29 may 2021 dammy - mcu.ac.in

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A Peer Reviewed QuarterlyResearch Journal

October-

Decem

ber

2020

Chief

EditorProf

.

K

.

G

.

Suresh

Advisory

BoardSh. Alok MehtaProf. Rajiv V. Dharaskar Dr. Amitabh Deo Kodwani Dr. Ravi Prakash

Tekchandani

Editors Dr. Monika VermaDr. Rakhi Tiwari

Associate Editors Dr. Ramdeen TyagiMr. Lokendra SinghDr. Urvashi ParmarMs.

M

anisha

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Û laikndh; & izks- ds th lqjs’k

Û News Selection and Presentation Pattern of Prime Time Bulletins: Comparative study of India TV and ABP News

& Prof (Dr.) Monika Verma& Dinesh Kumar Rai

Û Effect of Music Therapy on Stress among Media Students(One-group Pretest-Posttest Design)

& Prof. Pavitra Shrivastava& Abhishek Kaushal

Û Management Wisdom in Traditional Knowledge-Panchatantra. & Rudresh Pandey

Û Quantum Perception of Media Professionals and Political Journalism & Dr. Shaili Misra

& Dr. Nasreen Ansari

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Printed & Published byDr. Avinash Bajpai (Registrar),Makhanlal ChaturvediNational University ofJournalism & Communication B-38, Vikas Bhawan, M.P.NagarZone I, Bhopal – 462011

Volume-14, No.1 CONTENTS

ehfM;k eehekalk Oct.-Dec. 2020

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Media MimansaOct.-Dec. 20201

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News Selection and Presentation Pattern of Prime Time Bulletins:Comparative study of India TV and ABP News

Prof (Dr.) Monika VermaDinesh Kumar Rai

The beginning of 21st century there were hundreds of private televisionchannel in India. After globalization the corporate sectors became the ownerof most of the news and entertainment channels. In 20th century concept ofnews channel was not so popular, where infotainment channels were tele-casted both news and entertainment but in the beginning of next century24x7 news channels one after another launched in India. Today there aremany news channels, they are broadcasting of various news events andother information, with this rising the researcher scholars are also choosingthis area to study. In this present study, universe consists of the prime timenews content of Indian Hindi National News channels. National news chan-nels are area of this study, it have covered two News channels- ABP Newsand India TV. Samples have been selected from prime time (9PM to 10PM)bulletins because in this time slot, news channels cover all daytime happen-ings with maximum possible details. Total 684 news items of all two newschannels have been coded according to the codebook. Since one news itemdoes have many subjects, issues, presentation format and time share, whichwere interrelated. Therefore, each news item has been classified into threecategories according to the prominence of type, issues, news presentationformats and time sharing.

Introduction :Television is one of the greatest

inventions of the scientific world which hascontributed immensely to the develop-ment of mankind. It has brought people ofdifferent countries and regions closer toeach other, enabling them to learn aboutthe culture and traditions flourishing in dif-ferent parts of the world. It is the mostpowerful medium of mass communicationfor education, entertainment and informa-tion. British Broadcasting Corporation

(BBC) began the first television of theworld in 1936, with help provided byUNESCO. In India, it was introduced onSeptember 15, 1959 from the premises ofAll India Radio headquarter, New Delhi.Television became more popular duringthe Asiad Games in 1982 with colour tele-vision. In 1990s globalization opened thedoor for private company to launch televi-sion channels and up to the beginning of21st century there were hundreds of pri-vate television channel in India.

Abstract :

Keywords: Content Analysis, News Channels, News Content, Selection, Presentation.

* Professor, Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism & Communication, Bhopal ** Research Scholar (Media Studies) Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism

and Communication, Bhopal

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After globalization the corporatesectors became the owner of most of thenews and entertainment channel. In 20thcentury concept of news channel was notso popular, where infotainment channelswere telecasted both news and entertain-ment but in the beginning of next century24*7 news channels one after anotherlaunched in India. Today there are manynews channels, they are broadcasting ofvarious news events and other informa-tion.

In this present study, universe con-sists of the prime time news content ofIndian Hindi National News channels. Thearea of this study would be covered by twoNews channels namely, ABP News andIndia TV. In 2003, the contract with NDTVended and STAR decided to run the chan-nel on its own. However, the governmentintroduced a guideline capping foreignequity in the News business to 26%.STAR then entered into a Joint Venture(JV) with the Ananda Bazar Patrika groupto form a company called Media Contentand Communications Services Pvt. Ltd.(MCCS) which ran the channel STARNews. In the year 2012, the eight-yearaffiliation with the 'Star' brand came to anend. Media Content and Communications(MCCS), the company that owned andoperated the news channels, said thatafter the split, Hindi news channel StarNews would be named ABP News.

The rise of India TV as India's lead-ing news channel within a short span of itsexistence owes a lot to the vision of itschairman and editor-in-chief RajatSharma and the dedication and toil of itsever-growing team of bright news TV pro-fessionals. Rajat Sharma co-founded

India TV with his wife Ritu Dhawan in April,2004 from a swanky studio in Film City,Noida and then considered one of Asia'slargest news TV studios. In 1997, RajatSharma and Ritu Dhawan set up their ownproduction house -Independent NewsService (INS), the parent company whichowns India TV. In a short period, India TVhas created benchmarks in innovation,impact, ratings, time spends, and viewer-support.

Review of Literature : A study by Wang and Gantz (2007)

content analysed 1,863 news stories thataired on four English-language channelsand one Spanish channel in seven U.S.markets during a composite week in 2000.They noted that about 10% of news sto-ries focused on health topics. Specific dis-eases and healthy living issues receivedthe most frequent coverage. Health newsstories generally were less than 1 minutelong. Their study was guided by agendasetting, cultivation, and social learningtheories. Wang and Gantz (2007) notedthat agenda setting and cultivation ofunderstanding of a given health issuewere likely to require lengthy news storiesand repeated exposure to those stories.

They pointed out that since healthis one of the many beats covered in localnewscasts, health was not likely to receivea large slice of news time and wouldtherefore be brief. They further arguedthat because many health news storiesare complex and technical in nature,health news may need more time thanother topics to be truly beneficial to view-ers (Wang & Gantz, 2007).

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A research done by Fred A. MartinoM.S., Grand Valley State UniversityDecember-, 2003 on Local TV News: AContent Analysis of the Late LocalNewscasts in Grand Rapids, Michigan, isa thorough study of the late newscastspresented on WOOD-TV, WZZM-TV andWXMI-TV. Seven newscasts were studiedon each of the stations.

Each newscast was recorded onthe same night, over a seven-week period.The first three newscasts were recordedon 1st June, 2003. The final three news-casts were recorded on 19th July, 2003.The study evaluated the amount of timedevoted to nine areas that comprise mostof the content offered by traditional localtelevision newscasts: local news, statenews, national/world news, issue-orientedreporting, local features, outside-sourcefeatures, weather, sports and promotions.As a percentage of total newscast time,the newscasts matured a small amount oflocal news. The station averages for theseven week studied were very similar, withlocal news comprising 14.8% to 17.7% ofeach newscast. Reports within the news-cast often lacked new information or evenclarity.

Attribution of sources was rare andmany stories were incomplete. All threestation spent a great deal of time on sportsand weather, considering that much of theinformation presented in these segmentshad little or no local relevance. One of themost striking Endings of the studyinvolved the amount of time devoted topromotions within the newscast. All of thestations devoted more time to promotionsthan state news or issue-oriented report-ing. WXMI devoted more of its newscasts

(7.7%) to promotion than any news con-tent area, with the exception of local newsand national/world news.

One important content analysisstudy of television news was conductedduring general election of 1998 by Centerfor Advocacy and Research (CFAR),Delhi. The objectives of this research wereto find out level of coverage of gender anddevelopment related issues during elec-tion broadcasts. This was basically aquantitative and qualitative analysis of sixIndian channels (Doordarshan, Zee India,Star Plus, Star News, Sony Channel andTVI) in which a sample of total 55 hoursand 25 minutes content was monitoredduring 7th to 14th February, 1998. A totalof 30 issues were identified and televisioncontent was studied on this basis of thesevariables.

In 1995 two Indian female schol-ars, Namita Unnikrishanan and ShailajaBajpai conducted research on the impactof television advertisements on children.This was a much talked about researchwork done after the advent of privatechannels in India.

History tells that Americans lostVietnam War not on the battleground butin its own bedrooms. Constant televisioncoverage of the war turned American'sagainst war. As a result American Govt.had to call back its troops fromVietnamese land. Lots of researcherswere carried out about the coverage ofthis war. Peter Braestrup (1977) did one ofthem. Research was concentrated on thelanguage, selection and presentation ofnews. Focus of the study was on thereporter's biasness while reporting.

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Objectives :

1. To analyse news selection and presen-tation pattern of prime time bulletins of twomajor Hindi National News Channels ofIndia.2. To compare the content of India TV andABP News on the basis of various vari-ables such as nature of news content,news packing and presentation etc.3.To find out and compare the time ratiobetween news content and advertisementwhich are telecast on News Channel inprime time slot.

Methodology :In this study, universe consist prime

time news contents of Indian HindiNational News Channels. There are num-ber of National Hindi News channels exist-ing which were telecasting news round theclock. Researcher selected two newschannels- India TV and ABP News fromtop ten Hindi National News Channelsrandomly. Samples have been selectedfrom prime time (9PM to 10PM) bulletins

which are telecast during the period of20th January, 2020 to 07th February, 2020because in this time slot, news channelscover all daytime happenings with maxi-mum possible details. Daily two primetime bulletins of each one of news chan-nels have been selected for the study.Total 30 bulletins/shows (15 each chan-nel) have been analysed. These bulletinshave been selected through compositesampling. For this, researcher have donecontinuous parallel recording of fifteendays excluding Saturday and Sunday. Asseen, special news bulletins, currentaffairs programmes etc. are telecast onweekend which was not part of this study.Total 684 news items have been codedinto codebook of both news channels.Since one news item does have manysubjects, issues, presentation format andtime share, which were interrelated.Therefore, each news item has been clas-sified into three categories according tothe prominence of type, issues, newspresentation formats and time sharing.

When researcher compared News and Advertisement ratio between India TV and ABP News then itappeared that India TV (78.56%) devoted more time share for News Content as compare to ABP News(73.61%) in per bulletin. India TV (21.44%) devoted less time share for Advertisement as compare toABP News channel (26.39%) in bulletin.

