh b mt ca bt k mi d n. Chu trnh b

mt ny c th c miu t di dng nh sau :

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Nh bn thy, hu ht mi ngi cho rng s khng c tht bi no hay tr ngi

no trong hnh trnh ca h. Khi h i mt mt ci g ( bc 2 ) th h li

nn lng, s hng hi ban u cng nh nhit huyt ca h nhanh chng tiu

tn. Vi ngi c lm ti bc 3 tc l c cht iu chnh v th li, nhng h

ri b ngay khi i mt vi tr ngi khc. Nhng ngi khc th c lm ti

bc 4 tc l c t c thnh cng no . Nhng sau th h ch n gin

l hi lng vi nhng g h t c v ngng, khng c gng g thm na.

Ch c nhng ngi lm ti bc cui cng s t c ci ch ca h.

Vng trn ny p dng khng ch cho vic hc ngn ng m cho hu ht mi

lnh vc. Nu bn thc hin theo tt c cc bc th bn hon ton c th hc

c bt k mt ngn ng no. V bn c th hc tht nhanh vi cc cng c v

k thut m ti s chia s vi bn trong cun sch ny.

Bn cn c mt l do ln

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i khi, ngi ta thng khng r rng rng ti sao h cn hc ngn ng m h

vn ang hng ti. C th, bn hc n bi v bn ca bn hoc cha m bn ni

bn lm nh vy. C th bn ch mun c thm mt ngn ng na xut hin

trong h s vi nim tin l n s to ln mt s khc bit. Nhiu chuyn gia lm

vic ti cc quc gia khc nhau ngh rng h c th hc c ngn ng a

phng. Vi bt c l do nu trn th ngoi ng l ci g m bn khng th

hc ni nu bn khng mun ni l t hn.

Ci m ti khuyn bn lm ngay by gi l b cun sch ca bn , ung mt

tch c ph u v t hi : ti sao cn hc ngoi ng ny ? Ngh xa hn

mt cht v ci bn mun t c trong tng lai. Ngh v gic m ca bn,

nhng c mun v k hoch ca bn. Ngn ng ny ng u trong k

hoch ? Ngn ng phi lm g cng vi gic m ca bn ? Bn c thc s

cn mt ngoi ng v nhng li ch bn c nu bn c th lm ch c ngn

ng ? B no ca bn th tuyt vi nhng n cn mt l do tht tt thc thi c

nhng vic kh. Nu bn mun nhanh chng lm ch c ngn ng ang

mun hc, hy bt u mt c m. Thi im bn quyt nh cho rng ngn

ng khng phi l ci g c th ngn cn bn bin gic m thnh hin thc

th tc l bn hu ht hon thnh c mt na chng ng ri .

16

CHNG HAI

Nguyn l Pareto v nhm T

vng Ct li

Hc m khng suy ngh th hoi cng v ch, suy ngh m khng hc th sinh

ra y him ha

KHNG T

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u bn v ang quyt tm ( v ti hi vng l bn vn ang ) th xin

chc mng bn ! Ti cha tng thy bt k ai quyt tm hc mt

ngn ng no m li tht bi c. Trong chng ny, chng ta chun

b khm ph mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht quyt nh iu g

khin bn c th hoc khng th hc mt ngoi ng mi trong thi gian ngn.

Khi cp ti ngn ng, hn mi ngi s ng tnh vi ti rng t vng lun

ng u trong th t u tin quan tm. Khng c t vng, bn hon ton

khng th nghe, ni hoc l vit. Bn vn c th giao tip c vi ng php

chun hoc cch pht m cha chun lm. Nhng bn chng th lm c g

nu khng c vn t. Ngn ng c hnh thnh bi cc t v cch m cc t

sp xp vi nhau theo mt trt t hp l.

Tuy th m bn bao gi hi : Ti cn c bao nhiu t ni c trn

tru? Chng c ai hi cu hi c. Hu ht mi ngi c bt u ngay m

khng thy trc c l phi i bao xa cng nh mt bao lu th mi i n

cui con ng. khng phi l mt cch hay cho lm khi bn thc hin mt

hnh trnh di. Bn s chc chn hn tin ti ch nu bn c trong tay tm

bn , hoc bn bit r v con ng mnh phi i.

C khong 600,000 t khc nhau trong ting Anh. Con s ny dao ng trong

khong t 400,000 ti 1,000,000 hoc thm ch l hn na. Chng ta hy nhn

vo mt cun t in. Bn s tm thy mt con s trung bnh l khong t

300,000 n 400,000 t khc nhau.

By gi c th l bn ang hc mt ngoi ng no . Ti khng bit bn

c c bao nhiu t trong u, nhng ti dm chc s lng t bn hc s

nhiu hn rt nhiu so vi s lng t bn cn lu li trong u mnh. N

dng nh l c mt l hng trong u bn khin cho cc t mi hc c dn

dn i ra ngoi. Thm ch bn vn ang c gng hc thm nhiu t mi mi

ngy nhng ci m bn lu gi li c dng nh khng lm cho s c gng

ca bn c ngha. Vi 600,000 800,000 t khc nhau, thm ch nu chng ta

tha nhn rng bn duy tr vic hc t mi hng ngy v lu gi li c

khong 20 t mi ngy ( y l mt kt qu khng ti cht no ) n mang li

7,300 t sau mt nm ( 365 x 20 ). Bn hy th lm mt php tnh.

N

18

Tht may thay, cuc sng khng phi lc no cng cng nhc nh vy. Mi th

trn th gii ny c sp t bi mt nguyn l th v v c gi l nguyn l

80/20. N c pht hin ra bi mt nh kinh t hc ngi c tn Vilfredo

Pareto. l l do ti sao n cn c gi vi ci tn l Nguyn l Pareto.

ng Pareto quan st thy rng 80% s t ai c s hu bi 20% dn s.

ng pht hin ra rng con s ny cn ng trong nhiu lnh vc khc na.

Ly v d :

20 % u vo to ln 80 % kt qu

20% cng nhn sn xut ra 80% kt qu

20% khch hng to ln 80% doanh thu

20% s li l nguyn nhn ca 80% s v.

20% tnh nng cung cp cho 80% sc dng.

Cn na, cn na

Trong thc t, t s 80/20 ng ra ch l mt biu tng hn l mt con s

chnh xc. Trong nhiu trng hp, n c th l 90/10 hoc 95/5

19

Nguyn l ny tr nn ni ting bi v nh c n m ngi ta c th quyt

nh nn t s c gng ca h vo u ( thi gian, tin bc, ti nguyn )

c c hu ht cc kt qu mong mun. T t c hiu n gin l lm t

hn nhng hng li nhiu hn. Bn khng l khng mun dnh t thi gian

nhng li thu c nhiu kt qu trong vic hc mt ngoi ng ?

Tht tuyt vi l Nguyn l Pareto cng ng c trong vic hc ngoi ng.

Thm ch tng s cc t ting Anh khc nhau c th ln ti 600,000 nhng ch

mt phn nh trong s c s dng trong i sng hng ngy ca ngi

M. Shakespare l mt tc gia ni ting v ng s dng vn t rng ri cng

nh rt nhiu cc cm t trong cng vic vit lch ca mnh. Nu bn tng

c tc phm ca ng, bn s pht hin ra nhiu t bn cha bao gi s dng ti

hay thm ch l ngh v n mt ln trong i. Th m, cc thng k ch ra rng

ng s dng tng s tt c khong 20,000 t khc nhau cho cng vic ca

mnh m thi.

Vy cn con s trong i sng ca chng ta ? Ngay t nhng nm 1930 George

Zipf ( 1935 ) c mt kin ngh ln v vic thng k s xut hin ca cc t

vng. ng nghin cu rt nhiu ngn ng khc nhau, trong c c ting

Anh. ng tm ra rng mi t c mt tn sut xut hin khc nhau. Trong ting

Anh, t THE ng u trong xp hng tn sut vi 7.5%, OFF theo sau

l 3.5%, ng ngc nhin, ch khong 130 t chim ti 50% s xut hin.

20

Cc nghin cu ca chng ta ch ra rng ngi M s dng khong 2500 n

3000 t hu ht ph bin trong i sng ca h. Mt iu th v na l 3000 t

ph dng y lm ln 95% ni dung cc cuc ni chuyn, in thoi, th in t,

hay thm ch nh sch bo.

Ni cch khc, thay v hc 600,000 t khc nhau, bn c th tm trung vo 3000

t ph dng ny nhng bn vn c th hiu c ti 95% ni dung tt c cc

cuc ni chuyn, th in t, bo ch hoc sch. Nu bn ly 600,000 m chia

cho 3000 th kt qu l 0.5%. Nhng t ph dng ny t nay chng ta gi l

nhm t ct li. Mt s nh ngn ng hc tin rng nhm t ct li phi l 4,000

t ch khng phi 3,000. S khc ngh n ch khong 2,000. Nhng ti ngh con

s chnh xc bao nhiu khng qu quan trng , bi v bn hon ton c th lm

ch vn giao tip vi mt ngn ng mi bng cch tp trung vo nhm t

vng ct li.

Mt s sinh vin ca ti cm thy khng tha mn vi li khuyn co ny, h

mun hiu c y ( 100% ) tt c ni dung m h tip xc. H khng

mun mt 5% ni dung cn li trong khi ch hiu ti 95% m thi. Vng, ti

hon ton ng vi h. Ti khng phi l ang bo h ch nn hiu 95% th

ngn ng m h ang hc. Ti ch ni rng h nn tp trung vo u trc. Sau

khi lm ch c nhm t vng ct li v hiu c hu ht ngn ng ri th

chng ai c th ngn cn h tm hiu thm lm giu vn t vng ca mnh.

21

Tuy nhin nu c cu ton nh vy ngay t khi bt u th thi gian v cng sc

ca bn b phn tn trong mt phm vi cc rng. Khng chuyn tm c gng s

chng th mang li c kt qu g trong mt khong thi gian di ng ng

v n khin bn mt mi. Cch y lu ri Trung Quc, Tn T, mt chin

lc gia ni ting ni v k thut ly t ch nhiu. l k thut tp trung

tt c sc lc vo im yu ca k th. V bn nn s dng chin lc tng t

nh th hc ngoi ng.

Mt l do khc bn tp trung vo nhm t vng ct li l mc ch nh

c, v c th s dng ngn t th r rng bn s phi tip xc n vi ln.

Nhiu nh ngn ng hc tin rng con ngi cn c tip xc mt t khong 5

n 10 ln c th lm ch c n. l l do ti sao s khng phi l mt

kin hay nu bn dn tri s c gng ca mnh.

V c bn, hu ht mi ngn ng trn th gii ging nhau mt phn trm nh

trong tng s cc t to thnh nhm t ct li ca mi ngn ng. Tuy nhin, cc

ngn ng khc nhau c th c s lng t khc nhau quyt nh khun kh

nhm t vng ct li ca mi ngn ng. Di y l minh ha v s sp xp

tn sut cc t v nhm t vng ct li ting Nga ( ngun : www.how-to-learn-

any-language.com ).

