4.2 Cust Centrifuge

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7/11/2011CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.

Introduction toCENTRIFUGES

Principles of Operationand Best Performance


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7/11/2011CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.

Optimum Cut Points


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CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ©2009 M-I L.L.C.

C a r e e r D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g

SEDIMENTATION SEPARATION

Separation of solids from liquid through the use of an opensedimentation pit

Solids laden fluid enters at one end, exits the other

Travel time from entry point to exit allows largest solids tosettle to a depth that effects their separation


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PARTICLES MOVE IN TWO (2) DIRECTIONS



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SEDIMENTATION RATE ACCORDING TO STOKES LAW ISEFFECTED BY

Particle Diameter

Fluid Viscosity

Particle & Liquid Density Difference

( The greater the difference, the faster the settling

velocity).


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CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION

Based on the principal of centrifugal acceleration to increasegravity or “G”force

When an object is rotated about an axis, gravity increasesfrom 1”G” at the axis of rotation to some maximum “G”

force at the objects periphery


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CENTRIFUGAL ACCELERATION

MIN “G” FORCE

MAX “G” FORCE





CENTRIFUGE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY

“G” FORCE(Small Bowl Diameter)

VS

RETENTION TIME(Large Bowl Diameter)for equal bowl length



C a r e e r D e v e l o p

m e n t a n d T r a i ni n g


“G” FORCE DEVELOPED RESULTS FROM

1) BOWL RADIUS OR DIAMETER (Inches)

2) BOWL SPEED (RPM's)

THIS HAS RESULTED INTO SOME CONTROVERSY, AS TOWHICH PARAMETER IS MOST IMPORTANT FORSEPARATION EFFICIENCY





BOWL RPM & BOWL DIAMETER

Inability to accurately balance the large diameter centrifugelimits the rotating speed (rpm)

BOWL DIA. MAX. RPM “G” FORCE

14 in. 3250 2100

18 in. 2100 1150

24 in. 1550 850






TIME REFERS TO HOW LONG SOLIDS ARE SUBJECTED TO

THE “G” FORCE (RETENTION TIME)

RETENTION TIME IS A FUNCTION OF

1) POOL VOLUME (Gallons)

2) FEED RATE (Gal./Min.)Pool Volume

Feed Rate

Retention Time =





When a suspension of solids is fed into the rotating bowl, thesolids strive to move outward through the liquid toward theinternal surface of the bowl

The effective force generated by the particles as they move

to the internal surface of the bowl is determined mostly by “g” force and particle size






CENTRIFUGE EFFICIENCY

FOR A GIVEN SIZE PARTICLE TO BE SEPARATED BY THECENTRIFUGE

RETENTION TIME > SETTLING TIME





CENTRIFUGE EFFICIENCY

0% EFFICIENCY 100%

EFFICIENCY = VOLUME SOLIDS REMOVED AS A PERCENT OFMAXIMUM* CAPABILITY

*All Centrifuges have removal limitations (Tons / Hour), if

exceeded, the unit will shut down





CENTRIFUGE BOWL





PITCH = 4.33 in

SWACO CENTRIFUGE (414 & 518)

CENTRIFUGE CONVEYOR





RATIO = 57:1

RATIO can be

varied by

changing the

direction or

speed of SUN-

WHEEL SHAFT

rotation

CENTRIFUGE GEAR BOX





PERFORMANCE ADJUSTMENTS

Adjustable five (5) ways

Bowl speed (rpm)

Bowl/conveyor speed diff. (Rpm)

Pool depth (inches)

Feed tube placement

Feed rate (gpm)





CONVEYANCE RATE

The rate (inches/minute) that separated solids are removedfrom the centrifuge

Conveyance rate affects both the physical appearance of thediscarded solids and the torque or physical work that musttake place to discard the solids





Parameters affecting solids conveyance rate

Speed (relative to bowl)

Pitch (distance between flights)

Torque between the bowl & conveyor isthe limiting factor for solids removalFor swaco units (50-60 ft/lbs.)