Table 1: Comparison in terms of News and Advertisement Ratio

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Table 2: Comparison in terms of issues time share

India TV (41.72%) devoted more time share for political issues as compare to ABP News (26%) from totalnews time share. Social issues got higher time share on ABP News (26.94%) as compare to India TV(15.92%). Crime, Defence and Accident/Disaster issues also got more time share on India TV as compare to ABP News. Whereas Economy/Market, Education/Employment and Health issues got moretime share on ABP News as compare to India TV. Sports and Culture/Entertainment issues are neglect-ed on both channels but sports got little more time on India TV and Culture/Entertainment got little moretime on ABP News. Other issues devoted time share are almost same on both channels. India TV does-n't give to share for Headline because it is played just before this bulletin.

Table 3: Comparison of Political issues in terms of news presentation formats.

Researcher compared political issues then it appeared that India TV used more of the time for AnchorBites followed by Anchor Visuals Bite, whereas ABP News used News Package more of the time. IndiaTV used 10 presentation formats to present political issues whereas ABP News used only 6 presenta-tion formats. When we compared over all telecast news items of political issues then we got that IndiaTV also have a big number.

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Table 4: Comparison of Crime issues

India TV telecast 47 news items of crime issues in which used Anchor Bites more of the time. ABP Newstelecast only 5 news items in which used equally 4 presentation formats almost. Here India TV used 8presentation formats to present 47 news items whereas ABP News used only 4 formats to present 5news items.

Table 5: Comparison of Sports issues

ABP News telecast only 1 news item of sports issues and used Anchor Visuals Bite format to presentwhereas India TV telecast 7 news items of sports issues and used Visuals on Anchor (1), Anchor VisualsBite (2), Anchor Bites (3) and VOX-POP (1) formats to present. India TV gave little more weightage tosports issues as compare to ABP News.

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Table 6: Comparison of Economy/Market issues

ABP News telecast 22 news items of Economy/Market issues whereas India TV telecast 44 news itemswhich is just double. India TV used Anchor Bites format more of the time as comparison to NewsPackage that ABP News used more of the time. ABP News used Visuals on Anchor format less of thetime whereas India TV used Phono Report less of time. Both news channels have not used some pres-entation formats.

Table 7: Comparison of Education/Employment issues

ABP News have gave more emphasis on Education/Employment issues as compare to India TV andused News Package more of the time for 7 news items whereas India TV used 5 news presentation formats moderately for 8 news items. India TV used VOX-POP and Anchor Read only for one news itemeach whereas ABP News used Anchor Bites, Anchor Visuals Graphics and Walk-Through only for onenews item each.

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Table 8: Comparison of Social issues

India TV used Anchor Bites more of the time whereas ABP News used News Package more of the timeto present social issues. India TV used 10 presentation formats whereas ABP News used 6 presentationformats. ABP News used Interview/Discussion, VOX-POP and Walk-Through formats as compare IndiaTV.

Table 8: Comparison of Accident/Disaster issues

India TV used Visuals on Anchor followed by Anchor Visuals Bite more of the time to presentAccident/Disaster issues whereas ABP News used News Package more of the time. India TV used 9presentation formats to present 38 news items of this issue whereas ABP news used only 3 formats topresent 9 news items.

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Table 9: Comparison of Health issues

India TV used3 presentationformats topresent 10news itemswhereas ABPNews used 3presentationformats topresent 4 newsitems of thisissue.

Table 10: Comparison of Culture/Entertainment issuesIndia TV used Visuals onAnchor to present four newsitems and Anchor Visuals Bitefor once whereas ABP Newsused Visuals on Anchor to pres-ent 2 news items and AnchorVisuals Bite for once. Only ABPNews used Anchor Graphics topresent two news items.

Table 11: Comparison of Other issues

India TV used Visuals on Anchor for 10 news items followed by Anchor Visuals Bite for 8 news items outof total 32 news items, it is more of the time whereas ABP News used News Package for 6 news itemsout of total 12 news items, it is also more of the time.

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Table 12: Comparison in terms of news presentation formats of all issues

When research have compared news presentation formats of all issues of both channels then it seen thatIndia TV used Anchor Bites more of the time followed by Anchor Visuals Bite whereas ABP News usedNews Package more of the time. India TV used all type news presentation formats as compare to ABPNews which neglected 5 new presentation formats.

Table 13: Comparison of total news items

India TV have telecasted total 509 news items as compare to 175 news items of ABP News in same timeslot. It means, each news item’s broadcasting time duration is more on ABP News as compare India TV.

Findings:When researcher started analysing

the data then firstly found significant differ-ence in over all time share which distrib-uted to news share and advertisementshare of both channels. ABP news devot-ed more of the time for advertisement ascompare to India TV. The data shown thattelevision news channels telecast 20% to25% advertisement per bulletin it means

News Channels spare roughly one-fourthportion of news bulletin for advertisement. The outcomes shown that India TV havemore focused on political issues as it 40%of the bulletin and dominated all the issueswhereas ABP News have more focusedon social issues as well as on politicalissues. Researcher can says that politicalissues followed by social issues dominateall the issues on both News Channels.

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Crime, Defence, Economy/Market andAccident/Disaster issues got averageweightage on India TV whereasEducation/Employment, Accident/Disasterand Health issues got average weightageon ABP News. Economy/Market issuesgot good time share (above average) onABP News as compare to India TV. Culture/Entertainment and sports issuesare prominent issues which have neglect-ed (or got less time share) on both NewsChannels. Education/Employment issuesneglected and Crime issues got good timeshare on India TV, when researcher com-pared it with ABP News outcomes, oppo-site ratio appeared. Health issues areprominent issues which have neglected(less time share) on India TV but got aver-age time share on ABP News. Defenceissues are most prominent issues whichhave totally neglected by ABP News.When researcher talked about otherissues, other issues are also a bouquet ofneglected issues or rarely covered issues,in this some issues are prominent whichshould be covered like; Pollution,Agriculture, Climate Change (Weather)etc. The time share of others issues isgoing higher when compare to otherbecause it is bouquet of rest of the issues.

In this study, majorly data wasanalysed on the basis of news presenta-tion formats which have used by News

Channels to serve their news content toviewers. Presently, news channels areusing variety of news presentation formatsaccording to their news content. India TVand ABP News have used also. India TVused Anchor Bite frequently which fol-lowed by Anchor Visuals Bite and Visualson Anchor whereas ABP News used NewsPackage frequently. India TV used PhonoReport and Live Report less of the time ascompared to ABP News used Walk-Through less of the time. In Codebook,researcher has carried 12 types of newspresentation formats, all are popular for-mats of News Channels. India TV used allof news presentation formats with differ-ent frequency to telecast their news con-tent whereas ABP News used only 7 newspresentation formats with different fre-quency and rest of the formats like;Anchor Read, Phono Report, Live Report,Interview/Discussion and VOX-POP havetotally neglected.

When the data have interpreted interms of total news items, India TV havetelecast 3 times more news items in sameslot as compare to ABP News. But onereason is behind this, ABP News used theNews Package format frequently to pres-ent their content, the duration of this for-mat is more as compare to other formats,it is popular and crucial format for NewsChannels; it also took more time to edit.

Conclusion: The most significant finding of this research is that the content of two news

channels more or less, more of time or less of time, neglected or more emphasized andused or not used in terms of nature of content, news presentation format and time shareratio. Both News Channels do not have basic difference as they are using almost samepatterns to deliver news content to viewers but they have difference in terms of natureof news, presentation formats and time share distribution. All formats are purely aca-demic in nature, will not only contribute to a better understanding of television news butalso this will help News Channels to improvise their news presentation.

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References :

• ABP News. (2021, February 12). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABP_News

• Braestrup, P. (1977). Big story: How the American press and television reported and interpreted the crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

• India T.V. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2021, from https://www.indiatvnews.com/cms/about-us

• Martino, F. A. (2003). Local TV News: A Content Analysis of the Late Local Newscasts in Grand Rapids, Michigan. GVSU: Masters Theses.

• Unnikrishanan, N. and Bajpai, S. (1996). Impact of Television on Children. New Delhi: Sage Publication.

• Wang, Z., Gantz, W. (2007). Health Content in Local Television News. Health Communication, 21(3), 213-221. DOI: 10.1080/10410230701307527.

• Centre for Advocacy and Research (1998). (Rep.). (n.d.).

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Effect of Music Therapy on Stress among Media Students(One-group Pretest-Posttest Design)

Prof. Pavitra ShrivastavaAbhishek Kaushal

Stress : The term stress is fre-quently used in many different ways.Stress consists of environmental demandsthat lead to physical responses (Cannon).The concept of "Stress" is highly studiednowadays. Stress is an inevitable part ofpsychosocial life of any individual, andyouth are no exception to it. Stress is notage per se, rather transaction betweenenvironment, social life and personal char-acteristics. Stress is a concept that has animpact on one's mental and physical well-being. It is basically a phenomenon ofphysical sciences, introduced to life sci-ences by extensive research of HansSelye. He described it in form of GeneralAdaptation Syndrome (GAS), whichdivides the body's reaction into three suc-cessive stages: (1) alarm and mobiliza-tion; (2) resistance-the state of optimalbiological adaptation to environmentaldemands; and (3) exhaustion and disinte-gration-a stage reached when the bodyloses its ability to cope with prolonged

demands. An optimum level of stress isessential for performing one's work. Thisthen acts as a drive and may be termed as"Eustress". But, after a time limit, stresscauses inverse effect and detrimentallyaffects work performance as well asorganism's commitment towards complet-ing the task. This is an alarming stage ofstress as its increase may lead to deterio-ration of work done.

Music : Concise Oxford Dictionarydefines music as "the art of combiningvocal or instrumental sounds (or both) toproduce beauty of form, harmony, andexpression of emotion" (Concise OxfordDictionary 1992). Since, music possessesmany qualities, defining fundamental con-cepts of music, the languages of manycultures do not contain a word that can beaccurately translated as "music" as thatword is generally understood by Westerncultures (Nettl 2005). Further it may berepresented as-Table describing types ofdefinitions of music (Nattiez 1990, 46):

Introduction

The soothing power of music is well-established. Ithas a unique link to our emotions, so can be anextremely effective stress management tool.Listening to music can have a tremendously relax-ing effect on our minds and bodies, especially slow, quiet classical music. This type ofmusic can have a beneficial effect on our physio-logical functions, slowing the pulse and heart rate,lowering blood pressure, and decreasing the lev-els of stress hormones. Music, in short, can act asa powerful stress management tool in our lives.