22

V kt qu l :

75 t ph dng nht tng ng 40 % s xut hin

200 t ph dng nht tng ng 50% s xut hin







Th y, t bn nm c b mt u tin trong qu trnh hc ngn ng

th hai ca ti. Tuy nhin, ti vn ch cp ti khun kh nhm t vng ct

li thi. Chng ta cha bit c th l nhng t no trn. V nu bn ang

kim tm hoc nhn vo mt s sch hc ngoi ng, bn hu nh chc chn tm

c danh sch cc t cu thnh ln nhm t vng ct li m bn mun nm

c. Trn trang : www.wikitionary.org ngi ta thm ch c c cc danh sch

tn sut i vi nhiu ngn ng khc. Mt ngi bn ca ti su tm c

danh sch 1500 nhng t ph bin nht trong ting Anh nhm ci thin k nng

ca anh y. Nu l ln u bn nhn thy mt ci danh sch nh th, nhiu kh

nng l bn s b thu ht vo cch hc thuc lng cc t y. Bn c th c gng

lm vic ny nu bn mun. Nhng ti dm chc n khng h c hiu qu. Vic

ghi nh danh sch cc t m khng c vn cnh c th l mt trong nhng

phng php t nht hc ngoi ng. V cho d c nh c th cng khng

ng ngha rng bn c th s dng c chng. n khi ngi bn ng ni

chuyn vi bn th c th bn chng hiu c h ni g du rng h vn s

dng nhng t ct li y. Mt s ngi hc ngoi ng bit v s tn ti ca

nhm t vng ct li, nhng h khng bit lm sao tn dng n mt cch

hiu qu. H khng bit lm sao tip cn c chng ng cch. L do chnh

l bn cn Thu np ngn ng ch hon ton khng phi l Hc chng m thi,

23

v bn cng hon ton khng th no m nh c c mt ngn ng. Xin ng

lo v khi nim Thu np v hc vi, ti s din gii sau chng tip theo.

No, by gi hy kin nhn mt cht, coi nh ti ang i lan man trong ch

ny i. Mt iu v cng quan trng l ti mun bn hiu trn vn quan

im ca ti trc khi gii thiu bn sang bc tip theo. chng k tip, ti

s gii thiu bn lm sao thu np t vng ct li mt ngn ng no m

bn ang hc t tin lm ch c n.

Trc khi chuyn sang chng k, ti mun gii thiu mt khi nim c g

tng t nh l nhm t vng ct li - Nhm cu ni ct li. Nh ci tn

khi gi, nhm cu ni ct li l nhng cch ph bin nht t cc t vng vo

vi nhau mt cch c trt t. Ni cch khc, chng l nhng cu ni, cu vit

ph bin nht. y l l do ti sao bn khng th hc mt ngn ng bng vic

ch tp trung hc thuc danh sch cc t vng ct li. iu ny n gin l :

bn khng th ni mt ngn ng no nu bn bit ngn t nhng khng bit

t chng vo vi nhau nh th no. Nhm cu ni ct li cng quan trng nh

nhm t vng ct li. Chng gip bn lm ch c cc k nng nghe, ni, vit

mt ngoi ng nhanh chng bng cch nhn din v lm ch ton th cu ni

thay v ring r tng t. ti ly mt v d cho bn :

Bnh thng trong ting Anh, bn thng ni : Ill be right back. C ngha l

bn chun b i u v s quay tr li ngay. Bn him khi s dng cch din

t khc cho ny khi ni. Nu ngi hc ting Anh c gng hc thuc lng

nhng t ring r v ri c nh cch lm sao t chng vo cng vi nhau th

s khng bao gi hiu qu bng vic nh lun c cu ni . Trong thc t, tht

n gin nh c v gi li c mt cu ni di hoc mt cu vit di hn

l cc t bit lp. Thc t ny cng ng hn khi pht trin k nng nghe bi v

bn s d hn khi nhn din v hiu ngay c mt cu ni di so vi tng t.

N cng ging nh khi nghe mt bi ht. Nu ti ch chi mt vi m thanh,

bn c th chng nhn ra l bi ht g. Nhng vic s d dng hn rt

nhiu nu ti chi mt iu nhc di hn.

iu tng t xy ra khi bn ni. Nu bn mun dng nhm cu ni ct li

trong khi ni, ngi bn ng s d dng hiu c bn mun ni ci g mc d

c th kh nng pht m ca bn cha thc s tt lm. Ly v d : nu ti hi

mt ngi M : Is your health good? nh l mt li cho th anh ta s chng

hiu c. N n gin v ngi M khng ni theo cch , thm ch cu ny

24

l ng v trt t cu t ng php. Ni cch khc, nghe n khng quen thuc

trong vn cnh ny i vi h. Tuy nhin, nu ti hi : how are you? hoc l

how are you doing? ngi ta s hiu ngay c v chng c vn g trong

cu ni ca ti.

Tm li, hc cch ngi bn ng ni, hc nhm t ct li v nhm cu ct li

h s dng. l cch nhanh nht giao tip hiu qu i vi mt ngn ng

mi. Ti gi n l k thut Nm trn gi. Gi, chng ta hy chuyn qua

chng tip theo v khm ph cch lm sao bn nhanh chng hp th c

nhm t vng ct li.

25

CHNG BA

Xy dng h thng thu np

ngn ng t nhin

ng d xa vn dm th khi u cng l mt bc i nh

LO T

26

rong chng trc, chng ta ni v quy lut 80/20. By gi, bn

c mt s nim v sc lm vic, n khng ln lao nh bn vn

ngh trc y. Ngay ti trang ny, ti s tr li cu hi : Bn hc t

vng nh no ? Tm thy nhng t ny u ? Lm sao tip cn

c chng.

y l cu tr li ca ti : Chng ta ang xy dng mt h thng m qua bn

c th thu np nhng t ph dng trong nhm t ct li ca mt ngn ng no

m bn ang mun hc theo mt phng php t nhin. Ni cch khc,

chng ta ang xy dng mt h thng m c th li cun bn vo nhm t vng

ct li m bn tip xc. Nghe nh l phng i, phi khng ? Trc khi i su

vo chi tit ca h thng ny, ti mun lm r hn mt cht l b no ngi hc

ngn ng nh th no, s khc nhau gia Hc thng thng v Thu np , v

khi nim v Lng u vo v Lng u ra.

B no ca bn hc mt ngn ng nh th no?

Trong cun sch ca mnh Second Nature Brain Science and Human

Knowledge ( Khoa hc bn cht no b v Tri thc nhn loi ), tc phm

ot gii Nobel, tc gi Gerald Edelman, ng tit l rt nhiu pht hin th v

v no ngi. Pht hin th v nht l v mt dng h thng m no b vn hnh

c. Khi so snh no ngi vi my tnh, ng pht hin ra hai h thng ny

lm vic rt khc nhau. Khng nh my tnh, cc t bo no ( n ron ) hot

ng nh vo mt h thng tm gi l Nhn dng mnh v s lin kt

khng theo logic.

Thot u, nhng khi nim ny c th khin bn bi ri, v ng nhin chng

cng tng khin ti bi ri kh hiu. Bn c th hiu rng Nhn dng

mnh v S lin kt l cch m b no bt u v ln c mt bn mi

khi hc mt ngn ng no . Lng tn hiu u vo bn c c thng qua

mt ( c ) v tai ( nghe ) gy kch thch cc t bo khu vc x l ngn ng

trong no bn. Khi bn tip tc nhn c nhiu Lng u vo nh vy th cc

tn hiu lp li s to cc du mc hoc du vt trn v no bn. Tp

hp cc du mc v du vt s hnh thnh nn th g nh l mt Bn

ngn ng trong no bn. V khi mt ngi ni tri chy mt ngn ng no

th c ngha Bn ngn ng ca h c hnh thnh nn r rng. Khi

T

27

h nghe hoc c ci g bng ngn ng ny, no b s nhn dng ra lng

tn hiu u vo bng vic lin kt chng vi bn c hnh thnh trong

no.

H thng ny l gii cho mt tnh hung ph bin l ngi hc khng th nghe

mt t hoc mt cm t trong khi ang nghe ging bn ng. Nhng khi nhn

vo bn dch th t nhin thy rng nhng t hoc cm t ny h tng hc

trc ri. iu khin ngi hc tht vng khi m h chng bit c ti

sao khng th nhn ra nhng t hay cm t , thm ch hc trc ri.

Nu bn cng trong hon cnh ny, bn s c th ngh : Vic lng nghe ting

nc ngoi rt chi l kh.

Hu ht cc trng hp, vn nm lng u vo ca bn. Hai vn ph

bin nht l :

1. Bn hc t bng dng vit nhng li khng c dng m thanh i

km. Trng hp ny, lng u vo ca bn thiu i thnh phn m

thanh. Theo , bn ngn ng trong no bn ang thiu i mt phn

d liu. V th, khi bn lng nghe m thanh c ni bi ngi bn

ng th chng c c s d liu no trong no bn gip n nhn dng

v lin kt nhng ci va nghe, v bn nghe m khng pht hin c

nhng t hay cm t .

2. Bn tng nghe m thanh ca t no trong qu trnh hc, nhng

m thanh li khng chun c pht ra t mt ngi khng phi bn

ng pht m sai. C ngha l bn c v ln khng chun. V

th, no bn vn khng th nhn dng ra t khi bn nghe mt ngi

bn ng ni.

Khng phi l ti ang bn lun su v k nng ni phn ny ( mc du ti

bit vic nghe c l mt trong hu ht nhng g kch thch nht ca vic hc

ngoi ng v nhiu l do ). Chng ta s ni nhiu hn v vn ny sau. By

gi th cng bn lun su hn v v kh ti thng ca chng ta, b no.

Sau khi gt hi c mt s hiu bit v no ngi, cc nh ngn ng hc thc

hin nghin cu r sot su hn cc cc thc khc nhau tip cn mt ngoi

ng. H tm ra c hai cch tip cn c bn Hc thng thng v Thu np

28

Vic hc thng thng xy ra khi ngi hc ch ng t s c gng vo vic

nghin cu hoc nh mt vi chi tit, nh l t vng, cm t hay cu trc ng

php ca mt ngn ng chng hn. H c th n li vi ln hoc c th l chng

bao gi ( ti cng thuc v loi th hai ). Di y l mt v d vic hc in

hnh tip cn m chng ta thy trong rt nhiu lp hc ngoi ng.

Gio vin ni :

Lng nghe ti sau nhc li ( thng l c lp cng nhau nhc li )

Hy ch ra u l ch ng, u l v ng, th no c dng

M sch ra, trang sv lm bi tp s

Hm nay, chng ta s hc v thuc lng nhng t ny ( thng l danh

sch mt lot cc t vng )

M trang strong sach v dch on u tin

Hy gch cc chn ch ng ( v / hoc cc v ng ) trong on vn sau

Cn na, nhiu na

Cch tip cn hc thng thng ny c nhng nhc im sau :

N khng to nim hng khi, m nim hng khi l mt yu t quan

trng trong vic hc ngoi ng

Nu gio vin khng phi bn ng, m thanh lng u vo cho bn c

th khng chun xc 100%.

Mc d bi ging c th c chun b cng phu, nhng nhiu t ng

c gii thiu v ct ngha trong lp hc c th khng phi l nhng

t vng ph bin nht. L do l v khi c lp c ch nh mt on vn

dch, th thng thng gio vin s gii ngha tt c nhng t ni cm,

chng bn tm d nhng t c phi l ph bin nht hay l khng. Cc

hc vin th li c hc thuc chng. Qu trnh ny, nh th, chim nhiu

th gi m li khng hiu qu.

