3-2015 jur. bolo - PGIE.TSU.GE · J.“ekonomisti”,#3,2015 2 3 Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State...

ISSN 1987-6890

saerTaSoriso samecniero-analitikuri JurnaliInternational Scientific-Analytical Journal

32 0 1 5

J. “ekonomisti”, #3, 2015

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UDC33E e-49ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti

ekonomistisaerTaSoriso samecniero-analitikuri Jurnali

gamodis 2009 wlis ianvridan

ivlisi

seqtemberiagvisto 2015

mTavari redaqtori ramaz abesaZe

samecniero-saredaqcio kolegia:

akademikosebi:

vladimer papava, avTandil silagaZe.saq. mec. erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti

leo Ciqava.

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi:iuri ananiaSvili, rozeta asaTiani, givi bedianaSvili, Temur beriZe, giorgi berula-va, vaxtang burduli, revaz gvelesiani, revaz gogoxia, revaz kakulia, Temurkandelaki, murman kvaracxelia, alfred kurataSvili, iakob mesxia, elgujameqvabiSvili, solomon pavliaSvili, uSangi samadaSvili, roland sarCimelia,avTandil sulaberiZe, Temur Sengelia, Tina CxeiZe, nodar WiTanava, eTer xaraiSvili,mixeil jibuti.

ekonomikis doqtorebi:nanuli arevaZe, Tamila arnania-kepulaZe, nana bibilaSvili, badri geCbaia, merabgvelesiani, Salva gogiaSvili, lina daTunaSvili, gulnaz erqomaiSvili, eTerkakulia, nazira kakulia, anzor kurataSvili, Tea lazaraSvili (mTavariredaqtoris moadgile), iza naTelauri, dali soloRaSvili, nodar xaduri, mamukaxuskivaZe (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), revaz javaxiSvili.

ucxoeli wevrebi:ana axvlediani (didi britaneTi, pasuxismgebeli mdivani ucxoeTSi), larisabelinskaia (litva), eldar ismailovi (azerbaijani), gindra kasnauskiene (litva),daviT kurtaniZe (aSS, mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), vladimer menSikovi (latvia),mixeil roketliSvili (aSS), galina savina (ukraina), slavomir particki (poloneTi),dimitri sorokini (ruseTi).

Tamar dadiani (pasuxismgebeli mdivani)

Jurnali xelmZRvanelobs Tavisufali presis principiT. redaqciis SexedulebaSesaZloa ar emTxveodes avtoris azrs da igi pasuxs ar agebs informaciissizusteze.

Tbilisi

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Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Paata GugushviliInstitute of Economics

EKONOMISTIInternational Scientific-Analytical Journal

Published from January 2009

July

SeptemberAugust 2015

Editor-in-Chief Ramaz AbesadzeSCIENTIFIC-EDITORIAL BOARD:

ACADEMICIAN OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF GEORGIA:Vladimer Papava, Avtandil SilagadzeCORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF GEORGIA:Leo Chikava,

DOCTORS OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES:Iuri Ananiashvili, Roseta Asatiani, Givi Bedianashvili, Temur Beridze, Giorgi Berulava, VakhtangBurduli, Nodar Chitanava, Tina Chkheidze, Revaz Gvelesiani, Revaz Gogokhia, Mikhail Jibuti,Revaz Kakulia, Temur Kandelaki, Eter Kharaishvili, Murman Kvaratskhelia, Alfred Kuratashvili,Jakob Meskhia, Elguja Mekvabishvili, Solomon Pavliashvili, Ushangi Samadashvili, RolandSarchimelia, Temur Shengelia, Avtandil Sulaberidze.

DOCTORS OF ECONOMICS:Nanuli Arevadze, Tamila Arnania-Kepuladze, Nana Bibilashvili, Lina Datunashvili, GulnazErkomaishvili, Badri Gechbaia, Shalva Gogiashvili, Merab Gvelesiani, Revaz Javakhishvili, NaziraKakulia, Eteri Kakulia, Anzor Kuratashvili, Tea Lazarashvili (deputy editor-in-chief), IzaNatelauri, Nodar Khaduri, Mamuka Khuskivadze (deputy editor-in-chief), Dali Sologhashvili.

FOREIGN MEMSERS:Larisa Belinskaja (Lithuania), Eldar Ismailov (Azerbaijan), Gindra Kasnauskiene (Lithuania),David Kurtanidze (USA, deputy editor-in-chief abroad), Vladimir Menshikov (Latvia), SlawomirPartycki (Poland), Mikhail Roketlishvili (USA), Galina Savina (Ukraine), Dmitri Sorokin (Russia).

Tamar Dadiani (executive secretary)

The journal follows the principles of free press. The views of editorial board do not necessarily reflectauthor's option and it accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of information.

Tbilisi


eZRvneba

akademikosebis

paata guguSvilisa

da

vasil CantlaZis

dabadebidan 110-e

wlisTavs

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akademikosi

paata guguSvili(1905-1987)

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qarTuli ekonomikuri skolis fuZemdebeli

akademikos paata guguSvilis damsaxureba qarTuli ekono-mikuri skolis instituciur dafuZnebaSi, ekonomistebis TaobaTaaRzrdaSi ganuzomelia. marTalia b-ni paata istoriulad aryofila pirveli qarTveli mecier-ekonomisti, Tumca swored man,didi ivane javaxiSvilis erTgulma mowafem, Cauyara safuZveliqarTuli ekonomikuri skolis instituciur safuZvlebs da, racmTavaria, sakuTari cxovrebis wesiTa da samecniero-organi-zaciuli saqmianobiT aamaRla ekonomistis profesiis avtoriteti.

sabWoTa saqarTveloSi SeuZlebeli iyo yofiliyavi sazo-gadoebr mecnierebaTa nebismieri dargis mkvlevari da ar yofi-liyavi marqsizm-leninizmis ideologiuri mimdevari. b-ni paatasamecniero saqmianobaSi kvlevis obieqtad yovelTvis yvelazeufro patriotul mimarTulebas irCevda. am mxriv gansakuTre-buli aRniSvnis Rirsia saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomi-kuri istoria. ekonomikuri mecnierebis am dargs man araerTimsxviltaniani tomi miuZRvna.

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti, rom misi didi Zalis-xmevis Sedegad daiwyo samecniero kvleviTi saqmianoba kidev erTiuaResad patriotuli samecniero mimarTulebiT. kerZod, akade-mikosma paata guguSvilma safuZveli Cauyara saqarTveloSi de-mografiul kvlevebs.

samwuxard, b-n paatas TiTqmis mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlo-baSi uxdeboda brZola Suriani kolegebis winaaRmdeg. marTalia,gasuli saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi misma mtrebma miaRwiesimas, rom b-ni paata moaxsnevines mis mier daarsebuli institutisdireqtoris Tanamdebobidan, Tumca es namdvilad ar unda iqnesaRqmuli, rogorc akademikos guguSvilis marcxi – is direqtorisTanamadebobis gareSec darCa Zalian did pirovnebad, qarTveliekonomistebis patriarqad.

me vamayob imiT, rom Cemi iniciativiT 1992 wels b-ni paatasmier daarsebul saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikisinstituts daerqva misi damaarseblis – paata guguSvilis saxeli.dRes es instituti warmatebiT agrZelebs b-ni paatas mierdamkvidrebul samcniero tradiciebs.

akademikosi vladimer (lado) papava

ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis reqtori, paata guguSvilissaxelobis ekonomikis institutis mTavarimecieri TanamSromeli

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akdemikospaata

guguSviliscxovreba damoRvaweoba

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didi adamianebi mxolod sicocxleSi gakeTebuli kargisaqmeebis gamo rodi arian sazogadoebisaTvis sasargebloni.isini gardacvalebis Semdegac TavianTi namoRvawariT sxvebsgzas unaTeben da STaagoneben keTil saqmeTa keTebas. swo-red aseT adamianTa ricxvs miekuTvneba akademikosi paataguguSvili - gamoCenili qarTveli mecnieri, pedagogi, pub-licisti da sazogado moRvawe1.

akademikosi paata besarionis Ze guguSvili daibada 1905wlis 28 seqtembers abaSis raionis sofel kodorSi (amJamadkeTilari).

mama – besarion nikolozis Ze guguSvili soflis mama-

saxlisi გaxldaT. maSin es Tanamdeboba arCeviTi iyo dasoflis mosaxleoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi swored mas endo-boda.

deda – mariam gitos asuli kiziria diasaxlisi iyo.swored man Seaswavla Svilebs skolaSi Sesvlamde wera-kiT-xva. aseve xSirad ukiTxavda igi maT sxvadasxva nawarmoebs,gansakuTrebiT, leqsebs, romelTa Soris, umetesoba xalxu-ri iyo. mas qonda sakmaod mozrdili albomi, sadac ZliersufTa xeliT iyo Cawerili leqsebi, romelTac bavSvebs um-Reroda kidevac. batoni paata 11 wlis iyo, deda rom garda-ecvala da ojaxis mTeli simZime mamam sicocxlis bolomdepirnaTlad itvirTa.

kodoris erTklasiani da abaSis orklasiani saswavleb-lebis damTavrebis Semdeg batoni paata swavlas agrZelebsabaSis oTxklasian, foTis eqvsklasian saqalaqo saswavleb-lebSi da foTis gimnaziaSi. Semdeg saSualo ganaTlebiskurss gadis quTaisSi (aRsaniSnavia, rom erT weliwadSiori klasis sagnebs abarebs) da Sedis teqnikumSi, romelsac1922 wels amTavrebs. 1923 wels batoni paata Cairicxa Tbi-lisis saxelmwifo universitetSi maTematikis fakultetze,magram, ekonomikuri gaWirvebis gamo, samsaxurSi dadioda,amitomac igi gadadis socialur-ekonomikur fakultetze,romelzec leqciebi saRamos saaTebSi ikiTxeboda.… igi leq-ciebs ismenda agreTve samarTlisa da saqarTvelos istori-is dargebSi, monawileobda saqarTvelos ekonomikuri isto-riis, numizmatika-metrologiis seminarebSi, romelTac

1 statiis momzadebisas gamoyenebulia masalebi wignebidan: paata guguSvili 100(redaqtori: leo Ciqava, Semdgeneli: izolda abaSiZe, Tbilisi, 2005) da“akademikos paata guguSvilis dRiurebi da mogonebebi”

(Tbilisi, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutisgamomcemloba, 2015)

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akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili xelmZRvanelobda. 1922-1930wlebSi Tbilissa da moskovSi sxvadasxva dawesebulebasada organizaciaSi batoni paata muSaobda montioris, moanga-riSis, koreqtoris, asoTamwyobis, statistikosis, buRalt-ris, safinanso ganyofilebis gamgis Tanamdebobebze. am gziTmisi finansuri mdgomareoba sakmaod gaumjobesda, ise rom,cotaoden mamasac exmareboda.

mecnierisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliniWiereba, nebisyofa,problemis safuZvliani da yovelmxrivi Seswavlis unari manjer kidev studentobis wlebSi gamoavlina. igi 1927 wlidanmoyolebuli, Jurnal-gazeTebSi aqveynebda statiebs, recen-ziebs, kritikul SeniSvnebs, narkvevebs ekonomikuri mecni-erebisa da saqarTvelos kulturul-ekonomikuri ganviTare-bis sxvadasxva sakiTxze. 1929 wels Sesrulebuli misi pir-veli naSromis –`qarTuli wigni 1629-1929 ww.~, romelic qar-Tuli Jurnalistikis istorias mieZRvna, winasityvaobaSiprof. filipe gogiCaiSvili wers:"...avtors imdenad didiliteratura, wyaroebi da masala aqvs gamoyenebuli qarTu-li wignis samaswlianiistoriis gadmosacemad, rom misiSroma ueWvelia, yuradRebis Rirsia da Tavisi SinaarsiT sa-Tanado dargis gamdidrebas warmoadgens qarTul mwerlo-baSi".

ekonomikur mecnierebas saqarTveloSi saukuneTa siR-rmeSi aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli. qarTul istoriul, litera-turul, filosofiur Tu Teologiur wyroebSi mocemuliasaintereso mosazrebebi ekonomikuri mecnierebis sxvadasxvasferodan. am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs: “vefxistyaosani”; beqasa da aRbuRas “samarTlis wigni”; giorgibrwyinvales “xelmwifis karis garigeba”; vaxuSti bagra-tionis “ aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa”; vaxtang meeqvsis“samarTali”; ioane batoniSvilis “kalmasoba”; sulxan-sabaorbelianis Sexedulebebi; aleqsandre amilaxvaris, iliaWavWavaZis, niko nikolaZisa da sxvaTa Sexedulebebi. magram,unda iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi ekonomikurma kvlevebma mec-nieruli xasiaTi ivane javaxiSvilisa da filipe gogiCai-

Svilis naSromebSi miiRo. akadenikos paata guguSvils wi-lad xvda swored maTi mowafe yofiliyo, magram arc igidarCenia mis did maswavleblebs valSi. swored akademikospaata guguSvils miuZRvis gadamwyveti wvlili saqarTve-loSi ekonomikuri samecniero skolis Camoyalibebasa daganviTarebaSi.

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gansakuTrebuliaaseve akademikos paata guguSvilisdamsaxureba saqarTveloSi pirveli ekonomikuri samecnierokeris _ ekonomikis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis daarse-baSi, romlis ucvleli direqtori iyo 32 wlis ganmavlo-baSi. rasakvirvelia, batoni paata isedac ar daaklebda Za-lisxmevas saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganvi-Tarebis did saqmes, magram institutis daarsebam da misxelmZRvanelad, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, unariani, didi poten-cialis mqone pirovnebis yofnam saqarTveloSi ekonomikurimecnierebis ganviTarebas didi impulsi misca da procesebimniSvnelovnad daaCqara.

akademikos paata guguSvilis mecnieruli Tvalsawierimetad farToa. misi naSromebi eZRvneba politikuri ekono-miis, saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis, sociologiis, demografiis, Jurnalistikis, ekono-mikuri azris istoriis, ekonomikuri terminologiis da sxv.problemebs. Mmisi avtorobiT gamoqveynebulia 500-ze metisamecniero naSromi, romelTagan 50-ze meti calke wignadaagamocemuli. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia monografiebisSvidtomeuli _ “saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomiku-ri ganviTareba XIX-XXss.”, romelSic, garda imisa, romwarmodgenilia umdidresi masala saqarTvelosa da amier-kavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, aseve gamovle-nilia ekonomikuri urTierTobebis araerTi manamde mecnie-rebisaTvis SeumCneveli mxare da mocemulia maTi siRrmise-uli analizi. man saTanado argumentebis motanis safuZ-velze saqarTvelosa da, saerTod, amierkavkasiaSi dasavleTevropis renesansisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ekonomikuri mov-lenebis analogiuri procesebi aRmoaCina. miwaTsargeblobissabWoTamdeli periodis ekonomikuri problemebis kvlevisasis midis daskvnamde, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi,wyliT racionaluri sargeblobis safuZvelze, soflebiamqrebs qmnidnen, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, Tavisebur garda-maval safexurs warmoadgenda soflis Temidan qalaqur xe-losanTa amqruli korporaciisaken. kvlevis aseTi gziT manqarTuli sofeli da misi samiwaTmoqmedo kultura samarT-lianad daayena kacobriobis uZvelesi civilizebuli qvey-nebis soflebis gverdiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am naSroms ekonomikur mecnierebaTadargSi Jurnal `makro mikro ekonomikis~ mier gamocxade-bul konkursSi, avtoritetuli Jiuris gadawyvetilebiT

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`meoce saukunis saukeTeso monografiis~ statusi da pir-veli premia mieniWa.

akademikosi paata guguSvili rom farTo diapazonismecnieri iyo, amaze metyvelebs im naSromTa arasruli Ca-monaTvali, romelic exeba istoriis, Jurnalistikis, demog-rafiisa da sociologiis aqtualur problemebs. ai isinic:“qarTuli wigni 1629-1929 ww.”; “qarTuli Jurnalistika”; “so-ciologiuri etiudebi”; “saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 160 wlis(1800-1960) manZilze”; “saqarTvelos mosaxleobis aRwarmoebissakiTxebi”, “mosaxleoba, ojaxi, Svilianoba”; “demografiisnarkvevebi” da sxv., romelTac, ise, rogorc misma yvela naS-romma, specialistTa farTo gamoxmaureba da maRali Sefa-seba daimsaxura.

p. guguSvils gamoqveynebuli didmniSvnelovani origi-naluri naSromebisaTvis profesorebis filipe gogiCaiSvi-lis, grigol naTaZisa da m. polievqtovis SuamdgomlobiT,1938 wels sajaro dacvis gareSe (Honoris Causa) erTxmad mie-niWa ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xa-risxi. 1940 wels paata guguSvilma, sruliad axalgazrdamkvlevarma, brwyinvaled daicva disertacia ekonomikur mec-nierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. missadisertacio naSroms _ `saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiiskolonizacia XIX s.~ _ maRali Sefaseba misces uaRresadprincipulma da momTxovnma mecnierebma: ivane javaxiSvilma,niko berZeniSvilma da filipe gogiCaiSvilma, rogorcoficialurma recenzent-oponentebma. maT maZieblis sadiser-tacio naSromi Seafases rogorc qarTuli humanitarulimecnierebis didi miRweva da axali mniSvnelovani wvlilisaerTod mecnierebaSi. akademikosma niko berZeniSvilma sa-jaro paeqrobaze ganacxada: `dasaxuli amocanebis gadasaw-yvetad avtors dabeWdil wyaroebs garda didZali axali daaqamdis ucnobi saarqivo masala moupovebia... amitomac mismier miRebuli daskvnebic friad mniSvnelovani da mecnie-rulad damajerebelia. warmodgenili naSromi saqarTvelosme-19 saukunis istoriisaTvis didi SenaZenia~. es ekonomikisspecialobiT saqarTveloSi daculi pirveli sadoqtotodisertacia iyo.

meore msoflio omamde arc erT ekonomikur discipli-naSi qarTulad ara Tu saxelmZRvanelo, saerTod, studen-tebisaTvis sakiTxavi literaturac ar iyo. am mxriv didia p.guguSvilis damsaxureba. 1931 wlidan moyolebuli, zedizedqveyndeba mis mier momzadebuli: `saxalxo meurneobis is-

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toria~ 10 nakveTad; `teqnikis istoria~ 5 nakveTad da 2 wig-nad; naSromi `ekonomikuri formaciebisaTvis~ da qresto-maTia _ `saxalxo meurneobis warmoSoba da ganviTareba~ _ 3tomad. garda amisa, ekonomikur disciplinebSi mis mier anmisi redaqciiT rusulidan iTargmna da gamoqveynda kidevoTxi damxmare saxelmZRvanelo.

1957 wels gamoica monografiebis Semoklebuli rusuliTargmani – «Развитие промышленности в Грузии и закавказье в XIX-XX вв.»' am naSromis farTo rezonanssa da did mecnierulmniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom masze dadebiTi re-cenziebi gamoqveynda qarTul, rusul, somxur, Cexur, ung-rul, germanul, inglisur da amerikul presaSi. akademikosin. druJinini am naSromis maRal mecnierul SefasebasTanerTad svams sakiTxs paata guguSvilis sxva monografiebisrusul enaze gamocemis Taobaze.

mniSvnelovani Zvrebi, rac 70-iani wlebis Semdeg gan-xorcielda saqarTveloSi demografiis kvlevis dargSi, ba-toni p. guguSvilis erT-erTi didi damsaxurebaa. mosaxleo-bis bunebrivi moZraoba man socialur-ekonomikuri faqto-rebiT axsna. am problemasTan dakavSirebiT gamoaqveyna me-tad mniSvnelovani naSromebi _ saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 160wlis manZilze (1800-1959ww.), saqarTvelos ssr mosaxleobisaRwarmoebis sakiTxebi'da sxv. am Temas miuZRvna man ori to-

mi “sociologiuri etiudebis“' saxelwodebiT.Tbilisis, quTaisis, baTumis, soxumis, baqos, erevnis,

moskovis, leningradis, kievis, minskis, gomelis, odesis sa-xelmwifo arqivebSi mis mier gamovlenili iqna axali ma-salebi, rac gamoqveynda Tematikurad Seqmnili sqeltanianitomebis saxiT. saarqivo wyaroebis am krebuls erTvis ana-logiuri masalebis variantebi, vrceli arqeogeografiulimimoxilvebi, sadac mocemulia gamoqveynebuli dokumentebiskritikuli Sefaseba, epoqis damaxasiaTebeli gamokvlevebi,agreTve sagnobrivi, geografiuli da personaluri regist-rebi.

amierkavkasiis samoqalaqo da meurneobis istoriiswyaroebis krebulTa gamocema pirvelad p.guguSvilma gana-xorciela, riTac man fasdaudebeli samsaxuri gauwia qar-Tul arqeografiasa da wyaroTmcodneobas.

akademikosi p. guguSvilis redaqtorobiT da Tanaavto-robiT 1946-1972 wlebSi gamoica saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

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akademiis ekonomikisa da samarTlis institutis Sromebis 15

tomi da samecniero Sromebis krebul `ekonomikის~ 7 tomi.akademikosi p.guguSvili sistematurad monawileobda

ekonomistTa da sociologTa msoflio kongresebSi, agreTvesimpoziumebsa da konferenciebSi. misi moxsenebebi gamoqvey-nebulia qarTul, rusul, germanul, inglisur da sxva eneb-ze.

akademikos p.guguSvils didi damsaxureba aqvs qarTuliekonomikuri terminologiis SemuSavebaSi. naxevar saukunezemeti imuSava am mimarTulebiT. man am metad rTuli da Sro-matevadi samuSaos Sesruleba SeZlo didi ganswavlulobis,farTo erudiciis, mSobliuri enis safuZvliani codnis,mravali ucxo enis struqturaSi Rrmad garkvevisa da racmTavaria, terminebis SinaarsSi wvdomisa da qarTuli Sesat-yvisebis zustad asaxvis miseuli unariT. am problemebze

man jer kidev studentobis wlebSi daiწyo muSaoba, rode-sac Jurnal `saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi~ (1928, #6) gamoaqveynastatia aRricxvisa da komerciuli terminologiis Sesaxeb.oci wlis Semdeg _ 1947 wels, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaakademiis ekonomikisa da enaTmecnierebis institutebis gri-fiT gamocemuli `ekonomikis terminologia~ (rusul-qar-Tuli da qarTul-rusuli) Sedgenilia p. guguSvilis mierSemuSavebuli meTodologiuri principebis safuZvelze.

mis mdidar mecnierul memkvidreobas sxvadasxva drosrecenzirebiT, bibliografiebiT, eseebiT da sxva formebiTdadebiTad gamoexmaurnen cnobili mecnierebi da sazogadomoRvaweebi: k. ostrovitianovi (ruseTi), n. druJinini (ruse-Ti), n. cagolovi (ruseTi), g. hainingeri (germania), j. kola-ja (aSS), p. maslovi (ruseTi), p. podkolzini (ruseTi), b. ur-lanisi (ruseTi), t. fioldi (ungreTi), k. salia (safrange-Ti), z. urbanova (CexeTi), a. sumbaTzade (azerbaijani), t. aza-tiani (somxeTi), iv. javaxiSvili, f. gogiCaiSvili, k. gamsa-xurdia, g. leoniZe, n. berZeniSvili, S. nucubiZe, m. polievq-tovi, v. CantlaZe, a. gunia, l. gorgilaZe, S. mesxia, a. surgu-laZe, s. jorbenaZe, m. kaxeTeliZe, n. iaSvili, i. kaWarava, iv.balanCivaZe, a. kakabaZe, i. bajaZe, v. baxtaZe, a. ioseliani, g.WanuyvaZe, b. xasia, d. qoriZe, gr. Todua, r. gogoxia.

akademikos paata guguSvils mWidro saqmiani urTierTo-bebi hqonda im drois iseT cnobil moRvaweebTan, rogorebiciyvnen: petre Saria, niko musxeliSvili, ilia vekua, evgenixaraZe, simon yauxCiSvili, sergi danelia, viqtor CxikvaZe,

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simon Ciqovani, aleqsandre frangiSvili, kandid Carkviani,viqtor kupraZe, niko kecxoveli, andria afaqiZe, roin metre-veli, rafiel dvali, sergi durmiSiZe, irakli abaSiZe, gri-gol abaSiZe, ioseb noneSvili, arTaSes araqeliani da sxv.

konstantine gamsaxurdia paata guguSvilis Semoqmede-baSi gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs mis mier kvlevis obieqtismignebisa da SerCevis saocar unars. rogorc igi aRniSnavs,paata guguSvils Tavisi kvleva-Ziebis Temebi Cveni xalxisnamdvili cxovrebis siRrmiseuli procesebidan da sakuTarifarTo erudiciis wiaRidan aqvs aRebuli.B

batoni paata 1960 wels arCeul iqna saqarTvelos mecni-erebaTa akademiis SemadgenlobaSi wevr-korespondentad, xo-lo 1974 wels _ namdvil wevrad. 1962 wels mieniWa saqarT-velos mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawis wodeba.

ekonomikis institutSi xangrZlivi moRvaweobis period-Si baton paatas wesad hqonda SemoRebuli saqarTvelossxvadasxva regionSi eqspediciebis mowyoba. mas movlilihqonda qveynis yoveli kuTxe-kunWuli da unikalur informa-cias flobda TiToeulis Sesaxeb. am mxriv metad mniSvne-lovania misi xelmZRvanelobiT mopovebuli da gaanalizebu-li eqspediciis (fSav-xevsureTis,mTa-TuSeTis, saingilos,samcxe-javaxeTis, kaxeTis, raWa-leCxumis, svaneTisa da sxv.)masalebi.

paata guguSvilma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo 1951 wlisnoembris cnobil diskusiaSi (q. moskovi), romelic moawyoskkp centralurma komitetma politikuri ekonomiis saxelmZ-Rvanelos maketis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT. aq man TavisgamosvlaSi, rogorc saredaqcio komisiis wevrma da seqciiserT-erTma TanaTavmjdomarem, saxelmZRvanelos teqstissrulyofisaTvis gaakeTa rigi SeniSvnebi da waradgina konk-retuli winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi (formulirebaTasaxiT), rac saxelmZRvanelos saboloo teqstSi aisaxa.

