3. Ptd - Participatory Technology Development
description
Transcript of 3. Ptd - Participatory Technology Development
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PTDPhttrinkthutcsthamgia
(Tibnln2)
Binson:NguynDuyCn(Chbin)JohanRockNicoVromant
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PTDPhttrinkthutcsthamgia
(Tibnln2)
Binson:NguynDuyCn(Chbin)JohanRockNicoVromant
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA
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Ligiithiu
Trongmtnlcnhmmcchgipchohotngkhuynnngchiuqu,ChngtrnhKhuynNngCSThamGiaCcTnhPhaNam (PAEX)do tchcHp tcPht trinvH trK thutcaVngqucB(VVOB)phihpviVinNghincuPhtTrinngbngsngCuLong,ihcCnThthchinnhiukhohunluynchocnbkhuynnngcctnhngbngsngCuLongvPTD PhngphpPhttrinkthutcsthamgia. y l tiliurtquantrngcdnKhuynnngngbngsngCuLong (MDAEP) xut bn ln th nht nm 2006.Cun sch ny sdngchocckhahunluyn,nlcsllunvlthuytcbncacch tipcnkhuynnngc s thamgia,v c tnghp tnhiungunt liukhcnhau.Vvy, PAEXchotibn ln2cunschPTDPhngphpPhttrinkthutcsthamgiapngnhucucacgi,lmtiliusdngchooto,hunluynvthamkho.
Nidung ca cun schnybaogm cc thng tinv cc c imtng qut caPTD, cc knng v thi , cc cng c vphngphp tipcn trong tin trnhPTD trongnngdn l trng tmtrong tin trnhkhuynnng c s thamgia.Ti liuny cvitmtcchcng,ngin, trnhbych thngvcnhiuvdminhha,cthgipbncthuntintrongthamkhovpdng.
Mc d y l ln ti bn th hai, nhng chc chn vn cn nhiukhimkhuyt,chng ti rtmongnhn c sgpcabn c,ngisdnglnxutbnsauchonthinhn.
Ngy6thng7nm2009
NguynDuyCn&SimonJeanmart
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA
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CcchvitttPTD ParticipatoryTechnologyDevelopment (PhttrinKthutCsthamgia)
TOT TransferofTechnology (Chuyngiaokthut)
CBKN Cnbkhuynnng
CLB Culcb
TN Thnghim
TNV ThnghimvinMARD MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment (BNngnghipvPhttrinNngthn)
NAEC NationalAgriculturalExtensionCenter (TrungtmKhuynnngQucgia)
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA
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Danhschhnh
Hnh1.Sdngngnnhcthkhngthchhp 28
Hnh2.Sdngngnnhcththchhp 28
Hnh3.Cyvnvtmchthnglot 38
Hnh4.Cytng 43
Hnh5.MatrnxphnglachnccginglathnghimtimtCLBnngdn
46
Hnh6.Thchnhngnoviccthghi 95
Hnh7.CyvnvmtCtyxebus 107
Hnh8.Nngdnthamgiaxphngmatrnlachncytrngutin
113
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA
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MclcLigiithiu................................................................................ iCcchvittt............................................................................ iiDanhschhnh............................................................................ iiiPhnIGiithiuvPTD...................................................... 1
Phttrinkthutcsthamgia....................................... 3 PTDvcctngikhc............................................ 3 CccimchyucaPTD............................... 3 CcbccaPTD...................................................... 7 VaitrcacnbkhuynnngtrongPTD.......... 10 Nhngtrngiivisthamgia....................... 12
Cngngkhngngnht................................................ 14 Khcnhauvkinht................................................. 14 Khcnhauvgii,gianamvn........................ 15 Khcnhauvtuitc,gianngdntrvgi... 15 Khcnhauvsthch............................................... 15
Nhngkhcnhauvgii...................................................... 18 Cngvicsnxut..................................................... 19 Cngvicnh............................................................. 19 Cngvicxhi......................................................... 19
PhnIICcknngvThi............................................ 21CcknngthamgiavThi......................................... 23
Nhng li thnggp tronggiao tipvinngdn...............................................................................
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA
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Ccknngthamgiavthi............................. 25 osubngcchno?........................................... 29 Trcquanha............................................................ 32
PhnIIITintrnhPTD........................................................ 33Bc1Xcnhcctrngi/nhucu............................... 35
Xcnhcctrngi/nhucu.................................. 35 Cchchnvnmuchtgiiquyt.......... 37
Bc2Xcnhgiiphp/tngmi......................... 40 Xcnhccgiiphpkhthi,tngmi......... 40 Cchphthingiiphpkhthi............................. 41 Chngiiphpthnghim................................ 46
Bc3Thnghimgiiphp/tngmi................... 49 Thnghimcanngdn......................................... 49 Nghincuthnghimhinticanngdn...... 52 Cngcthnghimcanngdn......................... 56 Theodivnhgithnghim............................. 62 Phttrincctiuchtheodivnhgi........... 63 Sdngtiuchcanngdnnhgi.......... 63 Cchgiranhngtiuchcanngdn......... 65 Thuthpsliuvghichp.................................... 67 nhgithnghim................................................. 68
Bc4Phtrinktqui................................................... 75 QungbtrongToTvPTD................................... 75 QungbtruynthngvPTD............................... 78 Phngtinnghenhn............................................ 80
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Tiliubm............................................................. 85 Thamquanhctp.................................................... 86 NngdnNhngkhuynnngvin................... 89
PhnIVCccngchtr................................................... 93Phngphpngno......................................................... 95
Vtdngcnthit...................................................... 95 Ccbc...................................................................... 96 Nhnguim......................................................... 97 Nhngnhcim................................................... 98
Phnnhm(buzzgroup)....................................................... 99 Nhngvtliucnthit........................................... 99 Ccbc...................................................................... 99 Nhnguim......................................................... 101 Nhngnhcim................................................... 102
Cyvn(problemstree)................................................... 103 Nhngvtliucnthit........................................... 103 Ccbc...................................................................... 103 Nhnguim......................................................... 106 Nhngnhcim................................................... 106
Phngvnbncutrc......................................................... 108 Ccbc...................................................................... 108 Nhnguim......................................................... 109 Nhngnhcim................................................... 109
Xphngmatrn(matrixranking)..................................... 111 Nhngvtliucnthit........................................... 111
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Ccbctinhnh.................................................... 111 Nhnguim......................................................... 114 Nhngnhcim................................................... 115
Xphnggiungho........................................................... 116 Giithiu.................................................................... 116 Ldoxphng........................................................... 116 Ccbc...................................................................... 117
Tiliuthamkho................................................................ 119
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 1
NGY:THIGIAN:
HNGDNVIN:
MCTIU:
Saukhihcxongphnny,cchcvinshiurcckhinimv c im chnh caPTD,hiu rvai tr ca cnbkhuynnng (CBKN) trongPTD,hiu r skhcbitvcng ngvgii.
PhnIGiithiuvPTD
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 2
CCNIDUNG:
1.GiithiuPTDvcctnkhc2.GiithiucccimcaPTD,ccbctrongPTD3.VaitrcaCBKNtrongPTD4.Nhngtrngiivisthamgia5.Giithiuvskhngngnhttrongcngng6.Phntchnhngkhcbitvgii
YUCUHUNLUYN:
S dng nhiu phng php: bi ging, ng no, tho lunnhm,hctnhhung,v.v...choccnidungtrn
TRHUNC:
LCD hay OHP projector, bng phn, giy kh ln (A0), vitmarker
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 3
PHTTRINKTHUTCSTHAMGIA(PTD)
PTDVCCTNGIKHC
PTD l tnvit tt ca Participatory technologydevelopment,tmdchlPhttrinkthutcsthamgia.PTDcnccctnkhc:
Nghincuvkhuynnngcsthamgia Nng dn ngi ng vai tr chnh trong nghin cu v
khuynnng ThnghimvkhuynnngtrncscngngCCCIMCHYUCAPTD
NhngcimchyucaPTDbaogm: Nghin cu v khuyn nng c hng theo nng dn.
Nng dn ngi ng vai tr chnh trong nghin cu vkhuynnngckthpmtcchchtch.Skthpny
PhnIGiithiuvPTD
Bichngdn
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 4
xyracpcanngh,khngphichcpcacccquannghincuvkhuynnnghptcvinngdn.
Cc cng ng nng dn th khng ng nht. Trong cngng cnhngnngdn kh/giu,mt sngi khc thnghohn,mtshlnam,vmtsln.Mtsngitrongcngng thch trng la,mtskhc th thch trngcynquhn,v.v.
Nghincuvkhuynnngtheotruynthngcxuhngtp trungvonhngnngdnkhgivnamgii.Nhngnngdnnghohnvphnthngkhngcchti.Tuynhin,phngphpPTDcgnglmchonhngnhmthitthicththamgiavo.QuanimcahstrnnlmtphnquantrngcatintrnhPTD.
PTDthanhnnngdnnhlnhngchuyngia,gingnhlccnhnghincuvkhuynnng.TrongPTD,ccnhnghincuhaycccnbkhuynnng(CBKN)vnngdnhotngbnhng,nhnhngitc.
Nngdncrtnhiukinthcvkinhnghimthct.Hlun nghin cumi trng ca h,mi trng t nhincngnhmitrngkinhtvchnhsch.
Hlintcthchinthnghim,thnghimnhngtngmi, c gng thchnghi vinhng thay i bn trongmitrngcah.Quanimnygipcc thhnngdnphttrinhthngcanhtccah,thngcachnhh.
Nngdncngcthhctnhngngikhc.Hkhuyncovchdnlnnhau.Thtvy,sphtrintnngdnnnngdnlmttrongnhngkiukhuynnngchiuqunht.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 5
Ccnhnghincuvkhuynnngcthgipchonngdntngshiubit.Hctharanhngkinmimnngdnchaaratrc.
Tngtnhvy,ccnhnghincuvkhuynnngcthhchirtnhiutnngdn.Nngdncthgiphhiuchthngcanhtcaphng.Nngdncthgiph tm kim cc k thutmi t cch nhn ca nng dn.TrongPTD,cckinthcbnacanngdnvkinthckhoahccaccnhnghincuhaykhuynnngscgnktvinhau.
TrongPTD,trngtmlnngdnlmccthnghimhnlCBKN lm cc trnhdin chonngdn.Nhng thnghimcanngdncthdnnnhngkhuyncokthut.
TrongPTD,nngdnsnmlyquynlnho.Nngdnsquytnhvngnncgiiquyt.Hsquytnhccthnghimgsclm.Nngdnsthitk,thchinvnhginhngthnghimny.Hcngsphbinccktqucaccthnghim.
Vai tr ch yu ca cn b khuyn nng l iu hnh tothunlichoqutrnhny.CBKNcnphilmchccccngcvphicknngtronggiaotipcsthamgia.HphichcchnrngttcccthnhvincaCLBnngdn(haynhmnngdn)ucthamgiavocuctholun,cbit lnngdnnghovnhngphn.Hinnhin lCBKN c th a ra cc kin ca chnhmnh trong cuctholunnhngkhngptn.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 6
SOSNHPHNGPHPTOT&PTD
Cctiuch TOT PTD
Mcch pdngcctinbkthutmi
Phttrincctinbkthutmibichnhnngdn
Ngunkthutmi
Canhnghincu
Canngdncbsungbinhnghincu
Phngphpthnghim
Phngphpkhoahcthunty(thngk)
Phngphpcanngdncbsungbiphngphpkhoahcngin
Phbinktqu
Khuynnngvin,phngtinthngtinichng
adng:nngdn,khuynnngvin,thngtinichng,v.v.
Tintrnh/giaotip
Bibn,chottrnxung,pt
Bnchnhthc,csthamgia
Vaitrcanngdn
Nginhn,ngipdng
Ngisngto,quytnh,thnghimvin,nginhgi,sdng
VaitrcacnCBKN
Ngidy,ngikimsot
adng:ngiiuhnh(thcy),htr,idin,v.v.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 7
CCBCCAPTD
Trc khi bt u tin trnh PTD, trn thc t c nhiu hotng chun bnn c thchin.Nhnghot ngny baogm: chn la cc im cng ng v cc cu lc b (cu lc b
khuynnnghayculcbnngdnvitttlCLB), giithiuchngtrnhnccthnhvincaCLB, thchinPRAcnhnghiubitcbnvCLBvcch
thngcanhtcaphng, hunluynchoccCBKNtiim,vvv...
TintrnhcaPTDbaogm5bcdinralintc.PTDgmccc bc xc nh v phn tch vn , tm cc gii php, thnghim,phbinktqu,vthchhanhnrngPTD.
1. XC NH TR NGI/ NHU CU
2. XC NH GII PHP, TNG MI
3. TH NGHIM CC GII PHP
4. PH TRIN KT QU
5. TH CH HA - NHN RNG
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 8
Bc1Xcnhtrngi/nhucuCcthnhvincaCLBsxcnhvphntchccvnmhanggpphi.Hscgngxcnhccnguynnhnchyucaccvnnyvthitlpnnmiquanhgianguynnhn huqu.H squytnhccvnnomhmungiiquyt.
Bc2Xcnhccgiiphp,tngmiCc thnhvin caCLB s xc nh ccgiiphpkh thi (ccchnla)iviccvnmhmungiiquyt.Nhngchnlanyc tccngunkhcnhau: tchnhnhng thnhvincaCLB,ccnngdnkhc,ccCBKN,cctrmnghincu,boi,vv..
CcthnhvinCLBsnhgittcccchnlavquytnhchnlanohmunlmthnghim.