Cch tip cn Thu np th li khc. N din ra khi ngi hc tip xc c mt

s lng ln lng u vo thng qua vic c, nghe c, thy c hoc l

c cun ht thng vo mi trng ngn ng mi. Ngi hc v tnh nh

c cc chi tit li cun s quan tm ca h hoc ch t l h cm thy l quan

trng. Ni cch khc, cc chi tit thu np c l nhng ci cn li trong tm tr

29

ngi hc sau khi hc tip xc s lng u vo no ca ngn ng mi. Qu

trnh thu np ny thng t nh cch m cc b hc ting m vy.

Lng u vo v lng u ra

Khng quan trng bn tip cn bng cch no, vic hc mt ngoi ng gm c

hai phn c bn : lng u vo c c t vic c, vic nghe v lng u ra

l dng vit , dng ni. Vi nm trc y, ti gia nhp mt lp hc ting

Anh dy bi mt gio vin ngi bn ng ca ngn ng ny. C y tp trung

vo cch lm cho sinh vin ni chuyn vi nhau bng ting Anh, bt k l theo

nhm hay l theo cp i. C y cng b tr th gi ni chuyn trc tip vi

chng ti bng ting Anh. Ban u, c lp ng l thch th khi chng ti cm

thy chng ti c th bt u s dng ngn ng mi ni. Tuy nhin, t khi

chng ti khng c vn t din t c cc phc tp hn th chng ti

nhanh chng chn nn vic lp li cc cu n, nh l hm nay tri ma,

bn n ti cha, thi tit hm qua tht p Chng ti khng th din t

c cc rc ri hn v cng ch c luyn tp nh vy vi nhau m thi.

Mt s nghin cu gn y v k thut hc ngn ng gip ti hiu ti sao

phng php thng dng dy chng ti trong lp hc khng hiu qu.

N khng hiu qu bi sinh vin trong lp cha c lng u vo. Khi

chng ti khng c nhiu lng u vo, vic chng ti phi tp trung to nn

qu nhiu lng u ra khng phi l cch tip cn hay. Nu bn quan st cch

mt a b hc ni ting m , bn s lu thy n bt u tip nhn lng

u vo lu hn trc khi n c th ni nhng t u tin. iu hin nhin l

nhng a b c kh nng hiu cha m chng t ngay giai on u, nhiu

hn trc khi chng bt u ni ra. Cho nn chng ta cng nht thit phi thu

np lng u vo trc khi c kh nng lm nn lng u ra. Pht hin ny

c th khin cho bn kt lun rng chng ta nn tp trung vo vic nhp lng

u vo bng cch c, nghe trong mt khong thi gian, sau chuyn sang

vic vit v cc k nng ni. iu ny khng sai v nhiu ngi hc thc ra

lm nh th. Nhng l cch tip cn tt nht cha ? Ti khng cho l tt

nht. Th nht, ti tin rng lm theo cch khin qu trnh hc ko di hn v

bn phi tch lm hai qu trnh ring. Th hai, bn khng dm chc bn phi

ch bao lu mi n lc bn c th to nn lng u ra. Lng u ra c t

30

ng n ging nh iu xy ra vi nhng a b kia khng? Ti tin rng s

khng. Bn tr to nn lng u ra t ng, bi chng khng cn la chn no

khc ngoi ting m v chng phi to lng u ra c th giao tip.

Trong khi hc ngn ng th hai, chng ta li khng cng trong hon cnh y.

Nhp lng u vo v to lng u ra c mt s tng quan ln nhau. Ni

cch khc, nu chng ta thit lp lng u vo v u ra tt th chng ta c th

xc tin qu trnh hc c. V c bn, vic to lng u ra gip cho ngi

hc nhanh chng cng c c nhng ci m h c c t vic nhp lng

u vo ( c , nghe, xem ). Trong chng tip theo, bn s thy c chng ta

tp trung vo c lng u vo v u ra mt cch y chin lc.

Lng u vo t v s thu np c chn lc

Nh chng ta cp n, mt trong nhng li ln nht m ngi hc vp

phi l c gng thuc lng danh sch cc t hoc cm t ngn ng mi. Vic

nh mt danh sch khng gip bn lu li nhng t bn lu. Khng quan

trng bn c gng n mc no, bn vn s qun chng i nhanh chng.

Khi cp ti vic hc ngoi ng, nhp mt lng ln u vo chnh l cha

kha. Khi bn nhp lng ln u vo, no ca bn s lm cng vic ca n l

thu np cc t hoc cm t ph bin nht. C bn y l hon ton n gin.

s hu v lm ch c mt t hoc cm t, bn phi c cc yu t sau y:

Phi c vn cnh ph hp vi t hoc cm t .

Ni dung v ch cha ng cu t phi c lin quan.

Cm xc v / hoc cm nhn ca ngi ni.

Cc t ph bin khc i km vi t hoc cm t v cch m chng

c sp xp vi nhau ( cu trc ph bin )

Tht kh c ht c cc yu t trn din ra khi m bn s dng cch tip

cn hc thng thng. Thm ch nu bn tin phong s dng t in ct ngha

chi tit i chng na th va mt th gi m li khng th no c cc yu t.

Thm vo , nhng v d trong t in lun khng tp trung vo mt ch .

Vy nn khng hiu qu.

31

L lun cn bn ca chng ta y l khi chng ta tip xc vi s lng ln

lng u vo, cc yu t c lit k trn, nh l vn cnh v ch s t

nhin m c. Cc yu t ny gip chng ta hiu r rng ngha v cch s dng

ca t hoc cm t v gip chng ta nh c chng trong thi gian di hn.

Nu li gii thch ca ti y khng d lm theo i vi bn, xin ng lo

lng qu nhiu v n. Bn khng cn phi hiu bn cht vn , ch cn lm

theo cc k thut ca ti v bn s thy c kt qu ngay thi.

Nu bn quan st nhng ngi c th ni mt ngn ng th hai tri chy, bn s

rng h i theo cch nhp u vo tht nhiu vo thu np c sng lc. Ti

c mt ngi bn gn bin gii Trung Quc. Hng ngy, c y i n khu vc

ch nm ngay ng bin gii ni m ngi Trung Quc cng nh ngi Vit

Nam bun bn vi nhau. V c y khng c vn g trong giao tip ting

Trung c. Tuy nhin ti cho rng bn khng c kiu mi trng tip xc nh

vy. Thm ch nu bn c c mt mi trng nh th, n vn s chim ton

b thi gian hc mt ngn ng mi mt cch hon ton t nhin. Dt khot

l lu hn nhiu so vi khong thi gian 6 thng m ti ang ha vi bn.

Nu vy th ca ti nhp lng ln u vo thc ra l g ?

Nh ti cp trc, khi m bn ang hc mt ngn ng mi th no bn

cng ang v ra mt bn ngn ng. Chin lc ca chng ta l xc tin

qu trnh bng vic ch ng v ra n m khng i b no v ra theo mt

cch t nhin. Bn lm cho cc du mc v du vt sng t hn bng vic

lp i lp li cc du vt cho n khi chng tr thnh mt bn sng t.

Nhng t vng ph bin nht chng ta c c chnh l cc im giao nhau ca

cc du vt i qua. nhng giai on u, bn ny s cha c sng t,

nhng sau khi nhp nhiu tht nhiu lng u vo, th bn s xut hin r

nt hn. Sau , bn s d dng nhn ra c con ng i ti bn cht ca

vic nghe. Khi bn tr nn r nt hn, bn c th th hin cho mi ngi

ci cch i ti c ci g . Hay ni cch khc, bn c th din t

tng ca mnh qua vic ni bng mt ngn ng mi !

Bi vy, nhp lng u vo lin tc trong mt khong

thi gian ngn l bc c bn thu np nhng t hoc

cm t thng dng nht. Ni cch khc, tip xc vi s

32

lng ln u vo chnh l lm sao thm nhun c

kho t vng ct li.

Trong thc t, khi nim ny khng mi v c p dng khng ch trong

lnh vc hc ngn ng m cn trong cc phm vi ch khc. Ti vn thng

nhc li hi ti cn ang hc i hc. Tht l kh khn i vi ti nh c

nhng chi tit ca cc ch a thng tin, nh l Lch s ngnh Kinh t, o

l, Trit hc v hn th na. Ti c gng ghi nh cho c thng tin trong

sch gio trnh m khng thnh cng. Theo li khuyn co ca mt ngi bn

th ti dng vic c gng ghi nh cun sch gio trnh v i ti th vin

trng. ti lc tm cc cun sch khc c cng mt ch . Ngc nhin thay,

sau khi c ba n bn cun sch khc cng ch th ti li c th d dng

nh c tt c mi thng tin trong gio trnh . Tht l tt v ti khng phi

ghi nh cc s kin. Ti ch c my cun sch. ti minh ha iu ny cho

bn. Nu nh ti c a cho bn mt ci xng v ni bn o mt ci h su 10

feet nhng ng knh ch 5 inch. Bn s khng th no lm c. Bn s cn

mt ng knh ln hn o c su hn. iu tng t xy ra khi bn

mun ghi nh mt s th. Bn cn nhiu thng tin hn nh c mt t. Nu

bn mun ghi nh c mt cun sch, hy c thm 4 cun sch khc cng ch

!

Quay li vi vic nghim thu vic hc ngn ng ca chng ta. Mt khi bn hiu

c tng v vic nhp s lng ln lng u vo, th bn s bt u thc

mc l bt u t u. Di y l mt s trong hu ht cc ngun c s thng

tin thng dng m ti dng khi ti hc ting Anh. Cc ngun ny cng c gi

tr i vi cc ngn ng khc.

Cc knh truyn hnh nc ngoi

Sch bo vit bng ting Anh

Cc knh truyn thanh nc ngoi

Giao tip trn cc din n trc tuyn bng ting Anh

Nhng ngi nc ngoi tha hng ang sng ni mnh sng. Bn d

dng kt bn vi h. Nu bn khng bit cch th ti c mt s gi cho

bn Chng 10

Bn b trc tuyn

33

Trong thi i cng ngh thng tin, vn m chng ta ang i mt khng

phi l thiu thng tin m l c qu nhiu thng tin. Bn nhn c rt rt nhiu

thng tin mi ngay v cc kha hc, cc ti liu, cc mn th thao, cc trang

mng, cc din n..v.viu quan trng l chn la v s dng thng tin cho

hiu qu. Mt ngun c s thng tin cho u vo ca bn l tt nu n c mt

hoc nhiu trong nhng thuc tnh sau y :

Ch hp dn bn, mt ch a chung m bn c th c n say

xa

Cp nht nhng th m bn c th lin h ti nhng g ang din ra

Cung cp thng tin hu ch. Sao phi gii hn chnh mnh ch trong vic

hc ngn ng nh? Hy thu lm thm kin thc cng mt thi im.

Cha ng tin tc nng hi.

Khng qu kh hiu c.

Nm li th trong lnh vc hoc ch a thch ca

bn

V sau chng ta s bn lun v nn tng c s v h thng k thut cho bn hc

mt ngn ng mi nh th no. Chng ta cng s ni v cc nguyn nhn tim

n dn n v sao bn c th hc theo mt cch thiu st no v cch tip

cn no chng ta nn s dng. Ngay t chng tip theo ti y, chng ta s

thc s i vo cc k thut m ti cp trc y. Tuy nhin, iu th nht

bn cn lm l la cho mnh lnh vc v ch a thch. Thc ra, vic ny cc

k quan trng i vi ngi hc ngoi ng bi v ng c thc y chnh l

cha kha thnh cng. Nu bn khng thch nhng ci bn em ra hc th bn

s t c c hi tin ti thnh cng. Vic la chn ch a thch trong lnh vc

ca bn s gi cho bn cung nhit v c thc y mi khi bn ngi xung

hc. Thm na, tht v cng th v khi m bn c c thng tin trong phm vi

no m bn thnh tho.