1976-dan sicocxlis bolomde saqarTvelos ssr mecnie-rebaTa akademiis ekonomikisa da samarTlis institutis de-mografiisa da sociologiis problemaTa ganyofilebis gam-ge da misi iniciativiT Seiqmnili saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaakademiis pezidiumTan arsebuli saqarTvelos xalxTmosax-leobis (demografiis) socialur-ekonomikur problemaTa sa-

mecniero sabWos Tavmjdomareა.p. guguSvili 30-iani wlebidan iyo qarTuli Jurnalis

`ekonomistis~ redkolegiis wevri, xolo 1958 wlidan 15

17


wlis ganmavlobaSi misi iniciativiT aRdgenili Jurnal`saqarTvelos ekonomistis~ mTavari redaqtori.

akad. p. guguSvili mravalmxriv mecnierul moRvaweo-basTan SesaniSnavad aTavsebda nayofier pedagogiur saqmia-nobas. igi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi kiTxulobdaleqciebis kurss: 1930-1962 wlebSi _ saxalxo meurneobisistoriasa da teqnikis istoriaSi, 1942-1966 wlebSi _ poli-tikur ekonomiaSi. 1967 wlidan mihyavda leqciebis kursi so-ciologiaSi.

p.guguSvils udidesi Rvawli miuZRvis ekonomistTa

erovnuli kadrebis momzadebisa da aRzrdis saqmeSi, ro-gorc wlebis ganmavlobaSi (1948-1974) ekonomikis institut-Tan Seqmnili sadoqtoro da sakandidato disertaciebisdacvis specializebuli samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomaresada mecniersa da pedagogs. misi xelmZRvanelobiT momzaddada dacul iqna 120-ze meti sadoqtoro Tu sakandidatodisertacia. B

ბatoni paata did szogadoebriv saqmianobas eweoda.igi iyo ssrk sagegmo komitetis, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaakademiis sazogadoebrivi ganyofilebis biuros, saqarTve-los sazogadoeba “codnis’” gamgeobis, ucxoeTTan megobro-bisa da kulturuli kavSiris saqarTvelos sazogadoebisgamgeobis wevri da humanitarul mecnierebaTa seqciis Tavm-jdomare, sabWoTa sociologiuri asociaciis prezidiumis(moskovi), sabWoTa samecniero ekonomikur dawesebulebaTaasociaciis (moskovi) prezidiumis, msoflio sociologiuriasociaciis sabWosa da aRmaskomis da sxva adgilobrivi,sakavSiro Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wevri.

dajildoebulia Sromis wiTeli droSis, „sapato niS-nis“ ordenebiTa da medlebiT.

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia batoni paatas adamianuri Tvi-sebebi - obieqturoba da principuloba, Sromismoyvareobada mizanswrafuloba, keTilSobileba da erTguleba da sxv.igi iyo SesaniSnavi meuRle, mama da babua. gansakuTrebiTaRsaniSnavia aseve misi Seupovroba mowinaaRmdegisadmi, igiiyo TiTqmis ukompromiso polemikaSi, ris saSualebasac masaZlevda samarTlianobis grZnoba, didi erudicia da goneba-maxviluri iumoris unary.

ბaton paatas rTuli cxovreba hqonda: igi bavSvobisasakidan moyolebuli mZimed iyო avad muclis tifiT, mal-ariiT, ciebiT, filtvebis anTebiT, plevritiT, filtvebis

18


daCrdilviT, dizenteriiT, ciebiT, susunatiT, qronikulisurdoTi, nevralgiiT, qronikuli revmatizmiT, gulis gaga-nierebiT, miokarditiT, qronikuli poliarTritiT.axal-gazrda asakSi gardaecvala deda, da (nawlavebis tuperku-lioziT), meore da (filtvebis tuperkulioziT), mama (filt-vebis anTebiT), vaJi pirvel colTan – giorgi (sami Tvis,dezinteriiT), pirveli coli – Tamar TodaZe (filtvebistuperkulioziT). batoni paatas gardacvalebidan 3 wlisSemdeg, samwuxarod, gardaicvala Svili – gulbaaT guguS-vili, xolo 5 wlis Semdeg meuRle – nino miqaberiZe.

daundoblad ebrZodnen arakeTilsindisierad ganwyobi-li adamianebi, romlebmac araerTi tkivili miayenes mas.magram man yvelafers gauZlo, yvela daavadebisagan gani-kurna, STamamavlobas dautova maRali Rirebulebis samec-niero nawarmoebebi, Seqmna qarTuli ojaxi SesaniSnav qal-batonTan, nino niqabaZesTan erTad, maT samSoblos aRuzar-des ori maRali inteleqtualuri Rirebulebebis matare-beli Svili – besarion guguSvili da gulbaaT guguSvili.yvelasTvis cnobilia, romBbatoni besarioni, saqarTvelosdamoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirvel wlebSi iyo saqarT-velos premier-ministri. batoni paatas sicocxle maT Svi-liSvilebSi da SvilTaSvilebSi grZeldeba.

Bbaton paatas, miuxedavad mis winaaRmdeg mdgomi Zli-eri Zalisa, arasodes mouxdia qedi, arasodes dauwyia pir-feroba. mas Hhyavda erTguli megobrebi, romelTac araso-des miutovebia igi, maT Soris unda dasaxeldes akademikosivasil CantlaZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli aka-demiis wevr-korespondenti leo Ciqava, profesorebi: beqirbixasia, mixeil kaxeTeliZe, revaz gogoxia, avTandil sula-beriZe, institutis ganyofilebis gamge izolda abaSiZe dasxv.

gansakuTrebulia akademikosebis paata guguSvilisa davasil CantlaZis megobroba. maT erTmaneTi akademikos ivanejavaxiSvilis pirvel leqciaze gaicnes da mas Semdeg 64wlis ganmavlobaSi mxarSi edgnen erTmaneTs. maTi urTier-Toba adamianTa Soris keTili da saqmiani damokidebulebisbrwyinvale nimuSia.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia aseve batoni paatasadabatoni leo Ciqavas urTierTdamokidebuleba. batoni leosakuTari interesebis sawinaaRmdegod yovelTvis batoni paa-tas mxareze iyo da misi erTguli darCa. Mman pirnaTlad Se-asrula batoni paatasa Txovna, rom mas daemTavrebina ter-

19


minologiuri leqsikoni, romlis dasrulebac man batonvasil CantlaZesTan erTad ver moaswro. batonma leom didiSromis fasad Txovna Rirseulad Seasrula. Ees leqsikoniamJamad yvela mecnieri ekonomistis samagido wignia.

mec minda gamovxato didi madliereba batoni paatas mi-marT. Maxsendeba, Tu rogori keTili, uangaro da obieqturidamokidebuleba gamoiCina Cem mimarT, rodesac universite-tis axali kursdamTavrebuli institutSi mimiRo. Cems mexsi-erebaSi batoni paata darCeba sada, yovelgvar Tanamdebob-riv qedmaRlobas moklebuli da, amave dros, inteligen-turi, maRali Rirsebebis matarebeli didi mecnieri. dResacigive mokrZalebiTa da ridiT var ganmsWvaluli misadmi,rogorc maSin, rodesac pirvelad masTan kabinetSi Sevedi.

madlieri Taoba ar iviwyebs batoni paatas Rvawls. amisdadasturebaa is, rom akademikos vladimer papavas Taosno-biT, mis mier daarsebul instituts paata guguSvilis sa-xeli ewoda, xolo ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetSi _ “paata guguSvilis saxelobisauditoria” gaixsna. mSobliuri koleqtivic ar iviwyebs missaxels. institutSi moewyo da gaixsna paata guguSvilissaxelobis kabineti, Rirseulad aRiniSna akademikos paataguguSvilis dabadebidan 105-e da 110-e wlisTavi. orive Ta-riRs mieZRvna saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konfe-rencia da saiubileo sxdoma, Jurnal “ekonomistis” specia-luri nomrebi, momzadda da gamoica batoni paatas “dRi-urebi da mogonebebi” da sxva.

dRes misi saxelobis institutis TanamSromlebs Seg-viZlia baton paatas vupatakoT, rom ekonomikis instituti,miuxedavad xelovnurad Seqmnili winaaRmdegobebisa, warma-tebiT agrZelebs saqmianobas, rogorc damoukidebeli samec-niero-kvleviTi instituti ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobissaxelmwifo universitetSi, iq, sadac man daiwyo samecnierosaqmianoba da sadac amJamad warmatebuli reqtori, Cveni in-stitutis aRzrdili saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mqone mecnierekonomistia.

Cven did madlobas vuxdiT saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaerovnul akademias, mis prezidents, aseve, akademiis vice-prezidents, baton roin metrevels, imis gamo, rom akademi-kosebis - paata guguSvilisa da vasil CantlaZis dabadebi-dan 110-e wlisTavi saiubileo sxdomiT aRiniSneba. mas CvenaRviqvamT rogorc akademikos paata guguSvilisa da akade-

20


mikos vasil CantlaZis Rvawlis maRal Sefasebad, aseveekonomikuri mecnierebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis mxardaWerad.

Bbatoni paata Tavis dRiurebSi wers: “did adamians,did mamuliSvils SeuZlia mTeli Tavisi samSoblos, mTeliqveynis Wiri da lxini, damarcxeba da gamarjveba, dacema daamaRleba, sibnele da sinaTle TavissakuTar sulsa dagulSi gaataros, mTeli arsebiT aenTos da daiwvas imis-Tvis, rom Tavisi mamulis sidiade da sibrZne gamoaCinos,raTa Tanamedroveobas da momavals gadasces yovelive si-keTe da bedniereba, rac misi qveynis yvelaze mowinave ada-mianebs odesme SeuqmniaT saerTod adamianebisa da, kerZod,samSoblosaTvis. didi adamianebi mxolod modian da samu-damod rCebian adamianTa Soris.”

aseT adamianebs miekuTvneba batoni paatac. Aamitom missaxels daviwyeba ar uweria, misi saxeli Taobidan Taobasgadaecema.

ramaz abesaZe

Tsu paata guguSvilis saxelobis ekonomikisinstitutis direqtori, emd, profesori

21


paata guguSvili - sociologiuri

demografiis fuZemdebeli saqarTveloSi

me-20 saukunis 50-iani wlebis bolodan yofil sabWoTakavSirSi akrZalvis moxsnam 30-ian wlebSi genetikis, socio-logiis, demografiis burJuaziul mecnierebad Seracxul dar-gebze, dRis wesrigSi daayena mecnieruli kvlevebis gagrZele-bisa da im vakuumis Sevsebis aucilebloba, romelic am dar-gebSi Seiqmna.

batonma paata guguSvilma Tavis Tavze itvirTa am vakuumisSevsebis valdebuleba da simZime. mis mier gamoTqmuli gulis-

tkivili ki, rom „saqarTvelos mosaxleobis sakiTxebi arse-biTad dRemde ar gamxdara specialuri kvleva-Ziebis sagnad.dRemde ar gvyavs arc erTi mecnieri, romlis sistematurikvleva-Ziebis sagans Seadgens qarTvelologiis iseTi sakiTxi,rogoricaa saqarTvelos mosaxleobis statistika, saqarTve-

los demografia...“2 realobasTan erTad WeSmaritad didimecnierisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavmdablobaa. radganac misT-

vis „qarTveluri mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis sakiTxi... didixnis dakvirvebis obieqtisa da sakirkito sagans“3 warmoadgen-da. mis monografiebSi „saqarTvelos da amierkavkasiis ekono-mikuri ganviTareba XIX-XX ss.“ uxvad aris cnobebi saqarTve-los mosaxleobis da misi dinamikis ganmapirobebeli faqto-rebis Sesaxeb.4 es aris masalebi ara marto istoriuli demog-rafiis, aramed ojaxis sociologiis, sociologiuri demog-rafiis mkvlevarTaTvis, rogorc wyaro da safuZveli mosax-leobis demografiuliganviTarebis makroanalizisTvis.

baton paatas mier 1960-ian wlebidan Seqmnilma naSromebmaganapirobes saqarTveloSi demografiis, rogorc zogadsaka-cobrio mecnierebis dafuZneba da qarTuli demografiuliistoriisTvis safuZvlebis Seqmna. igi miCneulia qarTulidemografiul moZRvrebaTa klasikuri naSromebis avtorad.5

2 p. guguSvili. sociologiuri etiudebi. Tb.1971 w. gv.345-3463 p. guguSvili, saqarTvelos ssr mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1973 w. gv.484 p.guguSvili. saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX-XX ss.monografiebi. t.1. gv.258-351; 659-7005 a. sulaberiZe. p.guguSvili-demografi(demologi). wignSi „paata guguSvili-dabadebidan 100 wlisTavi“. Tb. 2006 w. gv 12222


aseve ojaxis sociologiisa da sociologiuri demografiisfuZemdeblad saqarTveloSi, rasac erTxmad aRiareben qarT-veli sociologebic da demografebic, maT Soris b. lutiZe, a.sulaberiZe, e. menabdiSvilida sxv.6

wina wlebSi Cven ganvixileT ojaxis sociologiis sakiT-xebi paata guguSvilis naSromebSi.7 axla Cveni mizania warmova-CinoT am didi mecnieris, rogorc saqarTveloSi sociolo-giuri demografiisfuZemdeblisRvawli.

sociologiuri (socialuri) demografia ori mecnierebisd demografiisa da sociologiis mijnaze warmoqmnili dargia,romlis Seswavlis mizans warmoadgens demografiuli dasocialuri procesebis urTierTgavlenis, socialuri norme-bis, demografiuli qcevis sxvadsxva saxeobebis da maTi Sesa-bamisi ganwyobebisa da faqtorebis kvleva. demografiuliprocesebis TaviseburebaTa da maTi ganmapirobebeli meqaniz-mebis srulyofili axsnisas is eyrdnoba socialuri demog-rafiis meTodebsa da Teoriul bazas, sociologiur da socia-lur-fsiqologiurmeTodebs.8

batoni paata Tavis ekonomikur, sociologiur, demogra-fiul naSromebSi warmatebiT iyenebda disciplinaTaSorisikvlevis meTodebs. sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebs gani-xilavda sistemuri midgomis principebze dayrdnobiT. mud-mivad cdilobda gamoevlina mTelis (sazogadoebis) da masTandakavSirebuli mikroorganizmebis (institutebis, m.S. ojaxis)urTierTkavSirebisda urTierTzemoqmedebis meqanizmebi.

amJamad, ar SevexebiT ra paata guguSvilis 50-ze met naS-roms demografiaSi, SemovifarglebiT mxolod misi 1973 wels

gamocemuli monografiis ganxilviT „saqarTvelos ssr mosax-leobis aRwarmoebis sakiTxebi“, romelic exmaureboda gaerosmier 1974 wlis demografiis msoflio wlad gamocxadebas.aRniSnul naSromSi b-nma paatam mosaxleobis aRwarmoebissakiTxebi gaaSuqa mravali mimarTulebiT, m.S. sociologiuridemografiis kuTxiTac.

monigrafiaSi gaSuqebul sakiTxTa CamonaTvali, kerZod,mosaxleobis, rogorc ZiriTadi mwarmoebluri Zalis aRwar-

6 p.guguSvili, dabadebidan 100 wlisTavi, Tb. 2006 w. gv.114, 120, 130.7 a. sulaberiZe, c. gvritiSvili, vl. sulaberiZe. ojaxis sociologiis sakiTxebipaata guguSvilis naSromebSi. J.ekonomisti. Tb. 2010 w. z38 g. wulaZe. demografiis mokle enciklopediuri leqsikoni. Tb. 2005 w. gv. 60-61

23


moebis procesi, Sobadobisa da mokvdaobis, bunebrivi matebistempebi, erovnuli Semadgenloba, urbanizacia, saqorwinoasaki, qorwineba da ganqorwineba, ojaxi da sazogadoeba,mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis prognozi da SromiTi resursebi,uflebas gvaZlevs aRvniSnoT, rom am periodidan iwyeba demog-rafiuli mecnierebis aRorZineba da evolucia saqarTveloSi.

monografiis erT-erT Rirsebas warmoadgens, rom masSi iqsadac SesaZlebeli iyo SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebiTgaanalizebulia msoflioSi, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, amier-kavkasiasa da uSualod saqarTveloSi arsebuli demografiu-li viTareba, mosaxleobis aRwarmoebisa da ojaxis problemebi,qorwinebis, ganqorwinebis sakiTxebi da ojaxis formirebisaxali tendenciebi.

batoni paatasTvis mosaxleobaSi mimdinare demografiulimovlenebi mxolod statistikuri dakvirvebisa da maTemati-kuri gaTvlebis safuZveli ar iyo. xazs usvamda ra oficia-luri statistikis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebs mosaxleobisaRwarmoebis mTeli arsis, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli garkveulisocialuri normebis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT, aucilebladmiaCnda anketuri gamokiTxvis gziT sazogadoebrivi azrisSeswavla nacionaluri ojaxis erTobliobis SvilianobisgasaTvaliswineblad. 1969 wels paata guguSvili TviTonCaudga saTaveSi saqarTveloSi Sobadobis sociologiurigamokvlevis pirvel mcdelobas, romelic sakavSiro kvlevisnawils warmoadgenda da romelic SemdgomSi saqarTvelossxvadasxva regionSi lokaluri gamokvlevebiT gagrZelda.9

SemdgomSi igi araerTxel mibrunebia aseT gamokiTxvebs.

ojaxSi bavSvTa raodenobis garkvevas isaxavda miznadTsu-s da poloteqnikuri institutis III da IV kursis studen-tebSi Catarebuli anketuri gamokiTxva, romlis masalebicasaxulia Cvens mier ganxilul monografiaSi.

es gamokiTxvebi iyo wanamZRvari ara marto saqarTveloSisociologiuri demografiis, aramed ojaxSi SvilTa yolismoTxovnilebebis SeswavliT mosaxleobis reproduqciuliqcevis kvlevebis dawyebisac, rac d. uznaZis ganwyobis fsiqo-logiaze dayrdnobiT ganaxorcieles misma mowafeebma g.wulaZem da sxvebma.

9 g.wulaZe. Sobadobis sociologiis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1984 w. gv.5

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p. guguSvili sociologiuri demografiis fuZemdebladimitomac aris miCneuli, rom demografiul procesTa Tavisebu-rebebisa da maTi ganmapirobebeli meqanizmebis axsnisa igi

eyrdnoboda im debulebas, „ ... rom demografiuli procesebimravalfaqtoriani socialuri fenomenia“ da faqtebis konsta-taciis gverdiT aucilebelia „sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuriurTierTobebis da politikuri mdgomareobis siRrmiseuliprocesebis gaTvaliswineba, istoriul wiaRsvlani, zogjerSoreuli fesvebis Ziebac, ramdenadac aq, ama Tu im zomiT,moqmedeben ara Tu didi xnis winaT Camoyalibebuli da axlaTiTqmis miviwyebuli zneCveulebebi, yofierebiTi momentebi dasxva. aramed saerTod nacionaluri, religiuri da TviT

rasobrivi warmomavlobisfaqtorebic“.10

demografiul procesTa Taviseburebebisa da maTi ganmapi-robebeli meqanizmebis axsna p. guguSvilis yvela demogra-fiuli naSromis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. am TvalsazrisiT

„saqarTvelos ssr mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis sakiTxebi“ sain-teresoa imiT, rom masSi mocemulia im periodis (1973 wlamde)demografiuli, sociologiur-demografiuli problemebisTeoriul-meTodologiuri aspeqtebi, kerZod:

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis yovl etapze demografiuliprocesebis, kerZod bunebrivi matebis, mosaxleobis aRwar-moebis tempebis, rogorc mravalfaqtoriani socialuri feno-menis kanonzomierebaTa gamovlenisaTvis, paata guguSvuls

aucileblad miaCnda imis gaTvaliswineba, rom „ .... wina planzeaadamianis da TviT sazogadoebis, naciis pirveli bunebrivimiswrafeba - iyolios da dastovos STamomavloba da adamianismeore bunebrivi miswrafeba - maqsimalurad daikmayofilosTavisi moTxovnilebebi. es moTxovnilebebi erToblivi moq-medebis faqtorebia, xolo maTi sruli dakmayofileba urTi-erTSepirobebul process qmnian. am procesSi CaerTvebian kidevmoraluri, eTikuri, fsiqologiuri, kulturuli, religiurida sxva faqtorebi, romlebic, sabolood sazogadoebrivicxovrebis ekonomikuri da serTod materialuri pirobebiT

ganisazRvreba“.11

swored aseTi viTarebis gamo wina planze gamodis socia-luri faqtorebis gavlena mosaxleobis bunebriv moZraobaze.

10 p. guguSvili. saqarTvelos ssr mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1973 w. gv. 711 p. guguSvili. saqarTvelos ssr mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1973 w. gv. 11

25


b-ni paata aRniSnavda, rom „demografiuli faqtebis, rogorcmTavari obieqtis SeswavlasTan erTad aucilebelia yurad-Rebis gamaxvileba sakuTrad adamianis, pirovnebis, rogorc

demografiuli qcevis subieqtze“, radganac „realur demogra-fiul faqtebs (qorwinebas, Sobadobas, gayras) gansazRvravsdemografiuli qceva, rac Sepirobebeulia rogorc individua-luri, aseve sazogadoebrivi yofierebiT, sazogadoebis socia-lur struqturaSi misi pirovnebis jgufis statusiT, romelicadamians uyalibebs ojaxis idealis, qorwinebis, Svilia-

nobisadmi damokidebulebebisfaseulobaTa sistemas“.12

paata guguSvilma msofliosa da saqarTvelos demogra-fiuli situaciis cvlileba im movlenebis analiziT moaxdina,romlebsac adgili hqondaT me-20 saukunis me-2 naxevridanaxali industriuli revoluciiT gamowveuli msoflio sa-zogadoebriobis materialuri da sulieri warmoebis yvelasferoSi swrafi aRmavlobis fonze.

rogorc cnobilia im periodSi daiwyo mosaxleobis gada-nawileba warmoebisa da momsaxurebis axal dargebSi, Zveliojaxuri, naTesaobrivi kavSirebis rRveva, mwarmoebluri oja-xis momxmareblurze gadasvlis procesi. rasac ekonomikurizrdis kvalobaze daemata mokvdaobis donis Semcireba da Se-degmac ar daayovna - sazogadoebaSi Tavi iCina axali demog-rafiuli ganwyobebis Sesabamisi qcevebis Camoyalibebam.

industriul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebaTa Sorispaata guguSvili gansakuTrebul yuradsaReb movlenad miiC-nevda siaxleebs Sromis danawilebis sistemaSi, ris SedegaacnaTesauri ujredebisa da ojaxis mravali mniSvnelovani funq-cia gadavida ojaxs miRma specializirebul dawesebulebaTakompetenciaSi. ojaxuri kavSirebis simyare Seasusta sazoga-doebriv warmoebaSi qalebis masobrivma CarTvam. aseT viTare-baSi minimumze met Svils SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos qalebsprofesiul saqmianobasa da karierul winsvlaSi. amasTan Svi-lebi umravles SemTxvevaSi araviTar rols ar TamaSoben imsaqmianobaSi (sawarmoebSi), romlebSic dasaqmebuli arianmSoblebi. ojaxi marTalia SenarCundeba rogorc ekonomikurierTeuli, magram rogorc warmoebrivi erTeuli kargavs Tavisfunqciebs. es procesi gansakuTrebiT Tavs iCens qalaqad. amasemateba agreTve nivTieri keTildReobis amaRleba, ganaTlebis

12 p. guguSvili. saqarTvelos ssr mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1973 w. gv.13

26


garTuleba da gaxangrZlivebac. izrdeba mosaxleobis kultu-ruli done, xdeba qorwinebaTa gadavadeba. mimdinareobs mSo-belTa moraluri pasuxismgeblobis zrda da Zlierdeba Svil-Ta raodenobis Sigaojaxuri dagegmvis SesaZlebloba. ganaT-lebul wreebSi sul ufro izrdeba kontraceptivebis gamo-yeneba.

ganxilul monografiaSi kidev erT aspeqts avRniSnavT.fertilobis (Svilianobis) donis daqveiTebis axsnisas, calkeparagrafi aqvs daTmobili urbanizaciis gavlenas mosaxleo-bis bunebrivi matebis tempebze. batoni paata aRniSnavda, rom

„marTalia urbanizacia industriuli da saerTod ekonomikurizrdis yvelaze ekonomikuri gzaa, magram ganvlili civili-zaciis istoria metyvelebs, rom mosaxleobis bunebrivi gamrav-

lebis tempebiT qalaqi SesamCnevad CamorCeba sofels“.13

qalaqis mosaxleobaSi Camoyalibebuli reproduqciuliganwyobebi SemdgomSi gadaecema soflis mosaxleobasac, racsoflad Sobadobis donis klebas gamoiwvevs. cnobilia, rom

„qalaqebSi migrantebis (soflidan) Sobadobis done ramdenadmemetia, vidre mkvidri qalaqelebisa. amasTan es gansxvaveba ukveSemdgomi TaobisaTvis qreba. qalaqis mosaxleobaSi soflis

mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT metia ganqorwinebis done da sxv.“.14amrigad qalaqad dawyebuli ojaxis transformaciis procesebisoflad iCens Tavs.

daskvnis saxiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom akritikebda ra 1920-ian wlebSi imdroindel sabWoTa kavSirSi sqesobrivi mora-lisa da ojaxis sakiTxebze diskusiebze gamoTqmul ZiriTadadvulgarul-materialistur Sexedulebebs, romlebic ojaxisgaqrobasac winaswarmetyvelebdnen, batoni paata aRniSnavda,

rom „.... saerTod sazogadoebrivi materialuri da sulieriwarmoebis mTeli progresi, rac Tavis ganviTarebis zogierTsafexurze revoluciis xasiaTs Rebulobs da maSasadamesafuZvlianad cvlis socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebisa dakerZod TviT ojaxis struqturas.... Soreuli momavlis socia-luri cxovrebis konkretuli suraTebis xatva, met-naklebi zo-miT, Tu yovelTvis utopiuri araa, SeiZleba viviaraudoT, romwyvilis kavSiri - ojaxi, romelic Caisaxa da Camoyalibdamcire avtarkiuli jgufis saxiT, dausrulebeli formacva-

13 p. guguSvili. saqarTvelos ssr mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1973 w. gv.4614 g. wulaZe. demografiis mokle enciklopediuri leqsikoni. Tb. 2005 w. gv. 259

27


lebadobis gziT wava, magram kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvelasafexurze darCeba, rogorc adamianTa modgmis maradiuli

aRwarmoebis socialurida biologiuri aucilebloba“.15

avTandil sulaberiZe

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis demogra-fiisa da sociologiis institutis direq-tori ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori

cicino gvritiSvili

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis demogra-fiisa da sociologiis institutismkvlevari

vladimer sulaberiZe

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis demogra-fiisa da sociologiis institutismkvlevari, ekonomikis doqtori

15p. guguSvili. saqarTvelos ssr mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1973 w.gv.71

28


sityva

akademikos paata guguSvilis dakrZalvis dReze

Zalze samwuxaroa, rodesac sikvdili arTmevs sazoga-doebas saqveyno saqmisaTvis uangarod Tavdadebuli adamia-

nis sicocxles.arminda davijero, rom marTla davkargeT Zal-Rones-

ruli, vaJkaci-mecnieri, akademikosi paata besarionis Ze

guguSvili.ver davijereb, rom paataguguSvili saqmem daRala,

Sromas gaerida da amitom guls xeli daikrifa.mas uyvarda sicocxle, uyvarda Sroma da garja, uyvarda