Bc3ThnghimCc thnh vin CLB s th nghim cc gii php c chn.CBKNcthgiphthitkccthnghim(ngin!).Ccthnhvinthamgiathnghimsphitqunlccthnghim.H s sdng ccngun tinguyn sn c cah.Cc thnhvinthchinnhkcccucvingthmimthnghimvtchccccuchpgimstccthnghim.Nhngnngdnkhc(khngphilthnhvincaCLB)cngcththmimthnghim.Vocuithnghim,ccthnhvincaCLBsnhgiccthnghimsdngcctiuchcah.
Nhng khuyn co k thutkhcnhau s cpht trin chonhngnngdnkhcnhau,tyvotnhtrngkinht,giitnh,tuitc,sathchvv.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 9
Bc4PhtrinktquCcktqu thnghimvnhng tinbk thutscphbinnnhngnngdnkhc,hunhsphbinnythngquanngdnnnngdn.CBKNcthhtrchosphbinnybngcch tchcnhngbuiving thmvccbuitphunnngdnnnngdn.Trongshptcvinngdn,hc thpht trin ti liubm,phbin trn tivihocbngvideo,vv.
Bc5Thchha,NhnrngMtvithnhvincaCLBcthchunluyntrthnhngiiuhnhchnhCLBcah.Hc th tipqunvai trcacnbkhuynnng.CBKNcthinvngkhcvlmvicvicccngngkhc.
Culcbcthktnivicctchccanngdn.Nhngtchcnycthgipchonngdninnhngcamkt,vdthtrng,hptcx.Hcthlinktnngdnvicccquantndngvtitkim.Hcthmphnvinhngvinchccachnhquynvcccngty.
CBKNvcc thnhvinCLBnn lm ti liu cktcckinhnghimcahvphngphpPTD.Hcthvitccbibo,avo trong cc trangweb, to ra cc ti liunghenhn,vv.Nhngkinhnghimbngtiliunhvycthrthuchchonng dn, cc nh nghin cu v hot ng khuyn nng nhngvngkhc.
Banqunldncthsdngnhngkinhnghimnyvnngcccquannghincu,cctrungtmkhuynnngvcquannhnc.Hnncgng thuytphcccnh lmchnhsch h trphbinphngphpPTD ti cchuyn, tnh,
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 10
ngay c cc vng khc.Nhng nh lm chnh sch c thmrng PTD trong cc chnh sch nng nghip, c th cung cpngunlcchohunluynoto,v.v.
NhngCBKNphtrchtiimcbaogmtrongPTDcnhimvnhl:
Ngiiuhnh(thcy)FacilitatorsNngdnscnxcnhvphntchnhngtrngicah;xcnhvlachnccgiiphp;thitkthnghim;xcnhcctiuchunnhgi;thchin,theodivnhginhngthnghimcah;phbinvvitbococcktqu.
CBKNphtrchimsiuhnhtonbtintrnhny.
Cuni(mnglivin)CBKNph trchim skhuynkhch s traoigianhngnngdnvinhau.HsgnktnhngnngdnviccCLBkhc,cctrmnghincu,qunldn,v.v.Hscungcpccphn hi t nng dn ti cc Trung tm khuyn nng, vinnghincu,qunldn,v.v.
HunluynvinCBKNphtrchimslmtngshiubitcanngdnvccnguynlsinhthinngnghip,cctrngi,nhngtinbkthut,v.v.Hsnngcaonnglccanngdnchnoncctrngi,thitkthnghim,theodivnhgi,v.v.
VAITRCNBKHUYNNNGTRONGPTD
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 11
CBKNcngsgipcithinccknnggiaotipvthitheophngphpcsthamgiachotrngnhm/chnhimCLBvccthnhvin.Ngaychcthtphunmtvithnhvinvsdngcccngc.
NgihptcnghincuCBKNph trchimsnggpnhngquanimringcah, cc tng, thng tinv k thut,v.v... trongnhng tholunvinngdn.
H s thchinnhngquan st ringv cc thnghim, thmvonhngthnghimthchinbichnhnngdn.
Tvn
Saumtvimav,CLBcthduytrhotngtheocchringcah.Mtvi thnhvinCLB c th m angphn ln siuhnhvccvaitrkhccaCBKNim.CBKNimcthh trh trn cnbn l tvn,v c th thnh thongvingthmh.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 12
Khikhuynkhchm rngphngphpPTD,mt s cc trngiphickhcphc.Diylnhngtrngimangtnhph bin, nhng khng phi tt c u c lin quan n tnhhungVitNam.
Mtvinhnghincuvkhuynnngchuynnghipcthnhnthyrtkhchpnhnrngnngdncthlnhohocngay c nggpvo spht trink thut.Hnghrngquanhiunmgiodcbibn,hcrnluyntinrngkinthckhoahcvccquitrnhlsiuvit.Hcthnhgithpgitrcakinthcdngianvkinhnghim.
Nhngnngdnthcthcmnhnmnhthpkmsovinhnghincuvkhuynnngchuynnghip.Nngdnth c thh thpnhng khnng ring cah.H c thkhngthngxuyngiaoluvingingoi,ngimtngttrthnhbnhng,itc,ngihchihv.v.
Nhngcmnghnhvyslmnhnhtccnhmbthitthi trongni b cng ng.Ngingho,phnhay ccnngdn trc thngh h thpkmhnngigiu,namgiivnhngnngdnkcu.
Khi lng cngvicnngnhc,nhng rngbucvnhav.v. c thhn ch s thamgiamt cch cngbng.Vd,phncnhiuvic ltvtnhvbquachithamd cc cuc hp.Nhng ngi tr tui c th khng cphp pht biu trong lc c s hin din ca ngi ln.
NHNGTRNGIIVISTHAMGIA
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 13
Nhnghnngdnnghoviuttmttiskhngcthigianthamgia,v.v...
nhiunc,ccnhmthius(chngtc,cctngiohaydn tc thiu s)c thchu thit thihocngaycbphnbit i x.H c th bngc i binhngnhmmnhhn.
Cctchc,kctchcthucchnhphvphichnhph,cthkhngquantmnghincuvvnharingchotngcngng,cthhtrsthamgiagiaotipvinngdn.H thius linhhotcn thit trongccchng trnhc stham gia.Cc t chc c th b lnh o bi bmy hnhchnhquanliuhaylnhopt,tcngqunhiutrongskim sotccnhnvincah.Nhngnhnvinc thgpkhkhn giao tippht trin s thamgiavinhmmctiucah.
Nhngnngdnc thcnhngkinhnghimkhng ttvinhng chng trnhpht trin tng t trongqukh.iunycthtorasmtlngtinvinhngchngtrnhmisauny.
(Ngun:Vedhuizenetal,1997)
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 14
CNGNGKHNGNGNHT
Cng ng th khng bao gi ng nht. Chng lun lunkhng ngnht.Trongmtx, c thhinhu cc iukinsinh thi nng nghip khc nhau. Cc nng dn sng trongnhngmi trngkhcnhauc thsnxutcc loicy trngkhcnhau,ccgingvtnuikhcnhau,vv. Squn lngrungcahcngcthskhcnhau.
Vdnhmtphntcaxcthbnhhngbisxmnhpmntrongsutmakh,phncnlithcbovbibao.Trongvngb nhhngbincmn,nngdn chtrngclamtvnhvoncma.Trongsutmakh,h c thnui tm.Tuynhin, trongvng cbovbi bao,nngdncthcanhtclahaihocbav.
KHCNHAUVKINHT
Mtshcthlhckinhttngikh,cchkhccthnghohn.Mtshcthcnhiuthncchkhc.Mtlnna,skhcnhaunyscphnnhtrongthctcanhtccah.
Vd,nhngnngdnkhgissdnglaongthumn,mt s lng lnphnbnv cc loimyko,vv.Nngdnnghochdavolaonggianh,sdngcngclaongbngtaynhleng,cuclmtvbntphnhn.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 15
Nhngnngdnkhcththchinnhngvmactnhrirocaov tnnhiuvn.Nhngnngdnnghohn th trngnhnghoamutrirohn.
Nhngnngdnkhc thquytnh tp trungvomthochai loihoamuem li linhuncao,ngayc tnnhiu thigian.Tuynhin,nhngnngdnnghohn thkhng c tinmtdtrsn,chonnh thchcanh tcadng,nhiugingcytrngmthigianthuhochtngingn.
KHCNHAUVGII,GIANAMVN
Vdphnthchnuiheohaytrngraucitrnvngnnh.Phn c trchnhimnu n chogia nhnnh thch trngnhngloicbitngonvihithigiannuthn.
KHCNHAUVTUITC,GIANNGDNTR&GI
Vdnhnhngnngdntrthngthamgianhiutrongcchotngphinngnghiphoclmthutrongnngnghip.
KHCNHAUVSTHCH
Sthchcnhncanngdncthkhcnhau.Vdngoisthch c nhn,mt s nng dn thch trng u xanh,mt snngdnkhclithchtrngunnhhn.
Ttcskhcnhaunyscphnnhtrongnhngnhucukhcnhau,nhngsutinkhcnhau,nhngthchkhcnhauvv.iunycngsdnnnhngmuthuntrongnngdn.
Theocchthngthng,nhngkhcnhauvsinhthicxemxtnghin cu,nhng thngkhngxemxt skhcnhauvkinh t,gii tnhv tui tc.Nghin cuvkhuynnngnh
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 16
vy thng tp trung vo nhng nng dn kh, nam gii vnhngnngdnlntui.
Ccldo:
ikhildoschnlathntrng.Mtvikthutmunph trin i hi nhiu ngun lc (vn, tn dng, t, laong).Do,CBKNcnnhclachnlmvicvinhngnngdncnhngngunlcnhvy.
CBKNc thkhngnhn thycnhngkhcnhau trongmtcngng.Hochcthnhgithptmquantrngvmi quan hmt thit ca nhng khc bit ny.Nhngnngdnkhthngcgiltintin,nginbivhsnsngthchinnhngkhuyncocaccnhnghincuvkhuynnng.Nhngnginngdnkhc thmincng thchinchonnhcgi l bo th.iunyhontonsai!Nngdncnhngldongntchimtkhuyncono.Ccnhnghincuvkhuynnngcthkhngnhnracnhngldony.
CBKNcthnhnraskhcnhauvkinht,giitnhvtuitc gia cc nng dn nhng b qua, hoc cha quan tmngmc.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 17
Box1.Nhngluquantrng
Trong phng php nghin cu v khuyn nng c s tham gia(PTD):
ChngtacnnhnraskhcnhaubntrongmtcngnghayCLB. Cn nghin cu nhng s khc nhau v cc quan h cachng.Skhcnhaucthlvsinhthi,kinht,cngnhdntc,giitnhvtuitc.
Chngtacntmraailai.Vdbitpvxphnggiunghocthcsdngxcnhnhngnngdnkhvngho.
XuynsuttintrnhPTDchngtacnquantmskhcbitnyv lunnghnn trongu.Khichng ta tho lunvcc trngi,ccnhucu,ccutin,cctiuch,v.v...,haykhinhgicck thutvcc thnghim,chng tannphnbitgiaquanimcanngdnkhvngho,namvn,ngilntuivtr.Ngay c dn tc khc nhau th cc quan im cng c th khcnhau.
Cc khcnhauv tnh trngkinh t,gii tnh, tui tc, ...sdnnmuthunvnhngquantmkhngthtrnhkhi.
Khngphilunlunccsnhttr.Viccgngccsnhttrsddnnschiphicanhngnngdnciukinvc thpbucnhngnngdnngho,nhngphnvngitrtuicthphiribculcb.
Tuynhin,trongnhiutrnghpnhngquantmkhcnhaucthcthamn.Vdchngtaquantmnccvncacnginghovkh, chng ta c th sdng cc tiu ch ca cthnhvinnamvn.Chngtannutinchonhngquantmcanhng tng lpb thit thi (ngingho,phn,vv..).Hyquantmnngichuthitthitrctin.
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 18
NHNGKHCBITVGII
Skhcnhauchyugianamvnl:- nhimvvtrchnhim,
- tipcnvkimsotvccnguntinguyn(ngunlc),
- tipcnvkimsotvcclich,
- vaitrquytnh.
Nhngskhcbitnykhngcxcnhbngyu tsinhhc,nhngncxcnhrhnbinhngyutvnho,kinht,xhi.Nhngskhcbitgyrabinhngyutvnho,kinht,xhicgilnhngskhcbitvgii.
Do s khc bit v gii ny, gia nam v n c nhngmongmunkhcnhauvhngphttrin.Hscnhngnhucuvutinkhcnhau.Thdnamgiicthquantmvsnxutla,trongkhiphnschtmhnvsnxutraumu.
Skhcbitvgiithngxyradihnhthcbtbnhng.Phn thng rivo thbt li.Vdphn thng mng nhiu cng vic gia nh.Nhng cng vic ny chimnhiuthigianvcthcntrphnthamgiatronghihpvkhuynnng,chnghn.
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 19
ikhi,nhngnlcphttrincthctcngbtlinvaitrcangii.Chngcthlmthihnsbtbnhngangtntihoctorasbtbnhngmi.
Cngviccthchiathnh3loichnh:Cngvicsnxut,cngvicnh,vcngviccngng/xhi.
CNGVICSNXUT
Snxuthnghovccdchvchovictiuthvbunbn.Cnamvnc th thamgiavovicsnxut,mcd thngthnghcnhnghotngkhcnhauvvaitrkhcnhau.Vicsnxutcaphnthngtcgitrhnnamgii.
CNGVICNH
Chmscgianh,sanhvchmsctr,chunbban,lycinc,muasm,chmscsckho,v.v.Nhngloicngvicnyquytnhstnticagianh,nhngnchacxemlcngvic tht s.N cxuhngmtnhiu thigianvhunhthngdophnvcongimnhntonb.
