Scientific literacy for students and adults: the UK experience如何提高学生与成人的科学素质 :英国的经验

Professor John Holman, Director, the National Science Learning Centre,University of York, UK

John Holman 教授英国约克大学国家科学教育中心主任

The National Science Learning Centre, University of York, UK英国约克大学国家科学教育中心

Launch by Tony Blair, March 2006

Outline of talk报告纲要1. Why scientific literacy matters2. Scientific literacy: where are the public now? 3. The elements of scientific literacy4. Current science communication activities in Britain5. A school curriculum for scientific literacy: outline of the Twenty First

Century Science project

1. 为何关注科学素质2. 科学素质：现在有哪些公众？3. 科学素质的构成4. 目前英国的科学传播活动5. 有关科学素质的一套教程：“ 21 世纪科学”项目

Moore’s Law摩尔定律Computing power doubles every 18 months计算能力每 18 个月翻一倍

Ferranti Mercury computer (1960s)Ferranti 水银计算机

Genetic information doubles every 16 months

Dr Richard Durbin FRSWellcome Trust Sanger Institute

遗传信息每 16 个月翻一倍

Richard Durbin FRS 博士Wellcome Trust Sanger 学会

Largest ever medical prize最大的医学奖项

The X PRIZE Foundation has announced a $10 million (£5.4 million) Archon X PRIZE for Genomics – A multi-million dollar incentive to create technology that can successfully map 100 human genomes in 10 days.

X 奖基金会公布了一项一千万美金（ 5.4 万英镑）的基因组 X 奖——对能够在 10 天内成功绘制 100 人的基因组这项技术给予几百万美元的奖励

Our Nation‘s Future我们国家的未来

Science will be as important to our economic future as stability

The British Prime Minister to the Royal Society, Oxford November 2006

科学对经济发展的作用将和稳定性一样重要

英国首相在牛津大学对英国皇家学会的讲话2006 年 11 月

We are all scientists now(Sara Parkin, Forum for the Future)

全民科学家

It is essential to have young people prepared to become the engineers, research scientists and doctors of the future.

It is essential, but not enough. Developed countries also need a population who understand science, and are critically aware of its implications.

必须让青少年做好将来成为工程师、科学家和博士的准备。这是根本的，但还不够。发达国家的人民也应该理解科学，并深刻领会其内涵。

Why public scientific literacy is important公众科学素质为何如此重要

•For the country’s economy

•Because science is part of our culture

•For better democracy

•为了国家的经济发展•因为科学是文明的一部分•为了更好地实施民主政治

Outline of talk报告纲要1. Why scientific literacy matters2. Scientific literacy: where are the public now?3. The elements of scientific literacy4. Current science communication activities in Britain5. A school curriculum for scientific literacy: outline of the Twenty

First Century Science project

1. 为何关注科学素质2. 科学素质：现在有哪些公众？3. 科学素质的构成4. 目前英国的科学传播活动5. 有关科学素质的一套学校课程：“ 21 世纪科学”项目

Public confidence in science公众科学信心Genetically modified Crops: Success in US, failure in UKStem Cell research: Success in UK, failure in US

Sir David King, Government Chief Scientist

基因改良农作物：在美国成功，在英国失败干细胞研究：在英国成功，在美国失败

David King 先生， 政府首席科学家

Public confidence in science公众科学信心

The alleged link between the mumps-measles-rubella vaccine and autism led to

• a drop in the vaccination rate from 91% to 80% in Britain• a rise in mumps cases from 119 in 1998 to 43,000 in 2005

Sir David King, Government Chief Scientist

腮腺炎——麻疹——风疹疫苗和孤独症之间所谓的关联引起：• 在英国接种疫苗比例从 91 ％下降到 80 ％• 1998 年到 2005 年腮腺炎病例从 119 上升到 43,000

David King 先生， 政府首席科学家

Science and the Public科学与公众

•Report by the Government’s Office for Science and Innovation and the Wellcome Trust, October 2000