Mi lo ngi ca bn c th l : Nhng m ti mun ni c ngn ng m

tng qut ht c, chuyn g s xy ra nu nh ti ch tp trung vo mt lnh vc

c th? Lm sao ti c th ni c v cc lnh vc khc? Xin bn ng vi lo

v vn ny ! Mt khi bn c th lm ch ht c mt ti no , v nh

34

thng mi th bn s d dng c th lm ch c cc ti khc. Cng nh

l nu bn c th i xe p, bn ch mt thm vi ngy na i c xe my.

Hoc nu bn c th i xe my c thit b t ng th bn cng s d dng lm

ch c cc thit b dng tay m ch cn tp thm mt cht na thi. V th,

nu bn chn c cho mnh ti a thch no hc. Hy cng lao vo

cc phng php k thut.

35

CHNG 4

Lng u vo th nht

K thut

c t do

C ngi bit truyn t th cng c ngi bit cch thc hin

LINDA PIERCE

36

Nu bn chn c ti theo ch dn chng trc ri th by gi chnh

l lc bt u. Ti s hng dn bn cch lm sao c c Lng u vo

th nht bng vic s dng mt k thut m ti gi l K thut c T Do.

c t do & c hiu

Ngay ci tn khi gi, k thut ny khc so vi c hiu m bn thng tm

thy trong sch gio khoa. Trong , phn c hiu thng thy l khong mt

na trang giy, c khi l di hn hoc ngn hn ph thuc vo mc ch ca

ngi vit. Khi c bi , bn c yu cu gch chn cc t mi. Trong nhiu

sch, tc gi lm vic cho bn ri. Bn thng l s kim tra ngha ca

cc t ny, c nh chng. Sau c th l mt vi cu hi v on vn cho bn

tr li. V hu nh l bn phi dch n sang ting m , v.v C bn th

phng php ny chnh l cch tip cn Hc thng thng

bn c c ci nhn t m r hn v cch c hiu th tt nht l bng mt

v d minh ha. Xin bn lu rng tt c v d minh ha ca ti l ting Anh,

ngn ng th hai ca ti. Nu bn l ngi bn ng Anh ang tm kim cch

hc bt k ngn ng no khc trn th gii th k thut ny ( cng nh cc cch

khc tng t ) s vn c gi tr. No by gi hy cng xem xt v d di y :

***

Shes not normally camera-shy but a tired-looking Sarah Ferguson avoided

reporters on her arrival at Los Angeles airport. And again later when she was

due to be the star of a Hollywood red-carpet event honoured by a childrens

charity for her humanitarian work. But her efforts to help others have been

overshadowed by her attempts to help herself and Ms Ferguson sneaked in to

collect her award.

37

She has said shes sorry after a newspaper secretly filmed her offering access to

Prince Andrew for half a million pounds. Theres no suggestioin he knew of her

plan.

In the past Sarah Ferguson has been an author, TV presenter and film

producer. But her media company recently collapsed with large debts. She

admitted money problems but said they were no excuse for a serious lapse in

judgement. This attempted deal, though not illegal, may have gone too far.

Rajesh Mirchandani, BBC News, Los Angeles

T vng :

Camera-shy

Red-carpet event

Humanitarian work

Overshadowed by

To help herself

Sneaked in

Collapsed with large debts

Admitted money problems

A serious lapse in judgement

Have gone too far

***

y l mt phn bi hc ngn ng ti mn t trang Learning English ng bi

BBC Vit Nam. Trang ny chuyn gip ngi Vit hc ting Anh. Trn ht, y

l mt trang mng hu ch. Khng phi l ti ang lm cng vic ph bnh

y. Mc ch ca ti l ch ra cho bn s khc nhau gi hai k thut c m

chng ta ni t trc. Nh bn thy v d bn trn, cc t c nh gi l

38

quan trng c gch chn hoc in m. Nu l ti ang hc mc c bi

ny trong lp ting Anh, th gio vin s ghi li nhng t ny ln bng, gii

thch ngha ca chng, hng dn pht m cc t v.v Khi s dng cch

tip cn ny, gio vin t tha nhn l bn bit tt c nhng t khc. Nhng

t gch chn hay in m c tp trung xoy su vo bi v chng c cho l

rc ri hn v kh hn i vi ngi hc.

c ri, gi ti hi bn mt cu : bn c dm chc tt c nhng t kh v

quan trng c lit k trong v d ng gi vi th gi v cng sc ca

bn khng?

Nhc li iu chng ta ni v Nguyn l Pareto ( quy lut 80/20 ) v Nhm

t vng ct li trong Chng 2 : Chin lc ca chng ta l tp trung vo

Nhm t vng ct li, nhm c c ch t 5% trong ton b t vng nhng li

mang cho bn 95% kt qu. Nu th, bn mun chc n rng nhng t bn dnh

th gi cho n l nhng t ph bin nht, hay l nhng nhng t khng ph bin

nht. T y bn c th thy r l phng php c hiu nh th c xu hng

cho bn tp trung vo nhng t kh nht. Cu hi tip theo ca ti l : Liu

nhng t kh c phi l nhng t ph bin nht khng? Rt khng may cu

tr li li l khng! a s th nhng t ngn hn v gin n hn li ph bin

hn so vi nhng t di v phc tp. kim tra li s phn xt ny, xin mi

gh qua trang mng : http://wordcount.org/main.php . Trang mng ny cung cp

nhng kt qu xp hng v mc ph bin ca mt t vng. Mc d ti khng

th kim chng c tin cy, nhng t nht n c th cho chng ta tham

kho.

Trong khung Tm t ca trang ny, nhp vo t m bn mun kim tra. Nu

bn th mt vi t nh l humanitarian ( ly t lit k trong v d bn trn ),

bn s thy n c xp hng th 11507. Th hng ny cho bn thy l t ny

nm qu xa so vi nhng t trong Nhm t vng ct li ( nhm cha 3000 t

ph bin nht ).

39

Nu bn mun kho st tn sut ca t thm na, bn c th gh qua

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Frequency_lists . Tuy nhin, trang ny

khng h tr hp tm kim cho bn g vo t m bn mun kim tm ra, v th

bn phi tm n bng tay. Nhng nu ti l bn, ti s khng hoang ph th gi

vo vn ny thm na. Ti s quan tm v cch lm sao c c nhm t

vng ct li v lm ch c n nh th no.

Quay tr li v d v nhn xem lm sao chng ta c th tip cn n mt cch

hiu qu hn. Chng ta s b phn in m v gch chn cho cc t on vn

i, nh sau :

***




40



collect her award.

She has said shes sorry after a newspaper secretly filmed her offering access to

Prince Andrew for half a million pounds. Theres no suggestioin he knew of her

plan.





Rajesh Mirchandani, BBC News, Los Angeles

***

Bi v on vn ny qu ngn, ti s tm thm mt bi vit v cng ti

lm r quan im ca mnh hn na. Nh c Google, ti tm c mt bi

nh di y :

***

Sarah Ferguson was caught on tape accepting cash from an undercover

journalist in exchange for access to her ex husband, Prince Andrew,

Britain's special representative for international trade and investment.

"Five hundred thousand pounds [approx $750,000] when you can, to me... [to]

open doors," Ferguson, 50, says on videotape during a meeting at a

swanky London apartment, according to the British tabloid News of the World,

which also printed a transcript of the conversation.

"Then you open up all the channels, whatever you need, whatever you want...

We can do so much," she went on. "If you want to meet him in your business,

look after me and he'll look after you."

Ferguson, a former Weight Watchers spokeswoman, appears to ask the

reporter, who is posing as an international tycoon, for $40,000 in cash, and

41

$720,000 by wire transfer "if you want a deal with Andrew... and then you meet

Andrew."

After a pile of money is show on a coffee tape, the duchess puts her head in her

hands (it's unclear if she's smiling or crying), and then moments later, hauls

away a black computer bag stuffed with the cash, which is described as a fee for

"doing the big deal with Andrew."

Ferguson says that Andrew was aware of the deal, but the newspaper says he

was not.

"I will listen to the friendship talk between you two. And then I do it... You two

talk. I listen. Then I activate," she said. "He meets the most amazing people.

And he just throws them my way."

Ferguson wed the Duke of York, who is fourth in line to the throne, in 1986, but

they split 10 years later. They are parents to two daughters, Beatrice, 21, and

Eugenie, 20.

"He's so amazing," Ferguson says on the videotape. "We're the happiest

divorced couple in the world." The royal family was unavailable to comment.

Fergie said in a statement that she had money problems but "that is no excuse

for a serious lapse in judgment, and I am very sorry that this has happened. I

very deeply regret the situation and the embarrassment caused."

Fergie has lost millions in business ventures (including the closing of her

promotional firm, Hartmoor, last year, which she poured $2 million into), but

still preferred to travel first class and in a chauffeur-driven Bentley.

Her $3 million contract with Weight Watchers expired in 2007, and according

to the Times of London, she had to scale back her lavish 50th birthday party to

a family meal because she couldn't afford it.

***

By gi, nu bn sng lc c hai bi lun ny bng tay, bn s tm thy c

mt s t xut hin 2,3 hoc thm ch ti 4 ln. Chng l : reporter, attempt,

newspaper, film, access, deal, family Cm t say on the videotape cng c

42

ni ti 2 ln. Bn cng c th tm nhanh ra c nhng t ny, ti gch

chn nhng t trong bi lun nh sau :






collect her award.

She has said shes sorry after a newspaper secretly filmed her offering access

to Prince Andrew for half a million pounds. Theres no suggestioin he knew of

her plan.





***

Sarah Ferguson was caught on tape accepting cash from an undercover

journalist in exchange for access to her ex husband, Prince Andrew,

Britain's special representative for international trade and investment.

"Five hundred thousand pounds [approx $750,000] when you can, to me... [to]

open doors," Ferguson, 50, says on videotape during a meeting at a

swanky London apartment, according to the British tabloid News of the World,

which also printed a transcript of the conversation.

"Then you open up all the channels, whatever you need, whatever you want...

We can do so much," she went on. "If you want to meet him in your business,

look after me and he'll look after you."

Ferguson, a former Weight Watchers spokeswoman, appears to ask the

reporter, who is posing as an international tycoon, for $40,000 in cash, and

43

$720,000 by wire transfer "if you want a deal with Andrew... and then you meet

Andrew."

After a pile of money is show on a coffee tape, the duchess puts her head in her

hands (it's unclear if she's smiling or crying), and then moments later, hauls

away a black computer bag stuffed with the cash, which is described as a fee for

"doing the big deal with Andrew."

Ferguson says that Andrew was aware of the deal, but the newspaper says he

was not.

"I will listen to the friendship talk between you two. And then I do it... You two

talk. I listen. Then I activate," she said. "He meets the most amazing people.

And he just throws them my way."

Ferguson wed the Duke of York, who is fourth in line to the throne, in 1986, but

they split 10 years later. They are parents to two daughters, Beatrice, 21, and

Eugenie, 20.

"He's so amazing," Ferguson says on the videotape. "We're the happiest

divorced couple in the world."

