39563114 ACSM Testing
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Transcript of 39563114 ACSM Testing
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ACSM Based Fitness
Testing
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Blood Pressure
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Resting Blood Pressure - ACSM
Patient should be seated for at least 5 minutes in a chairwith their back supported and their arms bared andsupported at heart level. Patients should refrain fromsmoking cigarettes or ingesting caffeine during the 30 min.
preceding the measurement. Wrap cuff firmly around upper arm at heart level; align cuff
with brachial artery
The appropriate cuff size must be used to ensure accuratemeasurement. The bladder of the cuff should encircle atleast 2/3 of the upper arm. Many adults require a largeadult cuff
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Resting Blood Pressure - ACSM
Place stethoscope bell below the antecubitalspace over the brachial artery
Quickly inflate cuff pressure to 20 mm Hgabove estimated systolic blood pressure.
Slowly release pressure at a rate equal to 2to 3 mm Hg per second, noting the firstKorotkoff sound
Continue releasing pressure, noting when
sound becomes muffled (4th phase diastolicBP) and when sound disappears (5th phasediastolic BP). For classification purposes, thelatter is used.
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Body Composition
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Hydrostatic Weighing
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Hydrostatic Weighing - ACSM
Based on Archimedesprinciple when a body is immersedin water, it is buoyed by a counterforce equal to theweight of the water displaced. This loss of weight inwater, corrected for the density of water, allowscalculation of body volume.
However, the volume of air in the lungs at the time ofmeasurement (usually residual volume must be accountedfor.
Bone and muscle tissue are more dense than water,whereas fat tissue is less dense. Therefore, a person withmore FFM for the same total body mass weighs more in
water and has a higher body density and lowerpercentage of body fat.
Although hydrostatic weighing is a standard method formeasuring body volume, several sources of error areinherent in the procedure
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Dr. Pritschet Dr. Emmett
JEBP
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Hydrostatic Weighing
Archimedes and King HieronArch knew that density = mass /
volumeArch knew the mass of the crown
Volume = mass on land minus themass in water Underwater, Arch weighed gold
and silver each with the samemass as the crown
However, the volume for the goldwas different from the crown.Eureka, the crown is a fraud.
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Hydrostatic Weighing
Example. A person weighs 75 kgin air and 3 kg in water.
72 kg of water was displaced
Volume = 72 kg = 72 liters or72,000 cm3
Density = mass / volume
Therefore the density would
equal 75 kg / 72,000 cm3, or1.0416 g/cm3
So?
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Hydrostatic Weighing
Body fat = (495 / D) - 450
This is the Siri equation. (495 / 1.0416 g/cm3) 450 =
25.23% body fat.If all measurements are
correct, the entire
procedure has a 1%margin of error for bodyfats between 4 and 30%.
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Plethysmography - ACSM
Body volume can also be measured by airdisplacement rather than water displacement(hydrostatic weighing).
One commercial system uses a dual-chamberplethysmograph that measures body volume bychanges in pressure in a closed chamber.
This new technology shows great promise and can
more easily accommodate individuals who cannotperform the procedures associated withunderwater weighing.
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Air Plethysmography (Bod Pod)
Similar principle as UWW
Air instead of water
Comparison
Error = 2-3%
Costly
Convenient for subject Low tech skills
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Skin Fold Measurements - ACSM
Abdominal verticalfold; 2 cm to the right ofthe umbilicus
Triceps Vertical fold;halfway between theacromion and olecranonprocess
Chest Diagonal fold;1/2 the distance
between the anterioraxillary line and thenipple (men) or 1/3 ofthe distance for women
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Skin Fold Measurements - ACSM Subscapular Diagonal
fold (45 angle); 1 to 2cm below the inferiorangle of the scapula
Suprailiac Diagonalfold; in line with thenaturla angle of the iliaccrest taken in the anterioraxillary line immediatelysuperior to the iliac crest
Thigh Vertical fold; on
the anterior midline ofthe thigh, between theproximal border of thepatella and the inguinalcrease (hip)
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EIU ATP/AFP Equations
Body Density (BD) Equations
Males. BD = 1.1125025 - (0.0013125 x SK. FLD. SUM) +(0.0000055 x SK. FLD.SUM2) - (0.000244 x age)
Males - Triceps, Subscapular, and Chest
Females. BD = 1.089733 - (0.0009245 x SK. FLD. SUM) +(0.0000025 x SK. FLD.SUM2) - (0.0000979 x age)
Females Triceps, Suprailiac, and Abdominal
Percent body fat = [(4.95/BD)-4.5] x 100
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Bioelectric Impedance
Measurement ofbody water.