CNGVICXHI
Thamgiavonhngskinxhivdchv,vdlknim,pht trind n, tham gia trong nhng t chc, tham gia vonhnghot ng chnh tr, ...N ihi sp xp thi gianvquan trng lnngcaovpht trincngng.Cnamvnuthamgiavocngviccngng,mcdhthngcvaitrkhcnhau.
Cnamvncththamgiatrongc3loicngvictrn.Tuynhin, trong nhiu t chc x hi, ph n c xu hng mng hu ht cc cng vic nh v cng vic sn xut.Khi
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 20
lngcngvicsnxutvcngvicnhcaphncthcntrhthamgiavocngvicxhi/cngng.
Box2.NhngluquantrngtrongPTD
LmcchnochngtacthphnthamgiavoPTD?LmthnochngtacthemlilichchophntPTD? Tp trungvonhng u tin caphn, tc nggipphn
chnnuivtrngtrt.
Trnhschiphivthinvnamgii,tipthuquanimcaphn.
Thchinnhngthnghimtrnrungcaphn. Gipnngdnnhgi(mtmnh,yu)vtcngcanhngk
thutmiiviisngphn.Nhvy,nhngkthutmicthdnnnhngbtbnhngsbtchi.
Tchccccuchihpnhngnithunlichophn,vdgnnh.
Thigianhpnnchn lcthun lichophn,vdcuibuichiu.
Trnhbycclnhvclinquanngngn. Ngnngcndhiuchophn. Sdngtrcquanhacngnhiucngtt.
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 21
NGY:THIGIAN:
HNGDNVIN:
MCTIU:
Saukhihcxongphnny,cchcvinshiurccknngthamgiavthitronggiaotipvinngdn,cthpdngngaytrongvnhnhPTD.
PhnIICcKnng&
Thi
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 22
CCNIDUNG:
1. Nhnglithnggptronggiaotipvinngdn2. CcKnngthamgiaThi3. osubngcchno?4. Trcquanha
YUCUHUNLUYN:
S dng nhiu phng php: bi ging, ng no, tho lunnhm,hctnhhung,v.v...choccnidungtrn
TRHUNC:
LCD hay OHP projector, bng phn, giy kh ln (A0), vitmarker
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 23
CCKNNGTHAMGIA&THI(Skills&Attitude)
NHNG LI THNGGP TRONGGIAO TIPVINNGDN
Trong giao tip vi nng dn chng ta thng dmc phinhng liviuny lmhnchs thamgiacangidn.Diylnhnglithnggptrongtipxcvingidn:
Bn thiu ch v k nng v thi . n phng vphngphpkhngphicsthamgia!
Bnthhinsthiukhimtn,knhtrng, Bnlntcuctholun.ChnhimCLB,nngdngiu,hay
namgiilntcuctholun.
PhnIICcKnng&Thi
Bichngdn
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 24
Bnthvisimlngvkhngbaoqut(nhngnngdnngho,phn,nngdntr,vv.)!
Bnptquanim,cmnhncabn.Bnkhngkhchlnhngquanimcanngdn(ngingho,phn).Vd:- chngtalnlpthayvlngnghe,quanstvhchi,- trong trnghp chng ta khng ng vinhng g
nngdnni,chngtakhnglngnghe,- chng ta cm thynngdnnikhnghayv t ch
bai,- chngtatrnncugt/gin.
Bnnghcutrli,vd,thngquacuhidn.Nhngcu hi m c th c tr li vi t n gin c haykhnglcuhidn.Vd:
Anhkhngnghrng..? ylmtginglatt,phikhng?
Cuhikhngrrng;tngkhoahc Qunhiucuhicngmtlc Bnlmginonnngdn(hocmtthnhvincanhm) Bnsdngsaingnngcth(bodylanguage).Vd:
- Chngtaccchralnh,quanchc- Chngtathhinthiusquantm:mtng,thhin
bittrciungikhcspni,khngmttheodi.- Mmcivithnhvinkhckhinngdnni(thhin
khngtin), Bnduytrnhiukhongcch:bnngitrngh,hdit, Bnnmcchichut, Bnmincngbnhiuthigianrang,
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 25
Bnthhinviv, Bnpdngcngnhc,thiulinhng,sngto, Hithngtinbnkhngcn, Bn lmmt th gi ca nng dnm khng c k hoch
trc,
Bnaranhngcmunkhngtht, Bnpbucthigianclichobn,khngclichoh.CCKNNGTHAMGIA&THI
Nhng thivcchngxsauyc thgipbn thnhcngtronggiaotipviuhnhtothun lichosthamgiacangidn.
Khngdyh,thayvohngdn,tothunli, Khng ngh cu tr li, trnhnhng cuhidn/hng
trc.Thayvodngnhngcuhim(cuhibtuviai,cig,u,khino,tisao,nhthno),
Dngcuhirrng,tngngin, osu(tngbc,inchitithn), Khnglmginonnngdnhocnhngthnhvintrong
nhm(trtrnghphixach),
Thhinsquantm,saym,hiu.Vd,quanhmt(eyecontact),gtu trongkhinngdnni,hmm,hmm,haynith,tihiuri,
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 26
Quanst(nhn,lngnghevhi)visuynghm.Nhnnhiukha cnh, ngay c nhn kha cnh khngmong i.Ch ngnngcthcanngdn:
ntmt,
hngcacth,
gingni.
Trnh ln t bi trngnhm,nngdn giu c,nam gii.Tosquantmbaogmnhngthnhvinimlng,ngingho,phn,tr:
- spxpchngi,
- quay lng bn n ngi ang ln t, hng nhn vongiangimlng,nginghovphn,
- mtnh,
- hikincah,hihtrc!
- hsdngcngc,
- sdngtiuchringcah,
- lmvicvinhngnhmring(tchngigiuvngho,phnvnamgii),
- trong trnghphgpkhkhn chayvit, cgngdnghnhnhcngnhiucngtt,
Cn thn vi nhng cu hi nhy cm (lin quan n giungho,bnhtt,ringt):
- dngtngcnthn
- nlccui
- khnghitrcnhngngibnngoi.
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 27
Thoimi,khngvivng:- dnhthigiannhiuhndkin
- gp g h (ngi ngho, ph n) khi thun tin vi h,khngphichvingibnquenbittrc
- khnghiqunhiucuhicngmtthiim
- thnhthongmmci,tiulm
Khnglmvicqulu.Dnglitrckhinngdntrnnmt
Thhinskhimtn,knhtrng:- hanhpvinngdn,khngngiquxavih,khngtcaomnhvih,
- nmcgind,- chohi,giithiu,- trnhngnngcthkhngthchhp,- khngbaogitrnntcgin,- chpnhnthcn,ncungcah,vv.
Tphbnh,snsngchpnhnsaixt,hctsaixt.
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 28
Cnbkhuynnng(CBKN)vnngdnngkhongcchxanhau.CBKNnhnrtnghimtrang,rthnhthc,khngvuiv,CBKNtptrungtrnsghichpcaanhta.
Nngdnnhnxung,vaihitrxung,iunychngtngtakhngthoimi,phctngtrccnb.
Hnh1.SDNGNGNNGCTHKHNGTHCHHP
Cn b khuyn nng (CBKN) v nngdn rt gn gi vi nhau.CBKNvnngdnthhinsthoimi,hcinivuiv.Hthhinsgngi,cngbng,litccanhau.
Nngdntrnhdiniuanhtani;CBKNthhinsquantm.
Hnh2.SDNGNGNNGCTHTHCHHP
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 29
OSUBNGCCHNO?
Bnngbaogihilngvicutrliutinkhibnphngvnnngdnmtvn no .Bn cn o suhn cnhiuthngtinhnvncnggipbnthmnhlinhnggvacnghe.Sauylccgigipbnosuthngtin:
Saukhinngdnngngni,duytrnhmtvimtvigiy.Bncng c thgt u.iunykhuynkhchnngdntiptcni.
Hichosngthn.Vd,Anh/ch lm n ni thm chtxuviuny?;Anhniiunycnghalg?
Lpliiunngdnvani,theohnhthccacuhi.Vd, Vy l, n khng li bnh?. iu ny c th khuynkhchnngdnmrngvchtholun.
Linhnlinitrc:Vd.Hinyanhni...iunycthgipnngdn linh linhng li/vnanhtanitrc.
Tmtttheotngringcabniumnngdnvanivhihbnhiuchnhxchaykhng.iunys lmnngdnbitlbnanglngnghevchiu.Ncngcthgipbnkim tra li sgii thch cabn c nghaykhng.
Tocuhitrncunicanngdnbngcchsdngcuhim.Vd:ai,cig,tisao,thno,khino,u?
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 30
BITPTHITLPCUHIM
Nhngcuhidn NhngcuhimAnhtrng2vlaminm,phikhng?
..........................................................
..........................................................
Anhlmkhlabngmysy,ngkhng?
..........................................................
..........................................................Bivkhngclaongnnanhkhngpdngphngphpsy,ngkhng?
..........................................................
..........................................................
Philavomamaltrngilnnht,ngkhng?
..........................................................
..........................................................Nhngtnthtsauthuhochthngdoct,sutla,phivboqun,ngkhng?
..........................................................
..........................................................
Ailnhngthnghimvincbitvngny..,ngLmphikhng?
..........................................................
..........................................................
Phnmngvicphilanhiunht,ngkhng?
..........................................................
..........................................................nngthnglmcccngvicnngnhc,phikhng?
..........................................................
..........................................................Mysyrtr(SRR)nngdndvnhnhphikhng?
..........................................................
..........................................................Sylatrongmamacnhiutrngi,ngkhng?
..........................................................
..........................................................
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 31
BITPTHITLPCUHIOSU
1 I:Anhnghnhthnovvaytndng?
F:Chngti,chngtikhngcnvaytndng.I:.................................................................................................
2. I:Culcbcbaonhiuthnhvinln?F:Chngtichc4phntrongCLB.I:...................................................................................................
3. I:Anhtrngnhngcytrngg:F:Chngtitrnglavmang.I:..................................................................................................
4. I:Anhcmthythnovnhngtrnlny?F:c..chngtikinhnghimchungsngvil.I:..................................................................................................
5. I:Trngiquantrngnhtivicytrngnylg?F:Bnh.I:..................................................................................................
6. I:Anhnghnhthnovgicthtrng?F:Thi.I:.................................................................................................
7. I:Anhthyccdchvkhuynnngaphnganhnhthno?F:...ncvimtttvviimyu.I:..................................................................................................
8. I:AnhsosnhgingAvigingBnhthno?F:GingAchonngsutcaohn.I:..................................................................................................
Chthch:I=Ngiphngvn;F=Nngdn
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 32
Thngtincthcminhhabngcchsdngnhngbiutng,hnhv,tranhnh,vv.Sminhhanhvytuyticnthitkhilmvicvingikhngbitchhaykhkhncvvit.Ngayckhilmvicvingibitch,trcquanhacnhiuthunli:
Ddnghiunhnggbnni, Dnh thngqua tho lun.Nhngngi thamd sbit
ltnhniubnanglinhn.
Ddngvndng,vd,ddngdichuynmthnhnhhnlthayimtcuchdi.
Lmvuimt,nhiuchvcuchcthtrnnrtchn. Nhngngi thamd c th thch xemnhng biu tng,
hnhv,v.v.iunyrtcliv:
- Chvittaycthrtkhc.
- ngqun,nhiunngdn c thkhkhn cvvitnhnghkhngni.
Bnnnchcchnnghacattcccbiutngcmingihiung.thchnhtt,bncthlplinghacan.Khngbaogmqunhiuchitit.iunycthlmstrcquanhakhnghiuqu.
DE
TRCQUANHA
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 33
NGY:THIGIAN:HNGDNVIN:
MCTIU:
Saukhihcxongphnny,cchcvinshiurvcththchnhcccbckhcnhaucatintrnhPTD,phntchcctrngi,tmkimgiiphpvtngmi,thnghim,vphtrin.
PhnIIITintrnhPTD
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 34
CCNIDUNG:
1. Bc1Phntchcctrngi
2. Bc2Xcnhgiiphp
3. Bc3Thnghim
4. Bc4Phtrin
YUCUHUNLUYN:
S dng nhiu phng php: bi ging, ng no, tho lunnhm, thc hnh ng vai, v.v... cho cc ni dung trn. Thchnhrnluynknngvthirtquantrng
TRHUNC:
LCD hay OHP projector, bng phn, giy kh ln (A0), vitmarker
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 35
BC1XCNHCCTRNGI/NHUCU
XCNHVPHNTCHCCTRNGI/NHUCU
Nhngtrngimnngdngpphicthlinquannsnxut,nhngcngcthlinquantiboqunsauthuhoch,thtrng,chbin,thcphm,ccvnxhivchnhsch.
Ccbcsauycthgipxcnhvphntchcctrngi:
1. Xcnhcctrngi.
ngno(suynghnhanh)vchianhmnhcthcsdnglitkcctrngi.
2. Phntchccnguynnhnvhuqucacctrngi.
Nguyn nhn v hu qu cng l nhng tr ngi.Mt trnginylnguynnhncatrngikhc,nguynnhnnydnntrngikhc.Cyvn(problemtree)cthcsdngxptcctrngitheothctlgic.