* Professor, Dean Academics and HOD APR, Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism andCommunication, Bhopal

** Research Scholar, Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication, Bhopal

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Music has been used for hundredsof years to treat illnesses and restore har-mony between mind and body. When peo-ple are much stressed, there is a tenden-cy to avoid actively listening to music. Aperson with clinical depression or bipolardisorder might listen to music to help withworst, lowest moods. Singing can also bea great release of tension, and karaoke isvery enjoyable for some extroverts.Calming music before bedtime promotespeace and relaxation and helps to inducesleep. Research on Music says that, itimproves mood, reduces stress, lessensanxiety, improve memory, provide comfortand improves cognition (Get Healthy StayHealthy).

So, it may be concluded that, pres-ent era is the era of stress, and youth areno exception to it. It has long beenassumed that this age is the most stress-ful age of life. Keeping in mind, the need ofthe hours, present study is framed toexamine whether music acts as stressreliever or not. It's a study where the rela-tion between music & stress and the effectof music on stress are assessed amongmedia students both male and female..

Music and Stress

Objective of the Study

The objective of the present study is toexamine the effect of music on stressamong media students.

Hypothesis

H1 music will positively affect the stresslevels of media students.

One-group Pretest-Posttest Design

In this research design, the effects oftreatment (X) are judged by making acomparison between pretest and posttestscores. No control group is used in thisdesign. It is diagrammed as-

Where,

X : TreatmentO1: Initial observation (Pretest)O2 : Changed observation (Posttest)

O1 X O2

METHODResearch Design

A research design is the detailed plan ofinvestigation. It is the blueprint of thedetailed procedures of testing thehypotheses and analyzing the obtaineddata (Singh, 2012). Thus, it may bedefined as the sequence of those stepstaken ahead of time to ensure that therelevant data will be collected in a waythat permits objective conclusions regard-ing the relationship between independentand dependent variables. The selectionof research design depends on purposeof study, types of variables and the condi-tions in which research is to be conduct-ed (Singh, 2012).

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The researcher wants to study theeffects of music in releasing the stress ofa group of students. Researcher willobtain some initial measures of stress(O1), using a stress scale, and then, for atime period of a quarter of an hour, the stu-dents will be asked to listen to five musicclips (X) (of two minutes each), with apause (half-a-minute each), which willintend to bring change in stress levels

(O2). The pretest scores will indicate theinitial stage of the selected participants,and posttest scores indicate the state ofthe experimental morality of the partici-pants. However, the extraneous variables/sources of internal validity like history,maturation, testing and instrumentationare not controlled by the design (Singh,2012).

Present study

Variables of studyIndependent Variable Dependent Variable

Music Stress levels

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i) Stress Scale: Developed by Dr. M. Singh (2002) was used to measure stressamong various students. The test consisted of 40 items measuring the stress level. Thisscale is a five-point scale ranging from "Very low" to "Severe". Higher the scores morethe stress level and vice-versa. The score range is from 0 to 160 respectively. The reli-ability of the scale is, r = 0.82 and validity is, r = 0.61.

Sample:The sample of the study consisted of 30 media students of higher education, selectedrandomly from MCNUJC, Bhopal, (N=30) as, pre-test respondents (n1 = 15) andpost-test respondents (n2 = 15). Their age ranged from 18 to 25 years.

ii) Music Clips: Five music clips (instrumental music) were selected for music ther-apy. For this, two music experts of the field were selected for their guidance. Dr. AmitGarg, Music Teacher, Kamla Nehru GGSS School, Bhopal, who is also a JRF in music,and Dr. Divyata Garg, Music Teacher, KV-2, Bhopal, President's Award winner. Theyboth impart music therapy, too. Both suggested instrumental music as stress relievers.Lyrical music pieces, loud music breaks the harmony and keep listeners engaged inthem, have deteriorating effects and hence increases stress. Thus, 5 instrumentalmusic clips were selected for the study.

Respondent students were invitedto the studio of MCNUJC, Bhopal campuson 8th of September, 2018.They wererequested to grant consent to be a part ofpresent research. After that the whole pro-cedure and instructions were described tothe students and cleared the doubts. Afterthat, they were requested to fill the stressscale. They were a bit more stressed, thanusual as on 10th and 11th of September,2018 their first internal exams were sched-uled. This was the initial observation test-ing, O1. After that, students were made sitcomfortably in the studio. Headphoneswere provided to them for listening to the

music clips. They were instructed to closetheir eyes and a music clip was played, fortwo minutes. Within a pause of thirty sec-onds, second music was played. It wasthe treatment stage X.

In all, five small sessions of musictherapy were administered. After a pauseof 10 minutes, same participant wasrequested to fill in the same stress scale,again. This was the changed observationtesting, O2. This procedure was carriedfor all fifteen respondents. Finally, thescales were collected and done the scoring.

Score 1 2 3 4 5

Stress level Very low Low Moderate Less severe Severe

Procedure

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Results and AnalysisTable 1: Showing difference between Stress levels of media students in pre-test and post-test observations

1. Good rapport was established with the participants, to make them easy and free.

2. The experimental study was conducted in sound proof place (studio).

1. Proper illumination was assured to the respondents during all the stages of experimentation.

2. Proper ventilation was assured to the respondents during all the stages of experimentation.

Control of Extraneous Variables Precautions

Table 1 is showing difference between stress levels of media students in pre-testand post-test observations. The mean of pre-test observations on stress scale cameout as 153.60 with standard deviation as 23.51, and the mean of post-test observationson stress scale came out to be 110.93 with standard deviation as 19.54 respectively.Their t-value came out to be 8.84, which is significant at .01 level of significance. Hence, hypothesis H1 is accepted.

Keeping in view, the need of the hours, present study aimed to measure theEffect of Music Therapy on Stress among Media Students of MCNUJC, Bhopal (MP).The results were computed using MS Office Excel sheet and formulas. A significant dif-ference was computed between stress levels among media students in pre-test andpost-test observations. Results may be attributed to the fact that, in present scenariocut-throat competition and rat race has forced all students to take pressure of the study.Similarly, relationship with friends is one of the major stressors for youth students.Break-up and hook-up have become part of life. Youth have made their inter-personal

Interpretation and Conclusion

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life so complicated that, it becomes difficult for them to hold and manage their relations.To add to the misery, tests, assignments, projects, i.e., academic overload and higherexpectations of family and peer groups make things difficult to handle. And students fallprey to stress.

In this competitive scenario, media students not only have to study, but also hasto engage in many co-curricular and extra-curricular activities to perform well. Enrichingone's CV have a bearing on one's time and money too. The quest for employment leadsto highest level stress. Sedentary lifestyle, junk food, changed clothing pattern, pollu-tion, fast life give rise to impotency, infertility due to stress. It is a well-established fact that, if God has given the problem, there is a solution to ittoo. Music therapy is a handy and economic distressing tool. It may be practiced underprofessionals first, and then individually. In the present study, it has proved instrumen-tal to reduce the levels of stress among media students.

References :

• Allen, R.E. (1992). The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Clarendon Press. Oxford: 781.• Cannon, W.B. (1936). Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage. New York:

Appleton- Century. • Nattiez, J.J. (1990). Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music, Princeton:

Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09136-6.• Nettl, B. (20005). The Art of Combining Tones: The Music Concept". The Study of

Ethnomusicology. II eds.Chicago: University of Illinois Press, pp. 26–37 ISBN0-25207278-2• Selye, H. (1956). The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill.• Singh, A.K. (2012). Tests, Measurements and Research Methods in Behavioural

Sciences, Bharti Bhawan Publishers and Distributors.• Sleigh,Merry J. McElroy, Jordan. (2014).The Effect of Music Listening versus Written

reframing on Mood Management, Music Perception: An interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 31,No.4, pp.303-315

• Degmecic D., Požgain I., Filakovic P. (2005). Music as Therapy, International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, Vol. 36, No.2, pp.287-300

• Allyson Patterson, (2003). A.Music Teachers and music Therapists: Helping Childeren Together, Music Educators Journal, Vol.89, No.4, pp.35-38

• Brotons, M. (2001). Music Therapy in the School System in Spain: A Pilot ProjectBulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, No. 148, Pioneering Inquiry in the New Century: Exemplars of Music Research, Part I, pp. 19-30

• 10 Health Benefits of Music | Get Healthy Stay Healthy. https://www.gethealthystayhealthy.com/articles/10-health-benefits-of-music

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MANAGEMENT WISDOM IN TRADITIONAL INDIAN KNOWL-EDGE- PANCHATANTRA

Rudresh Pandey

Indian script and text express the artistic ideals and human values presenteverywhere in life including business management. The Panchatantra or the"Five Treatises" is an ancient Indian set of interrelated animal fables struc-tured in a frame narrative. It also displays management knowledge Indiantexts and traditional knowledge are replete with management lessons. Thispaper attempts to explore lessons of management that can be found in thePanchatantra tales.to analyse the storeys, the paper utilises secondaryresearch and literary criticism.

IntroductionIndia is a land of stories and myths.

Indian lifestyle revolves around historicaland mythological storied. These storiesare also interviewing with each other.Mythological and historical stories have away of intertwining each other to reflectthe essence of Indian culture. With numerous period dramas and historicalepics creating the interest of the Indiansover a period of time. Epic poemsMahabharata and Ramayana have beenpart of the Indian lifestyle and everysphere of life including business and man-agement. In Indian sacred scripture suchas Mahabharata, Ramayana, Vedas, thePuranas, and other regional literature. Incommonly translated common texts suchas the Panchatantra and Hitopadesha,

Management Wisdom and TraditionalIndian Knowledge

Indian script and text express theartistic ideals and human values present

everywhere in life how ever Indian mythol-ogy and stories are for every spare of lifewith immense variety. It imbibes Indianthinking through an interwoven compari-son of characters, the good against thebad, the truthful against the false, thedharma-bound lover against the anti-dhar-ma bully. In these epics, everything, evenmatter, affection, and harmony, is imper-manent. Magic and wonders grow, godsare destroyed and despair for their life,sparking disputes or debates. Indianmythology does not always include amonolithic framework that is reliable. Invarious versions, the same myth usuallyoccurs and may be interpreted widelythroughout socio-religious traditions. Themyths and tales of Indians have gonethrough different cycles, which can beconnected to the most significant survivingtexts from each era. The Vedas, the oldestIndian documents, are associated with theearliest phase. Like the Rig-Veda, withlinks to mythology, is a collection of 1,028

Abstract :

Keywords: Traditional Indian Knowledge, Management Wisdom, Panchatantra,

* Professor, ABES Engineering College

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hymns of worship and devotion to thegods. The Vedas are based on ancientIndian practices that have only been trans-mitted in oral form for a long time.Brahmanas, the next group of documents.While primarily associated withHinduism's rites, the Brahmanas includeseveral theories. The Upanishads concen-trate on ideas but communicate themoften through myths. The Mahabharataand the Ramayana, the two great Hinduepics, include tales regarding a variety ofmajor deities. After that period, in textscalled Puranas, "tale of the old days," thechief term of Hindu mythology and theolo-gy was. Most of the tales are dedicated toone deity or another. The Puranas retellprevious myths sometimes, often in thevoices of the gods themselves. It has alsobeen observed that these myths havebeen changed over time by different philo-sophical schools, particularly in the Hindutradition. Two of the epic poems,Mahabharata, and Ramayana, as well asthe ancient Hindu scriptures, Puranas,were used to extract most Indian mythsand legends. In these novels, the spell-binding tales excite, enthral, and frightenreaders at the same time.