TeTrad gaTenebuli Rameebi; guliT swyuroda Tavisi si-

cocxle zvarakad mietana Cveni qveynis, Cveni mecnierebis

samsxverploze da miitana kidevac.amitomac akademikos paata guguSvilis saxels amkobs

ara zariTa da SexmobiT moTqma-godeba, aramed misi spetakicxovrebis, misi umwikvlo moRvaweobis, misi kacobis dideba.

mravalmxrivi da mravalferovania akademikos guguSvi-

lis mecnieruli, saswavlo da sazogado moRvaweoba. misimecnieruli kvleva exeba ekonomikas, istorias, saxalxomeurneobis istorias, ekonomikuri azris ganviTarebis isto-rias, XIX da XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelosa da amier-kavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes sakiT-

xebs. exeba sociologias, statistikas, kerZod demografias,finansebsa da kredits, Jurnalistikas, qarTul ekonomikur

terminologias da saerTod, saqarTvelos ekonomikis prob-

lemebs. mas mocemuli aqvs ekonomikuri wyaroebis farTomecnieruli publikacia, gaweuli aqvs nayofieri muSaobamarqsizmis klasikosebis qarTuli Targmanebis redaqtire-

baSi.akad. paata guguSvili friad nayofieri mecnieri mwe-

ralia, mis kalams ekuTvnis aseuli Sroma, aTeuli monog-

29


rafia, wigni da saxelmZRvaneloebi. masTan misi mecnieruliSemoqmedeba sayuradReboa ara marto raodenobis da mocu-

lobis mxriv, ara marto literaturuli gaformebisa da

gamarTulobis mxriv, aramed misi Sinaarsisa da Tvisebis

mxriv. misi Sromebis udidesi nawili exeba sakiTxebs, rom-lebic yamiris viTarebaSi Tvlemdnen da exeba imdenad

siRrmiseulad, fundamenturad, rom am sakiTxebiT dainte-

resebuli mkvlevari maT gverds ver auvlis.paata guguSvili Tavis gamokvlevebSi mudam axlis

ZiebaSi iyo. is yovelTvis axerxebda sagans Sexeboda far-Tod da Rrmad da arsebiT momentebs iWerda iq, sadac erTiSexedviT TiTqos es mosalodneli ar iyo; axerxebda didixniT cnobil ukve gamoyenebul wyaroebSi epova iseTi,romelic manmade SeumCneveli iyo. is werda da laparakobdagamarTulad, mis gadmocemas yovelTvis axasiaTebda Sesas-wavli saganis cxoveli interesi.

paata guguSvilma sasaxelod miiRo monawileoba saer-

TaSoriso kongresebze, rasac adasturebs mravali dadebiTirecenzia sxvadasxva enebze dawerili misi moxsenebebisa da

Sromebis Sesaxeb. amasve metyveleben Cveni gamoCenili

poetebisa da mwerlebis – gogla leoniZisa da konstantinegamsaxurdias maRali Sefasebani.

paata guguSvilma gaamarTla misi maswavleblebis WeS-

mariti korifeebis i. javaxiSvilis, S. gogiCaiSvilis, n.nikolaZis imedebi.

paata guguSvilma Tavisi samecniero pedagogiuri moRva-

weoba daiwyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. man

xangrZlivi muSaobis periodSi mravali aseuli maRalkvali-

ficiuri pirovneba moumzada Cvens qveyanas, Cvens saxalxo

meurneobas, umaRles saswavleblebs, moumzada mravali mec-nierebis doqtori da kandidati, profesori.

sruliad gansakuTrebulia da daufasebeli akad. guguS-vilis Rvawli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis siste-

30


maSi ekonomikis institutis organizacia-daarsebis saqmeSi.gamosaTqmelad metad Znelsa da rTul pirobebSi, sama-

mulo omis dros, rodesac mterma TbilisSi yumbarac Camo-agdo, rodesac mZime ekonomikur viTarebaSi myofi xalxi

soflisaken garboda, Cveni Zvirfasi paata gancxadebebiT

xelSi wlebis manZilze mTavrobis dawesebulebebSi

dadioda da asabuTebda ekonomikis institutis organizmebis

mizanSewonilobas. maSin mas mxaris damWeri ekonomistebi

oriode kaci Tu hyavda, umravlesoba gverdze idga, zogi-erTs kidev sasacilod ar hyofnida im pirobebSi institu-

tis daarsebaze laparaki. magram paata guguSvils aman guliver gautexa. mas amxnevebda ideuroba, misi miznis progre-sulobis Rrma rwmena. man vaJkacurad ibrZola, yvela dabr-koleba gadalaxa da institute daarsda.

institutis direqtorma paata guguSvilma da swavlul-

ma mdivanma akaki kakabaZem institutis muSaobis dawyebis

pirvel dRes qaRaldebi da melani saxlidan moitanes. esinstitute male did organizaciad daerT-erT wamyvan

dawesebulebad gadaiqca akademiis sistemaSi. am institutmamoumzada qveyanas aTeuli doqtori da profesori, aseulikandidati da docenti, aTeuli SromaTa tomi, aseuli sa-Jurnalo statia. man ganaaxla Jurnali "saqarTvelos eko-nomistis" gamocema, institutma danerga mravali winadadebasaxalxo meurneobaSi.

am institutis bazaze Seiqmna sagegmo komitetTan ar-

sebuli saxalxo meurneobis dagegmvis instituti, romelsacgadaeca ekonomikis institutSi kvalficirebuli da gamo-

wvrTnili kadrebis naxevari.S emdeg institute kvlav Seivso

da daemata samarTlis seqtori.paata guguSvili ocdaaT welze met xans xelmZRva-

nelobda ekonomikisa da samarTlis instituts. dReRames iqaTenebda. es institute Zalzed uyvarda, misi winsvlisaTvisarafers iSurebda, guguSvili am instituts arasdros gan-

31


Sorebia da Tavisi sicocxlec am insititutSi daamTavra. a/w26 Tebervalis naSuadRevsinfaqtiT gul gaglejili

wamoiyvanes institutidan da amisSemdeg mas arc Tavis

saxli unaxavsda aRarc Tavisi instituti. me da paatamsamocdaoTxi wlis winaT gavicaniT erTmaneT iuniversi-

tetSi. erTad movismineT batoni iv. javaxiSvilis pirvelileqcia da Sin erTad wavediT. gzaSi erTmaneTs vuziarebdiTSTabeWdilebebs, macnobda sakuTar gegmebs, Zalzed aRfrTo-vanebuli, vardis ferebSi, axalgazrduli gatacebiT xatav-

di cxovrebis momavals. magram sinamdvile sxvaa.Zvirfaso paata, ulmobelma cxovrebis Carxis trialma

bevri mware dReebi gagancdevina, sworad savali gzebi bi-

likebad gadagiqcia, eklebiT Semosa, magram Sen vaJkacuradmainc sworad iare, mainc bevri gaakeTe da gegmebis didi

nawili ganaxorciele. am xnis manZilze Cveni megobroba arSewyvetila, ramdenjer Ramis or saaTze dagirekia telefo-niT, xval apireb Tu ara ama da am RonisZiebebze daswrebas

da Tu getyodi ver vaxerxeb, Sen giTqvams: maSin arc me wa-val an girCevia rogorme moaxerxe da wavideTo.

dRes Sen Cveni megobruli piroba daarRvie. pirobis Ta-naxmad XXI saukunis dasawyiss unda Segejamebia XX saukunisviTareba saqarTveloSi, ratom aCqardi paatav, iqamde Tor-metnaxevari weliwadi rCeba. Sen daarRvie meore megobrulipirobac - Cven xom universitetis kursdamTavrebulni yove-li xuTi wlis Tavze suraTs viRebdiT, ukanasknelad aseTisuraTi gadaviReT xuTi wlis winaT da orasi kacidan iq

mxolod xuTia gamosaxuli. wels ivnisSi morigi xuTwledia.ar vici im suraTSi ramdeni iqneboda, magram is vici, romuSenod is suraTic aRar minda da me iq aRarc waval

gadasaRebad, im dRes aq moval da gauwyeb am TariRs.mSvidobiT Cemo dauviwyaro Zmao paatav!

vasil CantlaZe

32


P p a a t a g u g u S v i l i

aziuri warmoebis wesi

sazogadoebriv-ekonomiuri formaciebis Sesaxeb ukanas-

kneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi warmoebulma diskusiam ukve

erTgvari gamoxmaureba hpova CvenSiac. sjobia gvian, vinem

arasodes.miT umetes, rom arc ise gvianaa. es sakiTxebi

dRemde wamoadgenen daucxromeli kamaTis sagans, rac imiT

aixsneba, rom Tema ara marto Teoriuli da istoriuli in-

teresis Semcvelia, aramed imave dros metad aqtualur

praqtikul-politikur xasiaTs atarebs, _sxvarigad warmo-

udgenelic aris.

rogorc es cnobilia, sakiTxis pirveli kvanZebi daix-

larTa aRmosavluri qveynebis istoriuli ganviTarebis

problemaTa Seswavlis garSemo, rac gamowveuli iyo safuZ-

velze im revolucionur moZraobaTa mizezebis da pers-

peqtivebis mecnierulad gamokvlevisa, romelic kargaxania

daenTo da romelmac grandiozuli xasiaTi miiRo saerTod

aRmosavleTSi da gansakuTrebiT ki CineTSi, erTis mxriv,

ultra-imperialistur mtacebluri zraxvebis warmomadge-

nel burJuaziuli evropis, amerikis da iaponiis kapitalisa

da, meores mxriv, CineTis mravalmilioniani mSromeli

masebis ekonomikuri da erovnuli Cagvrisagan ganTavisufle-

bisaken ltolvis urTierTTan gadamwyveti Sejaxebis nia-

dagze, romelic mas Semdeg metnaklebis simwvaviT da inten-

sevobiT dRemdec grZeldeba da gagrZeldeba sanam CineTis

proletariati da misi xelmZRvanelobiT amoZravebuli re-

volucionuri glexoba sabolood ar gadaigdebs Tavidan

monobis im uRels, romelic mas imperialistur-burJuazi-

uli dafedalur-saSualo saukuneebrivi eqsploataciis

aTasgvari pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri, aSkara Tu faruli

formebis saxiT rom awevs.

dRes CineTis revolucionuri proletariati, romelsac

saTaveSi udgas CineTis komunisturi partia, ukve darwmu-

nebulia, rom is saboloo gamarjvebas ver miaRwevs im reaq-

cionur xalxosnuri Teoriis safuZvelze, romelic `CineTis

33


revoluciis mamad~ wodebul revolucionur demokrat s u n

- i a t – s e n m a Tavis droze dasaxa misi partiis mTavar

problemad: nacionalizmi, demokratia, sociallizmi da

xuTsafexuriani konstitucia.1) s u n - i a t – s e n s eyofa

damsaxurebad, rom TiTqmis naxevarmiliardiani Cineli

xalxis massa gaanTavisufla 2000 wlis winad f u – g u e x

i s mier ganmtkicebuli `sibrZnis~ monobidan, rom: moqme-

deba _ Znelia, xolo codna ki _ advili. s u n m a Tavisi

moRvaweobiT, romelic gaJRenTili iyo gmiruli, gulwrfe-

li da revolucionuri demokratizmiT, gaacamtvera es dro-

gasuli da sqolastikuri Tqmuleba, romelsac ase didxans

SeeboWa CineTi, _ misi `gegma CineTis gadaxalisebisa~ 2).

dRes CineTis proletariati aSkarad xedavs, rom gza socia-

lizmisaken SeiZleba gakaful iqnas mxolod komunisturi

partiis xelmZRvanelobiT, mxolod da mxolod im meTode-

bisa da principebis safuZvelze, romelic SeimuSaves marqs-

engels-lenin-stalinma.

rogorc ukve vsTqviT, amgvar praqtikul-politikur nia-

dagze formaciebis Sesaxeb warmoSobilma diskusiam imTa-

viTve gacxovelebuli xasiaTi miiRo da TavisTavad cxadia,

rom Tanmimdevari progresiuli formaciebs Soris yvelaze

aqtualuri Seiqna sakiTxi àziuri warmoebis wesis~ Sesaxeb.

Ddiskusiis pirvel wlebSi Camoyalibda ori mTavari

Sexeduleba. erTni amtkicebdnen, rom àziuri formacia~ es

sxva araferia, rogorc pirvelyofili formaciao da made-

nad mas aigivebdnen uklaso sazogadoebasTan. meore Sexedu-

leba, romelmac Tavisigamoxatuleba hpova kontr-revo-

lucionur trockizmSi da, agreTve, amx. l. m a d a r i s a

da kidev zogierT sxva sabWoTa istorikosebis SromebSi,

amtkicebda, rom `warmoebis aziuri wesi~ aris savsebiT

damoukidebeli, Taviseburi da sxvebisagan ganxvavebuli

formaciao.

QqvemoT Cven SevecdebiT garkvevas sakiTxisa, Tu rogor

unda iqnas gagebuli marqsizm-leninizmis sazogadoebriv-

ekonomiur formaciebze moZRvrebaSi, e. w. àziuri warmoebis

wesi~ anu àziuri formacia~.

34


sanam uSualod sakiTxs SevexebodeT, saWiroa winaswar

ramodenime sityva iTqvas formaciebze marqsizmis moZRvre-

bis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

dawyebuli 1843-1844 wlebidan vidre 1858-1859 wlamde k. m

a r q s i arsad ar ixsenebs `warmoebis aziur wess~. am

xanebSi m a r q s i s mier daweril TxzulebebSi _ `ger-

manuli ideologia~, `werili anenkovs~, `filosofiis siRa-

take~, `daqiravebuli Sroma da kapitali~, `manifesti~ da

mraval sxvaSi _ Cven saqme gvaqvs umTavresad, Tu mxedvelo-

baSi ar miviRebT `germanul ideologiaSi~ moxsenebul `sa-

kuTrebis pirvandel formas~, romelsac m a r q s i da en-

gelsi uwodebdnen `sagvareulo sakuTrebas, 3) sam forma-

ciasTan. esenia: antikuri, feodaluri da burJuaziuli

sazogadoebriv-ekonomiuri urTierTobani.

am periodis nawerTa Soris k. m a r q s s es Sexeduleba

gansakuTrebiT popularulad aqvs gamoTqmuli `daqiravebul

Sromasa da kapitalSi~: `sazogadoebrivi urTierTobani,

romlebSiac adamianebi warmoebas ewevian, sazogadoebrivi

sawarmoo urTierTobani icvlebian, gardaiqmnebian nivTier

sawarmoo saSualebaTa sawarmoo ZalTa cvlilebasa da gan-

viTarebasTan. sawarmoo urTierTobani erToblivad Sead-

genen imas, rasac sazogadoebriv urTierTobaT, sazogado-

ebas uwodeben; mxolod ganviTarebis gansazRvrul isto-

riul safexurze myof sazogadoebas, Taviseburi, gansxvave-

buli xasiaTis mqone sazogadoebas. aseT sawarmoo urTier-

TobaTa erTobliobas warmoadgens a n t i u r i sazoga-

doeba, f e o d a l u r i sazogadoeba, b u r J u a z i u

l i sazogadoeba, da TiToeuli es sazogadoeba warmoad-

gens amasTanave ganviTarebis gansakuTrebul safexurs ka-

cobriobis istoriaSi~.

zemoT me aRvniSne, rom 1859 wlamde m a r q s i ar ixse-

niebda `aziuri warmoebis wess~. Aaxla ki aq unda davsZinoT,

rom ufro adre, saxeldobr, 1853 wlis 1 ivniss e n g e l s

i s a d m i gagzavnili misi kerZo werilidan sCans, rom m

35


a r q s i misTvis Cveuli energiiT swavlobs aRmosavleTis

xalxTa, gansakuTrebiT, indoeTisa da CineTis sazogadoeb-

rivi ganviTarebis istorias. xsenebul werilSi m a r q s i

swers:

`aRmosavleTis qalaqTa aRorZinebis Sesaxeb yvelaze

brwyinvale SesaniSnav da aSkarad dasanax daxasiaTebas iZ-

leva moxuci f r a n s u a b e r n i e, romelic cxra we-

liwadi iyo eqimad aurengzebesTan. (f r a n s u a b e r n i

e _ `mogzauroba, romelic Seicavs aRweras saxelmwifosi

didi mogolisa da sxv.~). igi Zalian kargad agviwers, Tu

rogor ewyoboda am uzarmazari jarebis momarageba da saer-

Tod ra mdgomareobaSi iyo samxedro saqme, is sxvaTa Soris

ambobs: `laSqris guls Seadgens cxenosnoba, qveiTi jari

ise mravalricxovani araa,rogorc amboben, Tu namdvil

molaSqreT ar SeurevT mosamsaxureebsa da vaWrebs, romle-

bic Tan dayvebian xolme jars, yvelas Tu CavTvliT, maSin

saerTo jamSi, romelic mTavarTan erTad iZvris xolme,

SeiZleba iqnes 200.000-dan 300.000 kacamde; xandisxan metic

iqneba, es im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadawyvetilia, rom mTavari

didi xniT stovebs deda qalaqs. Ees SeuZleblad ar moeCve-

neba imas, vinc icis es uangariSo, ulevi karavi, samzareu-

lo, jogi, sxvadasxva qoneba, xSirad qalebic, maSasadame,

spiloebi, aqlemebi, xarebi, cxenebi, muSebi, moijadrageni da

mosamsaxureni, movaWreni, romelnic Tan misdeven ukan jars:

es ar gaukvirdeba imas, vinc icnobs qveynis Tavisebur

wyobilebas da mis mTavrobas, vinc icis, rom mTavari

erTad-erTi mesakuTrea saxelmwifos mTeli bernieqalaqi,

mag. Ddeli anu agara gansakuTrebiT jariT cxovrobs da

iZulebulia gayves mTavars, roca igi mogzaurobs xolme

Tavis qveyanaSi~.

Dda Semdeg m a r q s i am werilis dasasruls dasZens:

`yvela saadgilmamulo urTierTobis safuZvels aRmosav-

leTSi is (bernie, hgulisxmobs osmaleTs, sparseTs, indo-

eTs) sruliad samarTlianad xedavs imaSi, rom iq ar aris

miwaze kerZo sakuTreba. ai namdvili gasaRebi aRmosavleTis

cisaTvis~ (kursivi Cvenia _ p. g.).

36


fr. e n g e l s i ki Tavis sapasuxo werilSi, 6 ivniss

imave 1835 w. swers:

`miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ar arseboba marTlac gasa-

Rebia mTeli aRmosavleTisaTvis. amaSi mdgomareobs mTeli

politikuri da sarwmunoebrivi istoria. magram riTi avxs-

naT, rom aRmosavleTis xalxni ver mividnen kerZo sakuTre-

bamdis, ver miaRwies feodalur sakuTrebamdec-ki?~ da Tvi-

Tonve iZleva pasuxs: `me mgonia umTavresi mizezia hava da

niadagis Tviseba, gansakuTrebiT Tu miviRebT mxedvelobaSi

udabnoTa did zols, romelicgrZeldeba saxaridan

moyolebuli arabeTiT, sparseTiT, indoeTiT da saTaTreTiT

aziis udides mTa-zeganamde. aq miwaTmoqmedebismTavari

pirobaa xelovnuri morwyva. es ki an Temis saqmea, an

saolqo mmarTvelobisa, an kidev centraluri mTavrobisa...

Tavisufalma metoqeobam iq sruliad Seircxvina Tavi. miwa

iq xelovnurad noyierdeba. amitom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

wyalsadeni fuWdeba, miwaTmoqmedebac iRupeba, amiT aixsneba

is sayuradRebo faqti, rom mTeli olqebi, winad SesaniS-

navad damuSavebulni, dRes gaveranebuli da gapartaxebulia

(mag., palmira, petra, himenis nangrevni, egviptis adgilebi,

sparseTi da indoeTi). amiT aixsneba is movlenac, rom sak-

maoa erTi ganmanadgurebeli omi, raTa mTeli qveyana daca-

lierdes da saukuneebiT gavelurdes. Cemis azriT, amave mov-

lenaTa ricxvs ekuTvnis agreTve samxreT arabeTis vaWrobis

mospobac mahmadamde, rasac Sen sruliad samarTlianad sTv-

li mahmadianuri revoluciis umTavres momentad~.

amgvarad, rogorc sCans, m a r q s i s a da e n g e l s

i s mier erTmaneTisaTvis miwerili k e r Z o xasiaTis

werilebi naTelyofen im muSaobas, romelic maT am mxriv

uwarmoebiaT, da agreTve maTi, am sakiTxze, Sexedulebis

Camoyalibebis gzebsac. umTavresi ram, TiTqmis ukve Tqmulia

am werilebSi. xolo aqedan dawyebuli, ramodenime wlis Sem-

deg k. m a r q s i ukve sajaroT aqveynebs Tavis Sexedule-

bebs aRmosavleTze. aziuri qveynebis ganvitarebis Tavisebu-

rebaze, garda Cven mier moyvanili adgilebisa, marq-engelsis

nawerebidan kidev mravali adgilebis aRniSvna da dasaxe-

37


leba SeiZleba am sakiTxze, sadac isini aRiareben, xazs

usvamen da aRniSnaven aziis qveynebis TaviseburebaT 4).

rogorc cnobilia, k. m a r q s m a pirvelad es sakiTxi

naTlad da yvelasTvis gasagebad wamoayena ukve mxolod

1859 wels, Tavis TxzulebaSi `politikuri ekonomiis kriti-

kisaTvis~, romlis winasityvaobaSi vkiTxulobT: farTo

moxazulobiT SesaZlebelia aziur, antikur, feodalur da

Tanamedrove burJuaziul warmoebis wess ekonomiuri

sazogadoebrivi formaciis progresiuli epoqebi ewodos~.

Semdeg ukve igive azrebi ganviTarebulia `kapitalis~

yvela tomebSi: `yoveli winakapitalisturi warmoebis dros

mevaxSe TamaSobs revolucionur rols, mxolod imdenad

ramdenadac is angrevs da anadgurebs formebs sakuTrebisa,

romelTa myar bazisze da erTsa da imave formaSi Seuwyve-

tel xelaxla warmoebaze damyarebulia qveynis politikuri

wyobileba. a z i u r i formebis dros mevaxSeobas SeuZ-

lia iarsebos Zlier didxans, ar gamoiwvevs ra sxva raimes,

garda ekonomiuri dacemisa da politikuri korupciisa~ 5).

`monaTmflobelur urTierTobaSi, batonymur urTierTo-

baSi, moxarkeobis urTierTobaSi (e. i. aziur urTierTobaSi

_ p. g.) ( ramdenadac primitiul Temebs miviRebT mxedvelo-

baSi) produqtis mimTvisebeli da, maSasadame, gamyidveli

aris monaTmflobeli, feodaluri mebatone, xarkis mimRebi

saxelmwifo~; Semdeg: `aRniSnul warmoebis wesTa arsebobis

dros zedmeti produqtis mTavari mflobelni, romlebTanac

vaWars saqme aqvs, _ monaTmflobeli, feodaluri mebatone,

saxelmwifo (magal., aRmosavleTis despoti), _ momxmarebel

simdidres warmoadgenen~ 6).

indoeTis da saerTod aziuri xalxebis istoriuli gan-

viTarebis TaviseburebaTa pirobebisa da mizezebis daxasia-

TebaTagan, romelsac iZlevian m a r q s i da e n g e l s i

SeiZleba kidev moyvanil iqnas Semdegi adgilebi:

`wylis miwodebis mowesrigeba erT-erTi nivTieri safuZ-

veli iyo saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis, romelic vrcel-

deboda indoeTis wvril da urTierTSoris kavSirs mokle-

bul sawarmoo organizmebze. indoeTis mahmadian mbrZaneb-

38


lebs es ufro kargad esmodaT, vidre maT ìnglisel mem-

kvidreebs~, xolo amave gverdze `kapitalisa~ m a r q s i

akeTebs SeniSvnas, romelsac Semdeg ukuRmarTuli daskvne-

bis gamoyvanis dros araerTxel ubrundeba p l e x a n o v

i c: ìm aucileblobam rom unda gamoeangariSnaT nilosis

wyaldidobis periodebi, Sehqmna egvipturi astronomia da

masTanave mogvca qurumTa kastis, rogorc miwaTmoqmedebis

xelmZRvanelis batonoba 7).

fr. e n g e l s i àntidiuringSi~ swerda: `mTel

aRmosavleTSi, sadac miwis mesakuTre an Temia an saxelm-

wifo, enas aklia TviT sityva memamule, amis Sesaxeb baton

d i u r i n g s SeuZlia cnoba miiRos ingliseli iuriste-

bisagan, romelnic indoeTSi... amaod itexdnen Tavs kiTxvis

gamosarkvevad _ vin aris mamulis mesakuTreo... aRmosav-

leTSi pirvelad Turqebma SemoiRes maT mier dapyrobil

qveynebSi erTgvari miwaTmflobeluri feodalizmi~ 8).

vfiqrob meti amonawerebis moyvana saWiro ar aris, rom

CvenTvis naTeli gaxdes is garkveuli Sexeduleba, romelic

am mxriv m a r q s m a da engelsma gamoimuSaves _ maSin-

deli istoriografiaSi aRmosavleTis mcodneobis safuZve-

lze.

zedmeti ar iqneba aqve aRiniSnos, rom g. p l e x a n o

v m a dogmatiurad gamoiyena Sexeduleba `warmoebis aziur

wesze~, ramac mas Tavis ganTqmul SromaSi _ `marqsizmis

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi~ _ `saSualeba misca~, e. w. geografiuli

materializmis safuZvlebze Semdgariyo da r a t c e l i

s Teoria gaemarTlebia. plexanovs moyavs ra citati `po-

lit. ekonom. kritikis~ winasityvaobidan, swers:

àq Cvens winaSea namdvili, _ da amave dros w m i n d a

m a t e r i a l i s t u r i, _ àlgebra~ sazogadoebrivi

ganviTarebisa. am algebraSi aris adgili, rogorc `naxto-

mebisaTvis~, _ socialur revoluciaTa epoqebisaTvis, _ ase-

ve TandaTani cvlilebaTaTvia. nivTTa mocemuli wesis Tvi-

sebebSi TandaTani raodenobiTi cvlilebebs mivyavarT, da-

39


sasrul Tvisobriv cvlilebebisaken, e. i. warmoebis Zveli

wesis, _ anda rogorc aq m a r q s i gamosTqvams _ Zveli

sazogadoebrivi formaciis dacemisaken da misi axaliT

Secvlisaken. Tanaxmad m a r q s i s SeniSvnisa aRmosavle-

Tis, antikuri, feodaluri da Cveni Tanamedrove burJuaziu-

li wesebi warmoebisa, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnan, farTo

moxazulobiT, rogorc Tanmimdevari (`progresiuli~) epoqe-

bi sazogadoebis ekonomiuri ganviTarebisa; magram unda vi-

fiqroT, rom rodesac m a r q s i SemdegSi gaecno m o r g

a n i s wigns pirvelyofil sazogadoebaze, maSin man, al-

baT, Seicvala Tavisi Sexeduleba antikuri warmoebis wesis

aRmosavleTuri warmoebis wesisadmi mimarTebaSi; da namdvi-

ladac, feodaluri warmoebis wesis ekonomiuri ganviTa-

rebis logikam migviyvana socialur revoluciamde, rome-

lic dagvirgvinda kapitalizmis zeimiT, magram CineTis anu

Zveli egviptis ekonomiuri ganviTarebis logikas savsebiTac

ar mivyevarT antikuri warmoebis wesiswarmoSobisaken.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi laparakia ganviTarebis or fazaze,

romelSiac erTi mosdevs meores da iqmneba misgan, meore

SemTxvevaSi ki Cven gvaqvs ori paralelurad arsebuli

tipebi ekonomiuri ganviTarebisa.

antikur sazogadoebam Sescvala sazogadoebis sagvareu-

lo organizacia da igive organizacia iyo winamsrboli

aRmosavleTuri sazogadoebrivi wyobis warmoSobisa.

ekonomiuri wyobis TiToeuli am ori tipTagani Sedegi iyo

sawarmoo ZalTa im ganviTarebisa, romelic warmoebda sagva-

reulo organizaciis wiaRSi da romelsac, bolos da bo-

los aucileblobiT unda gamoewvia misi gaxrwna, da Tu es

ori tipi metad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTi-

sagan, maTi mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi Camoyalibdnen

geografiuli garemos gavlenis qveS, romelic sawarmoo

ZalTa zrdis garkveul safexuramde miRweul sazogadoebas

erT SemTxvevaSi windawin karnaxobs sawarmoo urTierTo-

baTa erT erToblivobas, xolo meoreSi _ meores, romelic

metad gansxvavdeba pirvelisagan~.