The royal family was unavailable to comment. Fergie said in a statement that

she had money problems but "that is no excuse for a serious lapse in judgment,

and I am very sorry that this has happened. I very deeply regret the situation

and the embarrassment caused."

Fergie has lost millions in business ventures (including the closing of her

promotional firm, Hartmoor, last year, which she poured $2 million into), but

still preferred to travel first class and in a chauffeur-driven Bentley.

Her $3 million contract with Weight Watchers expired in 2007, and according

to the Times of London, she had to scale back her lavish 50th birthday party to

a family meal because she couldn't afford it.

Xin nhc li, nu bn mun kim tra li nhng t ny c thc s ph bin hay

khng th hy kim tra trn trang : http://wordcount.org/main.php . y, nu

44

bn g t attempt vo khung tm kim, bn s c c th hng tn sut ca

n l 882.

Kt qu ny cho thy t attempt thuc v nhm 3000 t ph bin nht. Rt

hp l, t ny xut hin vi tn sut nhiu hn trong nhm cc t ph bin ca

bi lun. Tri li, nhng t in m hoc gch chn trong phn c hiu ca

sch gio khoa nh l camera-shy, red-carpet event, humanitarian work kh

m li cn khng ph bin. Vi kinh nghim ca ti, ti hon ton dm chc

rng bn him khi s dng nhng t kh trong cc cuc hi thoi.

By gi th bn c c mt nim ban u v cch tip cn m ti ang

chia s vi bn, c th bn ang phn vn lm sao thc s nm bt c

nhng t ph bin ny. Vic sng lc tm ra nhng t lp i lp li nh ti

lm v d trn l mt cch lm kh. Chng ta s s dng mt phng php tt

hn nhiu m ti gi l K thut c T Do. Vi k thut ny th s khng c

nhng cu hi nm ngay di on vn, khng dch sang ting m , khng

gch chn Thm na, n c thit k ra l mang li cho bn nhng t

ph bin nht. Nu bn lm theo k thut ny, bn buc phi c rt nhiu.

Khi ang c c th bn khng hiu 100% ni dung. Bn c th cm thy

45

khng thoi mi mt cht v bn mun hiu c ton b ni dung. Tuy nhin,

bn s nhanh chng thch nghi vi phng php mi ny v sau bt u thu

np c rt nhiu t trong nhm t vng ct li bng phng php ny.

K thut c t do

By gi, luyn tp k thut ny, xin mi i theo tng bc mt sau y :

Bc 1 : La chn ti liu dnh ring cho bn c.

C rt nhiu ngun ti liu hc ngn ng sn c trn mng v cc hiu sch.

Chng ta s dng bt k ci no trong s chng. Chng ta s dng nhng ti liu

m ngi bn ng s dng hng ngy trong i sng ca h v khng nht thit

phi l nhng ti liu c thit k cho mc ch hc tp. Cc ti liu ny gm

c :

1. Sch trng hc ( hay l Sch khng h cu ) : Ch tm cc sch thuc

v lnh vc kinh nghim ca bn hoc cc bi vit hp dn bng ngn ng

bn mun hc. Ly v d, lnh vc kinh nghim ca ti l v qun tr kinh

doanh, ti tm cc sch v thng mi, bn hng, qun l v tt c u

l ting Anh, ngn ng mc tiu ca ti. Nu bn khng th tm thy sch

no cc hiu sch a phng ln cn, xin hy tm trn mng. V ngn

ng mc tiu ca ti l ting Anh cho nn ti c th d dng tm thy

nhiu la chn trn cc gian hng sch trc tuyn, nh l Amazon hay l

Barns & Noble. Tuy nhin, nu ngn ng mc tiu ca bn l nhng ci

khc nh ting Trung, ting Hn, bn c th cn tm kim mt gian

hng sch trc tuyn cho ngn ng mc tiu ca bn. V d, n gin l

tm vi t kha gian hng sch trc tuyn ting Trung v bn s d

dng tm thy mt trang mng hu ch, nh l :

http://www/hanban.ca/bookstore

2. Sch vin tng : Nu bn l mt ngi hm m cc cu chuyn, th y

l mt ngun tuyt vi cho bn. u im ln nht ca truyn l ni dung

hp dn. Nh ti c cp trc , ng c thc y chnh l cha

kha hc mt ngoi ng. c cc cun truyn hp dn s kch thch

bn nhiu hn l c cc on vn nhm chn trong sch ng vn gio

khoa.

46

3. Tin tc : y cng l mt ngun tuyt vi v n lun c cp nht

nhng thng tin hu ch. N gip bn lin h ti i sng hng ngy v

c c cm nhn t ni dung. Thm vo , tin tc nng hi thng i

km vi nhng li bnh lun v hi p m bn c th da vo m tp

trung cao vo ti cng nh luyn tp cho lng u ra ca bn (vit

v ni ).

4. Din n trc tuyn : Bn c th chn cch tr thnh thnh vin ( min

ph ) ca mt din n trc tuyn tho lun v ti bn a thch. Bn ch

cn bit ci tn ca ch bi vit bng ngn ng mc tiu ca bn, sau

tm trn trang Google. C cc nhiu cc la chn cho bn. Hi ti

ang hc ting Anh, ti yu thch nhip nh, nn ti i ti cc trang

nh l :

www.thephotoforum.com/forum

www.photoforum.com

www.photozo.com/forum

Cng bi v ti quyt nh s m rng vn kinh doanh ca ring ti,

nn ti cng i ti mt s din n nh l :

www.youngentrepreneur.com/forum/index.php

www.entrepreneursforum.net

Bn c th lm ging nh vy vi ngn ng mc tiu ca bn.

5. Cc ngun khc : Bn c th tm thy nhiu th loi ngun khc nhau

hn l nhng ci c cp. Tuy nhin, l mt ngun tt th n phi

tha mn c cc tiu chun :

- N c vit bi ngi bn ng.

- N phi c mt hoc nhiu thuc tnh cp Chng 3.

- Ni dung ca n phi ln, t nht l 3 n 4 trang trong mt ti.

Nh bn c th thy, cc ngun c cp trn l cc ti liu vi ni

dung phong ph, nh l sch hoc truyn. Tin tc cng c th c coi l

ti liu phong ph, bn c th qung cc tin tc lin quan vi nhau vo

mt nhm th n tr nn phong ph. Tng t th, cc bi lun hoc cc

bi ng trn din n thng c cp nht v bnh lun bi thnh vin

din n. V chin lc chng ta s dng l nn tng ca lng u vo

t nn ti khng a chung cc ti liu c trong sch ng vn gio khoa

v chng thng l rt ngn v li l cc ti chng lin quan g n

47

nhau. iu ny khng ng thun vi khi nim lng u vo t.

Thm na, cc ti liu c trong sch gio khoa c th khng ph hp vi

lnh vc a thch. N hu nh lm cho bn cm thy chn ngn.

Bc 2 : Gii tr v chc.

c ri, ni rng ti s c tin tc, v ti thch th lm kinh doanh. V ngn

ng mc tiu ca ti l ting Anh, nn ti s tm kim trn Google cho tin tc

kinh doanh. Ch, ti tm thy Business Week Tun bo kinh doanh.

Tun bo Kinh doanh l mt ngun tr danh, n chc chn c cha thng tin

th v v kinh doanh. Th ti sao ti khng th vi n nh ?

48

Thng tin trn trang ny c phn loi theo cc ti phn cp, nh l Ti

chnh, Cng ngh, i mi, Qun l, V m v Vi m. V ti l mt ch doanh

nghip, ti s nhn vo phn Kinh t Vi m. Trong phn ny, ti chn ly mt

bi vit c tn Use storytelling to maintaint customer interest S dng ngi

tip xc duy tr nim quan tm ca khch hng, hi vng n c th cho ti

mt s mo ti bn c nhiu sn phm hn v kim tin, tin, tin Hy

nh t lnh vc quan tm ca bn ln hng u, bi bn mun c vi th c

ch v hp dn i vi bn.

49

Trc khi c, bn cn c mt phn mm t in sn sng s dng. Ti gi

bn s dng mt phin bn CD hoc phin bn t in trc tuyn kim tra

ngha ca t nhanh nht c th. Xin hy ng dng cc sch t in, n s lm

gim tc c ca bn xung. Mt cng c a thch khc ca ti l phn mm

c gi l Click & Seem ti dng hiu ngha ca mt t bng ting m

ch bng mt nht kch chut. Nu bn c th c mt ci tng t, hy tn

dng n.

Gi th bn sn sng, hy bt u c t u. C lc no i mt vi mt t

mi ( hoc mt t m bn khng nh ngha ca n ), s dng phn mm t in

ca bn kim tra ngha tht nhanh ri li tip tc c. Sau y l nhng ci

KHNG khi bn ang c bi :

- KHNG ghi ch bt c t no ( bao gm c cc t mi, t kh, t

di,) . Khng ghi ch bt c g c.

- KHNG p mnh phi nh bt k mt t no.

- KHNG gch chn hay nh du bt k t no.

Nhc li, khng ghi ch bt c ci g! Ch c thi, kim tra ngha ca bt k t

no bn mun v khng lm g khc na ! V sau, bn mun c cng nhanh

50

cng tt. Trong khi ang c, c i lc bn khng hiu mt vi t thm ch sau

khi kim tra ngha ca n. n thi. Mt t in th khng th gip bn hiu ht

mi th c. Trong trng hp ny bn ch vic i tip v mc k cu vn .

Sau khi c mt vi cu ( c th ch l 1 n 2 cu vn ), bn c th thy mt t

no m bn kim tra ngha vi pht trc . Tuy nhin, c th bn cha

nh ngha ca n ( bi bn khng ghi ch bt c iu g ). Chng thnh vn !

C thoi mi m kim tra li ngha t bng phn mm t in. Sau , li

tip tc c. Bn cng c th gp li t mt ln na m vn cha nh ngha

ca n. C s dng phn mm t in tra ngha thm ln nav li tip tc

c. C nh th.

Ch, sau khi nhn thy mt t no chng 3 n bn ln v kim tra ngha i

kim tra li ngha ca chng, ti dm chc bn s nh t trong ln tip theo

bn gp li n. V ri thon th xem iu g xy ra? Bn hc c mt

t vng nm trong nhm t ct li. y l cha kha : Nhng t m bn nhn

thy nhiu ln chnh l nhng t ph bin nht. Phng php lun y qu

thc n gin, nhng t ph bin nht s xut hin lp li nhiu ln.

Sau khi c c mt mu di, bn s qun nhiu t v lu li c mt vi t.

l v bn qun i nhng t khng ph bin nht, trong khi nhng t cn

lu li chnh l nhng t ph bin nht.

Lm sao c th c c nhiu hn thng qua hai

bc n gin ca K thut c t do?

Ti gi n l ngh thut gin n. N qu n gin n ni m mt s sinh vin

ca ti thm ch nghi ng tnh hu hiu ca n. Tuy nhin, k thut ny khng

i hi phi rt thng minh mi thy c li ch m n c th mang li cho

ngi hc.

Th nht, k thut c t do t nhin hng bn tp trung vo nhng t v

cm t ph bin nht, v trong cng mt thi im, gip bn tit kim thi gian

bng cch khng khin bn phi vt ln vi nhng t khng ph bin.

Th hai, theo phng php ny, bn khng cn phi gng p mnh phi nh

t vng. Bn s t nhin lu li c t vng khi :

51

- Bn nhn thy mt t no vi ln

- Bn gp mt t no trong cc vn cnh khc nhau v cc cu trc cu

vn khc nhau. iu ny gip bn hiu c ngha thc s ca t v

cho bn cm nhn v n.