In Sanskrit verse and prose, thePanchatantra or the "Five Treatises" is anancient Indian set of interrelated animalfables structured in a frame narrative.Cantered on earlier oral history, the sur-viving work is dated to about 200 BCE-300CE. The author of the text is anonymous,although in some reviews it has beencredited to Vishnu Sharma and in othersto Vasubhaga, both of whom may be pennames. "In a Hindu book, it is classical lit-erature and focused on older oral prac-tices of" animal fables that are as ancientas we can remember. It is "certainly India's

most commonly translated literary com-modity," and these stories are one of theworld's most well recognized. In manycountries, it goes by many terms. Inalmost every big language in India, thereis a translation of Panchatantra, and inaddition, there are 200 variants of the textin more than 50 languages across theworld. In the 11th century, one editionentered Europe.

The 'Panchatantra' gives a view ofourselves, warts, and all in so doing by theknowledge of its fables, it lets us con-scious of the reality that answers resideinside us. The Panchatantra is a set offolktales and fables that were written bythe great Indian scholar Pandit VishnuSharma more than 2500 years ago tohave originally been composed inSanskrit. Although the protagonists areentirely from the animal kingdom, it offersinsight into human behaviour. The preciselength of the Panchatantra composition isunknown and varies from 1200 BCE to300 CE. In the 3rd Century BCE, somescholars place him. Vishnu Sharmaselected the fable as his platform becausehe realised that if they are portrayedamusingly, people would embrace theirown foibles, narrating as tales of beaststhat we believe in certain aspects are infe-rior to people.

Management with Panchatantra This paper analyses three stories

from Panchatantra and attempts to applythe teachings of Panchatantra to modern-day management practices. Written inSanskrit in the 3rd century BC by PanditVishnu Sharma, the Panchatantra is oneof the oldest collections of animal fables inverse and prose in India. The aim of writ-ing these stories was to shed light on

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three ignorant princes and make themcapable of leadership and governance.The book is divided into five (Pancha)tantras (system) of nitishastra or the wiseconduct of life. Human behavior and rela-tionships are discussed in the stories,illustrating the concepts of trust, hypocrisy,deceit, and friendship. They teach the artof overcoming obstacles or challengesand stress the need for people to live inpeace and harmony together. The storiesfall into the 'fables' genre, which impliesstories that mainly use non-human char-acters that end with a moral lesson.

The tale 'The Mongoose and theBaby in the Cradle' revolves around aBrahmin who kills a snake who is per-ceived as a predator who could threatenthe baby's life. She sees the Mongoosesmeared with blood when the Brahmin'swife returns home. Instantly, she assumeshe killed her baby. She throws a heavypitcher of water at the mongoose and killsit, wild with rage. When she goes in, shediscovers that her child was protected bythe mongoose, but by then it's too late.

The character of the mongoosereflects the concept of allegiance to themaster, or the company. The mongooseexemplifies the characteristics of honesty,dedication, and loyalty to one's employerby endangering his own life in order tosave the baby. Although the mongoose iskilled in the end, these qualities are per-ceived as being commendable andadmirable. Through his death, hebecomes a martyr whose self-sacrifice willalways be remembered and known.

The wife of the Brahmin is the

incarnation of suspicion and hasty judg-ment. To verify her doubts, she does noteven bother to go inside but acts in hastewithout thinking, and later experiences asense of remorse and guilt for her actions.It is too late, however, by then, as shecannot undo what she has done. The storyfunctions as a lesson for leaders who actimpulsively. It emphasizes the need forfacts to be investigated and verified beforea conclusion is reached, and most impor-tantly before any action is taken.

In the tale 'The Hunter and theDoves', the role of a leader is also exam-ined. By placing some grains under a net,a flock of birds falls prey to the trick of ahunter who lures them. In the net, thebirds, tempted by the grains, get trapped.King Dove indicates that together theyshould all pick up the net and fly off. Then,with a mouse, he asks his friend to nibblethe net and set it free. King Dove says,"No, my friend. First set free my followers.When the mouse first tries to set the KingDove free, King Dove says," No, myfriend. First set free my followers. A kingcannot keep his subjects in pain and enjoyhis freedom. "The mouse does as he istold, first releasing the rest of the doves,and then releasing King Dove at the end."

The narrative revolves around thethemes of greed, collaboration, and lead-ership. The doves succeed in becomingthe hunter's victims because they do notexamine the area where the grains havebeen strewn and give in to temptation.One must always be careful of one's envi-ronment, and care of one's rivals who,under the guise of an attractive offer,maybe laying a trap.

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However, having been caught inthe trap, the doves display excellent team-work and coordination that is instrumentalin helping them escape. Horizontal com-munication is powerful and effective, and itis not an easy task assigned to them bytheir leader, King Dove. Nevertheless,they take it up as a challenge and areeventually effective in achieving their goaltogether.

Only because of the dynamism oftheir leader, King Dove, are they able toachieve their goal. King Dove does notpanic or pass on the stress to his followerswhen presented with a challenging situa-tion. He is sharp and alert and uses hismental and intuitive presence to reach adecision. He seeks a creative solution tothe issue, showing the need for lateralthinking or out of the box thinking. As thereis no time for a brainstorming session or aconsensus, some decisions need to betaken immediately. He does not waste anytime but ensures the decision is executedinstantly.

His leadership qualities are furtherevident in the way he speaks to his teamconfidently and articulately. He does nothave to persuade them to follow him-theydo so spontaneously, having full faith inhis judgment and ability to make deci-sions. Inculcating a sense of faith andcredibility in his followers is essential for aleader.

In addition, when the mouse beginsto nibble the net close to King Dove, heimmediately asks the mouse first to freethe others. This reflects his sense ofresponsibility towards his team members

and dedication. He would have tried, if hehad been selfish, to free himself first. Buta true leader is selfless and, before think-ing about himself, gives his team first pref-erence and priority. With his followers, thisact will only reinstate his credibility andearn him great respect and loyalty.

In the story 'The Croc and theMonkey', the themes of loyalty, friendship,and trust are also discussed. The talerevolves around a monkey and a crocodilewho become good friends. The monkeyoffers the crocodile sweet fruits that heshares with his wife. His wife imaginesthat there must be a sweetheart for afriend who offers such sweet fruits andurges the crocodile to bring her the monkey's heart. He is unable to imaginebetraying his friend and instantly rejectsthe idea. However, his wife accuses him ofhaving fallen in love with the monkey, andhe agrees to abide by her wishes, unableto accept the accusation of being unfaith-ful. The crocodile takes the monkey withhim on his back, falsely luring the monkeywith an invitation to his home. He revealsthe truth of his plans on the way, and themonkey responds immediately by statingthat he left his heart on the tree and thathe would have to go back to get the heart.The monkey climbs back into the tree assoon as they reach the shore, leaving thecrocodile to lament his foolishness.

Generosity, faithfulness, and blindtrust are represented by the monkey. Hedoes not question the intentions of thecrocodile for a moment and consents will-ingly to visit the home of the crocodile.Like King Dove in the previous tale, healso exhibits the presence of mind and

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fast witness. In his conversation with thecrocodile, he does not allow his anxiety toreflect but speaks with such confidencethat the crocodile has no reason to disbe-lieve him. Through him, in a difficult situa-tion, one learns not to blindly trust anyone,and to remain calm and unruffled. Mostimportantly, in one's speech anddemeanor, it is important to remain confi-dent so that one's rival is unaware of one'strue feelings of fear or nervousness.

The wife of the crocodile symbolizesgreed and cunningness. Even though themonkey has been giving them juicy anddelicious fruits, she wants the monkey'sheart. In her behavior and thinking, shehas no sense of gratitude and is ruthless.She is also extremely stubborn; in order toget what she wants; she refuses to give upand resorts to slyness and emotionalblackmail. She represents human nature'snegative and evil side.

The crocodile's character is compli-cated. He is, on the one hand, a loyalfriend by nature and would not, on his ownaccord, wish to harm someone who waskind to him. He is also weak and gullible,however, and is unable to stand up forwhat he believes in. Even though they goagainst his own principles and ethics, hegives in easily to the demands of his wife.The tale seems to indicate that one mustadhere to one's own sense of judgmentand morality, and not blindly follow instruc-tions. The right decisions cannot be takenby a manager who does not have a mindof his own. In addition, the foolishness ofthe crocodile is also reflected in his inabil-ity to see through the trick of the monkey,and he innocently believes that the heart

of the monkey was left on the tree. He isnot worldly-wise or street smart, which arethe qualities that should be possessed bya good manager.

Book 1 -As the unemployed minister in a kingdomgoverned by a lion, the first treatiseincludes a jackal called Damanaka. Heconspires, along with his moralising side-kick called Karataka, to split up the lionking's relationships and partnerships. Thisstorey reflects on management conceptsthe handling of partnerships and clientinteractions.

Book 2 -A series of adventures of four charactersis the second treatise: a crow (scavenger,not a hunter, airborne habits), a mouse(small, underground habits), a turtle (slow,water habits) and a deer (a grazing animalviewed by other animals as prey, landhabits). Its overall emphasis is on man-agement concepts like Teamwork, andpartnerships.

Book 3 -The third treatise addresses lessons ofmorality of the combat of wits being adiplomatic way of neutralising the army ofa greatly superior enemy by animal char-acters. This book emphasises on tacticsand management lessons on principles ofstrategy.

Book 4 – It is collection of moral-filled fables like "abird in hand is worth two in the bush". Thisbook offers positive explanations of ethicalbehaviour that provide examples andbehaviour.