PhnIIITintrnhPTD
Bichngdn
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 36
3. Cyvnslmrnhngvnnonncxemxtnhlcnnguynhayvnmucht.Nngdnnnchnlcmthocnhiuhncctrngimuchtmhmungiiquyttrongmavcanhtcti.
Box3.Nhngluo Trong sutv saukhi suynghnhanh,ngi iuhnhcn tho
lunosunhiuchitit.Nngdncthlnlngiaccvntrngivgiiphp.Vd,nngdncthnithiuphnvgiphncao.Rrngiunybiuhinmttrngicbnhn,lphcatbsuygim.
o Quan im cangingoivnngdn c thkhcnhau.iungibnngoic thcho l trngi,c th trong thc tkhngphi l trngiivinngdn.Chnghn,ngingoicho lxungging tr lmt trngi.Tuynhin,nngdnquyt nhxunggingtrhniphvitrngivlaong,vv...
o Ngi ngoi c th khng hiu bit tt c nhng tr ngi aphng.Tuynhin,ccbctrnxcnhcctrngimuchtmcthcgiiquyt.
Xc nh cc tr ngi:ng no, chia nhmtholun,sdngbnglitkcctrngi
Cyvncsdngtmcctrngimucht(root
problems)
PhntchnguynnhnvhuqucctrngiSdngcyvnspxpcctrngi
theoththtlgc
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 37
CCHCHNVNMUCHTGIIQUYTDiylccvncthcxemxtkhichnvnmuchtgiiquyt.Nhnglitkdiykhngbaogmttc,nngdncththmnhngvnnnxemxtkhc.
Cbaonhiunngdnbnhhngbitrnginy? Hotngsnxut/kinhdoanhbnhhngbitrnginy
quantrngrasao?
Trnginynghimtrngnhthno? Trnginychngtacthgiiquytckhng? Ccquannohayaikhcvanggiiquytvnny
cha?
Khngphi lun lunc snht trchunggiacc thnhvinCLB.Nhngthnhvinkhcnhaucthmungiiquytnhngtrngikhcnhau.KhiccthnhvinCLBcthgisuyxt,mt trngichnhc thcchn.MtCLBc thchngiiquytnhiuvntrngicngmtlc.Mtkhc,ccvntrngicchnkhngnnqunhiu.CLBnntho lunchnvncthgiiquytctrongtmtay.
Box4.VaitrcaCBKN(fieldworkers)
o Cnbkhuynnngphtrchimsiuhnhttcccbc.o Bncn thn trng trnh lntbinhng thnhvinkhgi,
namgiihocculo.
o CBKNkhngnnptquanimringcamnh.
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 38
VDCYVNVTMCHT
Hnh3.Cyvnvtmchthnglot
NGI NUI TM B PH SN
VAY N, THIU N NHIU NNG SUT TM THP
TM B CHT HNG LOT
NGUN NC B NHIM
TM BNH THI TIT XU
TH LIN TC GING NHIM BNH
NGUYN NHN
VN CHNH
HU QUA
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 39
BITPXCNHTRNGI
Cccudiydonngdnara.Nhngvntrngigchmchatrongnhngcuny?Nhngtrngikhclgcthcnhnratchngthngquavicosuchitit?
1. Chngtiangpdngslancholahnlsdngmygieo.
2. Tibn200kgNvinngsuttrungbnhch2tnmiv.
3. Gnphnnauphngthuhochcbmcmng.
4. Chngtikhngcnhngcngcthchhplmctt.
5. Thiukmlmhnchnngsutbpy.
6. Chng tic thgia tng thunhpnu trngbpxencanhviu.
7. Chngtilunxunggingtrbivthiumycy.
8. ......
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 40
BC2XCNHGIIPHP,TNGMI
XCNHCCGIIPHPKHTHI,TNGMI
Theocchthngthng,giaionny,ccnhnghincuvkhuynnngthngcgngthuytphcnngdnpdngtinbkthutcah.Hbinlunrng:Chngtitngnghincuvnmbnangmungiiquyt.Chngtixcnhgiiphp thchhpri.Giiphpny tt.Chng ti tng thnghimnhiu ni, trong iu kinmi trng tng t nh ca bn. Bnkhngnnphthigiantmnhnggiiphpkhc.ylgiiphpttgiiquyttrngicabn.Binlunnysaivi2ldo:
Mi trng thng t khi ging nhau cho mi vng.Mitrngtnhincthkhcnhaunhiukhacnh.Ngoimitrngtnhin,mitrngkinht(cshtng,thtrng,gi c, vv.) cng c th thay i rt rng.Hn na, nhngkhcnhauquantrngcthhinhugiacciukinkinht v xhi canngdn kh vingho,nhngnngdnnamvin,vv...
Snxut lmthot ngkinhdoanh c tnh ri ro.Trongqukh,nngdncthcnhiukinhnghimkhngttvcckthutcgiithiubinhngngingoi.Vvy,nng dn s khng d dng chp nhn nhng khuyn co.Trctin,hs lun lmthchngtrckhithchini
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 41
trtrnrungh.Hnna,nngdnthchthnhiulachn(giiphp)khcnhau.
Ngi thchinPTD s cgnggipnngdnxc nh cngnhiugiiphpkhthicngtt.Nhnggiiphpkhthinhth(haynhnglachn)cthctnhiungun:
ChnhccthnhvinCLB, Nhngnngdnkhctrongcngp,x, Nhngnngdnkhcangsinhsngnhngvngkhc, NhngCBKN,nhnghincu, Cctrm/tringhincu, Tpch,tivi,i,vv...
CCHPHTHINGIIPHPKHTHI
nhmpht hin ra nhng giiphp kh thi t cc ngunkhcnhau,ccphngphpsaucthcsdng:
Hp/gpgCLB.Thngnngdncngsnivccgiiphpkh thi trongqu trnh tho lun cc bc trc trong PTD (v d,PRA,bc1,v.v...).Nh lngiiuhnh,bnnn tainghenhngkinnhvy.
Phngvnnhngnngdnkhc.Mtsnngdncngtrongp/xcthckinthcvkinhnghim.Mtsnngdnkhccthcbitnhlnhngnngdn lm thnghim rt tchcc (thnghimvinnngdn).CLBcthquytnhphngvnnhngnngdnnhvyhocmihhpcng.
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 42
Thamquanhctp.Thamquanhctpcthctchcchonngdnvngsu vng xa. C th t chc cho nng dn thm cc trmnghincu,vin,trngihc,v.v...Bivchiphtnkm,nhngcucthamgiahctpnhvynngimctithiunht.ChiphnncchunbttbitonCLB.ChmtsthnhvinCLB c th thamgia.Hnnbo co li cho ccthnhvinCLB cahktquv ccphnhi chi tit cachuyni.
Phngtinnghenhn.Ccphngtinnghenhnnhccchngtrnhtivivnngnghip, cc chng trnh ipht thanh, bo, tp ch, bnghnhvideo cng lnhngngun thng tin c thgipphthinccgiiphp.
Box5.VaitrcaCBKNo CBKNnniuhnhcuchp,phngvn,thamquan,v.v...
Hnncgngtrnhschiphilntvnnbaogmngingho,phnvnhngthnhvintrtuithamgia.
o CBKNnntchluvchiaschonngdnnhngkintipthuctrongqutrnhgiaotip,hctpvhunluyn,cschbo, thm ccvngkhc.Cc thnhvinCLB squytnhcnnxemxtnhngkinnyhaykhng.
o CBKN s ng vai tr nh cu ni gia nng dn v ccngunkhc,vd:cunivicctrmnghincu,cctrungtmkhuynnng,v.v...
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 43
TINTRNHi.HpCLBlnthnht
ChiaCLBthnhccnhmnhtholun.Ccnhmnhsxcnhccgiiphpkhthi(nhng lachn)chomivntrngimuchtcchncuibc1.
Hnh4.Cytng
HNHCYTNGVINHIUNGUNKHCNHAU
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 44
Ccnhmnh trnh by kt qu tho lunv tho lunchungchoccnhm.PhngvnCLBlynhngthngtinchititvmiccgiiphp.Ghinhnttcccthngtin.
Sdngphngphp ngno (brainstorming) ly kincc thnhvinCLBninochng tac th tm thmnhnggiiphp(tnhngnngdnkhctrongx?tn?;tnhngnngdn cc cng ng khc? tn cng ng no?; t cc trm/tringhincu?trm/trino?).Ghinhnttcccthngtin.
aranhngtngringcabn.Bncthnghmtsgiiphpcachnhbn,tholunchngviCLB.Bncthnghthamquanmtvinngdnkhc,cctrm/tringhincu,v.v...
GipCLB lmmt bng lit k cc tng phng vnnngdn,ccnhnghincuv.v...(chophngvn).Bncngc th a ranhng tng ring cabn.Nn chc chnrng bng lit k cui cng s bao gm c tt c nhngthngtincnthit(cciukintinquyt,ccngunlcihi,nhngriro).
Vitbococuchp,gimtbnsaochoCLB,mtbnsaochoDn.
ii.Thamquanhctp
Tham quanhc tpnhngnngdn khc, cc trmnghincu, vv...Mt s thnh vin s thchinnhng cuc thamquanny.
hphngvnnhngnngdn,nhngnhnghin cu,vv...Ghilittcnhngthngtin.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 45
Vitbococamicuc thamquan.Boconn tp trungvo nhng thng tin quan trng nht i hi nh ginhnggiiphp(cclachn).
iii.HpCLBlnthhai
Trnh by cc bo co ca nhng cuc tham quan.Nhngnngdn,ngimi thamquanc thgipnhau trnhby.
cc thnhvinCLBxcnhnhng tiuchhmun sdngchovicnhginhnglachn.
Thchinbitpxphngmatrnvccnngdnchnnhnggiiphpc trinvngnht.Nhnggiiphpnyscthnghimtrongbc3.
nngdnphttringithuytnghincuchomiccgiiphpcchn.
BNGLITKTNGCHOPHNGVN
1. ng/b nhgi k thutnynh thno?Nhng immnh,nhngimyu.
2. Cciukintinquyt/cnthitlg?
3. Ccngunlcihi?(vd:tai;nc;laong;nhngutkhc;tinvn).
4. Nhnglichcakthutcthemli?(vd:nngsut;thunhp;githtrng;sgimchiph;khngsubnh;nngon;v.v...)
5. Nhngriro?
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 46
CHNGIIPHPTHNGHIM
CcthnhvinCLBcthsdngcngcxphngmatrnchnlanhnggiiphphmunthnghim.Ttccclachnclitktheotrcngangcamatrn.Cctiuchclitktheotrcng.Ccthnhvinchicnnhcmilachn(giiphp)ngvimitiuch.(chitit,xemtrangxphngmatrn).
Ccthnhvincthkhngngvimcho.ylmtvn,chngtakhngcncgngnhttrcmingi.Choccimkhcnhaucngc.iuquantrnglhiuvghilitisaoccthnhvinchoimkhcnhau.
Hnh5.MatrnxphnglachnccginglathnghimtimtCLBnngdn
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 47
Thng thng, xp hngma trn c th c s dng hinngdnxcnhnhnggiiphp lachnnoc trinvngnht.Lnna,snhttrttcthnhvincthkhngcnthitbivnngdn c tiu chkhcnhau, cnhng s thchkhcnhauvv...CLBcthcnhiuhnmtgiiphpthnghim.Chomi gii php c chn,mt gi thuyt nghin cu cncthitlp.iunygipnngdnnhnghachnhxchniumhmunthnghimvldotisao.Box6.VaitrcaCBKN
o Bniuhnhxphngmatrnvthitlpgithuyt.Trnhslnt(domination),
o Nhnggiiphpmkhngnmtrongyucucadn/haynhncnnloirangay.
o Trongvitrnghp,nhnggiiphpnngdnchncthkhng thuyt phc i vi CBKN. Bn nn chia s, giithch quan im camnh v c gng thuyt phc nngdn.Tuynhin,bnkhngnnptquanimcabn.
o Quytnhcuicngnnchonngdn.lcno,cthchophpnngdnmcsailm.Nngdncthhctnhngsailmnhvy.Trongthct,iunyschiuquhnlpbucnngdnlmtheoquanimringcangino.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 48
VDVCCHTGITHUYT
(Chomtthnghimnuigiasckhngthlan)
tgithuytvmtthnghimnuigiasckhngthlan,bncthbtuvigithuytNU.....TH.......BIV........ NUNhiunngdnchnnuikhngthlan: TH:1. Bnhgiascc
kimsottt2. Nngsutcytrngs
caohn3. Gimxungtvi
hngxm4. Nngsutsacaohn
(bhaydchosa)5. Tremcthigiani
hc6. Giascdbchng
trngbng7. Tngcngvicctc
BI
V:
1. Chngtanhnthygia
scthngxuyn2. Chngtacths
dngphnchung3. Giasckhnggyhi
hoamu4. Ddngchonthcn
bsung5. Khngcnngichn
6. Giascskhngiligimtrngbng
7. Giascskhngttmcn
Ngun:Pretty(1990)
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 49
BC3THNGHIMGIIPHP,TNGMI
THNGHIMCANNGDN
Trongthctnngdnvnslunthchinthnghim,ngayckhikhngcccnhkhoahchaycnbkhuynnng.Nngdnthchinthnghimcnhiuldo:
Hmungiiquytmtvnbcxc, Hmunpdngk thutmi trongiukinva thch
cah;cckthutnycthdoccnhkhoahchoccnb khuynnng truyn tnhng cng c th t ccnngdnkhc,
Hayngin,hmunthnghimmtvitngmi.cimthnghimcanngdn:
Mtvicimquantrngcathnghimcanngdnnhsau:
Thnghimcanngdnkhngphi lun lunc lpkhoch trc.Thng thng, tngchocc thnghimxuthintrongmacanhtc.Vdnhsxuthincaccloidchhimi lnguynnhn ccnngdn thchin thnghimvcchqunldchhi.