Impedance or
(resistance)decreases with bodywater.
Assumption that
body water is at aconstant value.
3-4% error
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Bioelectric Impedance
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Bioelectical Impedance Analysis(BIA) - ACSM
Abstain from eating or drinking with 4 hoursof the assessment
Avoid moderate or vigorous physical activitywithin 12 hours of the assessmentVoid completely before the assessmentAbstain from alcohol consumption within 48
hours of the assessment Ingest no diuretic agents, including caffeine,
prior to the assessment unless prescribe by aphysician
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Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry -ACSM
Can be used to assess total bone mineral aswell as regional estimates of bone, fat, andlean tissue.
It uses a three component model to predictbody fatness and offers advantages overdensitometry techniques.
DEXA is typically found in clinical settingand can be used to measure bodycomposition across the life span
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Duel-Energy X-RayAbsorptiometry (DEXA)
New gold standard?
Comparison
Error = 1-5% (software)
Very costly Very high tech
Quick
Subject friendly
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Infrared Interactance -ACSM
Based on the principle of lightabsorption and reflectionusing near-infrared
spectroscopy to provideinformation about thechemical composition of thebody
Further research is needed todevelop and cross-validate
gender-specific equations forinfrared interactance and todetermine whether this is anaccurate method for assessingbody composition
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Men
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Women
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Body Mass Index
BMI = wt (kg) / ht (m)2BMI = (704.4 x wt (lb) / ht (in) 2.
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Body Mass Index
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Waist-to-Hip Ratio
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Waist-to-Hip Ratio - ACSM
Individuals with more fat on the trunk, especiallyabdominal fat are at increase risk for variousdiseases.
The waist to hip ratio has been used as a simplemethod for determining body fat patterns
Waist to hip ratio = circumference of waist dividedby the circumference of the hips
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Waist-to-Hip Ratio - ACSM
Men Women
Very High HealthRisk
> 0.94 > 0.82
Ages 60-69 > 1.03 > 0.90
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Waist Circumference - ACSM
The waistcircumference can
be used alone asan indicator ofhealth risk because
abdominal obesityis the issue.
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Muscular Fitness
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Muscular Strength
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Muscular Strength 1 RM
The subject performs a light warm-up of 5-10 repsat 40 to 60% of perceived maximum.
Following a 1-minute rest with light stretching, the
subject does 3 to 5 repetitions at 60 to 80% ofperceived maximum.
The subject should be close to a perceived 1-RMin step 2.
A small amount of weight is added, and a 1-RM liftis attempted.
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Muscular Strength 1 RM
If the lift is successful, a rest period of 3 to 5minutes is provided.
The goal is to find the 1-RM within 3 to 5 maximal
efforts.The process of titrating the increase in weight up
to a true 1-RM can be improved by priorfamiliarization sessions that allow approximation ofthe 1-RM.
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Muscular Strength 1 RM
Clear communication with the subject isneeded to facilitate determination of the 1-RM.
The process continues until a failed attemptoccurs.
The 1-RM is reported as the weight of the
last successfully completed lift.
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Muscular Endurance
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Flexibility
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Flexibility - ACSM
The ability to move a joint through itscomplete range of motion (ROM)
Importance in athletics and the ability to
carry out activities of daily livingMaintaining flexibility facilitates movement
Movement beyond a joints shortened rangeof motion can cause tissue damage.
Factors that determine flexibility: Joint capsule
Body (joint) temperature
Ligaments and tendons
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Flexibility Devices
A. Goniometer
B. Electogoniometer
C. Flexometer
D. Inclinometers
E. Tape measures
Joint specific
There is not one good test for over-all flexibility
A.
B.
C. D.
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YMCA Sit and Reach Test
Place a yard stick on the floor
At a right angle, place a piece of tape at the 15
inch markHave participant sit with the yard stick between
their legs
Heals of the feet should touch the edge of thetaped line and be 10 to 12 inches apart
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Sit and Reach Box
If a standard sit-and-reach box is available, heelsshould be place against the edge of the box
The participant slowly reaches forward with bothhands as far as possible, holding this position
momentarily
Knees remain extended
Participant should not hold their breath
This norms are based on a sit-and-reach box inwhich the zero point is set at 26 cm. Whenusing a box in which the zero point is set at 23cm, subtract 3 cm from each value in the tables
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