4b RefractionMethod(CPL)
-
Upload
jonathan-roberts -
Category
Documents
-
view
10 -
download
1
description
Transcript of 4b RefractionMethod(CPL)
-
Refraction Methods
Principle of Seismic Refraction Analysis
-
Principle of Seismic Refraction Analysis
Snells Law
211
sinsinsinvvv
tri ==
V1
V2
i r
t
Refraction Basics
-
Body Wave in Layered MediaRefraction Basics
Head Wave
Refraction Basics
-
Ray Path
pvvvv n
n ===== sinsinsinsin3
3
2
2
1
1 L
pvv nn
n ==
1sin
1
1
Refraction Basics
Ray Slowness Decomposition
xv
t
= 1
pxzv
xv
zv
t iii +
=
+
= cossincos
Refraction Basics
-
Travel Time Curve
Refraction Basics
Picking First Arrival TimeRefraction Basics
-
Low Velocity Over High Velocity Halfspace
Horizontal two-layer model
Refraction Basics
Determining Earth Structure From Travel Time Curve
Refraction Basics
-
Determining Earth Structure From Travel Time Curve
Refraction Basics
Derivation of Travel Time Equation
Refraction Basics
-
High Velocity Over Low Velocity Halfspace
Refraction Basics
2
2
1
1 sinsinvv =
Multiple Subsurface Model
Refraction Basics
-
Multiple Subsurface Model
Refraction Basics
Hidden Layers
Low Velocity Layer
Refraction Basics
-
Hidden Layers
Thin, large velocitycontrast layer
Refraction Basics
Dipping Layer (Shooting Down Dip)
Refraction Basics
-
Dipping Layer (Shooting Up Dip)
Refraction Basics
Recognizing Dipping Layers
Refraction Basics
-
Interpretation of Dipping Layers
Refraction Basics
Interpretation Methods
Intercept Time Method
The Reciprocal Method
Generalized Reciprocal Method
Tomographic Method
Interpretation Method
-
Intercept Time Method
The intercept time method requires a mathematical model in which each layer has a constant velocity and is bounded by planedipping interfaces.
Gives the exact solution (depth, dip, and velocity of each layer) by using the apparent velocities and the intercept time measured on the travel time curves.
Interpretation Method
The Reciprocal MethodIrregular layer boundary
Main consideration is to do the computation at everyreceiver station (not only at the shot location)
Interpretation Method
-
The Reciprocal Method
Interpretation Method
The Reciprocal Method
Interpretation Method
-
The Reciprocal Method
Refraction Basics
The Reciprocal Method
-
The Reciprocal Method
Generalized Reciprocal Method
The reciprocal method can treat major refractor velocity changes and simple refractor irregularities. It essentially extends intercept time method computations from the shot points to each detector. However, there are some problems if the refractors are too irregular.
GRM is similar to the conventional reciprocal method, but include the principle of migrationby considering the offset distance XY.
Interpretation Method
-
Tomographic Analysis
Interpretation Method
Tomographic Analysis
Interpretation Method
-
Refraction Method Procedure
Data Acquisition Traveltime Curve
Tomography Inversion GRM Analysis
Seismic Equipment
Data AcquisitionSeismic Equipment
-
Seismic SourcesImpact sources Example: Sledgehammer Advantages Low cost Simple to operate and maintain
Disadvantage Difficult to assure repeatabilityManually strenuous Energy small Low frequency (i.e. this source
generate a lot of surface waves)
Data AcquisitionSeismic Equipment
Seismic SourcesGun Sources Advantages Highly repeatable Energy greater than
sledgehammer Higher-frequency energy
Disadvantage SafetyMore bulky and expensiveGetting permission difficult
Data AcquisitionSeismic Equipment
-
Seismic SourcesExplosive Sources AdvantagesMost amount of seismic energyVery high frequency
DisadvantageSafetyPermittingData acquisition slowerExpensive to acquire and maintain
Data AcquisitionSeismic Equipment
GeophoneData Acquisition
Seismic Equipment
-
Seismic Recording System
Traditional Distributed
Geometrics StrataVisor Seistronix RAS-24OYO McSeis_SX
Data AcquisitionSeismic Equipment
Seismic Recording System
Data AcquisitionSeismic Equipment
-
Seismic Recording System
Data AcquisitionSeismic Equipment
Design a survey line
Data AcquisitionDesign a survey line
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Survey line direction Receiver interval and location Usually use 5 meter for interval
Source location 7 points method 9 points method
source receiver / geophoneuse 1/3 or line length
-
Data AcquisitionData Acquisition
Field Testing
Sources of Noise
Uncontrolled Ground Motion
Electronic Noise
Geologic Noise
Data Acquisition
-
Travetime curve
Picking first arrival
Checking travel time curves
Parallelism Reciprocal traveltime Critical distance Intercept time
Completed traveltime curves
Travetime curve
-
Checking traveltime curves
Parallelism
Traveltime difference dose not increase
Travetime curve
Reciprocal traveltimeChecking traveltime curves
Reciprocal traveltime should be same
Travetime curve
-
Critical distance (layer assignment)
Layer assignment should be same in reciprocal traveltimes
Checking traveltime curvesTravetime curve
Intercept TimeChecking traveltime curves
Intercept time from the both sides of traveltime curves should be same
Travetime curve
-
Analysis Method
Intercept Time Method The Reciprocal Method Generalized Reciprocal Method Tomographic Method
Ground Layers Analysis