- i khi, bn pht hin ra mt t no thng xuyn xut hin trc

hoc sau mt t khc. iu ny gip bn nh cch lm th no s

dng kt hp t vi mt t khc.

Chng ta cp n cc yu t m bn cn thc s s hu v lm ch vn

t vng ca bn. lp li chng th bn cn :

- Vn cnh

- Ni dung v ti

- Cu trc ph bin

Th ba, k thut ny cho php bn t do la chn bt k ni dung no bn

mun dng lm ti liu c ca bn. D cho bn c thch th vi khoa hc hay

ngh thut, thng nhn hay chng khon, bn s tm thy hng tn cc ti liu

c trn mng, v rt nhiu trong s chng l min ph. iu ny gi cho bn

nim hng phn mi khi ngi xung hc. Bn s khng cn cm thy mt mi

v chn nn na. Mi khi bn pht hin ra mt cm t hay mt cu trc lp i

lp li nhiu ln, bn gt hi c ci g v iu ny thc y bn hc tip.

Bn khng phi gng p mnh phi c ngh hay nh, bn ch cn hc mt cch

thoi mi. Hu ht sinh vin ca ti ni rng h c th hc hng gi vi k thut

khng tn sc ny. i vi ti, y l iu quan trng cn bn hc c mt

ngoi ng nhanh chng.

Nhng cu hi thng gp v luyn tp k thut c

t do

1. Ti sao ti c cm thy nh l mi khi chuyn t c sch

ca ti sang c tin tc?

Cc kiu ti liu khc nhau nh l sch trng hc, truyn, tin tc, bi

vit,khng c chung phong cch vit. C th hn, cch m nh bo vit

ra mt bi vit th khc so vi cch m tc gi vit ra cun sch. Cc t

52

ph bin trong cc th loi ti liu khc nhau c th s khc nhau mt

cht. Tuy nhin, chng vn cng giao thoa vi nhau v nhm t vng ct

li ph bin nht. iu ny c th c minh ha di dng nh sau :

Khi chuyn t mt dng ti liu ny qua mt dng khc, bn s hu nh

chc chn l phi dnh thi gian lm quen vi phong cch khc. Tuy

nhin, n s khng mt nhiu thi gian.

2. C nhng cu ti khng hiu, thm ch ti tra ngha tt c

cc t trong cu bng t in ca ti, ti nn lm g by gi?

iu ny xy ra l v nhng l do sau :

- C th l bn hin ang i din vi mt vn ng php no

. Ly v d minh ha cho ny, nh trong cu : I have just

come back , th hai ch have just nh hnh nn mt cu trc

ng php cho bit mt hnh ng xy ra ngay trc khi ni

v khng lu trc . Tuy nhin nu ti tra ngha cc t have

v just ring tng ch trong t in, ti s khng c c cu

tr li ng. V th ti s khng th no hiu c cu vn ny.

Tht may, trng hp ny hon ton d nhn ra bi v mi ngn

ng s dng mt b cc t c trng lm nn ng php. V

d trong ting Anh, b cc t ny gm c : have, would, could,

should, must, be t vo nhau theo cc cch no . V th,

53

mi khi ti gp mt t nh vy th ti s dng ngay li tra

cu trong sch ng php bit c hin tng ng php no

y khng.

- Bn c th gp phi mt cm t kiu nh thnh ng. N l

mt nhm cc t vi nhau c ngha khc hn so vi ngha ca

ring tng t ghp li vi nhau. Mi t c mt ngha khc nhau

khi i ring, khi i vi nhau, chng thng c ngha khng h

lin quan.

Vi c hai trng hp trn, hy th r sot thm trong t in

ca bn. Khi bn tra ngha mt t no , mt t in gii thch

chi tit s c cha nhng cu thnh ng, cm t v cu trc ng

php m c lin quan ti t . Nh th, bn c th hu nh

chc chn l tm ra cu tr li trong t in ca bn nu t in

bn ang dng chi tit hiu. Tuy nhin, quan trng hn l

duy tr c tc c ca bn mt mc cao bi v khi nim

y l Lng u vo t. Theo , nu bn khng th tm

thy cu tr li, th c vic l n i. Nu bn khng thy t hoc

thnh ng xut hin ln na, th n cng ng qun i. Cn nu

bn li thy n, th bn c th chc chn rng n cng ng

bn dnh s c gng ca mnh tm hiu thm v n. Theo kinh

nghim ca ti, cng ng mng l mt cch tuyt vi tm

thy c cu tr li. Khi ti cn ang hc ting Anh, ti

thng s tm kim cho cu tr li bng vic dng Google. N

mang li cho ti cc trang, cc din n, nh l :

http://forum.wordreference.com/forumdisplay.php?f=6

http://www.englishclub.com/ref/index.htm

Tnh hp l y l bn khng phi l ngi u tin hc ngn

ng, v th phi c mt s ngi u cng c nhng

54

cu hi tng t v s cn li chc chn l c ng cu tr li

cho cu hi ri.

3 bc c mt cun sch vit bng ngn ng

mc tiu ca bn

phn cui chng ny, ti hn hnh chia s vi bn mt kinh

nghim ca ti trong vic c sch vit bng ngn ng mc tiu ca

ti, ting Anh. N l mt kinh nghim tuyt vi khi bn c ton b

mt cun sch ngoi ng. Sau khi hon thnh c vic ny, vn t

vng ca bn s l ht sc kinh ngc. Tuy vy, v nhiu sinh vin ca

ti i mt vi nhng tr ngi trong vic luyn tp k thut c t do,

nn ti pht trin 3 bc ny gip h vt qua v c ton b

cun sch. Cc bc nh sau :

- Bc 1 : c mt na trang sch. Ngh mt lt

- Bc 2 : c mt na cn li ca ton b trang u. Ngh mt

lt

- Bc 3 : c ton b cun sch.

c ri, ti bit l bn ang thc mc rng ti sao ti li dng ln ba

bc ny. Trng n tht nc ci. Ti sao ti khng nhm c ba bc

ny li thnh mt? ti gii thch cho bn.

Khi bn bt u c trang u tin, tc c ca bn s l rt chm.

Thm ch ti mc c th l mt hng gi c v hiu c ngay

dng u tin. Theo kinh nghim ca ti, th c th tn na ting mi

c c mt na trang u tin. Bn s cm thy mt mi v nn

ch. c thi ! iu bn nn lm sau l ngh mt lt v gii tr.

Sau khi nng lng ca bn hi phc, hy c hon thnh ht trang u

tin. Nu vn t ca bn cn hn ch, c th s mt hai hoc thm ch

l ba ting ng h hon thnh ch mt trang u. V iu ny, bn

55

c th s ngh rng : i khng, cun sch ny c ti hn 100 trang,

bao gi hon thnh ht c? Bnh tnh nh ! N s khng lu nh

bn ang tng u. Tip tc c trang tip theo, bn c th thy

c rng s hon thnh trang th hai ch vi 50% n 60% lng

thi gian bn dnh ra hon thnh ht trang u. Sau tc

c ca bn s t nhin tng ln sau khong 5 n 10 trang. Nu

khng c g thay i, sau khi hon thnh c mt phn ba cun sch

th bn s c th c lin mt mch m khng cn tra t in, hoc

nu c th ch l rt t. L do l hu ht cc t cha trong mt cun

sch lp i lp li nhiu ln.

Tht ng bun l khng c nhiu ngi hc bit n iu ny. Ti

khng th nh con s sinh vin hoc bn ca ti mn sch ting

Anh ca ti c, m hu ht bn h cha tng c ti trang th ba.

H ri b qu sm m khng bit rng thnh cng ang i h ngay

pha trc.

56

CHNG 5

Lng u vo th hai

K thut

To lp Bn m thanh

Ngn ng chng qua l ly tng t no ngi ny b vo no ngi kia m

khng cn m x

MARK AMIDON

57

in chc mng ! Bn i c mt na hnh trnh ri !

Ti hi vng bn dnh mt lng ln thi gian luyn tp K

thut c T Do. Nu qu tht vy, th chc chn l bn c th

rt nhanh thy c vn t vng ca bn c tch ly tng ngy.

Qu trnh luyn tp , nhng ngy u, bn s phi dng t in

n in cung. Ti cng phi tra ngha ca t cho mi cu vn ti c.

Nhiu khi, ti thm ch phi tra ngha hai n ba ln cho ch mt cu vn. V

l , lc ban u, bn c th cm thy mt cht ng ngn v ci vic m bn

ang lm. Hy kin nhn v nhc li iu ti ni vi bn v 3 bc c

mt cun sch bng ngn ng mc tiu ca bn. Sau khong 2 tun luyn tp

K thut c T Do, bn s hon ton sng rung ln v qu trnh bn lm.

Trong chng ny, ti s chia s vi bn mt k thut hc tp. y hu nh

chc chn l phn cun ht nht bi v k nng nghe dng nh l mt vn

i vi mi ngi hc ngoi ng.

Cng nh bn, ti tng c tri nghim khng thoi mi khi m phi c gng

hnh dung ra xem nhng ngi trong bng ang ni ci g m hc luyn

nghe. Ti cm thy mi mt, chn v tht vng. Tuy nhin, n khng phi

nh th. Vic nghe c th tr nn n gin hn nhiu v khng tn sc nu

chng ta hiu no b chng ta lm vic nh no v cch tip cn Kt ni ca n.

Ti sao bn c th hoc khng th nghe ra ngi ta ni

ci g ?

Trong chng 3, ti cp n bn m thanh trong no bn. Nhng ti

c mt tin vui v mt tin khng vui lm v n. Tin khng vui lm l trong

bao gm bn ch v bn m thanh c t ring u trong no

bn. y l l do v sao nhiu ngi hc c th c v vit rt l tt bng ngn

ng th hai ca h nhng ni v nghe li khng tt. By gi, bn s phi chp

nhn mt thc t l bn nht thit phi v thm mt bn na nu bn mun

c th nghe c tt.

Tin vui l bn c th hc k nng nghe theo mt cch tng t nh ci m

chng ta lm c vi k nng c. S khc nhau y l vic thu np ngn

X

58

ng qua vic c ging nh vic v mt bn vi cc ng thng v cc du

hiu. Nhng thu np trong qu trnh nghe th ging nh l mt tm bn vi

bc tranh thc s vy. Bn c th lu thy rng, nhiu lc chng ta khng cn

nh tn ng ph m li xe i vn khng lc li nu nh khu vc ny thn

thuc i vi bn. H thng tng t nh th hot ng khi m ngi ta hc

mt ngn ng no . chnh l ti sao m nhng a b c th ni v nghe

trc c khi chng bit vit l nh no. Vi nh ngn ng hc thm ch thit

k ra nhng kha hc cho php ngi ta hc ngn ng ch bng nghe v ni ch

khng h c hc ch. Pimsleur l mt trong nhng mn sinh ni ting trong

trng ca anh ta. Mt ln ti th bi hc ting Nht ca anh y. Quan im

ca ti l n c hiu qu, nhng li chim qu nhiu thi gian. Ti tin rng cch

tip cn ca anh y s c hiu qu rt tt nu ngi hc trong mt mi trng

m xung quanh l nhng ngi bn ng. C ngha rng phng php l cch

lin kt dnh cho nhng ngi c c hi tng tc vi ngi bn ng hng

ngy.