•Survey data based on 1839 respondents from Britain

•科学与创新和 Wellcome Trust 政府办公室的报告， 2000 年 10 月

•1839 年英国调查数据

Public attitudes to Science公众对科学的态度•75% of people are ‘amazed’ by science•65% agree that science and technology improve our lives•20% are not interested in science•80% believe Britain needs to develop science and technology to be internationally competitive•72% agree that basic scientific research is important

•75% 对科学感到“惊奇”•65% 赞同科技提高我们的生活质量•20% 对科学不感兴趣•80% 相信英国需要发展科技来提高国际竞争力•72% 赞同基础的科学研究是重要的

Source: Science and the Public, OSI/Wellcome 2000资料来源：科学与公众， OSI/Wellcome 2000

The benefits of science科学的作用

Are the benefits of science greater than its drawbacks?

•43% Yes•17% No•35% No opinion

科学的好处大于其弊端吗？

•43% 是的•17% 不是•35% 不清楚

Outline of talk报告纲要

1. Why scientific literacy matters2. Scientific literacy: where are the public now?3. The elements of scientific literacy4. Current science communication activities in Britain5. A school curriculum for scientific literacy: outline of the Twenty First

Century Science project

1. 为何关注科学素质2. 科学素质：现在有哪些公众？3. 科学素质的构成4. 目前英国的科学传播活动5. 有关科学素质的一套教程：“ 21 世纪科学”项目

An operational definition of ‘scientific literacy’科学素质定义

• read, and understand the essential points of, media reports about matters

concerning science;• reflect critically on the information provided in such reports, and its implications;• recognise the impacts of science and technology on everyday life;• take part in discussions with others about matters involving science and

technology;• gain pleasure from the ideas and insights of science.

有科学素质的人能够：• 阅读，并理解与科学相关的媒体报道的主要意思• 准确地反映出这些报道中所提供的信息及其含义• 认识到科技对生活的影响• 参与有关科技话题的讨论• 从科学思想和观点中享受乐趣

A scientifically literate person is someone who can:

For scientific literacy …对于科学素质…

Scientific knowledge is not enough …You also need to have some understanding of science: as a form of knowledge as an approach to enquiry

科学知识是不够的…你还需要具备对科学的理解：作为一种知识形式作为一种满足需求的方法

Ideas about Science科学思想Data and its limitations: error and uncertaintyCorrelation and cause: pattern seekingDeveloping explanations: scientific explanationsThe Scientific Community: peer reviewRisk: real and perceived risksMaking Decisions: science and society

数据及其局限性：误差和不确定性相关性及原因：模式搜索进一步解释：科学解释科学群体：同等审查风险：存在与感知风险决策：科学与社会

Lung Cancer and Smoking肺癌与吸烟

Early 1950’s: Causal link established between smoking and lung cancer

Mid 1970’s: Tobacco taxed on health grounds

2007: Ban on smoking in public places

20 世纪 50 年代早期：已确定吸烟与肺癌之间存在因果联系

20 世纪 70 年代中期：基于健康的理由对烟草征税

2007 年：禁止在公共场所吸烟Guardian 25.07.05

Outline of talk报告纲要1. Why scientific literacy matters2. Scientific literacy: where are the public now?3. The elements of scientific literacy4. Current science communication activities in Britain5. A school curriculum for scientific literacy: outline of the

Twenty First Century Science project

1. 为何关注科学素质2. 科学素质：现在有哪些公众？3. 科学素质的构成4. 目前英国的科学传播活动5. 有关科学素质的一套学校课程：“ 21 世纪科学”项目

Celebrations of Science: events in Britain科学庆典：英国的大型活动

•Science and Engineering week (in March each year)

Thousands of events in schools, museums and shopping centres around the

country•Festival of Science (in September each year)