CENTRIFUGE CONVEYOR





CONVEYOR PITCH = DISTANCE

BETWEEN FLIGHTS - SWACO UNITS = 4.33 INCHES

EACH RPM DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN THE BOWL AND

CONVEYOR MOVE THE SOLIDS 4.33 INCHES

CENTRIFUGE - CONVEYOR PITCH





BOWL / CONVEYOR SPEED DIFFERENTIAL

GREATER DIFFERENTIAL = FASTER CONVEYANCE

GREATER DIFFERENTIAL = WETTER UNDERFLOW

FOR SWACO UNITS, THE DIFFERENTIAL WILL RANGE BETWEEN10 AND 80 RPM

CONVEYANCE RATE





POOL DEPTH EFFECTS RETENTION TIME.

GREATER POOL DEPTH INCREASES RETENTIONTIME

AND RESULTS IN GREATER SOLIDS REMOVAL.

125mmStandard

CENTRIFUGE - POOL DEPTH


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CENTRIFUGE POOL DEPTH

RETENTION TIME MUST = SETTLING TIME

FOR A SOLIDS PARTICLE TO BE REMOVED


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Feed rate determines retention time of solids available forseparation by the centrifuge

Unless solids are exposed to the centrifugal forces for the

time required to achieve their settling rate they will notbe removed

Greater feed rates result in poorer cut-points

CENTRIFUGE - FEED RATE


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NORMAL SOLIDS DISTRIBUTION - FULLY INSERTED

COARSER SOLIDS DISTRIBUTION - FULLY RETRACTED

CENTRIFUGE - FEED TUBE POSITION


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CENTRIFUGE APPLICATIONS


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The primary objective of centrifuge use….

….is to control fine solids that will contribute toundesirable Mud density or mud rheology

Directly related to Mud Cost and System performanceand overall drilling time and safety!



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Are ALL Centrifuges the same?????

Does one centrifuge fit all requirements in thefield????

NO



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Make sure you understand what a client wants fromthe centrifuge

Large cutt in short time

Target LGSLowest OOC%

Largest volume throughput



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Bowl is 14” diameter but short in length 34” Reclaim barite while discarding drilled solids

Reclaim liquid from microclone discard

Discard drilled solids from unweighted mud

Small Bowl CENTRIFUGE APPLICATIONS


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Barite recovery is the process of salvaging barite, the mostexpensive component of many

Weighted mud systems (water

Based muds only)

Liquid and undesirable drilled solids are discarded

BARITE RECOVERY


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How do we determine when to operate the 414 centrifuge?

Plastic viscosity (pv)

Pv is a good indicator of the total solids volume, the nature oftheir size, reactivity, and ability to produce viscosity

BARITE RECOVERY


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PLASTIC VISCOSITY

DEFINITION

RESISTANCE TO FLOW DUE TO MECHANICALFRICTION

AFFECTED BY:

SOLIDS CONCENTRATION

SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE SOLIDS

VISCOSITY OF THE FLUID PHASE


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PARTICLE SIZE EFFECT ON VISCOSITY

• Solids below 2 microns are called Colloidal and have the greatest effect

on Plastic Viscosity


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M 18

UD 16

D 14EN 12SI 10

T

Y 10 20 30 40

PROCESSING RATE GPM

PROCESSING RATE DECREASES AS MUD DENSITY

INCREASES

414 CENTRIFUGE - BARITE RECOVERY


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The 414 is designed to continuously Separate a fixed volume ofbarite Sludge from drilling mud

The normal operating parameters should always apply exceptfor :

feed rate varies with mud density

Dilution 2-8 gpm (for 9.0-9.5 efflu.)

414 CENTRIFUGE -BARITE RECOVERY


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MICROCLONE / CENTRIFUGE COMBINATION


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Centrifuging weighted mud for barite recovery saves operatorsMany times the centrifuge cost

Liquid fractions of new mud types often cost as much or morethan Barite (chemical, synthetic, oil, etc.)