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Book 5 – Book 5 – This book gives examples with conse-quences, offering examples and actionsfor the reader to ponder over, avoid, towatch out for such as "get facts, bepatient, don't act in haste then regretlater", "don't build castles in the air" andhas lessons on generaral managementand administration.

Thus, the Panchatantra storiesreflect lessons in human behavior, and

also lessons in management by implica-tion. The stories set rules for effectivemanagerial practices and also commenton behavior that leaders should avoid ifthey want to achieve success and popu-larity. As complex ideas are explained insimple terminology and made interestingthrough human and non-human charac-ters, the use of the genre of 'fables' isimportant.

References :

• Johannes Hertel (1915), The Panchatantra : a collection of ancient Hindu tales in its

oldest recension, the Kashmirian, entitled Tantrakhyayika, Harvard University Press.

• Panchatantra: Indian Literature, Encyclopaedia Britannica.

• Patrick Olivelle (1999). Pancatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom. Oxford University press. pp. xii–xiii. ISBN 978-0-19-283988-6.

• Patrick Olivelle (2009). Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom. Oxford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 978-0-19-955575-8.

• Arthur William Ryder (1925), The Panchatantra, University of Chicago Press.

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Quantum Perception of Media Professionals and Political Journalism

Dr. Shaili Misra Dr. Nasreen Ansarii

All news is a construction of reality. News about politics and campaigns rep-resents an ongoing negotiation among key actors in the campaign process:on the media side—journalists, editors, and owners; on the campaign side,candidates, campaign staffers, and party activists. To a lesser extent thepublic, government institutions and their incumbents, interest groups, pun-dits, and experts also play a role in the news-making process. Each actorendeavors to control how the news story is told (Bennett, 2001; Cook, 1996;Crigler, 1996; Edelman, 1988; Gans, 1979; Graber, 2002; Hollihan, 2001;Just et al., 1996; Neuman, Just, & Crigler, 1992; Tuchman, 1978).

Political journalism is a broadened branch of journalism, whichincludes coverage of all aspects of Politics and Political Science. It aims toprovide voters and masses with the information to formulate their own opin-ion and participate in community, local or national political matters that willaffect them. According to Edward Morrissey (in an opinion article from the-week.com), "Political Journalism frequently includes opinion journalism, ascurrent political events can be biased in their reporting. The information pro-vided includes facts and its perspective, which is subjective and leanstowards one viewpoint" (Morrissey).Political journalism is executed throughdifferent media, in print, broadcast, or new-media reporting. Digital mediause has increased and it provides instant coverage of campaign, politics,event news and an accessible platform for the candidate. Media outletsknown for their political journalism like The Hindu, Pioneer, DB etc. haveincreased their use of the medium as well. Baym says that the informationprovided by political journalists may not be considered "fake news" but thelines between entertainment and factual news may seem blurred or biased(Baym, 2005) while providing political updates. This type of journalism isanalyzed, interpreted, and discussed by news media pundits and editorial-ists. It can lack objectivity which can prevent the accuracy of the presentedinformation. The reporting of news with a bias view point can also take awaythe audience's ability to form their own opinion or beliefs of what has beenreported. This type of reporting is subjective with a possible social or politi-cal purpose.

Thus, keeping in view the need of the hour, present study has beenformulated as, "Quantum Perception of Media Professionals and PoliticalJournalism", to assess the seriousness of the bridge between Politics andMedia, that is, by Media professionals.

Abstract :

* Faculty, Communication Research, MCNUJC, Bhopal (MP)** Assistant Professor, Psychology, Shri Vaishnav Vidhyapeeth Vishvavidhalaya,

Indore (MP)

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Introduction

All news is a construction of reali-ty. News about politics and campaignsrepresents an on-going negotiation amongkey actors in the campaign process: onthe media side—journalists, editors, andowners; on the campaign side, candi-dates, campaign staffers, and partyactivists. To a lesser extent the public,government institutions and their incum-bents, interest groups, pundits, andexperts also play a role in the news-mak-ing process. Each actor endeavors to con-trol how the news story is told (Bennett,2001; Cook, 1996; Crigler, 1996;Edelman, 1988; Gans, 1979; Graber,2002; Hollihan, 2001; Just et al., 1996;Neuman, Just, & Crigler, 1992; Tuchman,1978).

Political journalism is a broadbranch of journalism that includes cover-age of all aspects of politics and politicalscience. It aims to provide voters with theinformation to formulate their own opinionand participate in community, local ornational matters that will affect them.According to Edward Morrissey in an opin-ion article from theweek.com, "politicaljournalism frequently includes opinionjournalism, as current political events canbe biased in their reporting. The informa-tion provided includes facts; its perspec-tive is subjective and leans towards oneviewpoint" (Morrissey).

Political journalism is executedthrough different media, in print, broad-cast, or new-media reporting. Election

journalism or electoral journalism is a sub-genre of political journalism which focusesupon and analyzes developments relatedto an approximate election and politicalcampaigns (Bravo, 2010). This type ofjournalism provides information to theelectorate that can educate and help formopinion that empowers a specific vote.This subgenre, like data journalism,makes use of numerical data, such as sta-tistics, polls and historic data in regards toa candidate's chance of success for office,or a party's change in size in a legislature.It provides knowledge that may make thepresented news hold more relevance.Information added to the reports is of cam-paign statuses and political events. Apolitician's strategy can be exaggerated orprovided without context or historical per-spective. Trends on each party candidateare reported and at times compared toprevious party candidates Brendan andSides (2011). The news on the status ofthe elections, like other political report-ing's, are provided in different mediums.The election report coverage has takenfull advantage of the digital era in provid-ing instant access to news (Grazyna,2011).

Defense journalism or military jour-nalism is a subgenre which focuses uponthe current status of a nation's military,intelligence and other defense-related fac-ulties. Interest in defense journalism tendsto increase during times of violent conflict,with military leaders being the primaryactors. Information reported has been col-lected from the area the journalist hasbeen stationed with the possibility to lean

Keywords: Media, Journalism, Political Journalism

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towards the agenda of the group theyhave been assigned to (Shahira andJohnson, 2005). This subgenre of politicaljournalism is also applied to media comingfrom journalists embedded in a particularcampaign or candidate. Like militaryassignments, reports can be influenced bythe message the campaign or candidate istrying to bring across (David).

All political journalism is part ofpolitical communication. Political commu-nication studies relationship betweenthree elements or political actors in theprocess by which political action is con-ceived and realized (Norris, 2000). Theyare-A. Political Organizations:

Political actors are those individu-als who aspire through organizationaland institutional means to influence thedecision-making process.

1. Political parties: Likeminded individuals who come togeth-er within an agreed organizational andideological structure to pursue commongoal. Media or Political Consultants,image managers, spin-doctors, gurus arethe new professional class.

2. Public Organisations:non-party organisations with politicalobjectives like trade unions, consumersgroups, professional association. Theyare united not by ideology but by somecommon features of the members’ situa-tions.

3. Pressure Groups:Less institutionalized than public organi-zations and they tend to campaignaround single issue that is why they also

called single issue groups.

4. Terrorist Organisations: Resistance movements use terror tacticslike urban bombing, hijacking e.g.,HAMAS, Al-Qaida etc.

B.Audience: The purpose of all political journal-

ism and communication is to persuade theaudience. They are the target of persua-sion. For them political communicationmay be broad with billboard advertisementor may be narrow with editorial.

C. Media is all, Print, broadcasting andonline. Political actors use media for com-municating message to desired audience.According to Kaid et al (1991), the accessto media is political reality. It is-

i) Objective reality: are political events which actually occur.

ii) Subjective reality: reality of political events perceived by actors and citizens.

iii) Constructive reality: events covered by the media

The extent and direction of mediavary in modern democracy. Transmittersof message from citizens to political lead-ers represent public opinion. Now-a-daysinternet is increasing the participation ofpublic. Political journalism is executedthrough different media, in print, broad-cast, or new-media reporting. Digitalmedia use has increased and it providesinstant coverage of campaign, politics,event news and an accessible platform forthe candidate. Media outlets known for

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their political journalism like The Hindu,Pioneer, DB etc. have increased their useof the medium as well. Baym says that theinformation provided by political journalistsmay not be considered "fake news" butthe lines between entertainment and fac-tual news may seem blurred or biased(Baym, 2005) while providing politicalupdates. This type of journalism is ana-lyzed, interpreted, and discussed by newsmedia pundits and editorialists. It can lackobjectivity which can prevent the accuracyof the presented information. The report-ing of news with a bias view point can alsotake away the audience's ability to formtheir own opinion or beliefs of what hasbeen reported. This type of reporting issubjective with a possible social or politi-cal purpose.

Thus, keeping in view the need ofthe hour, present study has been formu-lated as, "Quantum Perception of MediaProfessionals and Political Journalism", toassess the accountability and seriousnessof the bridge between Politics and Media,that is, by Media professionals.

Objectives of the Study

1. To map out the opinion, interest andlikelihood of MediaProfessionals/Journalists on PoliticalJournalism.2. To analyse the accountability per-ceived by MediaProfessionals/Journalists by practicingPolitical Journalism.3. To study perceived ethical issues byMedia Professionals/Journalists practic-ing Political Journalism.

MethodologyResearch design

The study is exploratory anddescriptive in nature. For primary data col-lection survey method is used, and ques-tionnaire is used to collect data. For sec-ondary data literature and reports avail-able are explored and observed andanalysed and comparative study is done.

Sampling

Sample for primary data collectionwas selected by purposive sampling tech-nique. Special and normal correspondentswere considered as purposive sample forthe study. For this paper, journalists whodeal with political beat, and coveragerelated to political campaign and electionswere chosen. Total 66 journalists wereselected for data collection.Representations of journalists attachedwith different media houses such as DBGroup, Jagran Group etc. were chosen forsurvey, to generate data. After tabulationand editing, 53 questionnaires wereselected for statistical analysis. Age of theparticipants ranged from 30 years to 55years.

Procedure

The questionnaire were distributedand administered on various media professionals. Each respondent wasapproached personally and was requested to fill up the questionnaire.Respondents were given the liberty totake their time for completing their ques-tionnaire. The confidentiality of theirresponses was assured.

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Statistical Techniques UsedData obtained were analyzed by using SPSS software.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Table 1: Showing Demographic Variables aAs per the respondents

P: Print, EM: Electronic Media, NM: New Media, SM: Social Media

Table 1 is showing the demographic variables of the respondents. There have been no differences withrespect to gender of the respondents. Maximum number of the respondents (69.8%) falls under the agegroup of 31-40 years. Two-fifths of the media personals belonged to Print media (41.5%). Almost half ofthe respondents (50.9%) had more than ten years of experience in media field.

