2A B

 I.- Some Words:

Challenge: A demanding, stimulating situation … A challenge: 100 meters in

9.69

seconds (Jamaican Usain Bolt – China Olympic Games 2008).

Guiding star: An indicator, a reference …Oil production, the guiding star of our

economy.

Market: Supply and demand …The Oil Market

Mean: To signify … A million means 1000000.

Policies: Plans, actions … State policies

Rhetorical Fallacy: An Extravagant, false Idea … A fallacy: Adolf Hitler, an

honest ruler.

Ruler: President, dictator … Adolf Hitler, a dictatorial ruler.

Superstar: Celebrity … Two superstars: Madonna, Beyoncé.

Things: objects, articles, ideas … An essential thing: Honesty. 2A ¡Quien pretenda no aprender de los errores, pues que no los cometa!

Complete with underlined  words:

Rafael Caldera? A ___________________ in 1969 and 1994.

Social Security actions? Important ___________________!

Jamaican Usain Bolt? A ___________________!

Tourism? The ___________________ of Aruba economy!

Bananas, mangoes, apples, and pears? In a fruit ___________________!

100 meters in 2 seconds?  A ___________________!

100/100 in all our University tests?  A ___________________!

One ___________________: Study everyday!

A challenge ___________________ a demanding situation!

Against: In opposition … A demonstration against violence.

Change: Modification, variation … A change in temperature.

Cuts: Reductions …Cuts in essential services.

Deregulate: To simplify restrictions on business … A deregulated, flexible economy.

Employment: Occupation, post … Employment opportunities.

Export: To send goods out of the country … Venezuela exports oil to the USA

Free-trade policies: Market actions free from government …

Free-trade policies versus government interventions.

Goods: Things produced for the market … Consumer goods.

Government: Particular system of controlling a country… Federal Government

Hope: Aspiration, expectation, desire … Me? Full of hopes!

Invest: To put money into the market …Good time to invest in the property market

Low: Not high, reduced … Low-calorie products.

Officials: Persons in a position of authority … The president? A public official.

Profits: Dividends … A non-profit organization.

Tax: Money you pay for public services … Airport taxes

Trade: Business, market … Free Trade.

Complete with underlined  words:

For an old car? An oil ___________________, frequently!

A functionary? A government ___________________.

My ___________________ ? 100/100 in all my University tests!

___________________ evasion? Ilegal!

A totalitarian ___________________? Ilegal!

A million voices ___________________ terrorist group FARC? Solidarity! 

___________________ popularity for a ruler? Devastating!

The market? ___________________ and services!

___________________ markets? Free markets!

Employment ___________________? A disaster!

Benefits in dollars? Excellent ___________________!

Restrictions in the modern market? No, ___________________!

Colombia? That country ___________________s coffee.

Universities? They ___________________ in students!

  “BE” es un verbo auxiliar con el que podemos interrogar, afirmar o negar, sin tener que

recurrir a

otros elementos gramaticales; basta con trasladarlo a la posición correcta. Corresponde a “ser”

o

“estar” y naturalmente su significado dependerá del co-texto (grupo de palabras que

acompañan

y nos ayudan a inferir el significado de una palabra X). Un ejemplo al

afirmar: They are investors (Son inversionistas)

negar: They are not investors (No son inversionistas)

interrogar: Are they investors? (¿Son inversionsitas?)

 Podemos inferir por el co-texto que:

“They are investors” corresponde a “Son …”, pero “They are in Madrid ” a “Están …” “Be” posee tres formas para el tiempo presente (am – is – are) y dos para el pasado (was –

were).