A week-long festival in a different location each year – this year in York. 400 of

the best scientists and communicators in the country

Organised by the British Association for the Advancement of Science

www.the-ba.net

•科学与工程周（每年三月）在全国各学校、博物馆和购物中心举行上千个大型活动•科技节（每年九月）为期一周的科技节每年在不同的地区举行——今年在约克有来自全国的 400 名优秀科学家和科学传播者

由英国科学促进会主办 www.the-ba.net

Science communication in Britain英国的科学传播Many organisations are engaged in public science communication, including

•Universities•Industries•Science centres and science museums•Media

很多组织参于公众科学传播，包括：

•大学•行业组织•科学中心和科学博物馆•媒体

Science and the Public: the British experience科学与公众：英国的经验

•Public understanding of science (1980s and 1990s) •The perception that the public need to know more about science and the scientific method

•Public engagement with science (2000s)The perception that scientists need to engage better with the public, and to have a dialogue about new scientific developments

•公众理解科学（ 20 世纪 80 和 90 年代）公众需要了解更多有关科学和科学方法的内容

•公众参与科学 （ 21 世纪）科学家必须更好地与公众沟通，进行有关科学新发展方面的对话

Approaches to scientific dialogue with the public科学家与公众对话的途径

•Citizens’ juries•Stakeholder dialogues•Internet dialogues

-for example, the ‘GM Nation’ public debate about the future of genetically modified crops.

•公民陪审团•利害关系方对话•网络对话

-比如， ‘ GM Nation’ 关于基因改良作物前景的公众辩论会

Science researchers in schools学校的科学研究

Young research scientists from universities and industry provide excellent role models for schools – but they need training!

来自大学和企业的年轻科研者为学校树立了很好的榜样——但是他们需要培训！

Outline of talk报告纲要1. Why scientific literacy matters2. Scientific literacy: where are the public now?3. The elements of scientific literacy4. Current science communication activities in

Britain5. A school curriculum for scientific literacy: outline

of the Twenty First Century Science project

1. 为何关注科学素质2. 科学素质：现在有哪些公众？3. 科学素质的构成4. 目前英国的科学传播活动5. 有关科学素质的一套教程：“ 21 世纪科学”项目

Universal compulsory science education义务科学教育Since 1988, all students in England must study a balanced science course, including physics, chemistry, biology and earth science, from the ages of 5 to 16

Teaching science to the whole ability range brings new challenges

1988 年起，英格兰从 5 岁到 16 岁的所有学生必须学习综合的科学课程，包括：物理、化学、生物和地理

通过科学教育来提高综合能力带来了新的挑战

The dual mandate双重要求

The first stages of a

training in science

科学培训的第一阶段

Access to basic

scientific literacy

科学素质的基础知识

for a minority少数

for all全部

The science curriculum has to provide:科学教程应该提供：

Scientific literacy: a worldwide quest

科学素质：一个全世界的需求

A vision for the science curriculum展望科学教程

Age 年龄 What is needed 需求

5 - 11 Single curriculum for all, emphasising ‘being scientific’ and whetting appetite for further study单一课程，强调“科学”，提高将来学习科学的兴趣

11 – 14 Single curriculum for all, building foundations for scientific literacy and whetting appetite for further study单一课程，为科学素质打下基础，提高将来学习科学的兴趣

14 – 16 Differentiated curriculum, offering scientific literacy for all plus optional specialist science for some差别性课程，对一些人提供附加的可供选择的科学素质课程

16 - 18 Differentiated curriculum, offering scientific literacy for all plus optional specialist science for some差别性课程，对一些人提供附加的可供选择的科学素质课程

Twenty First Century Science - a core science curriculum that:21 世纪科学——一套核心教程

engages with contemporary scientific issuescovers the central Science Explanations*develops key Ideas about Science*

* The two foundations of scientific literacy

与当代科学课题相结合涵盖主要的科学解释 *发展重要的科学思想 *

* 科学素质的两大基础

Science Explanations科学解释

the big ideas of science

重大科学思想

Science Explanations: some examples科学解释：一些例子

SE2 Chemical changeSE3 Materials and their propertiesSE4 Interdependence of living thingsSE8 Gene theory of inheritanceSE11 Energy sources and useSE12 RadiationSE13 RadioactivitySE16 The Universe