Nngdncthrtrabihctccskintrnghp.Vdvthiuhtging,mtphncangrungscmtcy
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 50
thphn.Sau,nngdnquanstthyrngdcgimmtgingnhngvnkhngnhhngbtlinnngsut.Tskinnynngdnsrtracbihckinhnghim.Vtrongccmavsau,hscnnhcmtcchklnggimmtgingtrnmtdinrng.
Ccthnghimcahphnlnlsosnh.Hhunhchsdngmtbin.Vdhssosnhhailoiging,haimttrngvinhau.
Tuynhin,h cng snhn ra cc yu t khc, cc bin skhccthnhhngnktqucathnghim.Vdnhlngma,sxuthincadchhi,vv...Hsaccyutnyvoxemxtkhinhgithnghim.
Hsdngcctiuchringnhgithnghim. Hcthquytnh lp lithnghimtronghaihocnhiu
v,cbit lkhiktqucavu tinkhng thamn.Khilplithnghim,hcthquytnhthayimtviyutcathnghim.
Nhnghnch:
Nng dn thng th nghim cc gii php kh thi khcnhau.Hcthkhnghiucnhngtnhchtringbit(btthng)haynhnghuqucamigiiphp.Nhvy,thnghimcahsdatrnsthnghimlmvrtkinhnghim.iunyslmhaotnvchiph,cbitlmtthigian.
Nngdncthkhngnhnthccnhnggiiphpkhthichomtvnringbit.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 51
Nngdncthkhngthycccyutnhhngnktqucathnghim.Nhth,hctharanhngktlunsailm.
Thitkthnghimcthnghonn,khngthchhpsosnhtnhxcthc.
Thnghimcanhkhoahc
Thnghimcanngdn
- Kinhphnhiu - Sdngngunaphng,uthnch
- Hngludi - Hngngnhn
- Btrvphntchphctp
- Nngdnbtrvphntchtngingin
- Tintrnhtheochun - Tintrnhkhngtheochun
- imringbit - imringbit
- Ccbinckimsot
- Theocchqunlcanngdn
- Tnhhungnhnto - Tnhhungthc
SOSNHTHNGHIMCANHKHOAHC&NNGDN
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 52
NGHINCUTHNGHIMHINTICANNGDN
Trckhi tinhnhnghin cu c s thamgiavinngdn,ngi thc hin PTD nn c gng nghin cu nng dn aphngthchinnhngthnghimringcahnhthno.
Ttnht lxc nhnhngnngdn aphng (namvn,khvngho)nhngngicbitnhlthnghimvin.y lnhngnngdncbitnh lnhngngi rthamthch lm th nghim v tch cc hn nhng nng dn bnhthng.
Cn lu l khng nn ln ln gia th nghim vin ti aphng vi nhng ngim cc nh khoa hc hoc khuynnngthngginngdntintin!.Hcgiltintinbivhsnsngpdngnhngtinbkthutcccnhkhoa hc hoc khuyn nng gii thiu.H c th d dng pdngnhng tinbk thutnybivh linktchtchvikhuynnnghoctrungtmnghincu,vbivhcynguntinguyn(vn,tai,sclaongv.v).Ngcli,thnghimvinaphngcthkhngpdngnhngtinbkthutcgiithiutbnngoi.Vldony,nhngnhkhoahcvkhuynnngcthgih[mtcchsailm]lnngdnbo th!.Ngi thchin thnghim ti aphngnh ththng t c iu kin (ti nguyn). Tuy nhin, h thc hinnhng th nghim rt nng ng, thng h khng c bnngoibitn.
Di y l danhmc nhng vn kho cu v s thnghimringcanngdnc thcsdngphngvnh.Bnc thbtubngphngvnCLB.K,bnnnc
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 53
gngphngvnmtvithnghimvinaphng.Mtvithnh vinCLB c th gip bn phng vn nhng th nghimvin ti aphng.Sau cng,nhngkhmph s c trnhby vi ton CLB.Nhng thnh vin CLB c th so snh vinhngquanimringcah.
Bn c th sdngphngphpphngvnbncu trc chomcchny(xemtrangringvphngvnbncutrc).
i.Tng:
Taphngsthnghimvlmthnghimlg?ii.Xcnhthnghimvintiaphng:
Nhngnngdnno trongvngcbitnh lnhngthnghimvinaphng?
Hlmthnghimg? Visgiptbnngoihoctbnthnh?Bncthtinhnhnhsau:
ivimtvn trnvtnui,cy trng,hocvnno , hi nhng thnh vin trong CLB nhng ngicxemnhnhng thnghimvinaphng (ngic nhiu kinh nghim v tng tin hnh nhng thnghimvvtnuihoccytrnghocvnno).
Lnlt,bncthyucuccthnhvinCLBlitkmtvi tinbnngnghipquan trng (linquan nnhiunngh)cphthin trong510nmqua.Yucu
HNGDNNGHINCUTHNGHIMCANNGDN
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 54
hchobittnnngdn,nhngngingvaitrquantrngtrongnhngthnghimvphttrinnhngtinbny.
iii.Cscathnghim:Tisaohthnghim?
iv.Lpkhochthnghim:
Nhng thnghimcbaonhiubin? (Nhng thnghimngin,vdnngdnthnghimvihaihocbagingmi[=mtbin]?Hocnhngthnghimphctphn,vdmtviging lami +pdngnhngmc bnphnkhcnhauhoctitiu,v.v...[=nhiubin]?).
Hthchinnhngthnghimu? Cbaonhiulchocngmtthnghim? Cbaonhiugiaschbaogmtrongthnghim? Lthnghimcdintchbaonhiu? Thi im thnghim?Khinoh bt u?Khino kt
thc? Nhngaithamgiavothnghim?Trongnngh?,hln
cn,vv..?Ailmg? Hlplithnghimbaonhiuln(v)?
v.Theodi/gimstthnghim: Loisliunohthuthptrongsutthnghim? Khinohthuthpnhngsliuny? Lm saohnhnhng s liuny? (Ghi chp theodng
no?)
vi.nhgithnghim: Nhngtiuchnohsdngnhgithnghim? nvo lngnoh sdng? (vt,nng sut,chi
ph,litc,vv..)
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 55
Nuhnhgithnghimlthnhcng,hslmgtiptheo?
Nuhnhgithnghimkhngthnhcng,hs lmgtiptheo?
vii. Ph trin: Nhng li chkhc t thnghimnh thno?
(trongnngh?trongcngng?).(AdaptedfromVeldhuizen,Laurensvan,DevelopingTechnologywithfarmers,1997)
Box7.Nhngluquantrng
o Trctin,ccthnhvinthucCLBscpntnmtvinngdn,nhngngithamgiavonhngthnghimcccnhkhoahchocCBKNtrinkhai.Tuynhin,bncngnncgngghinhntnmtvinngdn,nhngngitlmnhng thnghimringcah,mkhngnhnsgiptbnngoi.
o PhnlnccthnhvinCLBsckhuynhhngchobntnnhngnngdnkhgi,quanchcaphng,nhngngithchinnhng thnghimvisvn ln,vdnhng thnghim c skthpvic snxut lavinui trng thysn, hoc chn nui (b sa).Tuy nhin, nhng ph n vnngdnnghocngc th lmnhng thnghim!Thngnhngthnghimcahrtngin,vdcanhtcmtloiraumi.Bnnncgngbittnnhngthnghimvinphnvnngdnngho.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 56
CNGCTHNGHIMCANNGDN
Mtiululnhiutchcnghincuthchinvihnhthcnghincutrnnngh.Thngthngccnhnghincuscgngqunlccthnghimny.Hthitkthnghimvsauhssdngphnlncctiuchcamnhnhgith nghim. S tham gia ca nng dn ch gii hn trong viccungcptaivsc laong,hoctrongthiimttnhth s a ranhngnhn xt camnhvktqu thnghim.HnhthcnghincunhvyKHNGcxemlnghincucsthamgiathts.
Trongphngphp Pht trin k thut tham gia (PTD),nhnghincucgngchonngdnqunlccthnghimcngnhiucngtt.Hchngincitincchthnghimcanngdn.
Mtscimquantrngcaloithnghimcsthamgia:
Nngdn s quyt nh ccvn s c gii quyt n(xembc1).
Nng dn s quyt nh cc gii php kh thi s c thnghim(xembc2).
Nngdnsthitkccthnghim. Nng dn s thc hin cc th nghim.H s s dng cc
ngunlccachnhhcngnhiucngtt.Hsiphvinhngriro.
Trongsutqutrnhthnghim,nngdnsttheodiquanstccthnghim.Hsduytrvicghichpcaringh.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 57
Nngdnssdngcctiuchcaringhnhgiccthnghim.
Box8.VaitrcaCBKN
o CBKNsiuhnhtoiukinchonngdntholunvquytnh.
o CBKNcthhngdnvcchcitin,thitkccthnghim.Nhngcitinnyscaranhlnhngchnlanngdnxemxt.
o Nng dn s l ngi quyt nh cui cng v s thit k thnghim.
o CBKNnncgngnngcaoshiubitcanngdnv(ngha)k thut c th nghim trong th nghim.Vd: CB khuynnngcthgiithchchonngdnvvngicasury,iunysgipchonngdncscan thipng lc;CBKNc thgiithchchonngdnvhiuquludicamtloiphnnotrntphn,v.v...
o Ccnngdnlmthnghimsthchinvicghichptrongsutthnghim.Tuynhin,CBKNcngnncghichpring.Ghichpnycthcsdngsosnhviktqughichpcanngdnvlmphongphthmcuctholunvinngdn.
o CBKNnnvittiliuliccthnghim(ccquanstvbtr,cctiu ch c sdng trong nhgi, ccktqu,vv...).Ti liuny c thgip cho ccCBKNvnhngnngdnkhchchictccthnghim.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 58
Box9.Mtvicnhboo Nngdn,khngphingingoi,nnlngiquytnhcui
cngvthitkccthnghim(TN).ikhi,bnthythitkcviimhnchcthlmchoTNthtbi.Bncththuytphcnngdn thay inhngkhngnn pbuc.Bn c th chonngdnhchitchnhnhngsailmcah.
o Nngdnnnngvai tr lchcaTN.Hc trchnhimviTN camnh. iu ny c ngha l nng dn nn s dng ccngun ti lc ca chnhh.Nunhnngdn ihi cung cpminphmtslnglnnhngvtcht,iunylduhiuchothyhkhngxemviclmnylcah.Hnna,viccungcpminphvtchtcthtonnmttnhhunggito.Nngdnskhng t chu cp thchinTNkhikhng c sgip cakhuyn nng trong tng lai. iu ny s lm cho kt qu TNkhngphhpvicciukincanngdn.
o Ngiiuhnh(CBKN)cnphicgngtrnhschiphibiccthnhvingiu,lntuivnamgii.Vd,gisrngculcbmun thnghimmtgingmi.Cc thnhvinkhgiumunsdngphnbnvimts lng ln.Trongkhimtsccthnhvinngho thkhng iu.Trong trnghpnhvy,hainhmTNcthcxcnh,mtnhmgmccthnhvinkh sdngnhiuphn,nhmkhc l cc thnhvinngho sdngtphnhn.
o MtvingithchinTNcthsrtrakhitintrnhTN.Do, sngi thamgia thchinTN lcban uphi tng inhiu(vd,3thnhvinkh,6thnhvinngho).
o NngdnphihiuvqunlcccTN.Vvy,chngtannthitkthnghimcngngincngtt.
o Bn cnphi linhhot trong sutqu trnh thchinTN.Trongqutrnhthchincthcmtviiuchnhcnthitivithitklcu.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 59
Chnnngdnlmthnghim
Aislmthnghim?Ttcnhngthnhvinquantmhaychmtvingi?Nuchmtvi,tiuchgnnsdngchnh? (xemxt cc tiu chnh sgiungho,gii tnh,tuitc).
CgnggiihnthnghimchcnmtbinVd,ccgingkhcnhau,liulngphnbnkhcnhau,v.v...
LpliLm thnghim trnnhiurungkhcnhauhn l trnmtrung a ra kt lun tt hn.Chc chn cc iu kinrung thnghim (vd:t, ccmcqun l,vv...)cngingnhau.
ichngChng ta s thmtvik thutmi,vd ccgingmi.Chngtasnhgichngbiuhinnhthno?Chngtacnmtviichngsosnh,vdmtgingphbincnngdntrngrngri.
VtrcacclthnghimL th nghim phi i din cho ng rung.Cc l gingnhau (vdtgingnhau,cy trng trc gingnhau,v.v...).L thnghimnian ton, trnhnhngquyph (vd:gia sc, n trm,v.v...).L thnghim niddng vingthm.
CITHINCCHBTRTHNGHIMCANNGDN
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 60
CcutYucucnhngutg?Nhngutnycthlyu,bngcchno,vgic?
KchthccacclthnghimKhngqu ln (ri ro!),cngkhngqunh.Kch thc stythucvoloithnghim,vd:TNvgingkchthclcth10mx10m;Thnghimvchunbt:100mx20m.Lthnghimcphnranhgii,chial.
LoibnhhnghngbaVdlcthuhoch,loibcchba0.5m.
ThigianThigian ttnht bt u thnghim?Khino chunbt,s,ti,vv...Ttcnngdnlmthnghimcnglc?
Theodi&nhgiCuithnghimchngtacnaraktlun.Vvy,sliugchngtacnthuthp?Ailm,khino,vbngcchno?
pdngtheocnhn,cchqunlkhcnhauDng thnghimny c th c sdng th 1ging cymi, 1 vt nui laimi, 1 cch thc hinmi, vv...Nhng thnghimvinctdoquytnhcchqunlkthutmi.Vd1gingmic thc thnghim,mi thnghimvincthquytnhbaonhiuphnhspdng,mtgieo
CCDNGTHNGHIMCANNGDN
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 61
ssdng,slnlmcspdng,v.v...tytheoiukincah.