Trong k thut nghe m ti sp sa chia s vi bn, bn s thy mt on ch

m n l mt cng c thc s tt rt ngn li con ng vng vo ca bn.

Tuy nhin, trc khi i vo chi tit phng php ny, hy quay li cu hi :

Ti sao bn c th hoc khng th nghe ra mi ngi ni g?. bn c mt

gi th hy ngh v nhng ln bn chuyn tr cng ai ni ngng. Hn

bn s ch thy rng nu ngi ni bng ting m ca bn th nhiu kh

nng l bn vn hiu c ngi ta ni ci g mc du nhng t h ni khng r

rng cho lm. Ti sao li nh th? Bn s ni rng : Ti c th on ra ci

ngi ta ni. Vy ti hi rng: ti sao bn khng th on ci m ngi nc

ngoi ni thm ch h ni rt r rng vi nhng t bn tng hc trc ?.

Cu tr li chnh l : trng hp th nht, ngi ni ngng dng nhng t,

cm t v nhng cu ging nhau m bn tng nghe i nghe li nhiu ln.

Bi vy, thc t l Bn khng th nghe ra c ci m bn cha tng nghe

thy trc . l l do ti sao c gng nghe cc cun bng c cha nhiu t

mi m ngi hc cha tng hc hoc cha tng nghe qua trc ch l mt

s lng ph thi gian v s c gng.

Vy, h thng y l g ? Khi bn lng nghe ci g , no bn c gng nhn

dng nhng ci m bn nghe thy. Khu vc x l ngn ng s so snh v

lin kt vi m thanh m bn nghe thy vi c s d liu, ci chnh l bn

ngn ng m thanh trong no bn. minh ha cho qu trnh ny, hy ngh

59

v cng vic ca cnh st khi h sng lc c s d liu du vn tay nhn

dng ra ngi s hu ca ring du vn tay m h mun nhn dng. i khi,

du vn tay m h c c th b nhe hoc khng y , vy m my tnh li

c th chn ra c d kin c s ngun ph hp nht. iu g xy ra nu nh

d liu ngun khng c bt k du no ph hp vi du vn tay c c? Ch

ch, trong trng hp th cnh st khng c cch no bit du hiu nhn

dng ca ngi s hu du vn tay . H s phi tm ti mt phng n khc.

Nu v d vn cn cha r, th hy ngh v khi bn vn ang c gng c

ch vit tay ca bc s. No bn c gng sng lc ht cc mu ch tiu chun

nhn ra ci trong n thuc. Kh nng l bn vn khng th nhn ra c

mi th m v bc s kia vit ra. Tuy nhin, khi bn mang n thuc ti hiu

thuc th dc s li khng gp vn g trong vic nhn dng mi chi tit trong

. Sao li th ? C phi cc dc s c i mt tt hn ca bn chng? Hon

ton khng. N n gin v dc s bit tt c cc loi thuc ri. Tc l h

c c s d liu ri.

Mt h thng tng t cng hot ng khi m bn ang lng nghe mt ngn

ng no . Nu bn cha c bn m thanh bn s chng th no xc nh

c cc m r rng c. Nu bn m thanh khng chun do bn c

dy bi mt ngi khng bn ng, iu tng t cng xy ra. V th, chin lc

ca chng ta y l ch ng xy dng ( v ) bn ny cho ti khi n sng

t.

K thut nghe To lp nn Bn m thanh.

Vi phng php m ti chun b chia s vi bn ti y, bn s c hng

mt qu trnh hc khng cng thng, khng tn sc lc. V tng ct li ca

k thut ny cng l c s nn tng ca khi nim lng u vo t v khi

nim s thu np c chn lc, bn cn ngh v vn bn c th c c

lng u vo th nht ca bn t u trc?

Ly ti liu nghe t u?

Cng tng t nh k thut c T Do thi, bn khng b hn ch bi bt k

sch v hay bi ging no. Bn thoi mi la chn bt k ti liu no m bn

60

thch th n. Ch c iu bn nn lu tm l n phi i km vi bn ghi li. Khi

bn c, bn cn c t in i chiu ngha ca t. Th cng tng t nh

khi bn nghe, bn cn mt bn ghi li kim chng ci m bn cha th nghe

ra. Bn ghi li y ng vai tr nh mt t in. V c bn, bn c th s

dng mt hay nhiu trong cc ngun sau y:

1. Sch ting v Truyn ting

Sch ting l mt iu ph bin bn M , Anh v cc quc gia ni nhng

th ting phn ng trn th gii s dng, nh l ting Php, ting Nga,

v.v y l mt cng c tuyt vi cho vic hc ngoi ng. N cng

thun tin khi bn nghe n vo lc rnh, khi bn ang li xe hoc ang

xp hng ch. tm thy mt sch ting trc tuyn, bn cn bit nhng

t kha cho sch ting bng th ngn ng m bn mun hc. Vi ti,

v ti hc ting Anh nn ti c th tm vi t kha audio book +

bussiness, nu ti mun tm mt sch ting v kinh doanh. Hoc ti

cng c th g vo ch audio book+Harry Potter nu ti mun tm

kim truyn ting Harry Potter.

2. Tin tc hnh hoc tin tc ting Mc d lng nghe tin tc trn truyn hnh hay truyn thanh th rt l tt,

nhc im ca ngun ny l n khng c bn ghi li. Tuy nhin bn

c th th r trn mng tm thy c nhng trang mng cha c on

phim v ting cng vi bn ghi li i km.

3. Phim nh ng vy, bn hon ton c th luyn tp k nng nghe m s dng cc

b phim vi ph bng ngn ng mc tiu ca bn. Trong trng hp

ny, chng ta khng c bn chp li, nhng chng ta c th la chn ch

hin th ph . Ly v d, nu bn ang hc ting Trung, hy mua

mt b phim Trung Quc. Sau la chn ch ph ting Trung.

Xin lu l bn s khng mun nghe cc b phim hnh ng u, bi v

hi thoi trong lun b xo trn vi cc hiu ng m thanh.

Phim nh c mt u im ln bi v chng cha ng rt nhiu hi thoi

c ni bi nhiu ging ni khc nhau. Vic luyn tp vi nhng kiu

ti liu ny gip cho bn c c s quen thuc vi cc hi thoi bng

ngn ng mc tiu ca bn. Tuy nhin, vic luyn tp vi cc on hi

thoi khng thi th cha . Bn vn cn luyn tp vi nhiu ngun khc

61

c cp nh trn.

Bt c ti liu nghe no m bn ang s dng, xin hy lu hai im sau

:

- Xin hy lun lu tm rng chin lc ca chng ta l c s nn tng ca

khi nim Lng u vo t. Theo , cc ti liu nghe ca bn phi c

di ti thiu l 15 pht.

- Ti khng bit ngn ng no m bn ang mun hc, nhng n c th

cha ng nhiu hn mt dng bin th / ting a phng. V d, trong

ting Anh, c s bin th ting Anh Anh v ting Anh M. ng c gng

hc c hai ci bin th ny cng mt lc. N s gy bi ri cho bn v

lm chm qu trnh hc ca bn.

Luyn tp k thut nghe xy dng bn m thanh nh

no?

Trong mc ny, ti s miu t cc bc luyn tp k nng nghe ca bn vi mt

cun bng hay bt k dng m thanh no, nh l phim, tin tc trc tuyn, v.v

Xin NG b qua bt k hnh ng no.

Bc 1 Lng nghe cu u tin; ri bt chc chnh xc li nhng g

ngi ni ni.

Ti bc ny, bn hu nh khng th bt c tt c cc t c. Bn c th

chng hiu ngi ni ni ci g. Tuy nhin ch cn l i ci ngha ca cu v

ch bt trc m thanh nh mt ch vt vy. bc ny, bn khng cn hiu

ngha. Bn cng khng cn bit ngi ni ang ni nhng t g. Ch l c gng

nhi li ln ting ci bn c th nghe thy. C th d ch mt hoc hai m thanh

no r nt hn cc m cn li. Nu th, hy tp trung vo nhng m thanh r

nt v l i cc m thanh m o. Bn khng cn lp li nhiu ln u, ch mt

ln l . i khi, m thanh bn nghe thy thc s kh m bt chc theo.

Trong trng hp th hy lm theo hng dn Bc 2.

Trong bc 1, bn c th lm vic ngay vi 2 n 3 cu nu bn cm thy lm

nh th l thoi mi. Bn cng c th quay ngc on bng nghe li cu

thm mt ln na nhng tt c khng c qu hai ln. Vic lng nghe i nghe

62

li nh th ch lng ph thi gian. Ti thng nghe ch mt ln. Xin lu tm v

khi nim Lng u vo t, bn cn vt qua c mt pht m thanh trong

mt khong thi gian ngn c c nhiu lng u vo nht c th.

Bc 2: Nhn vo bn ghi li tra t.

Nu bt c ci m ngi ni ni th hy b qua bc ny. Trong trng

hp bn ang xem mt b phim c ph bng ngn ng mc tiu ca bn, th

hy xem n trn my tnh v ko ca s chiu phim xung di mt cht che

i ph . Sau khi nghe mt cu, hy phng i ca s chiu phim ln nhn

thy ph v kim tra ngha.

63

Bc 3: Lng nghe cu , nhi li ng thi hnh dung ngha.

bc ny, bn hiu ngha ca cu v bn kim tra nh ti Bc 2. ng

nhn vo bn ghi li trong bc ny. Thng thng, khi bn va mi nhn xong

t mt bn ghi nh trong bc 2, dng ch c xu hng hin nhanh ra trong

u bn. Bn cn gt b dng ch y ra v c gng hnh dng ngha vi s

tng tng ca bn. C ngh v ci g ang xy ra theo nh cu m bn va

c c xong. V d : khi ti ang luyn tp ting Anh, nh lc ti nghe cu :

He is walking on the street, ti s c tng tng ra hnh nh nh ny chng

hn :

64

Thay v cc ch :

A n h y a n g b c t r n p h

Ban u, k thut ny c th bn cm thy mt cht kh chu. Nhng bn s

nhanh chng quen vi n. Vic hnh dung l mt k nng n gin m v c

bn th mi ngi u c th lm c.

Tng t bc 1, bn cn lp li tht ln nhng g bn c th nghe. K t khi

bn xem bn ghi li, bn s cm thy thoi mi hn. Tuy nhin, xin lu

rng bn cn bt chc m thanh bn nghe thy, ch khng phi l c bn

ghi. C ngha bn lm theo ngi ni mt cch chnh xc ch no h nhn m,

ch no h b qua cc m khc, ch no h ln ging, v.v Nhanh chng, CH

LP LI NH MT CH VT M THI.

Bn c th nghe li cu mt hoc hai ln nu bn thch. Nhc li rng, hy

lu tm khi nim Lng u vo t.

Sau khi hon thnh cu u tin, hy chuyn qua cu tip theo v lp li ging 3

bc ni trn, v li cu tip theov c th cho n khi hon thnh ht

mt on. Mt on th di bao nhiu? 5,7 hay l 10 cu? Cu tr li l : cn

ty! N ph thuc vo bn c th nh nhng g ngi ni ni c bao lu.

Sau khi thc hin xong mt on, bn c th chuyn qua Bc 4.

Bc 4: Lng nghe ton b on m khng nhn vo bn ghi li trong khi

ang hnh dung v ngha.