40


rogorc vxedavT p l e x a n o v s `warmoebis aziuri

wesi~, `aRmosavleTuri sazogadoebrivi wyoba~ anu `aziuri

formacia~ miaCnia gansakuTrebul sawarmoo urTierTobaT,

romelic rogorc antikuri formacia warmoiSva sagvareulo

sazogadoebis wiaRidan, e. i. pirvelyofili formaciis ganvi-

Tarebis Sedegad da amasTanave p l e x a n o v i s Sexe-

dulebiT sawarmoo urTierTobis es ori tipi, e. i. antikuri

da aziuri formaciebi Tu didaT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTi-

sagan, es aris mizezi im geografiul garemos gavlenisa,

romelSiac viTardeboda TiToeuli maTgani, radgan pirvel

SemTxvevaSi geografiuli garemo `windawin karnaxobs sawar-

moo urTierTobaTa erT erToblivobas, xolo meoreSi _

meores, (e. i. antikurs) romelic metad gansxvavdeba pirve-

lisagan~ (e. i. aziuri urTierTobisagan~9).

amgvarad, sawarmoo urTierTobis CamoyalibebaSi p l e x

a n o v i primats geografiul faqtorebs aniWebs. cnobis

moyvareobis aRmZvrelia, rom h e g e l i s `leqciebs

istoriis filosofiaze~, rodesac ukanaskneli specialurad

Cerdeba `msoflioistoriis geWografiul safuZvelze~

(`Geographishe Grundlage der Weltgechichte~),v. l e n i n i

SeniSnavs,rom es `damaxasiaTebeli saTauriao~; iq, sadac

imave Tavis pirvel gverdze h e g e l i swers _ `bunebas ar

SeiZleba mivsceT arc metad maRali da arc metad dabali

Sefaseba; ioniis uxvi ca, ueWvelia bevr rameSi xels uw-

yobda h o m e r o s i s poeziis simSvenieres, Tumca mxo-

lod marto mas ar SeeZlo warmoeSva homerosebi, igive ca

maT warmoSobs agreTve ara yovelTvis. osmalTa batonobis

qveS ar Cndebian mgosnebi~, _ swored aq l e n i n i

ixsenebs p l e x a n o v s, 10), romelsac notabeneTi aRniS-

navs, da adarebs h e g e l s, romelsac, am mxriv, aSkarad

Sors gauswro r a t c e l i s gavlenis qveS moyolil p

l e x a n o v m a.

rac Seexeba Tanamedrove social-faSizmis Teoretikoss

k. k a u c k i s `warmoebis aziuri wesi~ mas 1878 w. miaCnda

urTierTobis gansakuTrebul formad, xolo 1912 wels g. s

a l v i o l i s cnobili wignis _ `kapitalizmi antiur

41


qveyanaSi~ _ frangulidan, misi Svilis karlos mier

Sesrulebuli germanuli Targmanis gamocemas mama karl k a

u c k i m waurTo winasityvaoba sazogadoebrivi formacie-

bis, ukeT vsTqvaT istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis

Sesaxeb.

Aam werilSi k. kaucki iZleva Semdegnair periodizacias:

`yvelaze ufro adrindel wesad warmoebisa marqss miaCnia

pirvelyofili komunizmi~.. am formaciis p Semdgom, maRal

safexurs ganviTarebisa, misi dacemis Semdeg istoria TiT-

qmis xelaxla Tavidan, isev primitiuli mdgomareobidan iw-

yeba, Semdeg am formaciebs, k a u c k i s periodizaciiT

mosdevs axali meurneuli elementi, romelic gvevlineba

mxolod samxreT evropaSi mexuTmete saukunis dasawyisidan,

rodesac ukanasknelisaTvis dadga epoqa pirvandeli dagro-

vebisa; am niadagze ki samxreTis saxelmwifoebi, atlantikis

sanapiroebos gaswvriv, Sesafer garemoebaTa xelsayreli

Tanxvdomis wyalobiT, mividnen iqamde, rom mosaxleobis

umravlesoba proletarizaciidan da did simdidreTa mci-

reodenTa xelSi koncentraciidan, msoflio kavSiris (mimos-

vlis) erTdrouli ganviTarebasTan erTad, ganaviTares

axali wesi warmoebisa _ kapitalizmi 11).

Aamgvarad, am werilSi naxsenebic ar aris àziuri wesi

warmoebisa~; meores mxriv, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom k a u c

k i jer kidev am werilis daweris drosac àkritikebs~ ra k

a r l b i u x e r i s `herostratesebur-ganTqmul~ sqemas

meurneuli cxovrebis ganviTarebisa, 12), reveransebs akeTebs

k. b i u x e r i s winaSe; xolo zedmetia laparaki imaze,

rom Tavis ukanasknel sensaciur ortomian naSromSi13), k. k a

u c k i ukve aSkarad savsebiT ayalbebs da amaxinjebs

marqsizmis moZRvrebas istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonzomie-

rebaze da ekonomiur formaciebze. k a u c k i axla aRia-

rebs àziur formacias~, rogorc iseT wess warmoebisa,

romlis msgavsi ar axsovs evropis xalxebis istoriul

ganviTarebas da amgvaradmisi pozicia Sexmatkbilebulia

evropis imperializmis kolonalur politikasTan aRmosav-

leTSi, romlis Teoretikosi _ m a k d o n a l d i s

42


`gagrZeleba~ _ g a n d i, am politikas asabuTebs aRmosav-

leTis xalxTa (indoeTi, CineTi) Taviseburi, evropis xal-

xTa sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisagan gansxvavebuli, mdgoma-

reobiT; es is poziciaa, ramac k a u c k i evropis da ame-

rikis imperializmis mtacebluri politikis gasamarTleb-

lad mogonili rasobrivi Teoriis aRiarebamde miyvana.

rogorc cnobilia, dRevandeli saxiT, rasobrivi Teo-

riis, biufoni, peSeli, martoni, krafordi, graf gobino da

sxv. _ Sinaarsi imaSi mdgomareobs, TiTqos: 1) rasiul (fizi-

kur) Tvisebebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs adamianTa jgu-

febis kulturul ganviTarebaSi; 2) ganasxvaveben `maRal~

bunebrivad ufro dajildoebul gonebrivi ganviTarebis

unarian rasebs da `dabal~ rasebs, romlebsac an savsebiT

ar aqvT gonebrivi ganviTarebis unari, anda _ umniSvnelo

xarisxiT; 3) rasis ZiriTadi Tvisebani ar icvlebian da ar

arian damokidebulni arc socialur-ekonomiur pirobebTan

da arc geografiul garemosagan. rasobriv TeoriasTan

dakavSirebulia agreTve, e.w. `migraciis Teoriac~ (r a t c e

l i da sxvebi), romlis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove adamianis wi-

naparTa naSTebi, romlebic dRes rekonstruirebulia

pikantropusis, Cinantropusis, haidelbergelis, neanderta-

lelis da kormanoneli adamianebis saxiT da, romlebic

adamianTa modgmis Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva

safexuris warmomadgenlebia, ganixileba, rogorc sxva-

dasxva rasebi, romelTa migraciebis dros erTimeoris dapy-

robiT da ganadgurebiT miiReba zemoxsenebuli `ganviTa-

reba~. Aam Teoriebis reaqcionuri da imperialisturi xasia-

Ti imdenad aSkaraa, rom ganmartebasac ar saWiroebs.

axla saWiroa SevCerdeT amx. l. m a d i a r i s da sxva

misi mombaZveli meqanistebis koncepciaze `aziuri warmoebis

wesis~ sakiTxis Sesaxeb. l. m a d i a r i ukanasknel xanebSi

warmoebuli diskusiebis procesSi aSkarad gamoeyo, rogorc

erTgvari meTauri da `Teoretikosi~ warmoebis `aziuri we-

sis~, rogorc gansakuTrebuli formaciis damcvelTa Soris.

43


amx. l. m a d i a r m a Tavis mTel rig SromebSi

CineTis ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb da agreTve sazo-

gadoebriv ekonomiur formaciebze daweril gamokvlevebSi,

saboloo angariSiT, Camoayaliba Tavisi koncepcia `aziuri

formaciis~ dasacavad, romelic mis mier agrarul sakiTxze

momuSave marqsistTa konferenciaze wakiTxuli moxsenebis

mixedviT Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba:

aziuri warmoebis wesi, e. i. aziuri formacia warmoiSoba

da viTardeba iq, 1) sadac miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis pirvel

aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens xelovnuri morwyva, ase

rom geografiuli faqtoris gadamwyveti mniSvneloba udaoa;

2) klasobrivi sazogadoebis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia

xelovnuri morwyvis organizaciis aucileblobasTan. Temis

msaxurni _ sagvareulo iyo is, sasoflo, Tu religiozuri

_ romlebic asrulebdnen morwyvis organizaciis funqciebs,

ganviTarebaTa msvlelobaSi yalibdebian gabatonebul

klasad, romelic Cagravs da yvlefs Tems an gvars, iTvisebs

ra uSualo mwarmoebelTa zedmet Sromas; 3) miwaze kerZo

sakuTrebis ar arseboba warmoadgens aziuri warmoebis we-

sis umniSvnelovanes damaxasiaTebel niSans. saxelmwifo

aris uzenaesi mesakuTre miwisa; suvereniteti aq _ samiwo

sakuTrebaa, romelic koncentraciaqmnilia nacionaluri

masStabiT. ar arsebobs miwis kerZo sakuTreba. Tumca arse-

bobs, rogorc kerZo, ise Temuri mflobeloba da sargeb-

loba miwisa; 4) zedmeti Sromis miTviseba xdeba renta-xar-

kis saxiT. renta da xarki gaTqvefilia erTmaneTSi; 5) aziu-

ri warmoebis wesis dros saxelmwifo formas warmoadgens

aRmosavluri despotia.

aseve an TiTqmis savsebiT aseve svams sakiTxs `aziuri

formaciis~ meore damcveli b e r i n i c, rodesac igi

laparakobs rom `mTeli saqme emyareba bunebriv pirobebs,

ufro sworad imas, rom miwaTmoqmedeba morwyvis gareSe azi-

is umravles qveynebSi SeuZlebelia~. saerTo xazebSi asset-

save Sexedulebas icaven m a d i a r i s mowafeebi k o k i n

i, p a p a i a n i da sxvebic, ris gamoc maT amoweras Cven aq

44


ar SevudgebiT; mxolod davsZenT rom yvela isini erTxmad,

l. madiaris piriT, acxadeben:

`Нет никакого сомнения в том, что, по мнению М а р к с а, в Китаеколониальная политика разрушила именно экономическую основуазиатского производства. Нет никакого сомнения в том, что такиегиганты марксистской мысли, как Л е н и н и П л е х а н о в, не толькопризнавали существование азиатского способа производства но, как мыувидим ниже, развили Марксово учение о нем~.`qvemod~ ki Cven vxedavT yovelgvari faqtiuri, konkre-

tuli istoriuli masalebis gareSe, _ Tu mxedvelobaSi ar

miviRebT k o k i n i s wigns (`czin-tian~), romelsac xSirad

TviT m a d i a r i c ar eTanxmeba, _ Cven mier zemod moyva-

nil sqemas aRmosavleTis sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li niSnebisa, romelic amx. m a d i a r m a `Camoayaliba~ m

a r q s i s a da e n g e l s i s TxzulebaTagan dogmatiu-

rad da amdenadve damaxinjebulad amoglejili citatebis

safuZvelze.

rogorc vxedavT aziuri formaciis damcvelebi cdilo-

ben es azri Tavze moaxvion p le x a n o v s a da l e n i n

s. Cven zemod vnaxeT, rom plexanovi marTlac idga am Tval-

sazrisze; xolo axla aq unda vaCvenoT, rom lenins arsad

da arasodes ar gauziarebia is azri, rom CineTSi da indo-

eTSi Cven saqme gvaqvs aziur formaciasTan, _ urTierTo-

basTan, romelic ucnobia evropis xalxTa istoriaSi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom `aziuri formaciis~ damcvelebi

erTxmad miuTiTeben l e n i n i s sityvaze, romelic war-

moTqmul iqna stokholmis yrilobaze ruseTis s.-d. m. par-

tiisa. aq p l e x a n o v m a gailaSqra l e n i n i s mier

warmodgenili miwis nacionalizaciis proeqtis winaaRmdeg.

p l e x a n o v i amtkicebda, rom l e n i n i s proeqtis

ganxorcieleba es iqneboda petres-winadroindeli ruseTis

mdgomareobis aRdgena, rodesac iyo gabatonebuli aziuri

warmoebis wesi (rogorc cnobilia p l e x a n o v i Tavis

cnobil TxzulebaSic _ `rusuli sazogadoebrivi azris

ganviTareba~ _ amtkicebs, rom ruseTSi iyo aziuri warmoe-

bis wesi).

45


imave yrilobaze p l e x a n o v i s winaaRmdeg gamo-

suli l e n i n i laparakobda: `dauSvaT erTi wuTiT, rom

moskovis petres-winadroindel ruseTSi, me-XVII saukuneSi

namdvilad arsebobda miwis nacionalizacia, ra gamomdina-

reobs aqedan? g. p l e x a n o v i s logikiT aqedan

gamomdinareobs, rom nacionalizaciis gatareba niSnavs xe-

lis Sewyobas moskovis droindeli ruseTis restavracii-

saTvis, magram aseTi logika _ saxeldobr sofizmia da ara

logika, anu sityvebis TamaSia, movlenaTa ekonomiuri safuZ-

vlis anu cnebis ekonomiuri Sinaarsis gareSe. ramdenadac

moskovis ruseTSi iyo (anu: Tu moskovis ruseTSi iyo) miwis

nacionalizacia, imdenadac misi ekonomiuri s a f u Z v e l

i i y o a z i u r i w a r m o e b i s w e s i. amave

dros, ruseTSi me-XIX saukunis meore naxevridan ganmtkicda,

xolo me-XX saukuneSi ukve udaod gabatonebuli Seiqna war-

moebis kapitalisturi wesi. raRa darCa plexanovis mtkice-

bidan? nacionalizacia, romelic dafuZnebulia warmoebis

aziur wesze, man auria nacionalizaciaSi, romelic dafuZ-

nebulia warmoebis kapitalistur wesze: sityvaTa igiveobis

gamo man mxedvelobidan gauSva ekonomiuri, saxeldobr sa-

warmoo urTierTobaTa gansxvaveba~ 14).

ra gamomdinareobs aqedan, romelsac ase Caacivden `aziu-

ri formaciis~ damcveli meqanistebi da kontrrevolu-

cionuri trockistebi? l e n i n i aq, rogorc sCans, mxo-

lod imas amtkicebs rom p l e x a n o v m a zemoxsenebul

sakiTxSi dauSva metad uxeSi Secdoma. l e n i n i s sity-

vis zemod moyvanili adgilis mTeli Sinaarsi, Tavidan bo-

lomde mxolod uaryofaa p l e x a n o v i s absurduli

debulebisa da meti araferi. aqedan araviTar SemTxvevaSi

ar SeiZleba im azris gamoyvana, rom TiTqos Ll e n i n i

icavda `aziuri warmoebis wesis~ arsebobas da isicru-

seTSi, romlis feodaluri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mas ara

erTgan aqvs gamoTqmuli Tavisi mtkice azri. amisaTvis sakma-

risia Tundac zerele gadaTvaliereba leninis romelime

Txzulebisa, mag., `kapitalizmis ganviTareba ruseTSi~, sa-

dac naTladaa damtkicebuli, konkretuli masalebis

46


analizze, rom ruseTSi kapitalizmi ganviTarda feodaliz-

mis, e. i. batonymobis niadagze, xolo ukanaskneli warmoiSva

patriarqaluri (pirvelyofili) urTierTobidan. amitom `ru-

seTSi am mxriT kapitalizmis progrsiuloba gansakuTrebiT

aSkaraa, radgan CvenSi mwarmoeblis piradi damokidebuleba

(e. i. batonymoba _ p. g.) arsebobda (ramodenimed dResac

arsebobs) ara marto miwaTmoqmedebaSi, aramed gadammuSave-

bel mrewvelobaSiac (batonymur Sromaze damyarebuli `fab-

rikebi~), samTo-saqarxno mrewvelobaSiac da Tevzis mrewve-

lobaSiac da sxv; _ swers lenini Tavis am TxzulebaSi 15).

magram miuxedavad amisa l e n i n i Tu mainc lapa-

rakobs àziuri warmoebis wesze~ ruseTSi es mxolod imas

niSnavs, rom mis terminologiaSi aziuri warmoebis wesi

gaigivebulia feodalur formaciasTan; da rom es asea Cven

amaSi axlave davrwmundebiT. Cven qvemod davinaxavT, rom l

e n i n i xSirad xmarobs cnebas àziuri warmoebis wesi~,

àziuri sazogadoeba~, àziuri eqsploatacia~ da misTanebs,

magram yovelTvis, rogorc wesi igi mis mier ganixileba

rogorc batonymuri, feodaluri urTierTobis sinonimi.

ase magaliTad, 1911 wels l e o n t o l s t o i s

Sesaxeb v. lenini swerda, rom tolstois msoflmxedveloba

es aris àRmosavluri wyobilebis, aziuri wyobilebis

ideologia, rom is aris `mxolod ideologiuri gadmona-

Suqi Zveli (`gadatrialebuli~) wyobilebisa, batonymuri

wyobilebisa, aRmosavleTis xalxTa cxovrebis wyobilebisa~16).

kidev ufro gvian, 1913 wels daweril werilSi _ `Tana-

medrove xelisuflebis agrarul politikis Sesaxeb~ _ l e

n i n i swerda: ès ar aris kapitalizmi, es araa evropuli

wesi meurneobisa...ara, es savsebiT ar aris evropiulad. es

arisNZvel-Cinuri. es aris TaTruli, es aris batonymuri~.Aaq

ukve ase naTladaa Tqmuli, rom èvropuli wesi~ es aris ka-

pitalisturi, xolo is gadmonaSTebi, rac batonobda maSin-

del ruseTSi _ es aris Cinuri, TaTruli, e. i. aziuri, e. i.

batonymuri anu feodaluri17. ise rogorc zemodac, t o l s

t o i s Sesaxeb werilSi, l e n i n i laparakobs or

47


ekonomiur urTierTobaze: kapitalisturze, e. i. evropulze

da feodalurze, e. i. aRmosavlurze anu aziurze _ rac

gamoxatavda maSindel msoflios: kapitalistur evropas da

feodalur azias.

magram axla sainteresoa vikiTxoT, Tu ra azris iyo l e

n i n i, kerZod TviT CineTis xalxis mier Tavis istoriuli

ganviTarebis procesSi ganvlili sawarmoo urTierTobis

Sesaxeb.

1912 wlis ivliss l e n i n i Tavis werilSi, `demok-

ratia da xalxosnoba CineTSi~, swerda: ò b i e q t u r i

pirobebi, CineTisa, CamorCenili, miwaTmoqmeduri, naxevrad-

feodaluri qveynisa, dRis wesrigze svamen am TiTqmis na-

xevarmiliardiani xalxis cxovrebaSi mxolod erT garkve-

ul, istoriulad Tavisebur saxeobas am Cagvrisa da

eqsploataciisa, saxeldobr feodalizmisa. feodalizmi

emyareboda miwaTmoqmeduri yofierebisa da naturaluri

meurneobis batonobaze: Cineli glexis feodaluri

eqsploataciis wyaro iyo misi ama Tu im formiT miwaze

mimagreba. am eqsploataciis politikuri gamomxatvelni

iyvnen feodalebi, yvelani erTad da yoveli cal-calke

bogdixanTan, rogorc sistemis meTaurTan, erTad~.

imave werilSi, s u n – i a t – s e n i s agraruli

politikis Sesaxeb, l e n i n i swers: `rogor ekonomiur

aucileblobam gamoiwvia aziis erT-erT yvelaze CamorCenil

glexur qveyanaSi gavrceleba yvelaze mowinave burJuaziul-

demokratiuli programisa miwis mimarT?~ da iqve upasuxebs:

àucileblobam feodalizmis dangrevisa yvela mis saxeebSi

da gamovlinebebSi~18).

gana amis Semdeg naTeli ar aris, rom l e n i n i àzi-

ur sazogadoebas~, àziur warmoebis wess~, `Cinur meurneo-

bas~ ganixilavs rogorc daxasiaTebas CamorCenili feoda-

luri urTierTobisa? l e n i n i pirdapir swrs, rom CineT-

Si gabatonebuli iyo batonymuri eqsploatacia, raic damya-

rebuli iyo glexebis miwaze mimagrebaze; es xom feodaluri

eqsploataciis specifikuri damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa, rome-

lic ganviTarebis garkveul periodSi gabatonebuli iyo

48


rogorc safrangeTSi, ise germaniaSi, rogorc inglisSi, ise

ruseTSi, rogorc iaponiaSi, ise CineTSi da romelic evro-

paSi ufro adre moispo, vinem aziaSi, sadac is kidev did-

xans rCeba. swored amitom l e n i n i xSirad kapitalis-

turi warmoebis wesis sinonimad xmarobs evropiuls, dasav-

leTurs, xolo feodalurisaTvis – ki aziurs, Cinurs, TaT-

ruls. magaliTad: `aRmosavleTi sabolood Sesdga dasav-

leTis gzazeo~, _ swers lenini, CineTis kapitalisturi

ganviTarebisa da aqedan gamomdinare CineTis muSaTa klasis

amoZravebis Sesaxeb. anda kidev: `ruseTi friad mraval da

metad arsebiT urTierTobaSi, ueWvelad warmoadgens erT-

erT aziur saxelmwifos da amasTanave, erT-erT yvelaze ve-

lur, saSualo saukuneebriv (e. i. feodalur _ p. g.)

samarcxvinoT CamorCenil aziur saxelmwifoTagans~ 19).

da Tu yovelive amis Semdeg kokini da papaiani da meores

mxriv, kontrrevolucionuri trockizmi cdilobs da mainc

ar iSlis, rom aqedan gamoiyvanon `aziuri formaciis~ aRia-

reba, Cven isini sxvas aras mogvagoneben, rogorc im cxo-

vels, romelsac cxenidan jori `gamoyavs~. Tumca, rogorc

erTgan mWermetyvelurad SeniSnavs m a r q s i, saWiro araa

indoeli iyos kaci, rom Tayvani sces Zroxa-sabalas da

iupiteri iyos, rom xarad gadaiqces~.

imis Sesaxeb, rom CineTSi adgili hqonda feodalur

urTierTobas da, maSasadame, dRes iq adgili aqvs gadmo-

naSTebs batonymuri urTierTobisa, mravali iTqva agreTve,

e. w. `Cinuri diskusiis~ periodSi sk. p. (b) cekaSi da

kominternis aRmaskomSiac, sadac t r o c k i da misi momx-

reni savsebiT uaryofdnen CinetSi feodaluri epoqis naS-

Tebis mniSvnelobas. amx. k. r a d e k i maSin amtkicebda,

rom CineTis sofelSi batonobs savaWro kapitali da ara

feodaluri yofierebis naSTebio.

istoriul materializmSi leninuri etapis Semdgomi

ganmaviTarebeli amx. s t a l i n i yovelTvis energiulad

ilaSqrebda amgvari umgvano, antiistoriuli da antimarqsis-

49


tuli gamosvlebis winaaRmdeg. 1927 w. 24 maiss kominternis

aRmaskomis sxdomaze is laparakobda: `kominterni gamodis

iqidan, rom naSTebi feodalizmisa CineTis sofelSi da

mTeli militaristul-biurokratiuli zednaSeni am naSTeb-

ze, yovelgvari ZiuZiunebiT, gubernatorebiT, generlebiT,

Can-ZolinebiT dasxv. warmoadgenen im bazas, romelTa

safuZvelze warmoiSva da gaiSala Tanamedrove agraruli

revolucia. Tu 70 % glexobis Semosavlisa mTel rig pro-

vinciebSi ekuTvnis memamules da Jentris, Tu memamuleebi,

SeiaraRebulni Tu uiaraRoni, warmoadgenen ara

mxolod ekonomiur, aramed administraciul da

sasamarTloxeli- suflebaT, Tu dRemde kidev mTel rig

provinciebSi praq- tikaSia saSualo saukuneebrivi

yidva-gayidva qalebisa da bavSvebisa, maSin ar SeiZleba ar

vicnoT, rom feodaluri yofierebis naSTebi mTeli

maTi militaristul-biurokratiuli zednaSeniT,

warmoadgenen Cagvris ZiriTad formas CineTSi~.