Trongtrnghpny,ccmcqunlcththayinhiugiaccthnghimvin.iunycthgipnghincusp ng ca k thutmidi cc iu kin khc nhau.Mtkhc,ssosnhtrnghpnycthkhkhn. ThnghimsosnhNngdnscthmunsosnhgia2mcphnbnkhcnhau, hoc 2 cng thc cho n khc nhau, v.v... Nhng thnghimvin s cgngginhngbinkhckhng i,h cgngqunlkthutmunsosnhvicngiukinnhnhau(vd: cng loi t, cngging, trng cng lc, cngmt ,v.v...).
Nhvy,spngtrcvsaucanghimthccthcsosnh.Mtlnna,ccbinkhcihigikhngi.
Dngthnghimnycthddngsosnh.Tuynhin,cvilu l sut qu trnh th nghim, cc th nghim vin c thkhngthduytrccmcqun lnhnhau.Vdtrongsthnghimvin,cthcvithnghimvingptrngidocqunhiuvhquytnhnhc.iunysnhhngktqu.Thng thnghimvinc thkhngnhn thcchuquccbinkhngthnghimhgyra.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 62
THEODIVNHGITHNGHIM
Cui th nghim, nng dn cn nh gi c v kt qu thnghimvphngphpthnghim.Snhginysannhngkhuyncov:- ssdngcakthutmi,- sthchinccthnghimtrongtnglai.
toiukinddngchovicnhginy,nngdncnxcnh:- nhngmcchcathnghim,- nhngtiuchnhgi,- nhngchbo(indicators).
Hcngcnquytnh:- loisliugnnthuthp,- aisthuthpsliu,cchno,khino,u,- nhngsliunyscghinhthno,v.v...
Nngdnlunluntheodivnhginhngthnghimringcah.Thnghcngghichplithngtin.Trc,chngtatmhiunhngthctcanhngnngdnny.Bygi,chngtacthgiphcithinstheodi,ghichpvnhgicah.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 63
PHTTRINCCTIUCHTHEODIVNHGI
o Nhng tiu chgnn sdng? (iunygip c thhamcch.iug lmmtging tthn,vd.Nngsut, laongihi,nngon,cli,vv...).
o Nhng ch bo g s cho bit c t cnhng tiu ch haykhng?(vd,nngsut:[kg/ha]).
o Chngtacnomnhngg?o Nhng thng tin g cn thit phi thu thp?V d: din tch l;
tngcngsnlngcal;v.v...
o Chngtaombngcchno?lythngtinbngcchno?,ailm,khino,u?(vd:Lcthuhoch,nngdnolngsnlngbngnvaphnggi,CBKNschuynisau;
o Cchghichpnhngsliunynhthno?(vd:biughichp,sghichp).
SDNGTIUCHCANNGDNNHGI
Khi nhgimtk thut,nngdn thng sdngnhngtiuchkhcnhautheotnhtrngkinhtcah,giitnhvtuitc. V d,mt nng dn kh gi c th quan tm gi c thtrng,trongkhinngdnnghohniuquantmtrctincthlantonlngthc.Nngdnlphncthnthigian,dlm,vv...
NHNGCUHICHCHT
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 64
iunycnghalcngmtkthutcthcnhgittbimtsnngdn,trongkhinhngnngdnkhctchikthut.Ttcucnhngldoxcngnhginhth.
NhlCBKN,chngtacthsdngmtscngclunranhngtiuchkhcnhauny.ChngtaKHNGnncgngpbucmingitrongCLBunhttr.Thayvo,chngtaccthnhvinkhcnhausdngnhngtiuchkhcnhau.
o iukintinquyt,vd:yucuthayivqunlngrung;hptcvinhngnngdnkhc;CBKN,cnbthynhkthmving,v.v...
o Nhngiukintinquytcthcthomn?Tnhthct?o Ccngunlccyucu(chiph):tinvn;t;nc;laong;ccvttkhc.
o Linhunem li:vd,nngsut; li (gi th trng);gimchiph (t vt t, t lao ng i hi; khng su bnh; thi giannu;ngonming,vv...
o Linhuntmthihayludi?o Riro.o pdngtrntonbngrungcah,trntonvng,v.v...o Phnngkhcnhthno?
MTSTIUCHPHBINSDNGCHONHGI
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 65
CCHGIRANHNGTIUCHCANNGDN
Mtscngccthcsdngxcnhnhngtiuchcanngdn:
nhgituyti
ivimigiiphp (lachn)bnhicc thnhviniugthchvkhng thchvn,v ti sao.Nhvy,migiiphpcnhgitrngitrringcan,chtlngringcan.
Sosnhcp
Migiiphpcsosnhvittcnhnggiiphpkhc,tnggiiphpmt.Bnhiccthnhvingiiphpnohnnchnnuhphichngia2lachnny,vtisao.Bncngcthhiccthnhvinsosnhmigiiphp(vdccgingkhcnhau)vithctcah(vdgingcaaphngh).
Xphngccgiiphp
Ccthnhvincyucuxphngttcccgiiphpt(tia)athchn(tithiu)athch.Bnyucuhgiithchtisaomigiiphpnycathchhngiiphpkia.
giaionny,ccthnhvinchalmthnghimviccgiiphpkhcnhau.Hcthkhngnhnthcttcnhngnghacaccgiiphp.NgaycCBKNcngc thkhngnhn thcttcnhngngha.Do,mts tiuchc thkhngcxcnhgiaionny.Cthbsungthmnhngtiuchsauny trongqu trnh thchin, theodivnhgi thnghim(bc3).
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 66
Box10.VaitrcaCBKN
o CBKNcniuhnhbitpny,o Bn nn c gng bao qut trnh ln t ca nng dn giu,
ngi lnhaynamgii.Chng taKHNGcpminginhttr.Chngtacthlmvicringtngnhmnh(vd:nhmnngdnkhgi,nngdnngho,nhmphnkh,nhmphnngho).
o Nngdncthkhngquenvittcccgiiphp.Bncthtrangbchobnkinthcvkinhnghimringchiasvih.
o Nngdncthbqunmtstiuchlinquan.Chngtacthnhchnhngtiuchnyvyucuhchng.Tuynhin,chngtakhngaratiuchringcachngta.
o Mtngoilrtquantrngiviluttrn!Dnvchnhphcngcthcnhngtiuchring(vd:kthutmikhngnhhngvmitrng;chngkhngtorascngthngvmtxhitrongvng;nngdnkhng lmnhnghotngphiphp;ccgiiphpchiphkhngqucao,dnskhngtitrchng).
o K thutmi tng i n gin v cho kt qu thi gianngn.
o Nhngquantmnhvycthcchuynthnhcctiuch.ychlnhnggivtiuchvcthcaratholunvinngdn.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 67
THUTHPSLIUVGHICHP
Nnquan tmv tnhhiuqu, trnh lmmtqunhiu thigianchonngdn.Chnhngsliucnthitchonhgi(theonngdn)thnncthuthp.
Sliukhngphirtchnhxc,khngihiomchnhxc.Tuynhin,ccnhhngvsaistnnc trnhcngnhiucngtt.
Nhngdingiivolngtheocchaphngnncsdng,vdcngthayvha,githaychotn.
Thuthpvghichpsliunnchthng.CcthnhvinCLBnnhiurvngailmg,khino,tisao.Cccngcnncngngincngtt.Cccngcsdngtheophngphpngnht.Tuynhin,ihilinhhot.HpCLB(khngphicnhn!)quytnhnhngiuchnh.
o Biughichp (sheets).CBKNc thgipCLB thitkbiughi
ngin.Cthsdngnhnghnhvkhilmvicvithnghimvinkhngbitch.Mtlachnkhc,tremihccthgipchamkhngbitchduytrsghichpvobiu.
o Lchghi.Lchghic thcsdng ghichpnhngskinquantrng.Hocthigianbnphn,xtthuc,vv...
o Ccbncanngdn.Cthcsdngghichp,vdsly lan cadchbnh trong thnghim, cck thutqun lkhcnhau,vv...
VDVCNGCGHICHPSLIU
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 68
o CLBstchcnhngcuchptheodivthmrungnhkchonhng thnghim.Nhngcuc thm ngvhpnhvyc thc t chc nhnggiai on thchhp ca thnghim.Trongnhngcuchptheodi,nhngghichpcthcsosnh,hngktqucthara,nhngiuchnhcthlm,nhngtiuchmicthnysinh,vv...CBKNcththamdviuhnhnhngcuc hp v thm ngnh vy.Nhngnng dn khng phi lthnh vin CLB c th c mi trong cc cuc thm ng thnghim(phtrin!).
NHGITHNGHIM
giaioncuithnghim,nngdnsnhgicckthut(ccgiiphp)hthnghimtheocchmhthchin.Snhginyschocckhuyncocvssdngcckthutvquytnhnhngthnghimtnglai.
Nngdnsnhgi,CBKNtchcviuhnh.Snhginntu tin trnht lk thut thchhpchonngdn,khngphi chonhnghin cu.Do phngphp nhginn n gin.Cui cng, nng dn c th t h thc hin snhgitheocchringcah.
Tintrnh
Trckhinhgi,CBKNnnnghincukccsghichpcnhncanngdn lm thnghim.CBKNc thgiphhonchnhsghichpvhiuchnhccsaist.Vicxemccsghichptrcnhgithcsrthuchbivncthgiplmnhanhvtchcnhgitthn.NcthgipCBKNxcnhnhngchquantrngchotholun.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 69
1. CBKNnn gipnngdn lm thnghimnh li (xem li)
mcchcathnghim.Hnnhiurmcch.Sutqutrnhnhgi,hnnghinhmcchthnghimtrongu.Vicnhginntptrungvomcchthnghim.
2. Sut qu trnh nh gi, nng dn lm th nghim nn sdngnhng tiu ch ring cah, cpht trin trc trongtintrnhPTD(bc2).Hnnnh li(xem li)ttccc tiu ch, tng cimt.Mi tiu ch h phi r v hiuthngnhtnhau:ttcthnghimvinnngiithchntheomt cchgingnhau.H cngnnxc nh s liu c thihichocctiuch.
3. Nngdnlmthnghimtrnhbysliucah(vd,nngsut).CBKNspxpnhngsliunytrongmtbng(xemvdtrangktip).Mtssliuslnhlng.Ccsliukhcc thnh tnh,phn nhdihnh thcmtkhiutngtrng,vd:
xxx,xx,hayx+,hay,.hay/
Trnghpcnhngkhcbitchnhgiaccs liu,nngdn lm thnghimnncgng tmra ldo tisao.Nhngkhcbitnyxyranh thno?Hcngsphicungcpccthngtinlinquankhc,vdlngphnsdng,tnhtrngcdi,vv...Ccthngtinnycthcphnnhlinhnhnglutrongbng.
Cc thnghimvincngcn thit tm rabtknhng tnhhungcbit,haybtthngnomcthlmsailchktqucathnghim,vdlngmacaohaythpbtthng,vv...NngdnvCBKNnnnhlmiunykhinhngkt
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 70
qukhngtnhmongmun.Nhngnhngtnhhungbtthng,vd tsubnhxyramtcchbtthng,cthcngcnhhngttnccktquthnghim.Nhvy,ccktquskhngidinchomtvbnhthng.Vvy,ngay c nu cc kt qu ph hp vi hay vt qu vi smongi,nngdnvCBKNvncnthitthichnhmnhcbtknhngtnhhungbtthngnokhng.
4. Ccs liukhng tincyc th loib.Vd l thnghimcamtnngdncthbthithinngdogiascthrong,dnnktquthtthotnngsutln.Sliunngsutcangyskhcrtnhiusoviccthnghimvinkhc.Bnc th loibs liucang ybivns lmsai lchsphntch.
Nhng cn thn, ng loi b s liu qu sm! ng xemchngnh s liukhng tin cyqu sm.Nhngkhcbitthtscthcgiasliucanhngthnghimvinkhcnhau.Lunluncgngtmraldotisao.Thngnhngskhcnhaunyldoskhcnhauvmitrnghaykhcnhauvsqunl.Nhngskhcnhaunhvycthrtidinchoskhngngnhttrongcngngvcncxemxttrongqutrnhphntch.
5. Thitlpccgitrdybinthinvtrungbnh(averagesandranges).Hycn thn,cc trungbnhc thgip tm ttmtb s liunhng chngcng c th chegiunhng skhcbitquantrng.Trongthct,rtcnthitphnnhdybinthincasliu(thpnhtncaonht).
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 71
VDVCHUNBBNGNHGI
Bng1.Nngsutccgingla(tn/ha):ThNghimVin(TNV)
GingA GingB GingC Nhnglu
TNV1 7.0 5.0 5.0 TNV2 6.5 5.5 4.5 TNV3 6.0 4.5 4.5 TNV4 4.5 4.5 4.0 BntphnTrungbnhBinthin
6.04.57.0
4.84.55.5
4.44.05.0
6. Ccthnghimvinnnaraktluntheocctiuchkho
st:gingnobiuhintttheotiuchny?(Vdgingnochonngsutcaonht?Dinhngiuking?).Trongkhiaraccktlun,ngqunrngcciukinkhcnhaugianngdnnyvinngdnkhc.Cnngdncttthn,cnngdntxuhn.Mtvinngdnctinvnnhiu hn, nhng ngi khc c t hn, v v.v...Ging ttnhtivimtnngdnnycthkhngttivinngdnkhc.