SE2 化学变化SE3 材料及其属性SE4 生物的相互依赖性SE8 遗传基因理论SE11 能量来源和利用SE12 辐射SE13 放射性SE16 宇宙

For scientific literacy …对于科学素质…

Scientific knowledge is not enough …You also need to have some understanding of science: as a form of knowledge as an approach to enquiry

科学知识是不够的…你还需要具备对科学的理解：作为一种知识形式作为一种满足需求的方法

Ideas about Science科学思想Data and its limitations: error and uncertaintyCorrelation and cause: pattern seekingDeveloping explanations: scientific explanationsThe Scientific Community: peer reviewRisk: real and perceived risksMaking Decisions: science and society

数据及其局限性：误差和不确定性相关性及原因：模式搜索进一步解释：科学解释科学群体：同等审查风险：存在与感知风险决策：科学与社会

Core Science modules integrate Science Explanations and Ideas about Science核心科学模块使科学解释与科学思想相结合

ScienceExplanations

科学解释

Modules模块

Ideas-about-Science科学思想

etc.

The nine Core Science modules九个核心科学模块 You and your

genes Air quality The Earth in the

Universe Keeping healthy 你和你的基因 空气质量 宇宙的地球 保持健康

Material choices Radiation and life Life on Earth Food matters Radioactive

materials 材料选择 辐射与生命 地球生物 食物问题 放射性材料

Example: Core Science Module:Radiation and Life举例：核心科学模块：辐射与生命

Science Explanation• SE12 Radiation

Ideas about Science• Correlation and cause• Risk

科学解释• SE12 辐射科学构想• 相关性及原因• 风险

Mobile phones手机How would you know if there were health risks associated with using mobiles?

Health surveys: sample size and matching populations

Student activity:Dice-throwing to determine health outcomes in cells – chance?

如果使用手机影响健康 , 你通过什么途径知道？健康调查：样本大小和匹配人群学生活动：用掷骰子 来确定细胞的健康结果——几率？

Twenty First Century Science21 世纪科学

Data from Questionnaires completed by pilot school teachers at end of the first and second years of the pilot

Millar, R. (2006). Twenty First Century Science: Insights from the development and implementation of a scientific literacy approach in school science. International Journal of Science Education, 28 (13), 1499-1522.

数据来源于试点学校的教师在第一年和第二年试点后填写的调查表

Millar, R. (2006). 21 世纪科学：对学校提高科学素质方法的开发及执行的看法国际科学教育杂志， 28 (13), 1499-1522

Is Core Science successful in improving students’ general scientific literacy?核心科学在提高学生普遍科学素质方面是否取得成功？

Teachers’ views 老师的看法 Number of teachers 人数

Very successful 非常成功 9

Successful 成功 26

Neutral 中立态度 2

Unsuccessful 不成功 1

Very unsuccessful 非常不成功 2

Teaching scientific literacy: the major challenge for teachers传授科学素质：教师的主要挑战

Teaching ‘Ideas about Science’ is a challenge for many teachers

Training is provided by the Science Learning Centres

传授科学思想对许多教师来讲是一个挑战

科学教育中心提供教师培训

Will we ever know the truth?我们会知道真相吗？

We continue from era to era of growing understanding, always with uncertainty at the leading edge. Maybe we shall eventually reach a point where the scientific approach can take us no further, though that time is a long way off.

Sir John Sulston, Times Higher Education Supplement, 10 June 2005

几个世纪以来 , 我们都在不断地加深理解，但对于前沿科技总是难以确定。也许不久的将来科学方法将让我们到达终点，但那还有很长一段路要走。

Sir John Sulston ，高等教育时代增刊， 10 June 2005

Contact联系方式

John Holman, National Science Learning Centre

j.holman@slcs.ac.uk

www.21stcenturyscience.org