Semdeg amx. s t a l i n i ganagrZobs, rom CineTSi

arsebul feodaluri yofierebis gadmonaSTebs

zurgs umagrebs imperializmimTeli misi finansiuri da

samxedro ZlierebiT; da amitom `SeuZlebelia CineTSi feo-

daluri naSTebis likvidacia, Tu amasTanave erTad ar

vawarmoebT revolucionur brZolas imperializmis

winaaRmdeg CineTSi~.

amx. s t a l i n i exeba ra k. r a d e k i s Secdomas

am sakiTxSi swers: `amx. k. radekis Secdoma imaSia, rom man

ver gaigo es Tavisebureba, es gadajvaredineba feodaluri

gadmonaSTebis savaWro kapitalis arsebobasTan erTad

batonoba CineTis sofelSi,feodalur-saSualo-saukuneeb-

rivi eqsploataciis da glexobis Cagvris meTodebis

dacviT~. 20

amave azrs anviTarebs amx. s t a l i n i kominternis

aRmaskomis CineTis komisiaSi 1926 w. 30 noembers warmoTqmul

sityvaSiac: `CineTis revoluciis mesame Tavisebureba... imaSi

gamoixateba, rom mis gverdiT arsebobs sabWoTa kavSiri,

romlis revolucionuri gamocdilebas da daxmarebas ar

SeuZlia ar gaadvilos CineTis proletariatis brZola

50


imperializmisa da feodalur-saSualo saukuneebis naSTebis

winaaRmdeg CineTSi~ 21. Aamave azrs anviTarebda is agreTve

agrarul sakiTxze momuSave marqsistTa konferenciaSi war-

moTqmul sityvaSiac.

dasasrul, unda moviyvanoT TviT CineTis kompartiis me-

VI yrilobis rezoluciidan erTi nawyveti am sakiTxze:

ègreTwodebul sazogadoebrivi miwebidan renta

garegnulad gveCveneba sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebis

Semosavlad, faqtiurad ki is warmoadgens jentris Se-

mosavals~; magram axla Cven vikiTxoT Tu vin aris jentri?

_ jentrebi, uWiravT ra sazogadoebrivi miwebi da Rebulo-

ben ra rentas meijaradreebidan, ekonomiurad warmoadgenen

memamuleebs. jentri aris Zveli Cinuri `Si-s, `da-fu-s~ (e. i.

aristokratiis) klasis saxelwodeba; axla saxelmwifo mo-

xeleebi, oficrebi, mdidari vaWrebic ki, yvelani iwodebian

`jentri-vaWrebad~. uwinares yovlisa CineTSi memamuleTa

klasi _ es aris jentris klasi...jentri memamuleTa klasi

aris gabatonebuli klasi Cinur feodalizmSi, es aris

klasi, romelic anxorcielebs politikur Cagvras Cineli

glexebisa~ (citirebulia amx. CJu-u-Sanis mixedviT).

Aamgvarad sakiTxi ukve sabolood garkveulia CineTSi,

iseve rogorc indoeTSi da saerTod aziaSi Cven gvaqvs da

gvqonda istoriuli ganviTarebis Sesafer periodebSi ara

raRac gansakuTrebuli formacia, romelic ucnobia evropis

xalxTa istoriaSi, aramed igive feodaluri, e. i. batonymu-

ri urTierToba, rac gaiara evropis yvela xalxebma. ma-

Sasadame. maSasadame, rogorc ufro naTlad amas Cven qve-

modac davinaxavT marqsizmis klasikosebis (marqsi, engelsi,

lenini) mier gamoyenebulia cnebebi àziuri warmoebis wesi~,

àziuri sazogadoeba~, àRmosavluri urTierToba~ da sxv.

misTanani warmoadgenen sxvas arafers, rogorc feodalurs,

batonymurs, _ sawarmoo urTierTobis formas, romelic

msgavsad evropis xalxebisa, gaiares aziis xalxebmac, Tumca

Taviseburi xasiaTis matarebeli formoT, da rogorc Cven

zemod davinaxeT, mTel Tanamedrove marqsistul istoriog-

rafiasTan erTad, l e n i n i c aRniSnavs am Taviseburebas,

51


romelic axasiaTebda aziis xalxebis, kerZoT CineTis feo-

daluri ganviTarebis Taviseburebas, rodesac swers, rom

CineTis TiTqmis naxevarmiliardiani xalxi ganicdis `isto-

riulad Tavisebur saxeobas am Cagvrisa da eqsploataciisa,

saxeldobr feodalizmisa~.

Uudaoa, rom aziis xalxebma gaiares feodaluri urTier-

Toba da amasTanave isic udaoa, rom es feodalizmi xasiaT-

deba garkveuli TaviseburebiT evropiul, mag., frangul

feodalizmTan SedarebiT; isic udaoa, rogorc amas

samarTlianad amtkiceben amx. s a f a r o v i Tavis naSro-

mebSi _ `klasebi da klasobrivi brZola CineTis istoria-

Si~, `CineTis problemebi~, _ da amx. e. i o l k i Tavis

saintereso gamokvlevebSi _ `Zveli CineTis sazogadoebrivi

wyobis safuZvlebisaTvis~ da sxv. _ rom pirvelyofili

urTierTobis safuZvlebidan warmoSobili da ganviTarebu-

li feodalizmi CineTSi, xasiaTdeba mniSvnelovani Tavisebu-

rebebiT, mag., frangul da sxv. feodalizmTan SedarebiT; da

isic udaoa, rom es Tavisebureba aRmosavluri feodaliz-

misa gamomdinareobda im geografiuli pirobebisagan, rom-

lis wiaRSic igi viTardeboda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom s u n-i a t-s e n i c ki udides

mniSvnelobas awers CineTis ganviTarebaSi am garemoebas,

Tavis saintereso naSromSi _ `CineTis saerTaSoriso ganvi-

Tarebis gegma~ _ is aRniSnavs didi mdinareebisa (xuan-xe _

yviTeli mdinare, ian-czi _ tredisferi mdinare, si-czian _

dasavleTis mdinare) da arxebis arsebuli sistemis grandi-

ozul mniSvnelobas qveynis morwyvis saqmeSi,22 da, maSasa-

dame, miwaTmoqmedebis, e. i. yvela winakapitalisturi for-

maciebisaTvis meurneobis yvelaze umniSvnelovanesi dargis

ganviTarebaSi. Mmagram CvenTvis cxadze ucxadesia, rom TviT

am xelovnuri morwyvis sistemis organizacia, maSasadame, im

udidesi mdinareebis Cvens droisaTvisac gansacvifrebeli,

grandiozuli, arxebis safuZvelze gamoyeneba im TaviTve

gansazRvruli iyo arsebobisaTvis brZolis procesSi Seqm-

nili da dagrovili sawarmoo ZalebiT, raSiac unda veZioT,

rogorc TviT xelovnuri morwyvis sistemis Camoyalibebis

52


saxeebi, iseve sawyisebic TviT sazogadoebrivi organizaci-

isa, am sistemis regularuli eqsploataciis safuZvelze

rom unda Seqmniliyo.

Mm a r q s i rodi uaryofs geografiuli faqtoris gav-

lenas sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze. Mmagram marqsisaTvis

yovlad miuRebelia Cven mier zemod amowerili p l e x a n

o v i s debuleba, rom TiTqosgeografiuli faqtori

gansazRvravdes, karnaxobdes sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis

formebs. geografiuli faqtorebi ekonomiuri TvalsazrisiT

ganiyofeba or did jgufad: saarsebo saSualebisa (noyieri

niadagi, nadiriT mdidari tye) da Sromis saSualebis

(CanCqerebi, madneuliT mdidari niadagi) mixedviT. rac ufro

dabalia kultura, miT ufro gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs

pirvels, xolo racufro maRalia igi, es mdgomareoba

eniWeba meores. amasTanave erTad, rodesac Cven vixilavT

sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis sakiTxs, erTiwuTiTac ar

unda iqnas gaSvebulimxedvelobidan klasobrivi moment.

amasTanave `xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi mxolod zedmeti

Sromis SesaZleblobas iZleva, magram arasodes ar qmnis

TavisTavad zedmet Sromas~; meores mxriv, vidre Sromis

nayofiereba gansazRvrul safexurs ar miaRwevs, muSas ar

moepoeba zedmeti dro, uromlisod ar arsebobs zedmeti

Sroma da, maSasadame, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes eqsploa-

taciis esa Tu is formac.

k. m a r q s i swers, rom `dedamiwa adamianis sazrdos

Tavdapirveli sakuWnaoc aris da Sromis saSualebaTa Tav-

dapirveli arsenalico~, 23; magram amasTanave erTad mxedve-

lobidan rodi uSvebs im garemoebas, rom warmoebis saSua-

lebaTa mepatronis(monaTmflobelis, feodalis, kapita-

listis) uSualo urTierToba uSualo mwarmoeblisadmi (mo-

nisadmi, ymisadmi, proletariatsadmi), urTierToba, romlis

yoveli mocemuli forma (monoba, batonymoba, kapitalizmi)

yovelTvis bunebrivad Seesabameba Sromis saSualebaTa

ganviTarebis gansazRvrulsafexurs da amitomac Sromis

sazogadoebriv sawarmoo Zalasac _ aris is qvakuTxedi,

romlis mixedviTac unda axsnil iqnas mTeli sazo-

53


gadoebrivi wyobilebis saidumloeba; amasTanave erTad ro-

gorc m a r q s i swers es ar ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom

èrTsadaimave ekonomiur baziss _ erTsadaimaves mTavar

pirobaTa mxriv _ dausrulebliv sxvadasxvagvar empiriul

garemoebaTa, bunebriv pirobaTa, rasiul urTierTobaTa.

garedan momqmed istoriul gavlenaTa da sxv. wyalobiT _

Tavis gamovlinebaSi SeuZlia gamoaaSkaravos dausrulebeli

variaciebi da gradaciebi, romelTa gageba SeiZleba

mxolod am empiriulad mocemul garemoebaTa analizis

wyalobiT~ 24.

Aai, is udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone marqsizmis meTodo-

logiuri debuleba, romelic zepirad unda icodes yovel

marqsist mkvlevarma istoriisa da kerZoT aRmosavleTis

xalxTa istoriisa, romelSiac bunebriv pirobebma udaod

didi roli iTamaSes, magram mTavar pirobaTa mxriv, erTda-

igive ekonomiuri bazisi, marTalia sxvadasxvagvar empiriul

garemoebaTa gavleniT aSkaravdeba dausrulebel varia-

ciebSi da gradaciebSi, magram saboloo angariSiT, yvelgan

da yovelTvis, ZiriTad xazebSi, erT da imave sazogadoebriv

urTierTobas warmoSobs da ganaviTarebs.

Aaxla Cven SegviZlia SevCerdeT kidev erT saintereso

sakiTxze saxeldobr im pirobebze, romlebmac gamoiwvies

àziuri warmoebis wesis~ Sesaxeb m a r q s i s a da e n g e

l s i s mier mocemuli Sexeduleba da sakiTxze, Tu marq-

sizm-leninizmis moZRvrebiT kacobriobis istoriuli ganvi-

Tarebis sqemad miRebul winakapitalistur_pirvelyofil,

antikur, feodalur _ formaciebSi, Tu romels unda mie-

kuTvnos is daxasiaTebani, romelic moceulia marqsisa da

engelsis TxzulebebSi àziuri formaciis~, àRmosavluri

sazogadoebis~, `pirvelyofili induri Temis~, `warmoebis

aziuri wesis~ specifikurobaTa daxasiaTebis saxiT.

l. m a d i a r i da àziuri formaciis~ sxva damcve-

lebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom viTom, m a r q s i s mier azi-

ur sazogadoebaze Tavisi Sexedulebis CamoyalibebaSi

54


erTgvari gavlena iqonia h e g e l m a, romelic Tavis

ìstoriis filosofiaSi~ kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTa-

rebis periodebad dayofis Sedegad asaxelebs àRmosavle-

Tur msoflios~, romelSiac Sedian CineTi, indoeTi, spar-

seTi, egvipteda sxv., rogorc pirvel periods. hegelis

istoriosofiis Sesaxeb Cven Tavis adgilas gvqonda msje-

loba 25 da aq ar SevCerdebiT. Mmxolod madiaris am ukanask-

neli mosazrebis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom is aSkarad Semc-

daria; rac Tundac iqidan sCans, rom m a r q s i da arc

e n g e l s i im droidan dawyebuli, rodesac maT angariSi

gaaswores `Zvel filosofiur sindisTan~, vidre 1859 wlam-

de arsad, erTi sityviTac ki, ar ixsenebs àziur forma-

cias~, xolo ufro adre ki, rodesac igi nawilobriv kidev

hegelianeli iyo, saxeldobr 1843 wels ixsenebs sazogadoeb-

rivi ganviTarebis àziuri despotiis tips~, romelsac upi-

rispirebs antikuri urTierTobis formas 26. Aaqedan: marqsi

da engelsi rom am periodSi (1845-1859w.w.) am sakiTxis

garSemo hegelis gavlenis qveS yofiliyvnen, TavisTavad

cxadia, ar daiviwyebden saTanado adgilebSi àziuri forma-

ciis~ Sesaxeb TavianTi azrebis gamutqmas, xolo, Tuki, samo-

ciani wlebidan dawyebuli m a r q s i da e n g e l s i

ukve ayalibeben Sexedulebas àziuri warmoebis wesze~. es

cxadia aixsneba ara h e g e l i s gavleniT, aramed

istoriografiis imdroindeli mdgomareobiT.

Aaxla ki ganvixiloT, Tu ra `bedi~ ewvia istoriogra-

fiis Semdgomi ganviTarebis wyalobiT TviT m a r q s i s a

da e n g e l s i s xelSi àziuri warmoebis wesis~ sa-

kiTxs (Cven ukve zemod davinaxeT, Tu rogor anviTareben am

sakiTxSi marqsizms l e n i n i da s t a l i n i).

`warmoebis aziuri wesi~ m a r q s i s a da e n g e l s

i s TxzulebebSi ganixileboda rogorc yvelaze adrindeli

tipi Tanamimdevar progresiul formaciebs Soris. magali-

Tad, m a r q s i swers: `farTo moxazulobiT SesaZlebe-

lia a z i u r, a n t i u r, f e o d a l u r da Taname-

drove b u r J u a z i u l warmoebis wess sazogadoebriv-

ekonomiuri formaciis progresiuli epoqebi ewodos~, _

55


rodesac formaciebis CamoTvla xdeba warsulidan Tanamed-

roveobisaken; xolo maSin, rodesac marqsi maT CamoTvlis

Tanamedroveobidan warsulisaken mimavali xaziT, igi swers:

b u r J u a z i u l m a ekonomiam mxolod maSin miaRwia

feodaluri, antiuri da aRmosavleTuri sazogadoebis

gagebas, rogorc ki burJuaziuli sazogadoebis TviTkritika

daiwyo~ da sxv. 27.

Aamgvarad, m a r q s i s mier àziuri warmoebis wesi~

ganixileba, rogorc yvelaze adrindeli sazogadoeba. Aaxla

kidev sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom am sazogadoebas m a

r q s i da e n g e l s i axasiaTeben rogorc pirvelyo-

fil Temur urTierTobas. magaliTad, marqsi s w e r s:

`muSaTa da warmoebis saSualebaTa Tavdapirvel erTianobas

_ aq Cven gverds uvliT urTierTobas monobis dros,

rodesac muSa TviTon ekuTvnis Sromis obieqtur pirobebs,

_ aqvs ori mTavari forma: aziuri Temuri (pirvelyofili

Temi) da wvrili sagvareulo sasoflo meurneobis~28. Aanda

kidev: ìndoeTis pirvelyofili mcire Temebi, romlebic

nawilobriv dResac ganagrZoben arsebobas, damyarebuli

arian saTemo miwaTmflobelobaze, miwaTmoqmedebis uSualo

kavSirze xelosnobasTan da Sromis mtkice danawilebaze,

romelic axali Temebis daarsebis dros warmoadgens mza

gegmas da sqemas~. xolo `SesavalSi politikuri ekonomiis

kritikisaTvis~, romelsac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs winaka-

pitalisturi formaciebis Sesaswavlad da romelic erTg-

var prototips warmoadgens `polit. Eek. kritikisaTvis~-is

winasityvaobisa, m a r q s i swers: ìstoria...…gviCvenebs,

rom pirvelyofili forma saTemo sakuTreba iyo (mag., in-

doelebsa, slavianebsa, Zvel keltebSi da sxv.), es Temuri

sakuTreba didxans TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols~.

amasTanave erTad, es pirvelyofili saTemo (induri,

aziuri) sakuTreba m a r q s s a da e n g e l s s mica-

niaT, rogorc amosavali punqti antikuri (e. i. romauli) da

feodaluri (e. i. germanuli) sakuTrebisaTvis. 1859 w. m a r q

s i swerda, rom àm bolo dros gavrcelda sasacilo cru

Sexeduleba, viTom b u n e b r i v a d a R m o c e n e b u

56


l i saTemo saTemo sakuTrebis forma specifikurad slavu-

ri an mxolod da mxolod rusuli forma iyos. Nnamdvilad

igi sakuTrebis pirvelyofili formaa, romelsac Cven vxvde-

biT romaelebsa, germanelebsa da keltebs Soris; indoeTSi

ki dResac moipoeba amis mravalgvari nimuSebi, Tumca nawi-

lobriv ukve daSlili saxiT. saTemo sakuTrebis aziuri,

gansakuTrebiT induri formebis zedmiwevniTi Seswavla Cven

dagvanaxebda, Tu bunebrivad aRmocenebuli saTemo sakuT-

rebis sxvadasxva formebidan rogor warmosdgeba maTi

rRvevis sxvadasxva formebi. Aase, magaliTad, romauli da

germanuli kerZo sakuTrebis sxvadasxva pirvandeli tipebi

SeiZleba induri sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebidan iqnes

gamoyvanili~.

im droisTvis, rodesac es striqonebi iwereboda, jer

kidev ar iyo konkretulad Seswavlili pirvelyofili komu-

nisturi formacia. Mmeores mxriv, yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo

ganviTarebis pirvandeli warmonaqmnis saxiT warmoedginaT

antikuri da, miT umetes, feodaluriformaciis esoden

ganviTarebuli kultura. amasTanave erTad kacobriobis

istoriuli ganviTarebis iseT kolosalur mencars da moaz-

rovnes, rogoric iyo m a r q s i ar SeeZlo ar eZia sawyi-

sebi am formaciebisa; da, ai mis Tanamedrove istoriogra-

fiam is miiyvana daskvnamde, rom rogorc antiuri, ise feo-

daluri formacia warmoiSobian aziuri, e. i. induri sakuT-

rebis rRvevis sxvadasxva formebidan, xolo es induri Te-

muri sakuTreba, rogorc ukve davinaxeT, ganixileboda

rogorc sakuTrebis pirvelyofili forma.

Aam SemTxvevaSi moxda is, rom m a r q s m a `aziuri

sazogadoeba~ nawilobriv, vimeorebT mxolod nawilobriv,

gaaigiva Semdeg aRmoCenil pirvelyofil formaciasTan, ro-

melic namdviladac aris amosavali punqti rogorc anti-

kuri formaciisTvis (saberZneTi, romi), ise feodaluri

formaciisaTvisac. (CineTi, iaponia, ruseTi, germanuli sa-

xelmwifoebi, frankTa monarqia, inglisi, egvipte, sparseTi,

osmaleTi, saqarTvelo); da rom es asea sCans m a r q s i s a

da e n g e l s i s rogorc 1859 wlamde, ise mas Semdegi

57


droindeli, da gansakuTrebiT pirvelyofili sazogadoebis

aRmoCenis mermindeli nawerebidan.

Aamis sabolood dasamtkiceblad moviyvanoT kidev

ramodenime sabuTi m a r q s i s a da e n g e l s i s

nawerebidan.

1843 wels m a r q s i swerda kerZo sakuTrebis insti-

tutis warmoSobaze romaul da germanul qveyanaSi `metisme-

tad Wkuis maswavlebeli iqneba, rom aq gaviyvanoT erTi da

imave institutis ganviTarebis paraleli am or poluss So-

ris... winaaRmdeg germanuli maioratisa da sxv. romSi a n d

e r Z i s T a v i s u f l e b a warmoadgens Sedegs ker-

Zo sakuTrebisa. Aam ukanasknel winaaRmdegobaSi mdgomare-

obs m T e l i gansxvaveba kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTarebis

romaul da germanul tips Soris~ 29.

1845 wels m a r q s i da e n g e l s i sweren:

`sakuTrebis pirveli forma, rogorc antikur msoflioSi,

ise saSualo saukuneebSi (e. i. feodalur urTierTobaSi _ p.

g.) e s a r i s t o m u r i (e. i. pirvelyofili sasoflo

Temuri) sakuTreba, romelic gamowveuli iyo romaelebSi

umTavresad omiT, xolo germanelebSi _ mejogeobiT~ 30.

1858 wels m a r q s i swers, rom `romauli da germane-

li kerZo sakuTrebis sxvadasxva pirvandeli tipebi SeiZle-

ba induri sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebidan iqnes gamoyva-

nili~ 31.

1867 wels damTavrebul `kapitalSi~ vkiTxulobT: `wvri-

li glexuri meurneoba da damoukidebeli xelosnuri war-

moeba nawilobrivad feodaluri warmoebis wesis safuZvels

Seadgens, nawilobrivad misi daSlis Semdeg kapitalistur

warmoebasTan ganagrZobs arsebobas. amave dros isini kla-

sikuri sazogadoebis safuZvels Seadgenen misi ayvavebis xa-

naSi, rodesac ukve daSlili iyo aRmosavleTis pirvandeli

saTemo mflobeloba, xolo monobas jer kidev mniSvnelov-

nad ar daepyro warmoeba~ 32.

Aaxla ukve pirvelyofili sazogadoebis aRmoCenis mer-

mindeli nawerebidan (l. m o r g a n i s wigni gamoica 1877

wels).

58


1881 wels v e r a z a s u l i C i s a d m i miwerili

werilis pirvel TavSi m a r q s i swerda: `sasoflo Temi

germaniaSi warmoiqmna (amoxeTqa) ufro arqaiuli tipis

Temidan. is masSi warmosdga rogorc produqti damoukide-

beli ganviTarebisa, da srulebiTac ar iyo mza saxiT mota-

nili aziidan. iq _ aRmosavl indoeTSi _ mas vxvdebiT ag-

reTve, da yovelTvis rogorc formas ukanaskneli etapisa

anu arqaiuli formaciis (e. i. pirvelyofili formaciis _ p.

g.) ukanaskneli periodisa~ 33; kidev sxva adgilas, m a r q s

i swers: sasoflo Temi aris ra sazogadoebis pirveladi

warmonaqmnis ukanaskneli fazisi, imave dros aris gardama-

vali fazisi meoredi warmonaqmnisaken, e. i. gardamavali

fazisi sazogadoebidan, romelic damyarebulia saerTo

sakuTrebaze sazogadoebisaken, romelic damyarebulia ker-

Zo sakuTrebaze. meoredi warmonaqmni, igulisxmeba Semoicavs

rigs sazogadoebaTa, romelnic damyarebulni arian

monobaze da batonymobaze. magram niSnavs Tu ara es, rom

sasoflo Temis istoriul gzam fatalurad (aucileblad _

p. g.) unda migviyvanos am gamosavalze? srulebiTac ara. Mm i

s i T a n d a y o l i l i d u a l i z m i (oradoba p.

g.) S e s a Z l e b e l s x d i s a l t e r n a t i v a s

(orSi erTis arCevis aucileblobas _p. g.): an sakuTrebis

sawyisi imarjvebs masSi koleqtiur sawyisze, anda ukanaskne-

li imarjvebs pirvelze. Yyovelive damokidebulia istori-

ul garemoze, romelSic igi imyofeba~.

ras niSnavs yovelive es? mxolod imas, rom rogorc mo-

nobaze damyarebuli, aseve ymis Sromaze damyarebuli sazo-

gadoeba, e. i. rogorc antikuri ise feodaluri formacia

warmoadgenen `meored warmonaqmnebs~, e. i. rogorc pirveli,

ise meore warmoiSoba pirvelyofili formaciis rRvevis

sxvadasxva formebidan, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da sxvadasxva

pirobebSi; radgan pirvelyofili formaciis ukanasknel

patriarqalur stadias (sasoflo Tems) axasiaTebs Tandayo-

lili dualizmi.

Aam sakiTxSi m a r q s i s a da e n g e l s i s

sxvarigad gageba ewinaaRmdegeba mTel safuZvlebs maTi moZ-

59


Rvrebisa. saqme imaSia, rom antikuri formacia gaiares mxo-

lod xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebze mdebare Zvel kultu-

rul qveynebma `magaliTad, Zvel saberZneTma da romma,

romlebic, rogorc swers lenini, mTlianad damyarebulni

iyvnen monobaze~ 34; Tumca monoba (patriarqaluri formiT)

gaiares TiTqmis yvela xalxebma, magram rogorc meurneobis

yvela dargebSi gabatonebuli wesi warmoebisa, is ucnobia

aRmosavleTSi, sadac iyo ganviTarebuli saojaxo monoba,

rac rogorc m a r q s i da e n g e l s i sweren arc ki

miiReba mxedvelobaSi, rodesac laparakia sazogadoebriv-

ekonomiur formaciebze. amgvarad, im qveynebSi, romlebsac

ar gauvliaT monuri formacia, rogorc meoredi war-

monaqmni, Cven gvaqvs feodaluri formacia, rogorc meoredi

warmonaqmni, e. i. rogorc urTierToba, romelic war-

moiSveba pirvelyofili formaciidan.

Yyovelive es xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, radgan Cvens

sinamdvileSi moipovebian `kritikulad~ moazrovne ìstori-

kosebi~, romlebsac es WeSmariteba dRemde ver gaugiaT da,

romlebic, amgvarad arapirdapir icaven aziuri formaciis

gansakuTrebulobas. Ees is xalxia, romlebsac _ daos C J a

n – c z i s msgavsad, romelic sizmarsa da sinamdviles

Soris ver erkveoda,35 _ Tavisi ubadruki umecreba da laye

tviniT nabodvari marqsizm-leninizmi hgonia. aseT ìstori-

koss~ Cven SegviZlia pirdapir vuTxraT is sityvebi, rom-

lebic Tavis droze fr. Ee n g e l s m a k. m a r q s i s

`kritikos~ l u i o b r e n t a n o s msgavsi

moqmedebisaTvis gaumeora: Àsinus manebis in secula seculorum!~ase magaliTad, unda aRiniSnos, rom a. v. Smidti Tavis

SromaSi _ `pirvelyofil sazogadoebaze marqsis Sexedule-

baTa ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ _ daaskvnis, rom morganis wignis

gamosvlis Semdeg, saxeldobr 1881 wels vera zasuliCisadmi

miwerili werilebis SavebSi marqsi TiTqos icavs àziuri

formaciis~ rogorc gansakuTrebuli sazogadoebrivi urTi-

erTobis formas. am Tavis `kvleva-ZiebaSi~ Smidti iqamdec ki

midis, rom `TanagrZnobiT~ amxels engelsis `Secdomebs~. igi

swers: èngelsi ramodenimed scdeboda~, rodesac `ko-

60


munisturi partiis manifestis~ debulebas, rom `istoria

dRemde arsebuli mTeli sazogadoebisa aris klasTa

brZolis istoria~, ukeTebda cnobil SeniSvnas imis Sesaxeb,

rom igi Seexeba mxolod werilobiT gadmocemul istorias.