7. Lplibc2nbc6chottccctiuch,tngtiuch
mt.Phn nh tt c cc tiu chv cc trungbnh/dybinngtrongmtbngmi,trntgiyln(xemvd).
Thct,bng2trnhbymtxphngmatrn.Ccsvccloi cho im khc nhau c th d dng c chuyn ithnhnhngduchm.Ncngrtlthsosnhmatrn
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 72
ny vima trn c lm trc y trong tin trnh PTD(bc2caPTD):cbtkskhcnhaunogia2matrn?Tisaocnhngskhcnhauny?
8. Ccthnghimvinschoktluncuicngcahvphttrin cc khuyn co. Nhng cu hi sau y c th gipngiiuhnhhngdnnngdn:
Cuhigi:
o Nhng la chn no (v d, cc ging) th hin l c trin vngnht?Tisao?Dinhngiuking?Choitngnngdnno?
o Hiuquvhthngcanhtc:- Nhng k thutny c gip gii quyt cc trngi khc khng?Haytoranhngtrngimi?Nhngtrngino?
- Chng(ccgiiphp)ctoranhngchimichosphttrinccmhnhcanhtcsaunykhng?Nhngchino?
- Chngcgiptngssdngccnguntinguynkhng?Vdchnggipphttrinskthpcytrngvvtnuikhng?
- Chngc lmchohthngcanhtcadnghnv trirohn,nhlsbinngvgic,lngmathtthng,v.v...
o Chngtacthxemnhngktluntrnlngtincykhng?o Chng ta sn sng sdng cc la chn trinvng trnnngtrichngta,trnquimlnhn?Cbtcnhngyucuvsthchnghino?
o Chngtasnsngphbinchngchonhngnngdnkhc?o Haychngtacnthchinthnghimthmna?
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 73
9. Cuicng,ccthnghimvinnnnhgicchhthchinthnghim.Nhngimmnhvnhngimyutrongcch chng ta b tr v thc hin th nghim l g?Cn cnhngcitingnnthchinchonhngthnghimcavmati?
VDVCHUNBBNGNHGI
Bng2.Bngnhgitnghpcctiuch:
Tiuch GingA GingB GingC Cclu
Nngsut(tn/ha)
4.57.0TB:6.0
4.55.5TB:4.8
4.05.0TB:4.4
Apngviphncao
Khngchyl
xx x x
Ngoncm / . Gi n +
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 74
Box11.Yucuvknng&thi
o Suynghm!Scmnhncanngdncthkhcvibn.Cccmnhnkhcnhaucngscgianhngnngdn.
o Khngpbuc thngnht chung, thngnht chungkhngihi.
o Cgngtrnhslnt.o Yucunhiucuhiosu.Sdngnhiucuhim.o Cgngsdngccnvo lngaphngmnng
dnquenthuc.
o Trcquanhaminhhartquantrng.Vdsdngcctgiylnvccbngbiu.Cgngsdngccbiutngtngtrngchocctiuch,gitr.
o Snhgicanngdnvcc thnghimrtquan trngtrongPTD.Dnhthigian,khngviv(nhnlp!).
o Khngkodibuinhgiqu lu.Ttnht,c th trinkhainhgiqua2cuchpkhcnhau.
(PartlyadaptedfromVeldhuizen,Laurensvanetal,Veldhuizen,Laurensvanetal,1997.DevelopingtechnologywithFarmers,ETC)
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 75
BC4PHTRINKTQU
QUNGBTRONGTOT&PTD
Phngphpkhuynnngthngthng(ToT)tptrungvoschuyngiaocck thutnngnghip.Huhtnhngk thutnycphttrinvkhuyncobiccnhkhoahchaycccngty,nhmthuytphcnngdnsdngnhngkthutny.Ccthngtinthgiihn,chnghnccthngtinlinquann nhng hn ch ca k thut.Cc thng tin thng c xuhngchtrngvkthut.Cckhacnhkinht,xhi,vnha,v.v...thngbqua.Nngdnthhunhkhngcbaogmtrongsphttrincctliuqungbtheocchny.
Tuynhin,trongPTDchngtacgngphbinnhngthngtinvcckthutcphttrinhaycthcnghimbichnhnngdn.Khngnhmthuytphcnngdnsdngmtk thutringbitno.Thayvo,chng tacungcpchohmt gi (basket) nhng k thut mi (nhng la chn) vkhuynkhchh thnghimnhng lachnny.Chng tacungcpchohttcnhngthngtinihicthlachn.Cc thng tinv k thut cngnh v cc lnhvc sinh thi,kinht,xhi,vnhascbaogm.Trongthct,ccthngtins tp trungvocc tiuchmnngdnsdngchovicthchinthnghimvnhgithnghimcah(xembc3).
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 76
Cstrinvngvnhnghnchcanhngkthutmichoccitngnngdnkhcnhau(vkinht,giitnh,tuitcv.v)cngsccpvo.iunyihinhngthnghimvinban u cng sbaogm trongvicpht trin cc t liukhuynnng.
Hnna,trongPTDchngtakhngchcphbinrngricckthutctrinvng,chngtacncphbinphngphpPTD.NngdnvCBKNcthphbinnhngquanimcahvphngphp,v cc cng ch sdng,v ccknnghbitc,v.v...Nhvy,chngtacgngphbinchonhngnngdnkhcvCBKNchnhhthnghimphngphpPTD.
-
PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 77
Tiuch TOT PTDPhbinnhngg?
Cctinbkthutmi
Cctinbkthutmi+nhngkinhnghimviPTD
Ngunkthutmi
Cckthutmicphttrinbiccnhkhoahc
Cckthutmicphttrinhaythcnghimbichnhnngdn
Mcchnhm
Thuytphcnhngnngdnpdngkthut
Khuynkhchnngdnthnghimchnlacckthutphhpvih
Slngcclachnara
Mtkthutmi Giccgiiphpkthutkhcnhau(nhnggiiphpkhcnhauchocngmtvn)
Loithngtin
Huhtlccthngtinkthut.Hunhtutrungvkhnngcakthutmi
Ccthngtinvkthutcngnhvsinhthi,kinht,xhi,vnha,v.v...Ttcnhngthngtinyucucthlachn.Baogmcthngtinvkhnngvhnchcakthut.
Quanimvnhmmctiu
Cccngngcanhtcgingnhau.Hunhkhngcskhcnhaugiaccnngdn
Cccngngcanhtckhngngnhtnhau.Docsluvkinht,gii,tuitc,dntcv.v..khcnhaugiaccnngdn
Aithitkcctliu?
CnbKhuynnng(CBKN)
Nngdn+CBKN
SKHCNHAUGIAToTVPTDTRONGQUNGB
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 78
QUNGBTRUYNTHNG&PTD
TrongPTD,trctinchngtacgngnghincunhngcchtruynthngvqungbtruynthng.Mtvivdcccchvkxoqungbtruynthngnh:
Nngdn thmving bn cah.Trongnhng cucvingthmnhvy,cckinhnghim,vtcht,vdhtgingctraoi.
Nngdnni chuynvi thng li.Trongnhng cuc trchuynnhvynngdncththuthpnhiuthngtinvnhucuthtrng(ccsnphm,chtlng)vgic.
Nhngcuchuyn,biht,chuyntucchiastrongcccuchp/gpg,cbitcccucgpgkhngchnhthc,chnghnqunx,mtic,v.v...
Biudinvnnghaphng,rphtaphng,chngtrnhphtthanhnhnngaphng,v.v...
Nhng c ch truyn thng v qung b truyn thng nythng rt c hiu qu. Thc t, nhiu k thutmi v nngnghip c ph bin thng qua nhng c ch nh vy,mkhngcbtcsthamgianocaCBKN!
Dnhin,nhngcchtruynthngnycngcnhnghnchcan,chnghn:
Squngbnyxyramtcchtnhc,chkhicchin,khngckhochtrc.
Squngbnngikhc,nhnghngxmaphngcthchm.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 79
Giivnhnghnchkhccavnhaxhicthcntrsphbinnhanh.
Nhngthngtincthdbbpmo/sailchkhitruynbtmingnginysangngikia(tamsaothtbn).
PTDscvndngvcngccccchtruynthngvqungbtruynthngny.Mtvivdcthpdng:
CBKNcachng taqu t.Hkhng th lmvicvi ttccccngng trongmthuyn.Tuynhin,mtsxcthlinktgngivixkhc.Cnhius truyn thngangxy ragia cc x trong cm x.CBKN c thbt u tintrnhPTD mt x trong cm.C ch truyn thng truynthng sgip phbinkinhnghimPTDv ccktqunccxkhctrongcm.
Nngdn s baogm trongqungb.Chng ta c th tphunvhtrcckhuynnngvinnngdn.
Chngtacthtchcnhngcucthamquantraoigiaccnngdn.
Sdngphng tinnghe nhn.Cngvicnyc thbaogmvicghihnh,ghimcccuctholungianhngnngdn, cc bi ht, kch, v.v...C thpht chng trnTV hayradio,cngcthsdngtrongcccuchpvinngdn,niqunx,nihihpkhc,v.v...
Tiliubn,bntintrnbo,tiliuchonngdn,v.v...
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 80
PHNGTINNGHENHN
Phngtinnghenhnnhbngvideo,daCD,phttrnTV,pht thanh radio,v.v...c thgip lm tng thm squan tmcanngdnvcckthutmi.
Tuynhin,khngnnmongmiqunhiustcngcacngcnghe nhnn l.Chngnncsdngkthpviccphngphpqungbkhcnhtiliubm,stay/cmnang,thamquan,tphunthct.
Hnna,hinticnhiuchngtrnhnghenhnkm.Vd,nhngqungcothngmithuctrsutrnTVlnhngvdxucththyr.Nhngqungconykhnghlucungcpchonngdnnhngthngtinccnnhck.Chngnthunmunquynrnngdnmuasnphm.
Diylmtshngdnvcchtoranhngvt liukhuynnngnghenhnchiuqu.
NHHNG
1. Nnnhhngchchophng tinnghe nhn.Trctin,bnnn nhngha r rngvn bnmunni n.Tonbvicghihnh,ghimnntutrungvochcth,khnglmlchch.
2. K n,bn cnxc nhkhngi cabn.Ai lngimthng tin sphcvn?Chonngdn mi trng sinhthi nng nghip no?Cho nngdn giu hay ngho?Chonnghayphn,KinhhayKhmer?vv...Khi thitkccvtliukhuynnngnghenhn,bnnnlungitrongulthngtinphcvchokhngicabn.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 81
3. Nng dn thch chn la t gi ca nhng gii php kthut.Nucth,phngtinnghenhnkhngnnchcpmtmtthnhtlnhiugiiphpchomtvn.Vd,nhiuginglachnsm,nhiuloinngdcphngtrrynu,nhiucchphila,v.v...
4. Nngdn thng la chngiiphpmt cchkhng chnhthc.Ttcthngtinyucucthlachnnncbaogmtrongvicghi hnh,ghim.Khngchccthngtinvkthut,mcnccthngtinvsinhthi,kinht,xhi,vnho,v.v...vnhngncacclachnkhcnhau.Ctimnngvnhnghnchcamigiiphpnncbaogm.TrongPTD, chng ta sphbinnhngktqu ca cc thnghim c nng dn thc hin.Nhng th nghim vinnngdnnysdngnhngtiuchringcahnhgicclachn.Nhngtiuchnysrtlinquannnngdnkhc.Do,ccphng tinqungbnghe nhncachng tann sdng cc tiu ch cho nh gi ca nhngnngdnthnghimvin.CBKNcthbsungthmnhngyutkhc.
5. rngkhngischnhphnmhnghevnhnthy.iunyc1nrtquantrngvnidungcaphngtinkhuynnngnghe nhn.Nhngbng hnh ca chng tannnhmtngsquantmchcanngdn.Nhngbng hnh khng nn cung cp qu nhiu chi tit, thng tin kthut.Vd,chnhxc liu lng thuc trsu, lngphnbn, chi titk thutmy sy,v.v...Khngi s trnnchnvskhngnhttcnhngchititny.Thayvo,nhngbnghnhnntutrungvonhnguimvnhcimquantrngcanhnglachnkthutkhcnhau.Nunng dn quan tm v cc la chn k thut ny, nhng
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 82
phngphpkhuynnngkhcscungcpvinhiuchititkthuthn,vdccti liubmvkthut,cmnang,thamquan,thctptphundoCBKNhaynhngnngdnlmthnghim.
CCHTRNHBYTHNGTIN
1. Vicghihnh,ghimnnbtchtvthuhtsquantmcakhngi.Tonbhnhghituncuinnthhinmtcchtnhin.Ghihnhkodicngmtngicphngvn,cngmtnginhnvomyquayvnichuyn,v.v...trnndnhmchn.Ngixemsnhanhchngmthngth.
2. Huhtccbitngthutnnctrnhbybingicging tt (ngi bit cch kim sot ging), chuyn nghip.Ging cahnn r rng, tnhin.Hnnbit cchnhnmnhnhngquan trng.Nn trnhniviginguusdlmnhmchn,mtsthuht.
3. Cht lng thng tinc thc trnhbybngnhiucch.Mtsvdnh:Ngitngtrnhcthtrnhbymtcuchuyn.Cuchuynnyc thcminhhavihnhnhnhnmnhnhngimquan trngcacuchuyn;Ccbicahay th c thc sdng trnhby thng tin theocchgiitr/thgin.Lnna,cchnycthkmvihnhnhminhhachonhngimquantrng;Dinkchdonngdnhaykchscthcghihnhli;Nhngtam,tholunngngiaccnngdncthghihnhli,haylphngvnnngdnvkvkinhnghimcah.Ccphngvnvtholunnycthikmvighihnh(quayphim).