Table 2: Showing Dichotomous responses regarding Opinion on Political Journalism

Table 2 is showing the responses with respect to opinion regarding political journalism. None of therespondents entered the profession by compulsion and for nobody of them political journalism is a syn-onym of journalism. Few opine it (18.9%) as the nursery of journalism

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Table 3: Showing interest of Journalists in Political Journalism

Table 4: Showing Likelihood for Political Journalism

Table 3 is exhibiting the interest of media professionals in their profession. All agreed to the question thatthey have entered the field as per their interest, neither by chance nor by unwillingness. Further four-fifths of the respondents (81.10%) expressed that they are very much serious regarding their profession.

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Table 4 deals with liking of politicaljournalism as a profession. At themaximum, two-fifths (39.6%) of therespondents are moderately inter-ested in the profession, whereas,almost the same number (45.3%)like to practice political journalism‘much’.

Table 5: Showing accountability in practicing of Political Journalism

Table 6: Showing ethical issues related to Political Journalism

Table 5 is showing benefits of practicing of Political Journalism. Majority (39.6%) opined that it is not atall the key to success. Nearly one-thirds (32.1%) of the responses fell in ‘moderate’ category when itcame to building public relations with the help of being political journalist.

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Table 6 shows the ethical issues related to Political Journalism. Almost half (50.9%) of the journalistsbelieve that it is ‘less’ in professional negativities.

Findings of the Study

1. Political Journalism is not a compulsion for Media Professionals/ Journalists.

2. Political Journalism is not a synonym of Media Professionals/Journalists.

3. Political Journalism is not a Nursery of Journalism.

4. All respondents have chosen to become political Journalists, with interest.

5. Almost all Media Professionals/ Journalists are very much serious regarding their profession.

6. Respondents like Political Journalism 'moderately'.

7. Respondents like to practice like Political Journalism, to 'much' extent.

8. Two-fifths of the respondents 'not at all' believe Political Journalism, a key to success in their profession.

9.One-thirds of the journalists 'moderately' believe that Political Journalism leads to building up of public relations.

10. Almost half of the participants of the study believe that Political Journalism too is with professional negativities.

Interpretation and Conclusion

Journalism communicates at masslevel. It reflects social importance, truth,and in doing so it is always in the processof creating a public by bringing it into syn-chronized conversation with itself.

Practices of journalism provide self-explanatory frameworks for understandinga matrix of social practice, culture, andinstitutional arrangement. Political journal-ism is crucial for democracy and gover-nance, since it is the sub-genre of fourthpillar, namely, Media. It leads to explain

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the sin qua non of actions of elected offi-cials or LEADERS/Representatives ofPublic. So, political journalism should bestraightforward synonym for "accountabili-ty journalism", as accountability and infor-mation are delivered through mass media.Masses have a considerable willingnessto seek to journalists for instrumental infor-mation in multiple scenarios and the com-mon perception of journalism as a watch-dog that holds elected officials account-able. The accountability should be 'effec-tive accountability' (Ashworth et al, 2012).

The same have been reflected inour results. Our study is framed as'Quantum Perception of MediaProfessionals and Political Journalism', toassess the accountability and seriousnessof the bridge between Politics and Media,that is, by Media professionals. The mediaprofessionals/journalists came to the pro-fession due to their interest. They had noother intentions and are very much seri-ous regarding their profession. They like

and like to practice the same. For the pro-fessionals, political journalism is not at alla key to success in their profession.Though political journalism leads to build-ing of public relations, yet its explanationis human. Ethically the noble profession isalso not perfectly pure.

In conclusion, it may be said that,political journalism is a serious sub-genreof fourth pillar of democracy. In a leadingand ever flourishing democracy of ours, itsimportance is like primary linker. The polit-ical journalists have to make a balanceamong objective reality (political eventswhich actually occur), subjective reality(reality of political events perceived bymasses) and constructive reality (eventscovered by the media) (Kaid et al, 1991)along with accountability for LocatingDemocracy and Governance throughTRUE POLITICAL COMMUNICATION incontemporary and FUTURISTIC India aswell.

References :

• Ashworth, S. (2012), Electoral Accountability: Recent Theoretical and Empirical Work. Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 21(2), 15, pp. 183-201.

• Baym, G. (2005). The Daily Show: Discursive Integration and the Reinvention of Political Journalism. Political Journalism Journal, pp. 259–276.

• Bennett, W. L. (2001). News: The Politics of Illusion (4th Eds.). New York: Longman.

• Bravo, J. (May 2010). Towards an Electoral Journalism. Mundo Electoral-Electoral World. mundoelectoral.com. Vol. 3 (8). Archived from the original on 22 Dec. 2018..

• Crigler, A. N. (1996). The Psychology of Political Communication. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press.

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• Edelman, M. (1988). Constructing the Political Spectacle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

• Fahey, S.; and Johnson, T.J. (2005). How we performed: Embedded Journalists' Attitudes and Perceptions towards Covering the Iraq War. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, pp. 301–317.

• Gans, H. (1979). Deciding What’s News. New York: Pantheon Books.

• Graber, D.A. (2002). Mass Media and American Politics (VI Edition). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.

• Hollihan, T. (2001). Uncivil Wars: Political Campaigns in a Media Age. Boston: Bedford/St.Martin’s.

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• Just, M., Crigler, A. N., Alger, D. E., Cook, T. E., Kern, M., and West, D. M. (1996) Crosstalk : Citizens, candidates, and the media in a presidential campaign. Chicago : iversity of Chicago Press.

• Just, M., Crigler, A. N., and Buhr, T. (1999). Voice, Substance, and Cynicism in Presidential Campaign Media. Political Communication, 16 (1), pp. 25–43.

• Kaid, L.L.; Gerstle, J. and Sanders, K. (1991). Mediated Politics in Two Cultures. Presidential Campaigning in United States and France. New York: Praeger.

• Morrissey, E. The election is not rigged against Trump. But the media is biased against the GOP. The week.com

• Norris, P. (2000). A Virtuous Circle. Political Communication in Postindustrial Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.

• Nyhan, B.; and Sides, J. (2011). How Political Science can help journalism (and still let journalists be journalists). The Forum, Vol. 9 (1).

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fd foæksg çkjaHk gksus ls iwoZ ckcw dqaoj flag xq:dk vk'khokZn ysus ;gka vk, FksA xq# us mUgsa foæksgdjus ds fy, çsfjr fd;kA cSlokM+s ds gqykjs ukeddfo us vius ,d xhr esa 'kadjiqj ds jkukcsuhek/ko flag dh Hkjiwj ç'kalk dh gS] ftUgksausgVdj vaxzstksa dk eqdkcyk fd;k FkkA bu yksdxhrksa esa vketu dk nq%[k Li"V fn[kykbZ nsrkgS&

^vius ns'k ds djuok tsfd twf> xbys ukAdsrus ekbZ ds yyuok gk;] efj xbys ukAA*

çFke Lora=rk laxzke Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jktds fo#) tks tu&;q) gqvk Fkk mlds mís';]Lo:i vkSj egRo ij rcls vc rd tksfopkj&foe'kZ gqvk gS mldk vk/kkj okLrfod]dfYir vkSj eux<ar ,sfrgkfld lp vkSj >wB jgsgSaA ;gh ugha] ,sls laiw.kZ ys[ku esa fofHkUu çdkj dsKkfu;ksa dh –f"V vkSj le> çdV gqbZ gS] ysfdu;q){ks= dh turk dh psruk vkSj Hkkouk ughaA mltu&;q) esa 'kkfey turk dh psruk vkSj Hkkoukdks tkuus ds fy, ml turk ds jps yksdxhrksa dksi<+uk t:jh gSA mu yksdxhrksa ls tkfgj gksrk gSfd Hkkjrh; turk ^bZLV bafM;k daiuh* ds dqjktds dkj.k rckgh] cckZnh vkSj ;kruk dh ftlnk#.k n'kk dks >sy jgh Fkh mlls eqfä vkSjlqjkt dh LFkkiuk ds fy, og la?k"kZ dj jgh FkhAfoæksg ds lsukuh ohj dqaoj flag ls lacaf/kr ,dyksdxhr esa mudh jktuhfrd vkdka{kk vkSj mldsv/kwjk jgus dk nq[k bl rjg O;ä gqvk gS&

^^dqYgh xquydk jkek] efV;k esa fefy xbys]ukgha yscs ioyha ge lqjkt*

lu~ 1857 ds tu&;q) esa Hkkjrh; i{k dhijkt; ds vusd dkj.k crk, x, gSa] ysfdu çk;%bfrgkldkjksa us ml dkj.k dh ppkZ ugha dh gS

40

ehfM;k eehekalk


ftldk mYys[k bl yksdxhr esa gS&

^jkek ns'kok ds dqN r vnfe;ka js ukjkek Hkbys ns'k ds æksfg;k js uk

,d r ge vkl dbyha jktk Mqejko dsmgks Hkkxh pyys tbls cu esa [kjgk*

yksdxhrksa ds v/;;u esa ;g ckr lkeusvkbZ gS fd dqy o/kq Hkh ns'kHkä ohjksa ls çHkkforgqbZa gSA os lqHkk"kpanz cksl mQZ usrkth] vktkn fganQkSt] frjaxk >aMk] ohj Hkxr flag vkSj paæ'ks[kjvktkn dh Nfo viuh pqujh ij Nkius ds fy,jaxjst ls vuqjks/k djrh gSa&