Dos ejemplos:

Presente: He is an investor (Es inversionista)Pasado: He was an investor (Era inversionista)

2B Contenidos: www.freewebs.com/ecoin Calificaciones: www.freewebs.com/reschop

PRESENTE PASADO

I (YO) AM (SOY – ESTOY) WAS (ERA, FUI – ESTABA)

YOU (TU; USTED) ARE (ERES – ESTÁS; ES, ESTÁ) WERE (ERAS, FUISTE – ESTABAS;ERA,FUE,ESTABA)

HE (EL) IS (ES – ESTÁ) WAS (ERA, FUE, ESTABA)

SHE (ELLA) IS (ES – ESTÁ) WAS (ERA, FUE, ESTABA)

IT (EL O ELLA – UN ANIMAL O UNA COSA)

IS (ES – ESTÁ) WAS (ERA, FUE, ESTABA)

WE (NOSOTROS, NOSOTRAS) ARE (SOMOS – ESTAMOS) WERE (ERAMOS, FUIMOS, ESTABAMOS)

YOU (USTEDES) ARE (SON – ESTÁN) WERE (ERAN, FUERON, ESTABAN) THEY (ELLOS, ELLAS) ARE (SON – ESTÁN) WERE (ERAN, FUERON, ESTABAN

Las concordancias:

Ojo: Los siguientes ejemplos corresponden a una estructura muy particular con el verbo “be”:

THERE + BE = Haber. Los ejemplos:

Presente y Singular: There is an investor (Hay un inversionista)

Presente y Plural: There are two investors (Hay dos inversionistas)

Pasado y Singular: There was an investor (Había, hubo un inversionista)

Pasado y Plural: There were two investors (Había, hubo dos inversionistas)

I am was You are were He She It is was We You They are were  (Pte)  (Past) y considere tambien indicadores de tiempo como los siguientes: Today, Now, At themoment, Yesterday, Last year, In the past, Two years ago:

Two years ago, he was a prospective investor Today, he is an excellent investor

S + v + C  (Cuando afirme)   They are investors (Son inversionistas)            s     v         c

S + v + not + C  (Cuando niege)            They are not investors (No son inversionistas)    s v not c

Complete con formas de los tiempos presente y pasado:

The economic rescue plan is / was excellent. It Bankers ____/____ cold people They The banker _____/_____ a careful investor. He / She  The economic plans ____ / ____ not the best. ?  

 

There is/are … (Pte/sing/pl)There was/were … (Past/sing/pl)There is an excellent project … (sing/pte)There are two excellent projects … (pl/pte)There was a demanding market … (sing/past)There were two guiding stars… (pl/past) 

Complete: Today, there _____ modern policiesYesterday, there _____ a ruler! 

FILL WITH: IS – ARE – WAS - WERE Twenty years ago, nationalism _____ the guiding star of Venezuela’s state economic policies. Today, the reality _____ that civilization requires a balanced market with both capital and socialistic aspects. North Korea and Enron cases _____ drastic examples of socialism and capitalism taken to an extreme. On the contrary, today, there _____ socialistic benefits in China and there _____ capitalistic benefits in USA. This means that there _____ a rhetorical fallacy in taking things to extremes. Poverty and family disintegration _____ not challenges for some rulers in the past, this _____ an extreme case 

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE FOLLOWING VERBAL FORMS: WERE – ARE – WAS – IS. Some years ago, the fiscal contribution __________ really low. The government __________resisting the siren voices calling for tax cuts. Today, there __________ free-trade policies, and a macro-economic strategy ___________, at the moment, the antithesis of those years. Employment through expansionary policies __________ now the hope of most government officials. They __________ against any orthodoxy of not deregulating markets. Last week, private sector delegations __________ discussing trade privileges. In modern times, competition in the rapid movement of goods and services __________ real, and today’s investments __________ usually showing attractive profits. There __________ golden opportunities to invest and export into new markets. 

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES BELOW ACCORDING TO THE TEXT AND WITH THE FOLLOWING VERBAL FORMS: ARE NOT- ARE – IS - IS NOT. 1. There ______________ a change of direction in the country’s politics.2. Hopes ______________ on offering large-scale employment.3. The government ______________ against the new economic models.4. Macro-economic policies ______________ out of the agenda, obviously.

Chinese have a very pragmatic saying, which is “Be the cat white or be the cat black, it _____ the clever cat who will catch the mouse”.They say “success _____ our goal, regardless of this approach”.There _____ a lot of obstacles that need to be overcome on the way to a fullChinese reform.