Smidtis azriT, pirvelyofili sazogadoebrivi forma

marqssa da engelss Tavdapirvelad (e. i. `manifestis~ Sed-

genis periodSi) warmoedginaT, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebaze

damyarebuli sazogadoebis klasobrivi istoria. maSasadame,

TiTqos maTi warmodgeniT klasebi da kerZo sakuTreba yo-

velTvis arsebobda.

maSin, rodesac imave wels engelsis mier daweril

`komunizmis principebSi~, romelic erTgvari prototipia

`komunisturi manifestisa~, naTqvamia: `yovelgvari cvlileba

sazogadoebriv wyobilebaSi, yoveli gadatrialeba sakuT-

rebis pirobebSi warmoadgenen aucilebel Sedegs axal

sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisa, romlebic ar Seesabamebian

sakuTrebis Zvel urTierTobaT. amgvarad warmoiSva kerZo

sakuTrebac, romelic agreTve yovelTvis ar arsebobda~ (ix.

`Cor.~ V, 473). amasTanave erTad, marqsis mier samociani

wlebis dasawyisSi (1853) daweril werilebSi indoeTis

Sesaxeb mravaljeraa mocemuli miwis saerTo sakuTrebaze

damyarebuli pirvelyofili Temebis daxasiaTeba. xolo

imave wels imave gazeTSi (nev-iorkis tribuna) dabeWdil

werilSi inglisis Sesaxeb k. marqsi swerda: `klanSi (e.i.

sagvareulo TemSi _ p. g.) yovel SemTxvevaSi miwa warmoa-

dgens sakuTrebas gvarisa, romlis SigniT, sisxliT naTesa-

obis mixedviT, arseboben iseTi gansxvavebani sazogadoebriv

mdgomareobaSi, rogorc yvela Zvel aziur sagvareulo

sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi” aq garda imisa, rom marqsi

pirdapir laparakobs miwis sazogadoebriv e.i. Temur (kla-

nur) da ara kerZo sakuTrebaze, amasTanave erTad aRniSnavs,

rom klanuri (e.i. Sotlanduri gvaris) sistema isevea

organizebuli, rogorc Zveli aziuri sagvareulo sazoga-

doebani. maSasadame, aqedan ase aSkarad sCans agreTve feo-

dalizmisa da e.w. `aziuri sazogadoebis” igiveobac. amaSi

mkiTxveli miT ufro darwmundeba, rodesac igi imav weril-

61


Si gaecnoba, Tu rogor agviwers qvemod marqsi Sotlanduri

klanebis safuZvelze, e.i. pirvelyofili sagvareulo wyobi-

lebis safuZvelze feodaluri urTierTobis ganviTarebas.

Semdeg samociani wlebis miwuruls (1858) Tavis `polit.

ekonomiis kritikisaTvis~-Si marqsi swerda: `dasasrul, Te-

muri Sroma misi bunebrivad aRmocenebuli formiT, rogorc

Cven mas yvela kulturul xalxTa istoriis bWeze vpou-

lobT. aq Sromis sazogadoebrivi xasiaTi, cxadia, warmos-

dgeba ara im gziT, rom calke individumis Sroma sayovel-

Taobis abstraqtul formas, anu misi produqti sayovelTao

ekvivalentis formas iRebs. aq warmoebis winamZRvaria

Temuri wyobileba, rac xels uSlis, rom calke pirovnebis

Sroma kerZo Sromad da misi produqti kerZo produqti

iyos, da ris gamo calke Sroma, ufro, gvevlineba uSualod

rogorc sazogadoebrivi organizmis wevris funqcia”. ras

niSnavs yovelive es mxolod amas, rom am SemTxvevaSi k.

marqsi Cven agviwers koleqtiur sawyisebzedamyarebuli

sazogadoebriv urTierTobas.

magram jer kidev `germanul ideologiaSi” (1845) marqsi

da engelsi swerdnen: `kerZo samarTali viTardeba para-

lelurad kerZo sakuTrebisa, bunebrivad ganviTarebuli

koleqtiurobis daSlis procesidan, romlebSic kerZo

sakuTrebis da kerZo samarTlis ganviTarebas ar qonda Sem-

dgomi samrewvelo da savaWro Sedegebi radgan maTi wesi

warmoebisa ucvleli rCeba. Tanamedrove xalxebSi, romleb-

Sic feodaluri sawogadoebrivoba gaxrwnes mrewvelobam da

vaWrobam, kerZo sakuTrebisa da kerZo samarTlis warmoSo-

biT daiwyo axali faza, romelic Semdgomi ganviTarebis

unariani aRmoCnda. Semdeg aqve marqsi da engelsi ara erT-

xel laparakoben Temur da tomur sakuTrebaze, magaliTad:

`pirveli forma sakuTrebisa, rogorc antiur qveynebSi, ise

saSualo saukuneebSi, es aris _ tomuri sakuTreba”, e.i.

Temuri sakuTreba, koleqtiuri sakuTreba, raic damaxasia-

Tebelia pirvelyofili komunisturi formaciisa.

amgvarad, aqedan is azri gamomdinareobs, rom engelsis

sityvebi: `1847 wels TiTqmis sruliad ucnobi iyo pirvel-

62


yofili sazogadoebis istoria”, rodi niSnavs imas, rom igi

savsebiT ucnobi iyo. morganis Sromam (1877), rogorc RvniS-

ne, auarebeli faqtiuri masalebis TavmoyriT xeli Seuwyo

marqssa da engelss mxolod sabolood CamoeyalibebinaT,

meti konkretizacia SeetanaT, maT mier kerZo sakuTrebisa

da klasebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, ukve didi xnis winaT

ganviTarebuli SexedulebisaTvis.

magram Smidti kidev Sors midis is marqssa da engelss

samocian wlebamde biologistebadac ki acxadebs, romlebic

cxovelTa da adamianTa sazogadoebas erTmaneTSi ureven!

Cvenma `kritikosma” aq yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba.

marTlac rom `saWiro araa indoeli iyos kaci, rom Tayvani

sces Zroxa-sabals da iupiteri iyos, rom xarad gadaiqces!”

axla mousminoT fr. engelss, Tu ras swers igi amave

saskiTxze luis morganis wignis gamosvlis Semdeg, rodesac

Tavisi `ojaxis... warmoSobis” saxiT kidev ganaviTara marq-

sizmis moZRvreba sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formaciebze:

`morganis udidesi damsaxureba imaSia, rom mTavar xazebSi

aRmoaCina da aRadgina Cveni werilobiTi istoriis es preis-

toriuli safuZveli da aRadgina Cveni werilobiTi isto-

riis es preistoriuli safuZveli da Crdilo amerikeli

indielebis gvarovnul kavSirebSi ipova gasaRebi, romelic

uZvelesi berZnuli, romauli (e.i. antikuri _ p. g.) da

germanul (e.i. feodaluri _ p. g.) istoriis umniSvnelovanes

dRemde gadauWrel amocanebs xsnis”.

maSasadame, ra aRmoaCina m o r g a n m a? _ man aRmoa-

Cina pirvelyofili sazogadoeba, xolo es ukanaskneli ki

warmoadgenda gasaRebs antikuri da feodaluri urTier-

Tobis warmoSobis manamde gadauWrel amocanisa. Tumca,

rogorc Cven ukve davinaxeT, marqssa da engelss istoriul

movlenebSi garkvevis maTma udidesma gnialobam, raic gamom-

dinareobda maT mierve Seqmnil istoriis dialeqtikur

materialuri gagebisagan, SesaZlebloba misca morgans

epoqis Seqmnil aRmoCenamdec vTqvaT, rom antikuri da feo-

dalurisakuTreba warmoiSven tomuri sakuTrebidan, rom

romauli da germanuli sakuTrebis sxvadasxva pirvandeli

63


tipebi SeiZlebainduri (pirvelyofili) sakuTrebis

sxvadasxva formebidan iqnes gamoyvanili~. e. i. morganis

aRmoCenam mxolod sabolood gaamarTla marqsisa da

engelsis mier didi xniT adre wamoyenebuli Sexeduleba

(`SeiZleba...iqnes gamoyvanili~), romelsac isini manamdec

mTeli naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi icavden.

gamoirkva, rom pirvelyofili sasoflo Temi da masze

ufro adre sagvareulo Temi, romlis mxolod induri tipi

iyo manamde cnobili, yofila ara specifiurad aziuri,

aramed sayovelTao movlena.

amgvarad, rogorc fr. e n g e l s i swers:

`namdvilad miwis Temuri mflobeloba warmoadgens

instituts, romelic gvxvdeba ganviTarebis dabal safexur-

ze yovel indogermanul xalxebSi indoeTidan irlandiamde

da im xalxebSic, romlebic indoeTis gavlenis qveS viTar-

deboden, mag., i a v a z e. kidev 1608 w. Temuri

miwaTmflobeloba, romelic arsebobda irlandiis axlad

dapyrobil CrdiloeTSi, ingliselebs emsaxureboda sababiT,

rom miwa gamoecxadebiaT aravis kuTvnilebad da rogorc

aseTis misi konfiskacia eqnaT xazinis sasargeblod. indo-

eTSi dRemde arsebobs mTeli rigi Temuri sakuTrebis

formebisa, germaniaSi is iyo yovelgan: dasavleT evropaSi

da agreTve poloneTSi da malorosiaSi Temuri mflo-

beloba ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze Seiqmna borkilad

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi da sul ufro da ufro

ispoboda. v e l i k o r u s e T S i is dRemde Senar-

Cunebul iqna da uwinares yovlisa warmoadgens imis mowa-

mes, rom sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba da misi Sesabamisi

soflis sazogadoebrivi pirobebi imyofebian aq kidev Zlier

dabal safexurze, raic marTlac ase aris. rusi glexi

cxovrobs da Sromobs mxolod Tavisi Temis farglebSi;

mTeli danarCeni qveyana misTvis arsebobs mxolod imdenad,

ramdenadac is ereva am mis TemSi... da es im xarisxiT, rom

sruliad erTi da igive sityva `Мир~ niSnavs erTis mxriv

msoflios da meores mxriv `glexTa Tems~. mTeli `Мир~ - i,mTeli msoflio glexisaTvis niSnavs Temis wevrTa krebas...

64


aseTi sruli calkeuloba erTmaneTSoris calke Temebisa,

romelic hqmnis mTel qveyanaze, Tumca erTgvar, magram amave

dros pirdapir dapirispirebul sazogadoebriv interesebs,

warmoadgens bunebriv safuZvels aRmosavleTis despotiisa

da indoeTidan ruseTamde, es sazogadoebrivi forma, iq

sadac is moevlina gabatonebulad, yovelTvis Sobda aseTs~36.

maSasadame, aRmoCnda, rom, rogorc e n g e l s i

SeniSnavs `komunisturi manifestis~ mermindel gamocemaSi, _

`soflis Temi saerTo miwaTmflobelobiT iyo pirvelyo-

fili forma sazogadoebisa indoeTidan dawyebuli

irlandiamde~. xolo maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebis Tavisebu-

reba imaSia, rom sadac Zveli Temi gadarCa, igi aTasi wle-

bis ganmavlobaSi utlanqesi saxelmwifoebrivi formis,

aRmosavluri despotizmis safuZvels warmoadgens indoeTi-

dan ruseTamde. mxolod iq, sadac igi daiSala, xalxebi win

waviden damoukideblad da maTi uaxloesi nabiji ekono-

miuri progresis gzaze mdgomareobda warmoebis gaZlie-

rebasa da ganviTarebaSi monuri Sromis SemweobiT.

magaliTad, rusul Temma iarseba mTeli saukuneebi ise,

rom misgan arasodes ar gamovlinebula miswrafeba TviT

TavisTavisagan ganeviTarebia maRali forma sazogadoebrivi

sakuTrebisa; is aq ar aris iseve, rogorc ar iyo germanul

markaSiac, keltur klanSiac, indur da sxva TemebSiac pri-

mitiul-komunisturi wyobilebiT. yvela isini droTa

viTarebaSi, gavleniT maTi garSemomcveli, anu TviT maT

sakuTar wiaRSi warmoSobil da TandaTan maTSi gamjdari

saqonluri warmoebisa da gacvlisa, calke ojaxebsa da

calke pirebs Soris. sul ufro da ufro hkargavdnen Ta-

vianT komunistur xasiaTs da iqceodnen urTierTis mimarT

damoukidebel miwaTmflobel Temebad.

yovelive aqedan im daskvnis gamoyvana SeiZleba, rom

pirvelyofil formaciis aRmoCenis Semdeg e. w. `aziuri

formacia~ ekuTvnis ukve ara marqsizmis meTodologiis,

aramed marqsizmis istoriis sakiTxs, xolo aqamde m a r q s

i s a da e n g e l s i s naSromebSi `aziuri warmoebis

65


wesis~ qveS mocemuli daxasiaTebani da analizi sazogadoeb-

rivi ganviTarebisa unda gagebul iqnas imgvarad, rom misi

is mxareebi, romlebic mocemulia saerTo miwaTmflobelo-

baze damyarebuli sagvareulo da nawilobriv sasoflo

Temis saxiT, _ rasac m a r q s i xSirad `Zvel-Cinursac~

uwodebs. _ warmoadgens pirvelyofili formaciis, saxel-

dobr misi ukanaskneli stadiis, rodesac ukve mocemulia

eqsploataciis ase Tu is garkveuli formebis Tavisebure-

baTa daxasiaTebas; mTeli danarCeni nawili ki TavisTavad

cxadia, miekuTvneba aRmosavleTur xalxebSi (CineTi, in-

doeTi) ganviTarebuli feodaluri urTierTobis specifi-

kurobaTa daxasiaTebas.

dasasrul, unda davsZinoT, rom winasityvaobis fargali

samwuxarod saSualebas ar iZleoda es daskvna kidev erT-

xel dagvemtkicebina Tanamedrove istoriografiis gankargu-

lebaSi myofi faqtiuri masalebiT _ konkretuli istoriiT:

cxadia imeds ver Sevelevi, rom axlo momavalSi saSualeba

meqneba am sakiTxze Cems xelSi dagrovili masalebi warud-

gino dainteresebul mkiTxvel sazogadoebas.

1. Сунь-Ят-Сен _ `Записки китайского революционера~, 1926, 133.

2. Сунь-Ят-Сен _ ` Капиталистическое развитие Китая~, 1925. М.

192.3. К. Маркс и Энгельс _ ` Сочинения~, IV. 1933. 12, 52; ` Архив~, 1,

254.4. ix. k. marqsi da fr. engelsi _ `werilebi~ tf. 103-104, К.

Маркс и Энгельс _ ` Сочинения~, IX, 347-348.5. К.Маркс _ `Капитал~, III, II, 1930, 137.6. k. marqsi `kapitali~ 1933 tf. 283, 288.

7. k. marqsi `kapitali~, I, 1930, 460.

8. fr. engelsi _ `antidiuringi~, 1933, tf. 143.

9. Плеханов Г. В., _ ` Сочинения~, XVIII, 1925, 216; arisqarTuli Targmanic. plexanovi _ `marqsizmis ZiriTadi

sakiTxebi~, meore gamocema, 1931, tf. 62-64.

10. Ленинский сборник , XII, 1931 157.66


11. Г. Сальвиоли _’’ Капитализм в античном мире” 1923, Харьков.12. К. Бюхер _ ‘’Возникновение народного хоэяйства”, 1923 М.13. К. Каутский _ ‘’Материалистическое понимание историй” т. II.1931.

14. Ленин _ ‘’Сочинения”, IX, 410.15. v. lenini _ `Txzulebani~, III, 1930, tf. 580; agreTve: 51,

153, 169-231, 425 da sxv.

16. Ленин _ ‘’Сочинения”, XV, 101; kursivi yvelgan Cvenia.

17. Ленин _ ‘’Сочинения”, XVI, 459.18. Ленин _’’ Сочинения”, XXVI, 428, 430.19. Ленин _ ‘’Сочинения”, XVI, 428.20. Сталин _’’ Об опозиции”, 562.21. i. stalini _ `CineTis revoluciis perspeqtivebi~, 1927,

tf. gv. 2 da 25.

22. Сунь-Ят-Сен _’’ Капиталистическое развитие Китая”, 24-26.23. k. marqsi `kapitali~ I, Tavi XIV, 457, Tavi V, 140.

24. К. Маркс _’’ Капитал:, III, II, 267. kursivi Cvenia.25. p. guguSvili _ `ekonomiuri formaciebisaTvis~, 1933,

16-24.

26. К. Маркс _ ‘’критика философии государственного права Гегеля “ (КМаркс и Энгельс _’’ Сочинения:, I, 1928, 557 ).

27. k. marqsi _ ` politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis~, 1932,42, 30.

28. Маркс _’’ Теории прибавочной ценности”, 1924, III, 329, 324.29. Маркс и Энгельс _ ‘’Сочинения “, I, 635.30. Маркс и Энгельс _ ‘’Сочинения”, IV, 1933, 452.31. k. marqsi _ politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis~, 1932,

54.32. k. marqsi `kapitali~ I, 288.

33. ‘’Архив Маркса и Энгельса”, I, 272.34. Ленин _’’ Сочинения”, XXIV, 374.35. Cinuri igavi daos (qurum) CJan-czis Sesaxeb: rogorRac

ZilSi CJan-czis Tavisi Tavi pepelad daesizmra; igi

dafrinavda yvavilebze da ar icoda, rom namdvilad

aris CJan-czi. rodesac bolos gaiRviZa man verafriT

67


ver SesZlo gadaewyvita sakiTxi: CJan-czim sizmarSi

dainaxa, rom is pepelaa, Tu exla pepelas esizmreba,

rom is CJan-czia? da xom ar iyo aq ubralo ori

gadaqceva raRac erTarsebaSi?

36. Энгельс _ ` Очерки социальной жизни России~, 13-14 da 22-23.

`aziuri warmoebis wesis~ garSemo warmoebuli diskusiis

literatura:

Е. Иолк _`К вопросу об азиатском способе производства~ (`N. S. M.~,1931,#3);С. М. Дубровский _ `К вопросу о сущности азиатского способапроизводства феодализма крепостничества и торгового капитала~, 1829;`Спорние вопросы методологии истории~ 1930; `Противмеханических тенденций в исторической науке~, 1930; ` Дискуссияоб азиатском способе производства~, 1931; `Об азиатском способепроизводства~, 1930;Е. Иолк _ `К вопросу об основах общественного строя древнего Китая~,1933;Фокс _ ` Взгляды Маркса и Энгельса на азиатский способ производства иих источники~ (`Л. М.~, XIII );Л. Мадьяр _ `К вопросу о Марксовом учении об общественныхформациях~ ;Л. Мадьяр _ `Очерки по экономике Китая~, 1931;Л. Мадьяр _ `Экономика сельского хозяйства в Китае~, 1932;А. И. Штуссер _ `Маркс и Энгельс об Индии~, 1930;Б. И. Равдоникас _ `К вопросу о социологической периодизациипалеолита в связи с взглядами Маркса и Энгельса на первобытноеобщество~ (Известия ГАИМК т . IX, вып 2);А. Шмидт и Равдоникас _` О развитии взглядов Маркса напервобытное общество~, 1931;Кокин и Папаян _ `Цзин-Тянь ~, 1930;Бернштам и Кричевский _ `К вопросу о закономерности развитияархаической формации~, 1933;

68


А. Таксер _ Проблемы общественно-эконом формации (1932 `N. S. M.~,№2);Сафаров _ ` Классы и классовая борьба в истории Китая~;А. Ефимов _ `Концепция экономикических формаций у Маркса иЭнгельса и их взгляды на структуру восточных обществ~ (`ИсторикМарксист т. 16);Эж. Паппер _ `Европейско-американский империализм и китайскаяконтрреволюция~ (`Правда~ от 1/ V);М. Варга _` Перспективы китайской революции~;Генрих Я-н _ `К вопросу о пережитках феодализма в современномКитае~ ;И. Смирнов _` Против попытки ревизии марксистско-ленинского ученияо социально-экономических формациях~;Е. Кричевский _ `Больше марксистско-ленинской четкости в историидоклассового общества~ (Сообщения ГАИМК, №11-12);p. guguSvili _ `saxalxo meurneobis istoria~, ganakveTi I,

1930;

p. guguSvili _ `texnikis marqsistul istoriis Sesaxeb~,

1932;

p. guguSvili _ `ekonomiuri formaciebisaTvis~, 1933.

paata guguSvili

1933. 1. 20

tfilisi.

69


70


akademikosi

vasil CantlaZe

(1905-1995)

71


72


saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mqone qarTveli finansisti

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis finansebi kaTedris gamge, akademikosi vasil

CantlaZe qarTuli finansuri skolis gamorCeuli moRvawea.

is iyo didi mecnieri da SesaniSnavi pedagogi. mas qarTvel

finansistTa araerTi Taoba hyavs gamozrdili.

sayuradReboa, rom akademikos vasil CantlaZes cno-

bili monografia “finansebis Teoria” iTargmna Cinur enaze

da gamoica CinaTSi, rac misi naSromis didi aRiarebis

maCvenebli iyo.

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetsa da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva samecniero Tu

kvleviT dawesebulebebSi warmatebiT agrZeleben samecnie-

ro-pedagogiur moRvaweobas b-ni vasilis mowafeebi.

akademikosi vladimer (lado) papava

ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis reqtori, paata guguSvilis

saxelobis ekonomikis institutis mTavari

mecieri TanamSromeli

73


74


Aakademikosvasil

CantlaZiscxovreba damoRvaweoba

75


76


mecnierebis WeSmariti raindi – Zalian mokled, am sami

uaRresad tevadi sityviT SeiZleba davaxasiaToT vasil

CantlaZe, Cinebuli maswavlebeli da aRmzrdeli, SesaniSnavi

megobari da samagaliTo mamuliSvili. raindoba ki mecniere-

baSi TavisTavad gulisxmobs mZlavr inteleqtualur sirme-

sTan da simaRlesTan erTad uzarmazar, amouwurav sulier

da zneobriv energias, romelic saTaves iRebs profesio-

naluri moRvaweobisadmi usazRvro erTgulebisa da Tavda-

debis saerTo wiaRidan.

bunebas v. CantlaZisaTvis araferi dauSurebia, arc

fenomenaluri niWi da unari, arc dauSreteli sasicocxlo

energia da axlis Ziebis daucxromeli wyurvili. amiT aixs-

neba is martlac iSviaTi mdgomareoba, rom batoni vasili

erTaderTi qarTveli ekonomistia, romelic uaRresad nayo-

fieri mecnier-pedagogiuri cxovrebiT sunTqavda 70wlis

manZilze da 90 wlis asakSi WabukurigatacebiT eweoda

aqtiuri samecniero da pedagogiuri moRvaweobis mZime da

sapatio Wapans.

diax! aseTi cxovreba aris Seuvali da ukompromiso

brZola amaRlebuli miznis misaRwevad, WeSmaritebis dasad-

genad da namdvilad bednieria vasil CantlaZe, rogorc

mecnieri da pedagogi, romelmacarsebobis yoveli wuTi

aseT brZolaSi mopovebuli, brwyinvalegamarjvebebiT

daagvirgvina. bednierebi varT Cvenc, misi axloblebi, mowa-

feebi, megobrebi da kolegebi, rameTu kargad viciT, visTvis

unda migvebaZa, ra gziT unda gvevlo, vin migveCnia Cveni

cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebiTi samecniero-pedagogiuri moRva-

weobis nimuSad.

man Tavisi cxovrebiT da moRvaweobiT cxadad gviCvena,

rom nebismieri mecnierisadmi farTo sazogadoebis pativis-

cemasa da siyvaruls, aRiarebasa da mokrZalebas mTlianad,

ganapirobebs mkvlevarSi didi mecnieruli codnisa da

maRali adamianuri unar-Cvevebis harmoniuli SeerTeba, ro-

gorc didi ilia brZanebs: `gawvrTnili zne-xasiaTisa da

ganviTarebuli gonebis SeuRleba~. amitomac, batoni vasili

namdvili maswavlebeli, brZeni moZRvari, adamianis sulier

77


samyaroSi Rrmad Caxeduli kaci iyo, romelsac saocrad

emarjveboda Seucdomlad ganesazRvra Tavisi moswavleebis

SesaZleblobebi, maTi miswrafebebi da midrekilebebi da

mieca maTTvis ganviTarebisa da ganmtkicebis farTo aspare-

zi. misi uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT xom qarTvel ekonomist

– mecnierTa mTeli Taoba aRizarda, romlebmac mniSvnelo-

vani miRwevebiT sayovelTao pativi da aRaireba moipoves.

batoni vasilis xelmZRvanelobiT daculi mravalricxovani

sadoqtoro da sakandidato disertacia amis utyuari sabu-

Tia.

SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom batoni vasili

aRmoCnda Tavisi didi maswavleblis, qarTuli ekonomikuri

mecnierebis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis – filipe gogiCaiSvilis

Rirseuli mowafe, saxelovni mimdevari da misi tradiciebis

Tanmimdevruli gamgrZelebeli da ganmaviTarebeli.

vasil CantlaZe daibada 1905 wlis 8 ianvars q. zesta-

fonSi. saSualo ganaTleba saqveynod cnobil Tbilisis vaJ-

Ta I gimnaziaSi miiRo, saswavlebelSi, sadac aRizarda qar-

Tveli xalxis saxelovan SvilTa mTeli pleada. gimnaziis

damTavrebisTanave, 1923 wels, igi xdeba Tbilisis saxelmwi-

fo universitetis studenti. swored aq, erovnuli kadrebis

did samWedloSi, gamoamJRavna batonma vasilma gansakuTre-

buli interesi, alRo da niWi mecnieruli kvlevisadmi. male

Tavisi maswavleblis, filipe gogiCaiSvilis yuradRebac

miipyro da misi winadadebiT, 1927 wels, univesritetis war-

CinebiT damTavrebis Semdeg, datovebul iqna iqve, rogorc

momavlis mqone perspeqtiuli axalgazrda. didi mecnierisa

da patriotis es imedi male gamarTlda. sul raRac sam

weliwadSi batoni vasili aqveynebs ramdenime naSroms.

saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis sakva-

lifikacio komisiis 1932 wlis 14 oqtombris gadawyvetile-

biT, rogorc niWier axalgazrdas da SesaniSnav mkvlevars,

docentis wodeba mieniWa, xolo Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis samecniero sabWom 1941 wels disertaciis

(`gadasaxadebi da siRaribe, henri jorji da misi Tanamoaz-

78


reni~) dacvis safuZvelze, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandida-

tis samecniero xarisxi mianiWa.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis istoriis, ekonomi-

kisa da iuridiuli fakultetebis gaerTianebuli samecnie-

ro sabWos sxdomaze 1954 wels v. CantlaZem daicva sadoq-

toro disertacia Temaze _ `finansebi reformamdel aRmo-

savleT saqarTveloSi (1801-1864 ww.)~, ris safuZvelzec mas

mieniWa ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xa-

risxi, xolo umaRlesma saatestacio komisiam 1959 wels

mianiWa profesoris wodeba.

prof. v. CantlaZe 1967 wels finansebisa da kreditis ka-

Tedris gamged airCies da am Tanamdebobaze imuSava 21 wlis

manZilze. 1974 wels mas irCeven saqarTvelos ssr mecniere-

baTa akademiis wevr-korespondentad, xolo 1979 wels – aka-

demikosad.