^jaxjstok Nkfi ns gejh pqufj;kAuDlk fgan vtkn QkSft;k

,d vksj Nkik usrk lqHkk"k pan,d vksj >aMk frjaxkA

,d vksj Nkik ohj Hkxrflag] panz’kss[kj vktknA*

lqHkk"kpanz cksl us ^Q‚joMZ Cy‚d* uke ls,d ny dk xBu fd;k FkkA usrkth laxBu dhxfrfof/k;ksa dks vxzlkfjr djus ds fy, yxkrkjlfdz; jgrs FksAlfØ;rk ds dkj.k vaxzstksa dh vka[kdh fdjfdjh cus jgsA bl rjg ns[ks rks jktuSfrdmFky&iqFky ifjorZu ,oa egÙoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa dkçHkko yksd&thou ij iM+rk gSA bu izHkkoksa dks yksdxhrksa esa Loj fn;k x;k gS&

gejs nslok d /kjfr;k jruok d [kkuA;fg js /kjfr;k ij tues lqHkk"k paæts nsl d [kkfrj ?kwes nqfu;k tgkuAnslok ds dkju usrk th [kquok cgk,

x;s tsgfy;k] nslok i jgk oUgS cgqr xqekuAnslok d [kkfrj efj fefV x, ts

usrk gksb x, gks nsork vblu egkuA*

fczfV'k 'kklu ds çfr usrkth dk vkØkss'kyksd dk vkØks'k cu x;kA yksd us muds Loj esaLoj feykdj vius Øks/k dks O;ä fd;kA usrkthdks vius ns'k dh çfr"Bk dh fpark FkhA mudh blfpark dks yksdxhrksa us vfHkO;fä nhA yksd dksusrkth ij Hkjkslk vkSj fo'okl FkkA yksdeu usrkth lqHkk"k paæ cksl vkSj Hkxrflag] paæ'ks[kjvktkn dks vkSj egkRek xka/kh dks ns'k dk d.kZ/kkjekurk jgkA fczfV'k lkezkT; ds fojks/k esa yksd dkvkØks'k fuEu xhr esa vfHkO;ä gqvk gS &

^fQjafx;u ds yb tk;a gb;k eb;k] dkyh eb;k]

muls Hkkjr nslok cpk;k Hkxoku]gejs lqHkk"k ckcw ub;k d [ksob;kmudj Vsfd;k cpk;k HkxokuA*

fQjafx;ksa ls ns'k dks cpkuk HkxokuA gekjslqHkk"k ckcw] Hkxrflag] vktkn th uko ds [ksougkjgSaA mudh Vsd cpkuk HkxokuA ekrk&cguksa dhçfr"Bk] mudh ykt [krjs esa gSA Hkkjrh; ukfj;kavius ifr ls usrkth dk lkFk nsus dk vkxzg djrhgSa fd &

^lSa;k lhf[k Y;k cksyS vaxjsth]gksbtk usrk th dh QkSt Hkjrh

pyk tk nslok jaxwuAikuh dh tgft;k ls ifgys rw pyk tk

tkbds gegwa dk fygk cksyk;gegwa gkscS QkSt ek HkjrhA

vkxs&vkxs rw pY;k ybds frjaxkikNs ge pyh t;fgan dgrh*

Lora=rk vkanksyu ds le; ns'k ds ohjksadk çHkko ;qodksa ij lokZf/kd iM+kA bldk izfrfcEcHkh yksd thou ij iM+k gSA yksd thou ds Loj

ehfM;k eehekalk


yksdxhrksa esa ^nwYgk* Hkh frjaxk gkFk esa fy,^t;fgan* dgrk gqvk py jgk gS &

^cUuk gekjks usrk vkS xkUgh ds cl ek] frjaxk>aMk mBk; jgkA

lc dsgw xkoS vkSj xoubZ cUuk t;fgan d jVuyxk; jgkA

lc dsgw ctkoS <ksyd eathjk cUuk juHksjh ctk;jgkA

tksM+k vkS tkek muds eu gh u HkkoS]ohj ckuk vkS [kíj d jVfu yxk; jgkAQwyu d emjk muds eu gh u HkkoS]dslfj;k ifx;k d jVfu yxk; jgkA

ckck eaxk;s ltk fe;kuk]Å rkS iSny dS jVfu yxk; jgkA*

mijksDr cqansyh yksdxhr esa ;g ckr lkeusvkbZ gS fd nwYgk] usrkth vkSj xka/khth ds o'k esagSA og frjaxk >aMk mBkdj py jgk gSA ckjkrhrjg&rjg ds xkus xk jgs gSa] ij nwYgk t;fgan dhjV yxk, gSaA lHkh <ksyd&eathjk ctk jgs gSa]nwYgk j.kHksjh ctk jgk gSA nwYgs dh iks'kkd¼tksM+k&tkek½ mls ugha ilan] og ohjksa dk os'k/kkj.k djus dh jV yxk jgk gSA Qwyksa dk ekSjeqdqV mls ugha Hkk jgk] og dslfj;k ixM+h dh jVyxk jgk gSAvU; nwljs xhrksa esa lqHkk"k panz cksl dkslkaRouk fn;k tk jgk gS fd&

^lqHkk"k ckcw rksgkj vtknh liuoka gfj eksj iwjkdfjgSa ukA

rksgjs dgs canwd mBbgSa] rksfi;k /kekdk dfjgSaukA

rksgjs lkFks [kquok cgbgSa] vaxjstou d ekfjHkxbgSa ukA

rksgjs iNoka&iNoka pfygSa] nslok vktkn djbgSaukA*

bl xhr esa dgk tk jgk gS fd usrk lqHkk"kckcwth] vkidk vktknh dk liuk esjs ifr iwjkdjsaxsA og canwd mBk,axs] rksi ls /kekdk djsaxsAvkids lkFk [kwu cgk,axsA vaxzstksa dks ekj Hkxk,axsAvkids ihNs&ihNs pysaxs vkSj ns'k vktkn djk,axsAekr`Hkwfe ds cfynkuh liwrksa ds çfr yksd lnk —rK jgk gSA xqykeh lgu djus okys dk;jksa dhHkRlZuk gqbZ gS fd &

^tkSus Hkkjr e tues ohj ckadqjsnsl jgk /kje beku js cVksfg;k]Hkxr flag] vktkn] lqHkkl pan

nslok dh [kkfrj fngs çku js cVksfg;kcgqr foifr lgs x, tsgy[kuokarcgwa u eFkok >qdk;s js cVksfg;kAnslok vtkn dbdS] ljx fl/kkjscM+k&cM+k jgk vjeku js cVksfg;kAogh nslok e vkt ,slu v/ke Hk,]nslok ls djS ykxs ?kkr js cVksfg;kA*

efgykvksa dk ;g LoIu gS fd ^esjk fç;xka/kh ds LojkT;&LoIu dks iwjk djsxkA og ckiwdks vk'oklu nsrh gS fd esjk fç; Hkkstu] oL= dkmiHkksx fey&ckaVdj djsxkA pj[kk dkrdj] oL=cukdj] lcdks igukdj rc Lo;a igusxkAos xka/khth dks vk’oklu nsrh gS fd &^xka/kh rsjks lqjkt liuoka gfj eksj iwjk dfjgS

ukA*

ns'k ds jkx esa xka/kh dk vuqjkx fdruktcjnLr Fkk fd ,d &,d iy dk o.kZu yksdxhrksa esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA yksdxhrbfrgkl dks lesV dj Hkfo"; dks vxzsf"kr djus dkdk;Z djrk gSA bldh ,d ckuxh xka/kh dht;&t;dkj ls lacaf/kr t;dkjk esa ns[kus dksfeyrh gSA

42

ehfM;k eehekalk


^,d NksVh poUuh pkanh dh] t; cksyks egkRekxka/kh dhA*

bl t;dkjs dks lekU;r% ns[ksaxs rks ;glk/kkj.k ckr yxsxhA ysfdu blds Hkko dks ns[ksaxsrks fo’kkyrk dk vuqHko gksxkA mijksDr of.kZrt;dkjk dks lanfHkZr djrs gq, ns[krs gS rks ;g/;ku vkrk gS fd tSls poUuh ns[kus esa NksVh yxrhgS] oSls gh ckiw Hkh ns[kus esa cgqr lk/kkj.k yxrsgSaA os egkurk dk eq[kkSVk ugha yxkrs] ysfdu lkjkyksd mudh t;&t;dkj djrk gSA vlg;ksxvkanksyu ls çHkkfor gksdj LojkT; dh dkeuk dhxbZ gSA lkjs HkkSfrd lq[kksa dh pkg vktknh dh pkgesa [kks xbZA yksdxhrksa esa fQjafx;ksa dh voekuukHkkjrh; ukfj;ksa us Hkh dh gS&

^vius fi;k dS iugh <ksobcSa] fQjafx;k Hkkxktk;]

vius llqj dh iugh ls fiVmcS] fQjafx;k Hkkxktk;A

vius fi;k dk twrk fQjaxh ls <ksokÅaxh]llqj ds twrs ls mldh fiVkbZ djkÅaxh] og

Hkkx tk,xkA*

yksd vius yksdxhrksa esa ekr`Hkwfe ij çk.kU;kSNkoj djusokys liwrksa dks dHkh Hkwy ugha ldrkgSA yksd ekurk jgk gS fd HkkjrHkwfe ohj çlwrkgSA ijra= Hkkjr ds dk;jksa dks f/kDdkjrk gqvk ,dyksdxhr esa dgk x;k gS fd &

^^tgoka jfgu tuek ohj ijrki flag]

vkSjkS pkSgku ls liwr js fQjafx;kAnslok dh [kkfrj ts efj fefV x,] rcgw¡ u

eFkok >qdk;s js fQjafx;kAxka/kh] Hkxr] vktkn] lqHkkl liwr] db fngs tku

dqckZu js fQjafx;kA

ogh nslok e vkt ,slu v/ke Hk,] pkVFks fcns-fl;u dS ykr js fQjafx;kA*

mijksDr xhr esa ;g of.kZr gS fd ftl ns'kesa ohj jk.kk çrki us tUe fy;k] i`Fohjkt pkSgkutSls liwr gq,] tks ns'k ds fy, ej feV x,A gsfQjaxh] mUgksaus viuk flj ugha >qdk;kA ftl ns'kds fy, egkRek xka/kh] Hkxr flag] paæ'ks[kj vktknvkSj lqHkk"kpaæ cksl tSls liwrksa us vius çk.kksa dkcfynku dj fn;k] mlh ns'k esa vkt ,sls v/ke gksx, gSa] tks fonsf'k;ksa ds ikoksa ds ryos pkV jgs gSaALora=rk laxzke esa 'kghn ohjksa dh xkFkk Hkh yksdxhrksa esa vej gaS&

^nslok ds djuok dsrus x, tsgy[kuoka]dsrus chj Qkalh pf<+xS ukAdbds ru&eu&/ku vjiuok]dsrus nqfu;k NksfM+xS ukA

ifgys pf<+u Hkxrflag ljnkj]gafl dS Qank ek flj Mkfj]

fdrus ?kjok Hk;s fcu yyuok ukAtfy;kaokys ckx eka xksyh [kkbds dsrus efjxs

Hkkjr eka ds ohj touokaA*

yksdxhr ds ek/;e ls ns’k ds fy, dqckZuhnsus okys ohjksa dks Lej.k fd;k tk jgk gSA mijksDrxhr esa crk;k tk jgk gS fd ns'k ds dkj.k fdrusohj tsy x,] Qkalh p<+ x,] viuk ru&eu&/kulc viZ.k dj nqfu;k NksM+ x,A igys p<+s ljnkjHkxr flag galdj Qkalh ds Qans esa flj Mky fn;kAfdrus ?kj fcuk csVksa ds gks x,A tfy;kaokys ckxesa fdrus xksyh [kkdj ej x,] Hkkjr eka ds tkusfdrus ohj toku ej x,A ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu*dk vkºoku yksdxhrksa us Hkh fd;k x;k gS&