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 83
Trongvicghihnh, thng tinvs lngc thc trnhby theo cc hnh thc nh bng biu, th, biu ngin.cbit,ccbiuhnhthanhhayhnhbnhcthdhiu.Cchnhnhcthghilitccpphch(posters)canngdntrongqutrnhthchinPTD,vdhnhnhvktqucabitpxphngmatrn.
4. Tngnndhiu,trnhnhngtngkhoahc.
5. Ghihnhnni t thng tin tngqutnnhng thng tinchitithn.
CUTRCCAKCHBN
i.Giithiu
Gii thiunn tmttgn, thi lngmtpht.Gii thiunntrnhbyvn tamun a ra.Cngnngii thiu tm ttnhnggiiphpkhthikhcchovn.
Phngiithiurtquantrng!Tanncgngtosbtchtgychnkhngingaytmu.Quayphimngiangnilcnynntrnh.Tthnlnnsdngghihnhminhhachovnvcclachn.
ii.Phnnidungchnh
Phnnidung chnh trnhby cc la chnkhcnhau chi tithn.Ttccc thng tinnngdncn thnghim,snhgicngbngcclachnkhcnhaunntrnhbyphnny.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 84
iii.Ktlun
Ktlunnnlplitmttvnvnhngukhuytimcaccgiiphpkhcnhau.Mtvihnhnhquantrngghilcucthsdnglichoktlun.Hnhnhcthkmtheonhcgyshpdn.
Box12.Nhngluquantrng
o Cctliunghenhnnncxydngtheocchgngivinngdn.Nngdncthgipchngtaquytnhiugnntruynthngvcchlmnhthno.
o CcquanimcaccthnhvinculcbPTD,nhngthnghimvinvicc lachnkhcnhaunncbaogm.Hnhgicc lachn,sdngcctiuchringcah.Cc tiu chv snhginy linquannhiu nnhngnngdnkhc.Hc thbitnhng lachnnophhpchonngdnkhgiu,cinophhpchongingho,cinophhpchongiivcinonamgii,v.v..vtisao!Thngtinnyrtcnthitchosphttrincctliukhuynnngchiuqu.
o Kch bn ca cc t liu khuyn nng nghe nhn ny nnctrnhbyvtholunviccnngdnthucitngkhngidkin.Nhnggpcahc thgipchng taiuchnhlncui.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 85
C2dngca ti liubm: (i)Ti liubmk thutv (ii)Ti liugi squan tm (nh cc t riqung co).Mt cchtngqut,tiliubmcnhngcimsau:
1. Huhtcctiliubmcmcchgingnhnhngcngcnghe nhnkhc.Chngcng tonnschcanngdn.Tiliubmnnitimtvnringbitvmtcmt sccgiiphpkh thi.Chngnncungcpchonngdnccthngtincnthitnhgimilachn.
2. Ni dung v cu trc ca ti liu bm ging nh nhngphng tinnghe nhn (xem cu trc kch bn).Cc bngbiu,ccbiucthcsdngtrnhbyccthngtinnhlng.Hnhnh,hnhv,hahnhv.v...cthcsdnglmtngthmccimquantrng.
3. Cctiliubmvkthut(haycmnangchonngdn)scungcpchititkthutnhiuhn.Tiliunythngthinvmtk thut,vd ti liubmvmt loi thuc su,mtloimysyla,v.v...Chngsbaogmttcccchititkthutihipdng.Cgngnhnmnhnhngthngtinquan trngnht cngnhiu cng tt.Cchnhv c thcsdngminhha,vdssdngantoncamtloithuctrsu,vcthtngbcmt.
4. Trnhbymttiliubmcntheocutrc(khngnnvitqunhiu trong ti liubm).Cchvaphi dc.Cungin,ngngn,dng tng thngdng.Sdngnhiuhnhv,nhminhhachonidung.
TILIUBM
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 86
Nhngcucthamquanhctpcthlcngcphtrinchiuqucao.Nhngnngdncquan tm nvnc thnocththamquannhngnngdnkhc.Nhngnngdnang tm c vimt loimy gt lami c th tham quannhngnngdnkhcthnghimloimynyri.
Nhng cucving thm trao inhvy c th c t chcgianhngnngdn trongcngmtx,haygianhngcngngkhcnhau.
Thigiancacuc thamquanc th thayi tviginctun, ty thucvomc ch ca chuyn thamquan.Cccuctham quan nhm lm gia tng s quan tm ca nng dn skhng tnnhiu thigian.Nhngcccuc thamquank thutstnnhiuthigianhnvnngdnhccchsdngmtkthutcthcthmtnhiungy.
TCHCNHNGCUCTHAMQUANNHTHNO?
Bnstchcnhngcucthamquannynhthno?Sauylmtvikhuynco:
1. Xydngmcchcacucthamquan.
Vngchngtamungiiquyt?Nhngkthutgchngtamunhchi?Cnnlcucthamquanchnhmlmtngschcanngdnvcungcpchohnhngthngtintngqut?Haynnlcucthamquannhmmcchitithn,tphunkthut?
THAMQUANHCTP
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 87
2. Xydng tiuch chnnhng thnhvin thamquan.Slngthnhvinthamquannngiihntial57ngidhngdnvgiaotip.
3. Chunbbng litk tng thamquan.Phncngnhimv,aitptrungvvngtrongbnglitk.
4. Spxpdngoi,vdtuxe,ch,tichnh,ngilinh,v.v...
5. Tchccktthngtinlisaucucthamquan.Nnbocolicigvcchno?
6. Tholuncchcthpdng,sdngnhngphthintmthy trong cuc tham quan. Pht trinmt k hoch hnhng.
7. Theodiktqucacucthamquan.Theodisthchincakhochhnhng.
NHNGUIM
Nngdncthhckinhnghimcanhngnngdnkhc.Hcththyccktqucanhngthnghimthchinbinhngnngdnbn.H c thhcvnhngkhnngvnhnghnchcacckthutmi.
Thngccvttnhhtginghaycccngcsctraoitrongnhngcucthamquannhvy.
Nhngcuc thamquannh thc th tomiquanhgnktludigianngdnvinngdnvvicccngng.
Mtcuc thamquannnhngnngdn thchinPTDcth gip ph bin phng php PTD.Nng dn vCBKNcthamquancthquantmbtuPTDringcah.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 88
Nhng nng dn, ngi c nhng nng dn khc hocCBKNvingthmscmthytho.Httinvuytncah s tng ln. Tht s cng ging nh vy i vi ngithamquan.Hctpthnngdnbuchnvtrthnhthnhphncaonkhch.Hthovuytncngstngln.
NHNGHNCH
Nukhngc t chc tt,cuc thamquan skhnghiuqu.iuquantm ldnhthigianchochunbmtcucthamquanlrtcnthit.Saukhithamquan,dnhnhiuthigianhnlpkhochhnhng,theodiktqucacucthamquan.
Thamquanhctpcthtnkmnhiu. Lc,nngdncthquvuisngvqunmcchca
cuc thamquan.Hnh trnhnnhngaimxa, thayvhchi,trthnhmcchcacucdulch.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 89
Nngdnlunlungivaitrquantrngtrongvicphbincckthutnngnghip,ngayckhngctcngcaCBKN.V d nng dn thung thm ving nhau v trao i kinhnghim,traoigingmi.
Lc lngCBKNthrt t.Hkhngthbaotrmhtcccngng.Tuynhin,trongnhiutrnghpCBKNcthsdngnhngngunlccachnhnngdn.Nngdntrthnhnhngkhuynnngvin.
1. Mtsnngdn cth lnhngthnghimvinthamgiatrongtintrnhPTD(bc3)cthtrthnhnhngngicknngtttronghngdnnhngnngdnkhcvcckthutmhthnghimvpdng.Hcthtruyntchonhngnngdnkhcmt cchkhng chnh thc, cngnhtrongcccuchihp,tphun,thamquan,v.v...
2. Saumthayvinm thchinPTD,mtsnngdnquendnvicccngcPTDvccknnggiaotipcahccithintt.NhngnngdnnhvycthbtutchcviuhnhcccuchpPTD.HcthcvnchonhngnngdnkhcvthitkccthnghimPTD.HcthiuhnhtheodivnhgiccthnghimPTD.Hcthvitti liucckinhnghimPTD.Dndn,hc thm trchvaitrcaCBKN.LcnyCBKNchthnhthongthmvinghvtvnchoh.
NNGDNNHNGKHUYNNNGVIN
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 90
Box 13. Nhng c tnh camt khuyn nng vin lnngdnchiuqu
o Nngdn tchcc lm thnghimcck thutnngnghipvtngthamgiatrongmtvithnghimPTD.
o Nngdnthhinkhimtnvtt.o Nngdnhnghigipnhngnngdnkhc.Thng
htngthamgiacngvictnguyntrc.
o Nngdncquanhttvicngngo Nngdncthigianrnhlmvicvinhngnngdn
khc.
o Nngdncmtsknngcbn(cchgiaotip).NHNGUIM
Nhngkhuynnngvin lnngdn thquenvicciukinmi trng aphng: sinh thi,kinh t xhi,vnhav tchc.Hcngquenvicc trngivchicaaphng.
Khuynnngvinlnngdnsdnglintingniaphng.Nngdncthhiuddng.
Nngdn tin tngKhuynnngvin lnngdnhn.Hcthhamthchhctanhtahn ltCBKN.SthamgiacakhuynnngvinnngdncthgimbtmtscngviccaCBKN.LcnyCBKNcthtptrungchocccngngkhc.CBKNsvnvingthmnhngkhuynnngvinnngdnnhngchvivaitrtvn.
Chiph chokhuynnngvin lnngdnhot ng th thnnhiusovichoCBKN.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 91
NHNGHNCH
C th c nhng trng hp chn sai nhng khuyn nngvin l nngdn.H c th chnmt ngi khng c khnngkhuynnngcbn,nhngbivng tacuy tn,ca v, c th cho h cng vic lm, v.v... CBKN nn gipnhngnngdnxydngcc tiuch ttchovic lachncckhuynnngvinnngdn.
Mt s nng dn l ph n c th l nhng cng tc vinkhuynnnghiuqu.Nhngnhngnamnngdn c thkhngnhnrah.Hoclnhngrngbucxhi,vnhacthcntrhmtrchvaitrcamtkhuynnngvin.
Nhngkhuynnngvinlnngdncthcnhiunhimvkhc.Lc ,h c thxao lng cngvickhuynnngcah.
Nhngkhuynnngvin lnngdn c thhchi tngichmvihinhiushunluyn.
Nhngkhuynnngvinnngdncthcnhiukhkhntrongvicchunbccbocovcngvicgiytkhc.
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 92
Box14.Cchtrchokhuynnngvinnngdn
o CBKN s dn dn ngng vic iu hnh cc cuc hi hpPTD, thayvo lkhuynnngvin nngdn.CBKNsvn thnh thong thm cc CLB, nhng ch c vn nhngkhuynnngvinnngdnny.
o CBKN v cc t chc h tr khuyn nng nh Trung TmKhuynNng c th tp hun nhng khuyn nng vin nngdn.
o Cc t chch trkhuynnng c thgipnhngkhuynnngvinnngdnthitkcctliukhuynnng.
o Cc t chch trkhuynnngc thcungcpchonhngkhuynnngvinlnngdnccvnphngphm,ccthitbngin,schv,vcctpchlinquan,v.v...
o Mtskhuynnngvin lnngdn,hbnhiuthigianchocngvickhuynnng.Cc tchch trkhuynnngc th cung cpmt t tin th lao (bidng) cho s cnghincah.
DE
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 93
NGY:THIGIAN:HNGDNVIN:
MCTIU:
Saukhihcxongphnny,cchcvinshiurvcththchnhccccngcnhphngphpngno,phnnhm,xydngcyvn,phngvnbncutrc,xphngmatrnvxphnggiu ngho,m c thc sdng ccbckhcnhaucatintrnhPTD.
PhnIVCccngchtr
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 94
CCNIDUNG:
1. Phngphpngno2. Phnnhmnh3. Cyvn4. Phngvnbncutrc5. XphngMatrn6. Xphnggiungho
YUCUHUNLUYN:
S dng nhiu phng php: bi ging, ng no, tho lunnhm,thchnhngvai,v.v...choccnidungtrn
TRHUNC:
LCD hay OHP projector, bng phn, giy kh ln (A0), vitmarker
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 95
PHNGPHPNGNO
Phngphpngno (brainstorming)haycngi lphngphp suynghnhanh.Phngphpny c th to chi chonhiungithamgiavchophpbnthuthpcnhiuthngtintrongthigianngnnht.VTDNGCNTHIT
Giy kh ln (poster) hoc bngen,Thgiymu(cards),Bngkeogiy,VitMarkerhocphn.
PhnIVCccngchtr
Bichngdn
Hnh6.Thchnhngnoviccthghi(cards)
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PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 96
CCBC
1. Cc thnh vin thamd tp hp tho lun chung.H ngithnhmtnavngtrn.Ngiiuhnhtcuhi.
2. Chomtviphtccthnhvinthamdchunbkinphnhicnhnvcuhi.
3. Bygi,ngiiuhnhyuculnltmithnhvintrlicuhi.Trongvngu,mi thnhvin thamdc thchomtcutrli.
4. Ccthnhvinthamdkhngnnnhnxtcutrlicaccthnhvinkhc.Ngaycngiiukhincngkhngcphpnhnxt.Tuynhin,ngiiukhincthyucuccthnhvintrnhbyrhncutrlicahtrckhichuynsangnidungkhc.
5. Ngay c thnh vin thamd c ng vi c