518 CENTRIFUGE – DUAL CENTRIFUGING


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Recovery of expensive liquid and chemical is cost effectivefor

many modern mud systems

Installation and operating Parameters are critical forSuccessful dual centrifuging

518 CENTRIFUGE – DUAL CENTRIFUGING


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414 / 518 CENTRIFUGE COMBINATION


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DUAL CENTRIFUGING WEIGHTED MUD


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Solids Control Equipment

Arrangement


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System Arrangement

Un-weighted Mud


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System Arrangement

Un-weighted Mud


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System Arrangement

Un-Weighted Mud


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System Arrangement

Weighted Mud


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System Arrangement

Weighted Mud- Barite recovery


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System Arrangement

Un-Weighted and Weighted Mud

A Typical Solids Control System


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A Typical Solids Control System

Solids dump or waste treatment

Solids dump or waste treatment

CCatc

hTank

BA

2 3 4 5 61

Sand

trap

Degasser

Shakers

Decanting Centrifuge

Dump/waste

treatment (typical

for all tanks)

A = Desanders

B = Desilters

C = Mud cleaners

To

active

To Decanters

Screened

drilling

fluid

Flow

from

well


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CENTRIFUGE SUMMARY

All centrifuges are not the same

They are the last resort for solids removal,upstream is the focus

Understand the principles of operation to achieve the

maximum desired efficiency• High volume throughput

• High cutt point

• Lower OOC%

•

Barite or LGS removal

Tell me how>>>>?


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Progressive Cavity Pumps

A progressive cavity pump is also known as a progressing

cavity pump, eccentric screw pump or even just cavitypump and, as is common in engineering generally, thesepumps can often be referred to by using a genericizedtrademark . Hence names can vary from industry toindustry and even regionally

examples include: Mono pump, Moyno pump, Mohno pump,Nemo pump, and Seepex pump.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademark


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How they work.

This type of pump transfers fluid by means of the progress,

through the pump, of a sequence of small, fixed shape,discrete cavities, as its rotor is turned.

Rotor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump


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Netzsch – NEMO Pump


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Pump parts

1 Rotor

In wear- and corrosion-resistant designs including the wear-free ceramic rotor NEMOCERATEC®.

2 Stator Vulcanized into the tube with sealing on both sides in a variety of elastomers, plasticsand metals. Stator inlet with funnel-shaped opening for improved feed of the product intothe conveying chamber. The stator is oil-, acid- and alkali-resistant.

3 Drive ChainCoupling rod and two gimbal joints for the transmission of power from the drive to the

rotor.4 Shaft Seals

Standard with single-acting, bi-directional, wear-resistant mechanical seal. Upon request,with single- or double-acting mechanical seals of varied designs and from variousmanufacturers, cartridge and special seals as well as packed glands.

5 Suction and Discharge HousingFlange and threaded connections in accordance with DIN and international standards.Materials in cast iron, steel, chrome-nickel-steel rubberized; also special materials upon

request.6 Block Construction

The drive is flanged directly to the lantern of the pump, resulting in compact dimensions,low total weight, constant axial heights irrespective of the construction type and size ofthe drive, and ease of maintenance and serviceability as well as high efficiency.

i C i ( i )


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Progressive Cavity Pumps (Maintenance)

Electrical

• cables should be inspected frequently or damage or worn spots and changed ifnecessary. The motor starter box should be closed and all bolts installed at alltimes when pump is in use and should only be opened to change heater fordifferent voltages. The enclosure drain should be checked periodically forplugging.

P i C i P (M i )


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Drive

• See Pump manual for details

Pump Storage

If pumps are to be stored for long periods of time they should be preparedas follows:

• 1. Coat all unpainted surfaces with non-acidic resin free grease.

• 2. remove the stator• 3. grease the rotor surface

• 4. remove the stuffing box packing

• 5. grease both the shaft and cylinder of the stuffing box casing

• 6. Remove the drain plug and both inspection ports to allow the suction housing to

drain. After housing is completely dry, replace the inspection ports.• 7. drive units which are operated very intermittently should be run briefly at least

one a month to protect bearings

P i C it P (M i t )


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Pump

•

Lubricate pump packing daily with a small amount of bearinggrease. A grease fitting is provided on the stuffing box. Checkpacking leak rate for 10 to 100 drops per minute.

• After 8,000 hours or two years, remove, clean and repack thebearings with new grease. Approximately 40% of the area

around the bearings should be filled with grease.

• The universal gear joints are fully sealed and do not requireperiodic lubrication. Replace joints every 8,000 hours or twoyears.

• 4. The adjustable speed drive oil level should be checked daily.Insure that the oil is filled to the center of the oil level gauge.

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