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis sistemaSi akademi-

kos paata guguSvilis iniciativiT 1944 wels Camoyalibda

ekonomikis instituti, sadac misi daarsebidan 1980 wlamde

vasil CantlaZe nayofier muSaobas eweoda. man mniSvnelo-

vani wvlili Seitana Teoriuli da didi saxalxo-meurneob-

rivi mniSvnelobis aqtualuri problemebis damuSavebaSi.

pirveli naSromi, romelic vasil CantlaZem 1930 wels

gamoaqveyna, iyo `k. marqsisa da f. engelsis finansuri moZR-

vreba~. axalgazrda mkvlevaris es naSromi ar aris Cveu-

lebrivi, im droisaTvis xarkis moxdis mizniT TiTqmis sa-

valdebulo, trafaretuli formaluri ganxilva marqsisa

da engelsis finansuri Sexedulebebisa. igi marTlac rom

sakiTxisadmi SemoqmedebiTi midgomiT, problemebis yovelmx-

rivi analizis erT-erTi samagaliTo nimuSia, ris kvalobaze

Camoyalibebul daskvnebsa da debulebebs Zala da sicoc-

xlisunarianoba dResac SenarCunebuli aqvs. saerTod unda

iTqvas, rom batoni vasilis yvela naSromi, romelic Seqm-

nilia sabWoTa epoqaSi, isea gajerebuli Rrma mecnieruli

argumentebiT, rom ideolgiuri zegavlena maTze arsebiT

kvals ver tovebs da TiToeuli maTganis Teoriuli da

79


praqtikuli faseulobis maRali done yvela droisaTvis

garantirebulia.

zemoT aRniSnul pirvel naSromSi vasil CantlaZe exeba

burJuaziul-finansur literaturaSi im droisaTvis gavr-

celebul Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac k. marqss TiTqos

ar ainteresebda finansuri sakiTxebi. v. CantlaZe midis

daskvnamde, rom finansuri sakiTxebi k. marqss gaTvaliswi-

nebuli aqvs Tavisi kvleva-Ziebis gegmis mesame nawilSi, rac

aixsneba misi meTodologiis TaviseburebiT, romlis mixed-

viTac, yovel kategorias kvleva-Ziebisa da gadmocemis arsi-

dan gamomdinare, zeaRsvlis procesSi Tavisi zustad gan-

sazRvruli adgili uWiravs. avtorma Tavis SromebSi daasa-

buTa, rom swori ar aris finansuri kategoriebis imgvari

gadmocema, rogorc amas adgili hqonda finansur literatu-

raSi. k. marqsis mixedviT, kategoriaTa gadmocemis Tanmim-

devroba ganisazRvreba abstraqtulidan konkretulamde

zeaRsvlis gziT. man finansur kategoriaTa kvlevisa da gad-

mocemis dialeqtika gaSlilad da dasabuTebulad mogvca

Tavis meore naSromSi _ `finansur kategoriaTa adgili k.

marqsis ekonomikur sistemaSi~.

v. CantlaZe jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi amtkicebda, rom

k. marqsis sistemaSi finansuri mecniereba politikuri eko-

nomiis nawilia, rom gadasaxadi, rogorc ekonomikuri ka-

tegoria, ufro konkretuli kategoriaa, vidre miwis renta,

sasesxo kapitali da sxva, rom k. marqsis finansuri moZRv-

reba ganuyreli nawilia misi ekonomikuri moZRvrebisa:

finansuri kategoriebi warmoadgenen ekonomikur kategori-

aTa gaSli formas.

batoni vasilis gamokvlevebs rogorc specialistebi,

ise mkiTxveli sazogadoeba didi interesiT Sexvda, magram

maT Soris mainc minda aRvniSno farTod gaxmaurebuli kapi-

taluri monografia _ `finansebis Teoriis sakiTxebi~, ro-

melmac avtors saqveyno aRiareba da saxeli moutana. msof-

lioSi cnobilma specialistebma es Sroma Seafases rogorc

ekonomikuri mecnierebis oqros fondSi Setanili didi

wvlili. igi iTargmna ucxour enebze, maT Soris Cinuradac

80


da milionobiT tiraJiT gamoica sazRvargareT, ramac mis

avtorsa da mTel qrTul mecnierul-ekonomikur azrovnebas

avtoriteti mniSvnelovnad aumaRla.

SeiZleba gansakuTrebul SemTxvevad CaiTvalos batoni

vasilis asakSi (maSin 89 wlisa iyo) gamocemuli SesaniSnavi

monografiuli gamoklveva, `finansuri mencierebis safuZv-

lebi~. am naSromSi gamokveTilia finansuri urTierTobebis

misadageba Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis principuli

moTxovnebisadmi, siaxlis grZnoba da am sakiTxis avtori-

seuli naTeli da damajerebeli gadmocemis Seudarebeli

ostatoba.

batonma vasilma Tavisi mecnieruli kvleva-ZiebiT bevr

problematur saidumloebas axada farda, maTi CamoTvla

Sors wagviyvanda, magram mainc minda ramdenime maTganze

Tqveni yuradRebis SeCereba. specialistebisaTvis kargad

aris cnobili, rom finansebs mecnierebis didi jgufi ze-

dnaSenur kategoriad miiCnevda, zogic, SedarebiT viwro wre

mecnierebisa, mas baziss miakuTvnebda. dava maT Soris

saTanado mecnieruli dasabuTebis siRaribiT aTeuli wlo-

biT grZeldeboda. batonma vasilma saTanado wyaroebis Rrma

mecnieruli analiziT am davas wertili dausva da dama-

jereblad cxadyo, rom finansebi iyo, aris da iqneba iseTi

ekonomikuri kategoria, romelic miekuTvneba baziss da ara

zednaSens. es azri ki amJamad sayovelTaod aRiarebulia.

finansur literaturaSi gabatonebuli iyo Sexeduleba,

rom finansebi gaanawilebs da gadaanawilebs erovnul Semo-

savals, da erTobliv sazogadoebriv produqts. es debule-

ba, v. CantlaZis mtkicebiT, ar aris zusti, ramdenadac

erovnuli Semosavali erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produq-

tis nawilia da am or cnebas Soris `da~ zedmetia. es iseve

aralogikuria, rogorc gamonaTqvami: `petrem icis yvela

evropuli ena da franguli ena~. cnebebi _ `erToblivi sa-

zogadoebrivi produqti~ da `erovnuli Semosavali~ mocu-

lobis mixedviT ara urTierTgamomricxavi cnebebia, aramed

pirveli daqvemdebarebeli cnebaa, xolo meore– daqvem-

debarebuli. pirveli cnebis moculoba Seicavs meore cnebis

81


moculobas. amasTanave, es moculoba umarTebuloa im mxri-

vac, rom finansebi anawilebs da gadaanawilebs ara marto

erTobliv sazogadoebriv produqts, aramed erovnul sim-

didresac.

didia da fasdaudebeli batoni vasilis mecnieruli

Rvawli fulis, kreditisa da finansebis genezisis gansazRv-

raSi. saqme isaa, rom ekonomistTa erTi nawili uaryofda

finansebis arsebobas kapitalizmamde arsebul sazogadoeb-

riv-ekonomikur formaciebSi da mas kapitalizmisa da so-

cialisturi wyobilebis sikeTed miiCnevda. batonma vasilma

misTvis Cveuli siRrmiT ganixila es sakiTxi da saTanado

masalebze dayrdnobiT daasabuTa finansebis arseboba mo-

naTmflobelur da feodalur sazogadoebebSic. misi mec-

nieruli daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom fuli da krediti war-

moSobilia pirvelyofili sazogadoebis ganviTarebis maRal

safexurze, xolo finansebi – monaTmflobelur sazogado-

ebaSi, kerZo sakuTrebis klasebisa da saxelmwifos warmo-

Sobis Semdeg, amJamad sayovelTaod aRiarebul WeSmaritebad

SeiZleba miviCnioT.

v. CantlaZes originaluri ganmartebebi aqvs mocemuli

finansuri mecnierebis sagnis meTodisa da amocanebis Se-

saxeb. am mxriv sayuradReboa misi monografiebi _ `finansu-

ri mecnierebis sagani da amocanebi~ da `finansuri Teoriis

sakiTxebi~. gansakuTrebiT ukanaskneli, romelSic mocemu-

lia, sabWoTa kavSirSi finansuri Teoriis ganviTarebis Se-

jamebasTan erTad, mravali axali originaluri debuleba,

romlebic xels Seuwyoben ekonomikuri da, kerZod, finan-

suri mecnierebis aqtualuri sakiTxebis Semdgom damuSave-

basa da gadawyvetas. am SromebSi v. CantlaZem mogvca fu-

lisa da finansebis originaluri dasabuTeba da axsna, Tu

ra SemTxvevaSi iqceva fuli finansebad. saqonlur-fuladi

meurneobis pirobebSi erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produq-

tisa da erovnuli simdidris gafarToebuli aRwarmoeba iw-

vevs sazogadoebrivi fondebis formirebas fulis saxiT.

fuli gamocalkevdeba saqonlis mimoqcevisagan da iwyebs

SedarebiT damoukidebel moZraobas. am safuZvelze iqmneba

82


fuladi mimoqceva da fuladi fondebi, rogoric aris biu-

jeturi fondebi, sakredito fondebi, gamocalkavebul gaer-

TianebaTa fuladi fondebi da mosaxleobis fuladi fon-

debi. isini, funqcionirebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, damou-

kideblad Rebuloben finansur formas.

fuladi fondi, ramdenadac emyareba fulis funqcio-

nirebas, ar aris finansuri fondi. aseT SemTxvevaSi fuli

aris mxolod fuli da ara finansebi. magram, rodesac fuli

ramdenime an yvela misi sazogadoebrivi funqciis Sesrule-

bisas axal Tvisebebs iZens, ise, rom gamoiyeneba erToblivi

sazogadoebrivi produqtisa da erovnuli simdidris gana-

wileba – gadanawilebis, meurneobrivi angariSianobis gata-

rebis da kontrolis saSualebad, maSin finansebad iqceva.

amgvarad, formirebuli da gamoyenebuli fuladi fondi

aris finansuri fondi. fuladi fondi finansur xasiaTs

Rebulobs imisgan damoukideblad, is fulis erT romelime

funqcias asrulebs Tu samives erTad.

vasil CantlaZem originaluri kvleva mogvca me-11 da

me-12 saukuneebis saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis

Sesaxeb naSromis `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ er-

Ti adgilis gagebisaTvis. teqstis is adgili, sadac naTqva-

mia: `Tqmul ars eseca, daRaTu mauwyebel ars sityva, vi-

Tarmed TvisTa xeliTa amisca Svreboda, romel mis dRisa

saWamadi mis daafasos da raodeni dRiv SesWamis, xelsaq-

marsa missa ganyidis da egodensa fassa glaxakTa axelsaq-

mnis da miscis ara samefos SemosavliTgan~.

istorikosebi amas aZlevdnen Semdeg axsnas: Tamar mefe

yoveldRiur Tavis `saWamads~ afasebda da mis Rirebulebas

urigebda Ratakebs ara samefo Semosavlidan, aramed Tavisi

xelsaqmeobiT damzadebuli nivTebis gayidvis amonagebidan.

es axsna vasil CantlaZes ar miaCnda sworad da mogvca Sem-

degi originalurad dasabuTebuli axsna: Tamari rogorc

Tavisi xeliT akeTebda saqmeebs, aseve glaxakebsac asaqmeb-

da, e.i. xelsaqmes akeTebinebda. dasaqmebul muSebs aZlevda

ulufas, dRiur sazrdos. maT dRiur `saWamads~ afasebda

warmoebis danaxarjebis gaangariSebisaTvis. ama Tu im

83


odenobis produqtebis damzadebis periodSi, ramdeni dRisa-

sac SeWamdnen, mxedvelobaSi Rebulobdnen maTi xelsaqmaris

gayidvidan amoRebuli wminda Semosavlis gamosaangariSeb-

lad. amgvarad, dasaqmebuli glaxakebi daxmarebas Rebu-

lobdnen ara samefo Semosavlidan, e.i. ara biujeturi way-

rodan, aramed am warmoebaSi maT mierve Seqmnili Rirebu-

lebidan.

SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom batoni vasilis

yvela naSromi, statia Tu zepiri gamosvla, siaxliT sunT-

qavs. SeuZlebelia saqmeSi Caxedulma kacma maTSi ar daina-

xos, ar igrZnos avtoris didi ruduneba da sakiTxisadmi

SemoqmedebiTad midgomis gasaocari unari. es ki rCeulTa

xvedria da batoni vasilic maT Soris amaRlebul, sapatio

adgils ikavebs.

batonma vasilma, didma patriotma, qarTveli xalxis

sxva Rirseul mamuliSvilTa msgavsad, kvleviTi muSaobis

ZiriTad sagnad gaixada erovnuli azrovnebis umdidres da

mravalferovan wiaRSi ekonomikuri sibrZnis elvare marga-

litebis moZebna – gamomzeureba da saerTaSoriso mecnie-

rul asparezze warmodgena, rogorc brwyinvale magaliTi

qarTveli xalxis ekonomikuri azris siRrmisa, mravalsauku-

novani asakisa, gamZleobisa da sicocxlisunarianobisa. am

did saqmes uZRvna mravali Sroma, statia da sxvadasxva

Sekrebebsa da simpoziumebze sayuradRebo gamosvlebi. jer

kidev sadoqtoro disertaciaSi, `finansebi reformamdel

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi~, romelic, rogorc zemoT aRv-

niSneT, warmatebiT daicva 1954 wels, batonma vasilma Cveu-

li sicxadiTa da saocari logikuri msjelobiT gviCvena,

rom XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi finansebis, rogorc

qarTuli ekonomikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimar-

Tulebis mecnieruli codnis done sakmaod maRali iyo da

mravalmxriv originaluri, azrTa siRrmiT – saintereso da

praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT – progresuli. es naSromi calke

wignad gamovida 1975 wels da warmoadgens kapitalur ga-

mokvlevas, sadac mocemulia finansebis ganviTarebis kanon-

zomiereba reformamdel aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. SeiZle-

84


ba iTqvas, rom am naSromSi, mecnieruli kvlevis meTodolo-

giur principebze dayrdnobiT, farTo istoriografiuli da

mdidari wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazisis mecnieruli gamoyene-

biT gamokvleulia rigi ekonomikuri da ekonomikur-isto-

riuli mecnierebis mier Seuswavleli sakiTxebisa.

am dargis problemaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSna-

via Sroma `sulxan-saba orbelianis ekonomikuri Sexedule-

bani~. igi sayuradReboa im mxriv, rom warmoadgens pirvel

cdas sulxan-saba orbelianis ekonomikur SexedulebaTa

Camoyalibebisa da dasabuTebisa da mecxramete saukunemdeli

qarTuli ekonomikuri azris Seswavlisa.

naSromi iwyeba epoqis istoriuli mimoxilviT da sabas

socialur SexedulebaTa daxasiaTebiT. amis Semdeg ganxi-

lulia mwerlis Sexedulebani sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

safuZvlis, simdidris wyaros, fasis, fulis rogorc kapi-

talis, zedmeti produqtis problemebis, xelfasis, kredi-

tisa da finansebis Sesaxeb da mTavrdeba sabas Tavgamode-

biTi brZolis daxasiaTebiT saqarTvelos erovnuli mTli-

anobisa da meurneobriv-politikuri aRorZinebisaTvis. sabas

ekonomikuri Sexedulebani Seswavlilia ara marto TavisTa-

vad, aramed SedarebiTi xerxis gamoyenebiT, igi ganxilulia

msoflio ekonomikuri azris ganviTarebis aspeqtSi. am Sro-

maSi dasabuTebulia im droisaTvis progresuli debuleba

sulxan-saba orbelianisa, romliTac igi 70 wliT win usw-

rebs fiziokratiuli mimarTulebis mamamTavars – fransua

kenes. es sakiTxi moxsenda ekonomist-istorikosTa saerTaSo-

riso kongress leningradSi 1970 wlis agvistoSi. moxsenebis

teqsti daibeWda da gavrcelda rusul da inglisur enebze.

v. CantlaZis damsaxurebas warmaodgens agreTve is, rom

man ara marto gamoikvlia es sakiTxi, aramed danerga kidec.

es aRmoCena saerTaSoriso kongresze gaitana da misi kvle-

vis safuZvelze politikuri ekonomiis enciklopediis re-

daqciam enciklopediaSi Seitana sulxan-saba orbeliani,

rogorc fiziokratiuli skolis winamorbedi Tavisi eko-

nomikuri SexedulebebiT.

85


erovnuli ekonomikuri azrovnebis sidiadisa da ukvda-

vebis didi himnia batoni vasilis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis

namdvili `margaliti~ _ SoTa rusTavelis ekonomikuri ide-

ebi. am wignis Sesaxeb kvlvac bevri daiwereba, mis Sefasebas

didi dro, codna da energia sWirdeba, magram Zalian mok-

led da zogadad aqac ramdenime sityviT minda Sevexo. karg

mTqmels kargi gamgone undao, zustad am naSromzea naTqvami.

genialuri poetis mxatvrul qaragmaSi moqceuli ekonomi-

kuri Sexedulebebi batonma vasilma gamoicno didi sizus-

tiTa da sisruliT. igi erT-erTi pirvelTagania, romelmac

`vefxistyaosani~ martivad da gasagebad waikiTxa ekonomikis

enaze da ase martivad, mimzidvelad da saintersod miawoda

igi mkiTxvels. magram mTavaria, ra miawoda? pirveli is, rom

XII saukuneSi Cvens ers hyavda uzarmazari poeti, romelmac

Tavis uvkdav qmnileba `vefxistyaosanSi~ gasaocari siRmriT

Caaqsova `ekonomikuri poezia~, epoqis ekonomikuri sunTqvis

mamoZravebeli Zalebi da kanonzomierebebi; meore is, rom es

Zalebi da kanonzomierebebi, erovnuli elferis miuxedavad,

namdvilad idga ganaTlebuli msoflios ekonomikuri stan-

dartebis doneze; mesame is, rom SoTa rusTavelis `ekono-

mikuri poezia~ ar iyo marto XII saukunis ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis amsaxveli. igi srulyofilad asaxavda momava-

li saukuneebis progresulad moazrovne sazogadoebis sa-

nukvar miznebsa da interesebs da am mxriv igi ukvdavia;

meoTxe is, rom saxelmwifo siZliere, sazogadoebis sisxl-

savse cxovreba, adamianis bedniereba warmoudgenelia mtkice

ekonomikuri bazisis gareSe patiosani Sromis, baraqisa da

dovlaTis siuxvis gareSe; mexuTe is, rom aseTi pirobebis

SeqmnisaTvis aucilebelia epoqis Sesabamisi ekonomikuri

politikis SemuSaveba, romlis ZiriTadi mizani iqneba: xal-

xis, mTeli sazogadoebis keTildReoba, progresis uangaro

samsaxuri, borotebis winaaRmdeg daundobeli brZola,

sindisisa da patiosnebis wina planze wamoweva, mowyalebisa

da qvelmoqmedebis farTod gaSla da a.S.

am naSromis erT-erTi mTavari Rirseba imaSi mdgoma-

reobs, rom misi avtori, konkretuli ekonomikuri pozicie-

86


bidan gamomdinare, mkacri logikurobiT naTels hfens `vef-

xistyaosanTan~ dakavSirebul rig sociologiur, filoso-

fiur da sxva sakiTxebs, amis gamo igi Sefasebul unda iqnas

rogorc naTeli magaliTi imisa, rom `vefxistyaosanis~

maRali mxatvruli saxeebi asxivosneben azrebs, brZnuli

azrebiT, Tavisi mxriv, elvarebas mateben `mxatvrul sa-

xeebs~. es harmonia ki ukvdavyofs mis Semoqmeds. darwmu-

nebuli var, rom batoni vasili, sxva rom araferi Seeqmna,

marto am gamokvleviTac daimkvidrebda amaRlebul, sapatio

adgils erovnuli ekonomikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi.

didi amagi dasdo batonma vasilma qarTveli xalxis

ukvdavi Svilis, ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri ideebis Seswav-

la-gamomzeurebas, progresuli ganviTarebadi mxareebis Cve-

nebas, am idéebis originaluri xasiaTis, maRali donisa da

sicocxlisunarianobis sayovelTao aRiarebas.

mokrZalebuli pativisemiT da siyvaruliTaa gamsWvalu-

li batoni vasilis Sromebi, romelic eZRvneba ivane java-

xiSvilis ekonomikur-finansuri Sexedulebebis Seswavlas. am

SromebSi damtkciebulia, rom ivane javaxiSvili aris pir-

veli mkvlevari, romelmac saqarTvelos ekonomikur-finan-

suri azrovnebis istoria mtkice mecnierul sistemaSi moaq-

cia da amiT dasabami misca mis Tanmimdevrul da sistematur

kvleva-Ziebas.

prof. v. CantlaZem sakmaod didi muSaoba gaswia agreTve

ekonomikis terminologiis damuSavebis xaziT. miiRo mona-

wileoba rusul-qarTuli da qarTul-rusuli ekonomikis

terminologiis SedgenaSi, Seadgina rusul-qarTuli da qar-

Tul-rusuli finansur-sakredito terminologia da agreTve

rusul-qarTuli da qarTul-rusuli statistikuri termino-

logia. amasTanave, dawera ganmartebani rigi terminebisa

qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopediis I-XII tomebisaTvis; gamoaq-

veyna ramdenime statia qarTul enaze zogierTi ekonomikuri

terminis gagebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

batonma vasilma didi codna da energia moaxmara finan-

sebisa da kreditis specialobis studentebisaTvis origina-

luri saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnas, romlebic naTargmn da

87


qarTul enaze daweril sxva saxelmZRvaneloebze gacilebiT

gamZle da stabiluri aRmoCnda. am saxelmZRvaneloTa rigs

miekuTvneba `kapitalistur saxelmwifoTa finansebi~, `finan-

suri mecnierebis sagani da amocanebi~, `finansebi da kredi-

ti~, `fulis, kreditis da finansebis istoria~ da sxva. swo-

red am saxelmZRvaneloebze aRizardnen specialistTa mTe-

li Taobebi. aseTi triumfi ki ganapiroba ara marto didma

mecnierulma codnam da araCveulebrivma meTodikurma osta-

tobam, aramed yvelaferTan erTad, namdvilad SesaSurma

pedagogiurma niWma da alRom, WeSmariti maswavleblisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelma unar-Cvevebma.

70 weliwadi vasil CantlaZe leqciebs kiTxulobda

ganuwyveteli staJiT, didi codniTa da enTuziazmiT. man

aRuzarda Teoriuli da praqtikuli codniT SeiaraRebuli

mravali specialisti Cvens umaRles saswavleblebs da

qveynis saxalxo meurneobis da kulturis sxvadasxva dargs.

vasil CantlaZe eweoda aqtiur sazogadoebriv moRva-

weobas, iyo mravali samecniero sabWos wevri. miRebuli

hqonda mTavrobis jildoebi. mieniWa saqarTvelos mecnie-

rebis damsaxurebuli moRvawis sapatio wodeba, dajildovda

saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis sapatio sige-

liT da sxv.

bolo wlebSi Tavs datexili tragikuli gancdebis

gamo usaSvelo da uTqmeli sevdiT gulamovsebuli mecnieri,

maswavlebeli da aRmzrdeli, amqveyniur cxovrebas samara-

disod ganeSora.

1995 wlis ianvarSi dabadebis 90 wlis iubile gada-

vuxadeT. iqneb simboluric iyo saiubileo welSi misi didi

sicocxlis dasruleba. miuxedavad xandazmulobisa, mis mex-

sierebas bzari ar Sehparvia, Cveuli SeupovrobiTa da Sro-

mismoyvareobiT kiTxulobda leqciebs da brwyinvale mecnie-

ruli memkvidreoba dautova momaval Taobas.

aravisTvis sakamaTo ar gamxdara, rom vasil CantlaZe

uzarmazar codnas flobda, arasodes gamorCeboda ara mar-

to msoflio finansist-ekonomistTa, aramed sxva dargebis

mecnierTa ukanaskneli naSromebi da miRwevebi. CamoTvlac ki

88


gamiWirdeboda yvela dargisa, imdenad farTo da yovlismom-

cveli iyo misi mecnieruli interesebis sfero, Tvalsa-

wieri.

baton vasilTan, rogorc Cems maswavlebelTan mravali

wlis axlo urTierToba makavSirebda da ar maxsovs masTan

arc erTi Sexvedra, sadac ar megrZno misi siTbo, sikeTe,

maRali kultura, ubraloeba, Tavmdabloba, Tanadgoma da

pativiscema. mis pirovnebaSi pedantobis natamalsac ver aR-

moaCendiT. Tavisufal dros saocrad uyvarda Tavis megob-

rebTan, kolegebTan, studentebTanac ki eqskursiebi, mol-

xena da puroba. ver itanda xelmocarulTa qedmaRlobas,

yoyoCobas, adamianis upirveles Rirsebad Tavmdabloba

miaCnda, yvelgan da yvelaferSi amaRlebuls, mSveniersa da

lamazs eZebda. kacurad icxovra da didebuladac Seasrula

Tavisi didi movaleoba Tavisi xalxis winaSe, rogorc

mecnierebis WeSmaritma raindma, mecnierebis sindisma da

namusma, gamoCenilma sazogado moRvawem, rogorc ubadlo

megobarma da maswavlebelma.

prof. gedevan xelaia

28.11.14

89


vaso Zias xsovnas

biblioTeka da kabineti

daaxlovebiT aTi wlis asakSi socialuri klasifikaciis

pirveli idea momivida TavSi: arian adamianebi (ojaxebi),

romelTa binaSi aris wignebi (biblioTeka) da aris saweri

magida (kabineti); da arian adamianebi (ojaxebi), romlebsac

aseTi ram ar gaaCniaT...

mamaCemis axlo megobrebs, yvelas hqonda biblioTeka-

kabineti.

arsebiTad, paata guguSvilis ojaxi biblioTekaSi iyo

ganTavsebuli. TiTqmis yvela oTaxSi iyo karadebi an Weramde

Taroebi gaWedili literaturiT. yvelas Cven-Cveni biblioTeka

gvqonda - mamas aTasobiT mecnieruli wigni, Jurnali da sqeli

saqaRalde; dedas ramdenime Taro qarTuli da rusuli an

rusulad naTargmni romanebi da literaturuli Jurnalebi; me

da Cems Zmas sakmaod didi karada samecniero-popularuli,

sabavSvo literatura, romelTa Soris TandaTanobiT

upiratesad mecnierulifantastikis wignebi sWarbobda.

merve klasidan me sakuTari saweri magidac gamiCnda,

romelzec bolos sakandidato disertacia davwere da pirveli

qarTuli kompiuterulidamwerloba Sevqmeni.

rodesac Tbilisis binaSi wignebi ukve aRar gveteoda d

maTi nawili wyneTis agarakze avitaneT, sadac amisTvis, bolos

momcro calke saTavsoc avageT.

mamis tola da sadari kabineti-biblioTekebi hqondaT mis

megobrebs d vaso Zias da baton Salva nucubiZes. yrmobisas

vaso Zias biblioTekaSi sakmarod bevri dro mitarebia. ro-desac mSoblebi wveulebis sufras usxdnen, me neba mqonda

darTuli aq enciklopediebi mekiTxa - Cemi sayvareli lite-ratura. vaso ZiasTan yvelaze ufro momwonda revoluciamdeli

~brokhauzisa da efronisa~. misi didi nawili aq wavikiTxeyvela Temaze, ganurCevlad.

mama, zogadad Tavis kabinetSi cxovrobda da eZina kidec,

danarCeni ojaxis wevrebisgan Zlier gansxvavebul reJimSi,

90


romlis gamoc arsebiTad mamas mxolod tradiciuli ojaxuri

sadilisas vxvdebodiT.

am TemasTan dakavSirebiT erTi momenti maxsendeba.

daaxloebiT samocdaaTian wlebSi mama erTma ~didma kacma~

miiwvia ojaxSi nadimze. mamam bina SeaTvaliera da gakvirve-

bulma hkiTxa maspinZels: ojaxSi wignebi ar gaqvTo? maspin-

Zelma amayad upasuxa: rogor ara, telefonebis sacnobaro

wigni gvaqvso... mama maSinaTve adga da usityvod gaecala ~didi

kacis~ wveulebas...

televizors arc mama da arc vaso Zia ar uyurebnen,

arsebiTad gazeTebsac ar kiTxulobdnen. Cvens ojaxSi mamas

dekreti aseTi iyo: televizori araumetes 2 saaTi dReSi - axali

ambebi da Tu sasargeblo rame kinofilmi iyo... samagierod dmama

gvian RamiT xSirad usmenda ~radio Tavisuflebisa~ da

~amerikis xmis~ gadacemebs -- Tavisi Zviriani da Zlieri radi-

oTi, Zalze dabal xmaze, ise rom ucxos ar gaego...

vaso Zia sufraze

aTobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi, paata guguSvilis ojaxSi,

ufro kvira diliT, TveSi sul cota or-samjer imarTeboda

wveuleba uaxloesi megobrebisTvis ufro xSirad xaSis Temaze.