65

Trong bc ny, bn s nghe ton b on m bn ch vic nghe ( tng on

mt ) li. Trong khi nghe, c gng hnh dung ra, tng tng ni dung tri i

theo cun bng chy. Khng c nhn bt c bn ghi li no. Nu c mt cu

no m bn khng bt kp th ch vic b qua. Cng ging nh Bc 3, bn s

c gng thay th nhng dng ch cht hin ln trong u bng nhng hnh nh

hnh dung ra trong u.

Sau khi hon thnh Bc 4, bn s chuyn thng qua mt on mi v lm li

t Bc 1.

Tm li:

Bc 1 : Nghe v bt chc nhng t bn c th nghe ra

Bc 2 : Nhn ph ( hoc bn ghi ) tra cc t cha nghe ra

Bc 3 : Nhi li ton b cu kt hp hnh dung ra hnh nh mang ngha

ca cu. Ri chuyn qua cu tip theo.

Bc 4 : Nghe ton b on cha cc cu va nghe kt hp hnh dung ra hnh

nh mang ngha tng ng tng cu trong on. di on nghe ph thuc

vo sc nh ty tng ngi.

iu k diu ca k thut To lp Bn m thanh.

iu th nht bn bn thy l bn s c c mt lng ln lng u vo

sau mi 1 hoc 2 gi tp luyn. Tng t nh phng php c T Do, bn s

thy c cc t v cm t ph bin nht lp li nhiu ln, v th bn s khng

kh khn nhn ra chng. Hn th na, nhng t v cm t ny s xut hin

trong cc on hi thoi khc nhau, tc l trong cc vn cnh khc nhau, v vi

nhng ging ni khc nhau. H thng ny gip bn d dng thu np c bn

m thanh ngn ng.

Khi bn Nhi li tht ln, th cng nh l bn ang to ln cc m thanh r nt

trong u. iu ny gip bn ch ng khi to c bn m thanh rt l

nhanh. Mc d vic ni ln ra khi hc ngoi ng l mt li khuyn ngh ca rt

nhiu sch gio khoa v gio vin, nhng ngi hc li lun lun khng quan

tm.

66

Trong bc 1, bn cn nhi li m thanh trc khi kim chng trong bn ghi

li , Ti sao? Thng thng, mt ngi hc s mun xem bn ghi li khi

nghe cm thy thoi mi hn. Tuy nhin, vic lm s cn tr vic bn c th

pht m chun. Khi bn nhn vo dng ch, bn s c xu hng pht m nhng

theo nhng t nhn thy hn l pht m chnh xc theo ging ngi ni. Thm

vo , vic tch ri m thanh ra khi ch vit s gip bn hnh dung nh

ni Bc 3 v Bc 4 tht d dng.

Bng cch lm Bc 3, bn s dn dn nh hnh c s lin kt trc tip

gia m thanh v ngha ca cu ni. Ti sao iu ny li quan trng ? N l bi

v nhiu ngi hc ngn ng sa vo qu trnh hiu mt cch gin tip khi m

h luyn tp k nng nghe. Qu trnh hiu gin tip c th c miu t nh

di y :

lm sng t vn ny, hy nhn vo v d di y m mt ngi Vit

ang nghe ting Anh:

67

Hnh trn minh ha cho qu trnh hiu gin tip m ngi hc i theo mt l

trnh di. Trong cch hiu trc tip, th qu trnh ngn hn nhiu nh trnh

by di y :

68

Nh bn c th thy, trong qu trnh gin tip , ngi hc phi s dng hai

cng c, l ch vit v ting m , m hon thnh c phn nghe

hiu. y l l do ti sao m nhiu ngi i mt vi tr ngi khi nghe mt

on di. Nhiu sinh vin ni vi ti rng h khng gp vn g khi nghe tng

cu ring r, nhng h li khng th bt kp khi nghe c on cng mt lc.

l bi v trong khi ngi hc vn ang suy ngh v ni dung cu u th cun

bng c tip tc tri sang cu sau. B no ngi hc phi dnh mt thi gian

di phn tch c ngha ca cu u tin bi vy h khng th tp trung vo

vic nghe cu tip theo.

i vi hu ht mi ngi, hai bc gin tip c th dn dn mt i khi h c

th ni v nghe tri chy hn. Tuy nhin, h phi mt thi gian di xa i

cc bc gin tip trong u. V l , s tt hn nhiu nu nh chng ta lm

ng cch ngay t lc chng ta bt u. Bn s c th nghe v hiu mt on

di m khng phi ghi ch g c.

Hy kin nhn khi luyn tp To lp bn m thanh, c th ch mt khong 1

n 2 ngy bn thch nghi c vi cc bc. Thnh thong, nu bn cm

thy mt mi sau mt ln luyn tp di th hy t thng cho mnh gii tr xem

truyn hnh bng ngn ng mc tiu ca bn. Hoc bn c th cho cun bng

vn chy t do trong khi bn ang lm mt s vic khc. K thut ny gi l

tm ngn ng. N gip bn tip xc nhiu hn vi ngn ng mc tiu mt

cch v tnh. Tuy nhin, bn hy coi tm ngn ng ch l mt cch thc ph,

ng coi n l k thut chnh. Bi v nghe v tnh s ch c mt s t tc dng

m thi. N s khng gip cho bn c g nhiu. Bn cn dnh th gi v s c

gng hc tp nghim tc c th thnh cng.

Lng nghe v c mt cp i hon ho

Trc khi ng li chng ny, mt iu na bn nn ch l bn c th ti u

ha qu trnh thu np ngn ng bng vic luyn tp c nghe v c trong cng

mt ti. l ti sao ti gi bn s dng cc ti liu nh l sch ting,

truyn ting v mt chui cc bi vit mi.

Thng th, tc c ca bn s nhanh hn nhiu so vi tc trong khi ang

nghe, v th bn nn b tr dnh ring nhng khong thi gian cho vic luyn

69

tp c hai k nng. Cn ty thuc vo nhng ci bn cn, bn c th quyt nh

dnh nhiu nhiu th gi c hn l nghe hoc ngc li. Vi mi cch, bn nn

lun lun luyn tp lun phin c hai k nng lm tng hiu qu hc tp ln

cao nht.

By gi, trc khi tip tc c cun sch ny, hy tm ly cun sch, truyn,

phim a thch ca bn hoc bt c ci g nh th bt u luyn tp.

70

CHNG 6

Vit bi

Mt cng c Tuyt Vi

tng c vit ra l ci m ngi ta nghe thy n v n lt t b no

thng ti con tim

MAYA ANGELOU

71

Thng th bn s pht hin ra mt s kha hc ngn ng ( ngoi tr kha luyn

vit ) c xu hng dnh rt nhiu th gi gii thiu cho sinh vin nghe v ng

php v t vng, c v nghe nh no Tuy nhin, ch mt s t trong

cp ti k nng vit. V nu c hc, th ngi hc li c xu hng b qua phn

ny. Hu ht ngi hc u cng nhn vic vit l mt k nng i hi trnh

cao, v n ch dnh ring cho nhng ngi trong lp ngn ng trnh cao.

Khi ti cn ang dy ting Anh, hu ht sinh vin ca ti rt thch th v k

nng ny mong kim tm nhng chng ch vit lch, nh l TOEFL,

IELTS,

Nu bn cha tng bao gi quan tm ti vic vit, ti rt tic phi ni rng bn

ang hng h vi mt trong nhng cng c y sc mnh m c th gip bn

nhanh chng lm ch c mt ngn ng. N c th h tr bn trong nhng

gc khc nhau trong qu trnh hc. Trong chng ny, ti s tho lun mt

s cc phng php n gin nhm khai thc c li ch ca vic vit. V bn

s thy vic vit lch ny c th gip cho bn bo lu c nhng ci bn hc

trong tr nh lu di, v ti sao vic vit lch li c th l mt bc u

pht trin k nng ni ca bn.

Hng ngy, sau mi bui luyn tp k nng c v/hoc nghe, bn cn phi

dnh th gi vit ra bt k ci g bn c th nh t bi hc. y l mt trong

nhng cch tt nht c c hiu qu cao ngt ngng trong vic hc mt

ngn ng mi no . Khi bn luyn tp nghe hoc c th cc t, cm t ph

bin v cc cu trc c lu tm thi vo tr nh bn, n cn c gi l nh

tm thi. Nu thng tin ny khng c lu vo tr nh lu di, th mt mt

lng ln nhng thng tin s bin mt vo ngy hm sau. Mt trong nhng

cch tt nht chuyn nhng thng tin ny t tr nh tm thi vo tr nh lu

di l vic gi li cc thng tin. Khi bn vit, bn s phi gi nh li ci m bn

va mi c v nghe xong. Bn s phi nht mt s t v sp t chng ng

cch to thnh nhng cu vn. Bng vic lm ny, bn bt u s dng v

kim sot c ngn ng mi ca bn. Nu bn dnh khong 15 n 20 pht

vit bi, bn c mt c hi lu li 80% - 90% nhng g bn va hc xong.

Vai tr quan trng ca vic vit l thc hin mt bc ban u nhm hng

ti vic pht trin k nng ni bi v khi ang vit, bn thc s ang lm mt

phn ca qu trnh nghe. Nh bn bit , con ngi c hai cch c bn din

72

t tng vit v ni. Hai phng thc ny c chung bc th nht, b no

bt u lm theo cc hot ng :

- La chn ngn t

- t cc t chn vo vi nhau ng cch to thnh cu.

Theo , khi bn c th vit mt cch thoi mi, tc l bn lm xong c

hu nh mt na qu trnh ni.

Trong cc lp hc vit, cc gio vin c xu hng tp trung vo cc vic nh l

cu trc bi vit ( m bi, thn bi, kt lun ), tnh hp l, cu trc ng php v

hn th na. Vic tp vit m chng ta ang tho lun y c hai mc ch c

bn. u tin, n c th cng c nhng t, cm t m bn c c trong sut

qu trnh nghe v c. V th hai, n s m ng cho bn ni d dng hn. V

, bn s vit theo kiu t do, cng ging nh vic tn gu trn Yahoo hoc

Facebook.

Vy bn vit ci g ? Sau khi c hoc nghe mt ti, c gng vit ra bt k

ci g bn c th nh hoc bit v ti . Bn c th miu t vn tt thng tin

m bn va c hoc nghe xong. Trong khi vit, ng lo lng v tnh hp l, l

l, hoc cu trc cu vn ca bn. C c gng vit cng nhiu cng tt. Khi bn

vit, bn bt u gi nh li cc t v cm t ph bin nht trong ti liu hc

tp. iu quan trng nht v k thut ny l bn khng c php s dng t

in. Nu bn khng gi nh c mt t th bn cn c mt cu, th s dng

mt t khc hoc th mt cch n gin hn din t , v th bn khng

phi s dng t in. Trong trng hp bn vn khng th din t bn mun,

hy b qua v chuyn sang mt khc. Bao gi cng vy, khi bn luyn tp ln

u tin phng php vit ny, sn phm ca bn s nh l mt m nhng cu

hn n v cc ri rc. n thi ! N s ci thin khi m bn bit nhiu t v

cm t hn v tng t vi vic xy dng cu vn cng vy. Ch c mt trng

hp m bn c th dng t in. l khi bn nh c t nhng khng nh

chnh xc t nh vn th no. Nu th, bn c th kim tra t in nh

vn t cho ng.

Ban u, bn s to ra nhiu li. Nhiu khi, bn khng chc chn xem l cu

bn vit ra

5 Buoc de Noi Mot Ngoai Ngu

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