TveSi Tundac erTxel ki saRamos wveuleba ufro farTo

wrisaTvis. ar maxsovs Tundac erTi SemTxveva, rom vaso Zia da

Zaguli deida ar yofiliyvnen sufrasTan.

vaso Ziam yvelasgan gansxvavebuli, unikaluri sadRegrZe-

loebi icoda, gansakuTrebiT Tu es uaxloes megobrebs exe-boda. misi yoveli aseTi sadRegrZelo moTxrobili an mciredgaleqsili patara novela iyo, rogorc wesi romantikul

JanrSi, magaliTad rogorc sasiyvarulo werili... da, es

sadRegrZelo-novela auCqareblad, rbili da Tbili artis-

tizmiT iTqmoda. araa gasakviri, rom vaso Zias vaJi, Tengizi

Zalze popularuli artisti gaxda. maswavlebeli mas ojaxSihyavda. Tumca ver vityvi, rom Tengizi vaso Ziaze ufro niWieri

artisti iyo...

aranakleb xSirad marTavda wveulebas Zaguli dedidac,

91


stumrebis TiTqmis imave SemdgenlobiT. xolo, rodesac Tengiz

CantlaZe popularuli da Zalze cnobili gaxda, CantlaZeebisojaxSi ukve gaxSirda xalxmravali nadimebi, romlebzec

stumrebis udidesi nawili ukve msaxiobebi da sxva Semoqmede-

biTi dargebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, Sesabamisi donissimRerebiTada galobiT.

mamasTan, sufraze ki viwro wreSi, dabal xmaze wauRi-

Rinebdnen, ufro xSirad mamaCemis sayvarel simReras, ase:

„bindisferia sofeli, TandaTan ufro binddeba,warmavalia naTeli sul mosaCvenad brwyindeba

ra aris Cveni sicocxle CitiviT gagvifrindeba,

Cvens nasaxlarzeodesRac balaxi abibindeba.

imasac mokled uvlia, vinc grZlad egona iara,

Tofs Jangi SeWams, Jangs miwa, kacis guls dardis iara,

mova sikvdili uCino, erT wamSi agvyris iaraRs,

Cven ras waviRebT imqveynad, sxvas ara wauRia-ra...“

magram, am naRvlians ufro optimisturs miayolebdnen:

„davloT sanam erTad varT,sanam erTmaneTs vxedavTo,

javri maSinac gveyofa

Sav lods rom amovxedavTo“

Ramis mocionebi

sul cota ori aTeuli weli, mamasa da vaso Zias piradi

urTierTobis ZiriTadi nawili Ramis TiTqmis yoveldRiuri

mocionisas xdeboda. rasac ZiriTadad mxolod erT-erTis

avadmyofoba an Zlieri uamindoba SeiZleboda aRdgomoda win.

mocioni iwyeboda da mTavrdeboda ~mrgval baRTan~ da

karg amindSi da kargi ganwyobisas ~vakis parkamde~ grZel-

deboda. mocions axlda ganuwyveteli saubari da azrTa

92


gacvla-gamocvla -- Tematika ki ukidegano iyo. erTxel xumro-

biT davuangariSe -- sul cota 7-8 aTasi saaTi gaqvT aseT

saubrebSi gatarebuli, meTqi. me meti megonao -- momigo...

Zalze xSirad sanam mama da vaso Zia seirnobdnen -- deda da

Zaguli deida telefoniT saubrobdnen -- dawyebuli ojaxuri

garemoebebiT, janmrTelobiT, kerZebis damzadebiTa da par-

ketis ukeT gapialebis meTodebiTdamTavrebuli...

vaso Zias da Zaguli deidas siyvaruliT,

besarion guguSvili

93


mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi

akademikos paata guguSvilis dabadebidan 110-e

wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili RonisZiebebi

2015 wlis 10 ivliss ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata guguSvilis sa-

xelobis ekonomikis institutSi Catarda akademikos paata

guguSvilis dabadebidan 110-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili

saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia Temaze:

`erovnuli ekonomikebis mdgradi ganviTarebis aqtualuri

problemebi~.

konferenciis plenaruli sxdoma gaxsna paata guguS-

vilis saxelobis ekonomikis institutis direqtorma, samec-

niero sabWos Tavmjdomarem, emd., prof. ramaz abesaZem,

romelmac didi madloba gadauxada qarTvel da ucxoel

mecnierebs konferenciaSi monawileobisaTvis. emd. prof. r.

abesaZem Tavis gamosvlaSi yuradReba gaamaxvila akademikos

paata guguSvilis damsaxurebaze, konferenciis Tematikasa

da konferenciis mniSvnelobaze, rogorc ekonomikuri mec-

nierebis ganviTarebis, ise sazRvargareTis qveynebTan samec-

niero kavSirebis gafarToebis TvalsazrisiT.

konferenciis monawileebs miesalma da warmatebebi

usurva Tsu-s reqtorma akademikosma vladimer papavam. man

isaubra akademikos paata guguSvilis, rogorc didi mecni-

erisa da mecnierebis organizatoris, aseve institutis

winaSe mdgomi amocanebisa da gamowvevebis Sesaxeb. akademi-

kosi vladimer papava konferenciaze aseve gamovida samec-

niero moxsenebiT.

konferenciis muSaobaSi monawileobas iRebda moskovis

marTvis saxelmwifo universitetis kaTedris gamge, emd

prof. albert zarnaZe, ioane-pavle meoris saxelobis lub-

linis kaTolikuri universitetis profesori, ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa doqtori slavomir particki (poloneTi).

agreTve konferenciaSi monawileobas iRebdnen mecnierebi

94


poloneTis, moldovis, ukrainis, yazaxeTis, ruseTis, da

sxva qveynebis samecniero wreebidan.

konferencias eswrebodnen Tsu mecnierebis ganviTa-

rebis departamentis Tavmjdomare irakli RvedaSvili da

Tavmjdomaris moadgile Tea wiTlanaZe, Tsu ekonomikisa da

biznesis fakultetis dekani emd, prof. Teimuraz beriZe.

konferenciis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRo, konferen-

cias miesalmnen da plenarul sxdomaze samecniero moxsene-

bebiT gamovidnen Cveni qveynisa da sazRvargareTis mecnier-

ekonomistebi. sazRvargareTidan _ profesorebi: slavomir

particki (poloneTi), albert zarnaZe (ruseTi), da sxva.

saqarTvelodan _ profesorebi: Temur Sengelia, vaxtang

burduli da sxvebi.

plenaruli sxdomis Semdeg konferenciam muSaoba seq-

ciebis mixedviT ganagrZo.

konferenciis muSaoba warimarTa Semdeg samecniero

seqciebSi: ekonomikuri Teoriis (xelmZRvanelebi: profeso-

rebi: alfred kurataSvili da murman kvaracxelia); msof-

lio ekonomikisa da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTo-

bebis (xelmZRvanelebi: ekonomikis doqtorebi: iza naTelau-

ri, revazjavaxiSvili); makroekonomikis (xelmZRvanelebi:

ekonomikis doqtorebi: nanuli arevaZe,gulnaz erqomai-

Svili); seqtoruli da regionuli ekonomikis (xelmZRvane-

lebi: emd, vaxtang burduli, ekonomikis doqtori zurab

reviSvili); mdgradi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri problemebi

(xelmZRvanelebi: prof. Tina CxeiZe, ekonomikisdoqtori

mamuka xuskivaZe); mikroekonomikisa da biznesis adminis-

trirebis (xelmZRvanelebi: prof. giorgi berulava, ekono-

mikis doqtori eTeri kakulia); finansebisa da sabanko

saqmis (xelmZRvanelebi: ekonomikis doqtorebi: Tea lazara-

Svili, maia gogoxia); socialuri da demografiuli prob-

lemebis (xelmZRvanelebi: ekonomikis doqtorebi: elene

Ciqovani, lia CareqiSvili).

samecniero seqciebis xelmZRvanelebma seqciebis muSao-

bis Sejamebisas yuradReba gaamaxviles qveynis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis im problemebze, romlebic wamoWres momxseneb-

95


lebma. samecniero seqciebis xelmZRvanelebma, aseve qarT-

velma da ucxoelma mecnierebma aRniSnes, rom konferencia

Catarda maRalmecnierul doneze da momxseneblebis mier

warmoCenil iqna araerTi mecnieruli siaxle, winadadeba da

rekomendacia.

Tsu paata guguSvilis saxelobis ekonomikis institu-

tis direqtorma emd, prof. ramaz abesaZem dadebiTad Sea-

fasa konferenciis muSaoba.

11 ivliss gaimarTa paata guguSvilis dabadebidan 110-e

wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo-sazeimo sxdoma.

sxdomas uZRveboda Tsu paata guguSvilis saxelobis

ekonomikis institutis direqtori emd, prof. ramaz abesaZe.

sxdomam wuTieri pativi miago akademiis wevr-koresponden-

tis profesor leo Ciqavas xsovnas. prof. ramaz abesaZem

Tavis vrcel moxsenebaSi – “akademikos paata guguSvilis

cxovreba da moRvaweoba” isaubra akademikos paata guguS-

vilis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.

saiubileo sxdomaze akademikos p. guguSvilis moRva-

weobasTan dakavSirebiT mogonebebiT gamovida iv. javaxiS-

vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis req-

tori, akademikosi vladimer papava.

mogonebebiT gamovida aseve ilias saxelmwifo universi-

tetis demografiisa da sociologiis institutis direqto-

ri emd, prof. avTandil sulaberiZe, Tsu biznesis fakul-

tetis dekani emd, prof. Temur beriZe, emd, prof. nodar

WiTanava, emd, prof. Temur Sengelia, ekonomikis doqtori

lina daTunaSvili da sxvebi. maT farTod gaaSuqes akademi-

kos paata guguSvilis moRvaweoba rogorc mecnieris, peda-

gogis, pirovnebisa da sxva.

Tsu paata guguSvilis saxelobis ekonomikis institu-

tis direqtorma, emd, prof. ramaz abesaZem erTxel kidev

madloba gadauxada damswre sazogadoebas saiubileo Ronis-

ZiebebSi monawileobisaTvis da dadebiTad Seafasa rogorc

96


saerTaSoriso konferenciis, ise saiubileo-sazeimo sxdomis

muSaoba.

saiubileo dReebSi gaimarTa kulturuli RonisZiebebi.

lina daTunaSvili

p. guguSvilis saxelobis ekono-

mikis institutis swavluli

mdivani, ekonomikis doqtori;

Tea lazaraSvili

institutis ganyofilebis gamge,

ekonomikis doqtori

97


xsovna

profesori leo Ciqava

saqarTvelos ekonomikurma sazogadoebam dididanaklisi ganicada. 87 wlis asakSi gardaicvalagamoCenili qarTveli mecnieri, pedagogi dasazogado moRvawe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaerovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti, ekono-mikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori leoCiqava.

profesori leo Ciqava daibada 1928 wlis 20 Tebervalszugdidis raionis sofel kokSi. 1950 wels man daamTavra Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikis fakulteti.1955–1969 wlebSi iyo saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutisufrosi maswavlebeli, docenti da profesori, 1969–1974wlebSi ucxo enaTa saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis po-litekonomiis kaTedris gamge, 1974–1983 wlebSi ki saqarTve-los politeqnikuri institutis politekonomiis kaTedrisgamge. 1983–1990 wlebSi igi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akade-miis ekonomikisa da samarTlis institutis direqtoris mo-adgilea. igi iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis demog-rafiisa da sociologiuri kvlevis institutis damfuZnebelida misi ucvleli direqtori 1990–2006 wlebSi. 1997 wlidanigi iyo mis mier dafuZnebuli paata guguSvilis saxelobissaswavlo universitetis reqtori. 1999 wlidan batoni leoxelmZRvanelobda saxelmwifo samsaxuris marTvis, momza-debis, gadamzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis centrs.

1954 wels man warmatebiT daicva sakandidato disertacia,xolo 1968 wels sadoqtoro disertacia.

farToa batoni leos samecniero kvlevis sfero. misinaSromebi miekuTvneba ekonomikuri Teoriis, makroekonomikis,mrewvelobis, demografiis, sociologiis, terminologiisproblemebs. igi aris 170–ze meti samecniero naSromis, aqedan

– 21 monografiis, wignisa da broSuris avtori.farTo aRiareba moipova misma monografiebma, rogoricaa:

“demologia da misi kanonTa sistema“ (2008), „inovaciuri ekono-mika“ (2006), da „აramaterialuri warmoebis sferos politeko-nomiuri aspeqtebი“ (1987),, saxelmZRvaneloebma: „ekonomikuriTeoriis mokle kursi“ (1997) da „სaqarTvelos ekonomikა“ (1995)da sxv. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi terminologiurileq-

98


sikoni „Экономическая и демографическая терминология“, romelicekonomistebis samagido wignia da romelic akademikosebispaata guguSvilisa da vasil CantlaZis daumTavrebeli naS-romis safuZvelze daasrula, riTac man didi vali moixadamisi winamorbedebis winaSe.

batoni leo iyo misi iniciativiT dafuZnebuli saqarT-velos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis ucvleli prezi-denti, araerTi adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso organizaciis,samecniero Jurnalebis redkolegiis wevri da sxv. batonileos xelmZRvanelobiT aRizarda sdudentTa da mecnierTaaraerTi Taoba, romlebic warmatebiT saqmianobdnen dasaqmianoben qveynis sakeTildReod.

sadac ki saqmianobda, batoni leo avlenda mecnierisniWierebas da gasaocar Sromisunarianobas, organizatorisprincipulobasa da obieqturobas, adamianur sikeTes da mim-teveblobas. yovelive amis gamo man xalxis didi siyvaruli dapativiscema daimsxura.

batoni leo didi samecniero da pedagogiuri saqmiano-bisaTvis dajildoebuliiyo saqarTvelosRirsebis ordeniT.

SesaniSnavi mecnieris, pedagogisa da sazogado moRvawis,brwyinvale megobris, keTilSobili adamianis, saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentis,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor leo CiqavasnaTeli xsovna mudam darCeba, misi kolegebis, megobrebisa daaRzrdilebis gulSi.

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuliakademia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisissaxelmwifo universiteti

Tsu paata guguSvilis saxelobisekonomikis instituti

99


Pprofesori amiran jibuti

qarTvel ekonomistTa sazogadoebas, inteligen-cias gamoakldaTvalsaCino mecnier-ekonomis-ti, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profe-sori, saqarTvelos ekonomikis mecnierebaTaakademiis akademikosi, niu-iorkis mecnierebaTaakademiis wevri amiran jibuti.

daibada 1928 wels, Coxatauris raionis sofel Sua-amaRlebaSi. daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisekonomikis fakulteti. sxvadasxva dros muSaobda bankSiekonomistad, bankis mmarTvelad, saSualo skolis direqto-rad, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis ekono-mikis institutis ganyofilebis gamged, saqarTvelos sasof-lo-sameurneo warmoebis saxelmwifo komitetis agrosamrew-velo gaerTianebis mTavari sammarTvelos ufrosis pirvelmoadgiled, sasoflo-sameurneo institutis politikuriekonomiis kaTedris docentad, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis finansebisa da sabankosaqmis kaTedris profesorad, Tbilisis biznesisa da saga-reo urTierTobebis institutis direqtorad.

profesori a. jibuti kiTxulobda leqciebis kurssekonomikur TeoriaSi, sajaro finansebSi, saxelmwifo biu-jetSi, sxvadasxva speckurss bakalavriatsa da magistratu-raSi. man mniSvnelovani wvlili SeiTana qarTuli ekonomi-kuri mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. igi iyo Rrmad gans-wavluli mecnieri, principuli da momTxovni pedagogi. miskalams ekuTvnis 180-ze meti samecniero naSromi, maT Soris21 monografia da saxelmZRvanelo Teoriuli da gamoyene-biTi ekonomikis aqtualur sakiTxebze.

profesori a. jibuti iyo sxvadasxva samecniero sab-Wosa da samecniero Jurnalis saredaqcio kolegiis wevri.misi xelmZRvanelobiT daculia 10-mde sakandidato da sa-doqtoro disertacia. profesori a. jibuti dajilodoe-buli iyo Rirsebis ordeniT da ivane javaxiSvilis medliT.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis mecnierebaTa akademis Rrmamwuxarebas gamoTqvams professor amiran jibutis gardacva-lebis gamo, TanaugrZnobs gansvenebulis ojaxis wevrebs,megobrebs da axloblebs, qarTvel ekonomistTa sazogadoe-bas. igi daaklda sruliad saqarTvelos. naTelSi amyofosmisi suli ufalma.

saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia

100


informacia

***Jurnal ekonomistis redaqcia acxadebs konkurss

premiis mosapoveblad 2013 wels JurnalSi gamoqveynebulisaukeTeso statiisaTvis. premia miekuTvneba statias,romelsac gamoavlens maRalkvalificiuri Jiuri, samec-niero statiisaTvis wayenebuli moTxovnebidan gamomdi-nare.premiis mflobels gadaecema Sesabamisi diplomi da

fuladi premia 300 laris odenobiT.

***2008 wlidan daarsda paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli, romelic gamo-dis periodulad.

Sromebis krebulSi daibeWdeba mecnier ekonomistTa(mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, akademiuri doqtorebi) Sromebi,aseve, bakalavrebis, magistrebis, doqtorantebisa da praq-tikos ekonomistTa saTanado mecnieruli donis statiebi.

avtorTaTvis krebulSi statiebis gamosaqveynebladmoqmedebs Semdegi wesebi:1. krebulSi gamosaqveyneblad gankuTvnili samecnieronaSromebi unda iyos damoukidebeli kvlevis Sedegi.naSromi ar unda arRvevdes saavtoro uflebebs da arunda iyos gamoqveynebuli romelime sxva organoSi.

2. redaqciaSiwarmodgenili statiis originali xelmo-werili unda iyos avtoris, xolo Tanaavtorobis SemTx-vevaSi yvela Tanaavtoris mier saxelis, gvaris, samuSaoadgilis, samecniero xarisxisa dawodebis, srulisafosto misamarTis, telefonis, faqsis, eleqtronulifostis miTiTebiT.

3. statia dabeWdili unda iyos 1,5 intervaliT, A4 for-matze, 12 fontiT. redaqciaSi statiebis warmodgenaaucilebelia or nabeWd egzemplarad, eleqtronulversiasTan erTad (MS WORD, qarTuli teqsti SriftiTACADNUSX, xolo inglisuri _ TIMES NEW ROMAN).

4. erTi gverdis Rirebulebaa 5 lari.

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naSromebis gamogzavna SegiZliaT eleqtronuli fostiTSemdeg misamarTze: [email protected],[email protected]

institutis xelmZRvaneloba da krebulis redaqciamzadaa TanamSromlobisaTvis.

damatebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT SemdegmisamarTze: q. Tbilisi, qiqoZis q. #14, t.: 299-68-53.

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutisgamomcemloba

qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebzeSeRavaTian fasebSi

gTavazobT nebismier sagamomcemlo saqmianobas:

masalis akrefa, dakabadoneba, redaqtirebagamoicema:

samecniero wignebi da naSromebi, enciklopediebi,leqsikonebi, cnobarebi

perioduli gamocemebi (samecniero SromaTa krebuli,samecniero Jurnalebi, konferenciis masalebi)originaluri da naTargmni mxatvruli literatura,saxelmZRvaneloebi, sabavSvo wignebi, albomebi dagzamkvlevebi

eleqtronuli dargobrivi Jurnalebi

misamarTi: Tbilisi, geronti qiqoZis q. #14293 22 60; 551 10 07 04.el.fosta: [email protected]

Jurnal “ekonomistSi” statiebis warmodgenis wesebi

1. JurnalSi gamosaqveyneblad gankuTvnili samecnieronaSromebi unda iyos damoukidebeli kvlevis Sedegi. naS-romi ar unda arRvevdes saavtoro uflebebs da ar undaiyos gamoqveynebuli romelime sxva organoSi.

2. redaqciaSi warmodgenili statiis originali xelmoweri-li unda iyos avtoris, xolo Tanaavtorobis SemTxvevaSiyvela Tanaavtoris mier saxelis, gvaris, samuSao adgi-

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lis, samecniero xarisxisa da wodebis, sruli safostomisamarTis, telefonis, faqsis, eleqtronuli fostismiTiTebiT.

3. statia dabeWdili unda iyos 1,5 intervaliT, A4 for-matze, 12 fontiT. redaqciaSi statiebis warmodgena auci-lebelia or nabeWd egzemplarad, eleqtronul versias-Tan erTad (MS WORD, qarTuli teqsti SriftiTACADNUSX, xolo inglisuri da rusuli TIMES NEWROMAN).

4. JurnalSi statiebi gamoqveyndeba redaqciaSi maTi Semosv-lis rigis mixedviT. redaqciis mier statiis warmodgenisTariRad CaiTvleba redaqciis mier saboloo teqstismiRebis TariRi.

5. statia, romelic srulad ar pasuxobs zemoT moyvanilmoTxovnebs, redaqciis mier ar miiReba.

6. erTi gverdis Rirebulebaa 5 lari.

naSromebis gamogzavna SegiZliaT eleqtronuli fostiTSemdeg misamarTze: [email protected],[email protected]

institutis xelmZRvaneloba da Jurnalis redaqciamzadaa TanamSromlobisaTvis.

damatebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT SemdegmisamarTze: q. Tbilisi, qiqoZis q. #14, t.: 293-34-44; 599 9701 03.

laris angariSi

ssip ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversiteti 204864548mimRebis dasaxeleba _ xazinis erTiani angariSimimRebis banki _ saxelmwifo xazinabankis kodi _ TRESGE22mimRebis angariSi /saxazino kodi 708967254

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THE RULES OF HANDING IN SUBMISSION THE REPORTS TOTHE JOURNAL “ECONOMISTI”

1. Scientific works sent to publish should be the result of independentresearch. The work should guarantee copyrights and should not bepublished in other organs.

2. An original paper sent to editorial board must be signed by the author, andin case of coauthorship – by all authors, providing names, first names,position, degrees, titles, full address, telephone, fax and e-mail.

3. The paper should be printed by computer with 1,5 spacing, A4 format, 12font. The articles should be sent to editorial board in two printed copiestogether with electronic version (MS WORD, Georgian text font -AcadNusx, English text font - Times New Roman).

4. Articles are published in succession of their receiving by the editorial staff.If an artticle is sent back to the author for revision the data of receiving thefinal text is regarded as date of submission for consideration.

5. Price of a page – 10 $.The paper not meeting these requirements is not taken for consideration.The articles should be sent by e-mail to the address:

[email protected], [email protected] managers and editorial staff is ready for collaboration.For additional information, please, connect to the address: Tbilisi, 14

Kikodze str., tel: 293 34 44

Intermediary:USD

FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK, USASWIFT CODE FRNYUS33ACC: 021087992 GEORGBeneficiary′s bank:NATIONAL BANK OF GEORGIA, TBILISISWIFT CODE: BNLNGE22beneficiary organizatio nameIBAN: GE65NB0331100001150207

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s a r C e v i

akademikosi paata guguSvili

vladimer papava _ qarTuli ekonomikuri skolis

fuZemdebeli 7

ramaz abesaZe _ akademikos paata guguSvilis cxovreba da

moRvaweoba 11avTandil sulaberiZe, cicino gvritiSvili, vladimer

sulaberiZe _ paata guguSvili - sociologiuri demografiis

fuZemdebeli saqarTveloSi 22vasil CantlaZe _ sityva akademikos paata guguSvilis

dakrZalvis dReze 29paata guguSvili – aziuri warmoebis wesi 33

akademikosi vasil CantlaZe

vladimer papava _ saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mqone qarTveli

finansisti 73gedevan xelaia _ akademikos vasil CantlaZis cxovreba da

moRvaweoba 77besarion guguSvili _ vaso Zias xsovnas 90

mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi 94

xsovna 98

informacia 101

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Jurnali “ekonomisti”

misamarTi: Tbilisi, 0105, g. qiqoZis q. 14; tel.: 293 34 44; 599970103.E-mail: [email protected]

Journal “Economisti”

Edress: Tbilisi, 0105, Kikodze street, tel. (+995 32) 293 34 44; 599 970103E-mail: [email protected]

P Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutisgamomcemloba

M redaqtori nato abesaZe

Publishing House of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU

Redactor Nato Abesadze

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3-2015 jur. bolo - PGIE.TSU.GE · J.“ekonomisti”,#3,2015 2 3 Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State...

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Transcript of 3-2015 jur. bolo - PGIE.TSU.GE · J.“ekonomisti”,#3,2015 2 3 Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State...