^Hkkjr NksM+ks gs vaxzstksa]pyh tksj ls vka/kh]

ehfM;k eehekalk


yanu Hkkxs] thfr x, xka/kh]utfj;k gejh Hkkjr iS jghA*

mijksDr xhr esa crk;k tk jgk gS fd ^gsvaxzstks! Hkkjr NksM+ksA LojkT; vkanksyu dh vka/khtksj ls py iM+h gSA vaxzst yanu Hkkx x,] xka/khdh fot; gqbZA lc dh –f"V Hkkjr ij FkhA Hkkjrekrk dh nq%[kh voLFkk dk ekfeZd o.kZu gS&

xaxk js tequoka dS /kkfj] u;uoka ls uhj cgS]QwfVxS Hkkjfr;u dS Hkkfx] Hkkjr ekrk jks; jghaA*

Hkkjr ekrk nq%[k ,oa nnZ dks bl xhr dsek/;e ls O;Dr fd;k tk jgk gSA xhr esa of.kZrgS fd xaxk&tequk dh /kkjk u;uksa ls uhj cudjcg jgh gSA Hkkjrh;ksa dk HkkX; QwV x;k gSA ns'kijra= gks x;k gSA Hkkjr ekrk jks jgh gSA 'kkS;Z vkSjohjHkko dks txkusokys tu&tkxj.k ds xhr ^lqjk-th* xkjh xhr cudj xwat mBs &

^Hkkjroklh lksor ckVîk] mfB ijk gksbxS lcsjkfd okg okgA

lksor nsf[k ds Hkkjrokflu] vk; jfgu nslok exksjk fd okg okgA*

ns’k esa Lora= psruk dh >ydkrh bl xhresa crk;k x;k gS fd ^gs HkkjroklhA lks jgs gks]mBks lcsjk gks x;kA Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks lksrk ns[kdjns'k esa xksjs vaxzst vk x,A ghjk] eksrh] lksuk]tokgjkr ywVdj cksjksa esa Hkj&Hkjdj mBk ys x,Ans'k dk lc /ku ywVdj fcyk;r ys x,] ckr djusij ekjus dks nkSM+rs gSa] cgqr cjtksjh djds lrkrsgSaA ns'k dh ,slh n'kk ns[kdj egkRek xka/kh us 'kksjepk fn;k gS] lcdks txk jgs gSaA Hkkjr ij gq,vkØe.k ds le; ds Hkh dqN xhr gSa&

^ju eka gksbZ nqleu ls leuoka]xqeuoka mudS rks;kZ yyukAuosa ekl rd dks[k esa jk[kk]

dLV lg;ksa eSa Hkkjhnw/k fi;kb fi;kbds ykyu]

nsfg;k dL;ksa rksgkjh]vkt nq/kok ls dS |k mfjuoka] xqeuok oudS rks;kZ yyukA*

bl xhr esa eka viuh larku ls dgrh gSfd ^gs iq=! j.k esa nq'eu ls lkeuk gksxk] mudkxoZ pwj&pwj dj nsukA ukS eghus rd rqEgsa dks[kesa j[kk] eSaus Hkkjh d"V lgk] nw/k fiyk&fiykdjrqEgkjk 'kjhj iq"V fd;k] vkt ml nw/k ds _.k lsm_.k dj nks] nq'eu dk vgadkj rksM+ nksA* ;q)ds le; Hkh yksddfo us vius mn~xkj çdV fd,gSa&

^nslok vkiu ge cpbcs]lc trfu;ka dfj dS uk]xkSjo nslok ds c<+bcs]

lc trfu;ka dfj dS uk]xksn ds nscs lyksuk yky]lksuk pkanh nsc fulkfj]Hkkjr eka dk ge cpbcs]dslfj;k cfuds ukA*

tc Hkkjrh; vke ekul dk eu ns’k dhLora=rk ds fy, tkx`r gks tkrk gS rks og viusvki ls iz.k ysus yxrk gSA bl fdz;k dks izLrqrdjrs gq, mijksDr yksdxhr esa dgk x;k gS fd^vius ns'k dks ge lc ;Ru djds cpk,axs] ns'k dkxkSjo c<+k,axsA viuh xksn ds lyksus yky ns'k dksns nsaxs] lksuk pkanh lc fudkydj ns nsaxsA Hkkjreka dks ge dsljh ¼flag½ cudj cpk,axsA

44

ehfM;k eehekalk


fu"d"kZLora=rk laxzke ds nkSjku fofHkUu Hkkjrh;

Hkk"kkvksa ds yksdxhrksa esa vaxzsth gqdwer ls eqfä dsfy, la?k"kZ dh /ofu;ka lqukbZ iM+rh gSaA os lHkhjk"Vªh;&lkaL—frd thou vkSj fparu dhvfHkO;fä;ka gSaA njvly] yksdHkk"kk ds xhrksa esavlhe 'kfä gksrh gS] D;ksafd mlesa turk dkthou&Lianu] ftthfo"kk vkSj ladYiuk fufgrjgrh gSa] mlds eqgkojs] yksdksfä;ka] yksd /kqusa'kkfey jgrh gSaA lqçfl) vkykspd oa'kh/kj flagdk Li"V ekuuk gS fd thou&la?k"kZ dh var/oZfu;kayksd&Hkk"kk esa lgtrk ls fuLl`r gksrh gSa] yksdân; esa jp&cl dj yksddaB esa laosxRed Lojesa QwVrh gSaA lu vBkjg lkS lÙkkou ds la?k"kZ dhvar/oZfu;ka yksdxhrksa vkosxiw.kZ laosnu'khyrk dslkFk çokfgr çLQwfVr gqbZ gSaA yksdxhr egt'kCnksa dk tky ugha gS] og yksd&thou dk NangSA

yksdxhr esa dgha&dgha vaxzstksa dh ohjrkdks Hkh ljkgk x;k gS vkSj mlesa turk dhU;k;fç;rk dk çek.k feyrk gSaA fofHkUuyksdHkk"kkvksa ds bu yksdxhrksa esa Lora=rk laxzkedh /ofu;ka lqukbZ iM+rh gSa tks turk dhtkx:drk ds çrhd gSaA bl rjg dgk tk,a rks1857 dk ;q) ,d tu&;q) Fkk] mlesa lk/kkj.kturk us c<+&p<+dj Hkkx fy;k Fkk vkSj ckn esaogh lcls Hk;kog neu ds nkSj ls xqtjhA mltu&;q) esa Hkkjr ds fganqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa] iq#"kksavkSj fL=;ksa us vaxzsth jkt ds fo#) ;q) fd;k FkkAmlesa lHkh tkfr;ksa] is'kksa vkSj gSfl;r ds yksx'kkfey FksA ;g ckr ml ;q) ls lacaf/kr yksdxhrksa]xhrksa vkSj lkfgR; ds fofHkUu :iksa ds ek/;e lsgekjs lkeus vkrh gSA bl tu&;q) ls ;g Hkhlkfcr gksrk gS fd gj oxZ vkSj gSfl;r ds yksxksadks ns'kHkä gksus dk vf/kdkj gSA

bfrgkl rF;ksa dh ppkZ djrk gS] ysfdu

nk#.k vkSj nnZukd Le`fr;ksa dh ugha] tcfd ijkftr vkSj ijk/khu euq";ksa dh Le`fr cgqr yachgksrh gSA ,slh Le`fr;ksa dks ltho] çHkko'kkyh vkSjnh?kZthoh cukus dk dke yksd lkfgR; djrk gSAyksdlkfgR; dh jpuk yksd djrk gS vkSj bl rjgog viuh Le`fr;ksa dks nh?kZthoh cukrk gSA vaxzsthjkt ls yksd ds la?k"kZ vkSj vaxzsth mifuos'kokndh ywV] neu vkSj rckgh ds vuqHkoksa dh Le`fr;kayksdxhrksa esa gh gSA bl rjg bl 'kks/k i= dsmn~ns’;ksa esa 'kkfey Lora=rk vkanksyu esa jk"Vªh;psruk tkx`r djus esa yksdxhrksa dh Hkwfedk dklkfcr gksrh gSA bl 'kks/k i= esa ;g ckr lkeusvkrh gS fd vke turk ds eu esa tks lqlIrkvoLFkk Fkh] mls yksdxhrksa us izcyrk iznku djrsgq, Loj fn;kA blfy, dg ldrs gS fd Lora=rkdh psruk fodflr djus esa yksdxhrksa dh HkwfedkegRoiw.kZ gSA nwljs mn~ns’; egkRek xkaèkh dsfUæryksdxhrksa esa yksd laokn dh vo/kkj.kk Hkh lgt:i ls izdV gksrh gSA yksd laokn ds lanHkZ esa oslHkh fopkj] ckrphr lkeus vkrh gS rks fo"k; lslanfHkZr gSA rhljs mn~ns’; esa vkanksyu gsrq tuerfuekZ.k esa xkaèkh&xhr dh Hkwfedk lcls egRoiw.kZlkfcr gksrh gSA

bl v/;;u esa ;g lkeus vk;k gS fdxka/kh ds fopkjksa] O;ogkjksa laokn ds rjhdksa ls vkeyksx izHkkfor gksrs gSA xka/kh th dks yksx rkj.kgkjdh rjg ns[krs gSA blfy, xka/kh th ls lacaf/krxhr Lora=rk vkanksyu dks u, osx esa izpkfyrdjus esa leFkZ gksrs gSA vafre mn~ns’;yksd&laoknh xkaèkhth ds n'kZu dh mikns;rk ,oaçklafxdrk vkt Hkh ekStwn gSA xka/khth ds n’kZuvke turk ls tqM+h gqbZ ckrksa] O;ogkjksa dk leqPp;gSA yksd O;ogkj esa xka/kh n’kZu uk vkt dsoyvifjgk;Z gS cfYd igys ls T;knk ekStwa Hkh gks x,gSA nqfu;k xka/kh ds jkLrs ij pyus yxh gSA

ehfM;k eehekalk


fu"d"kZfdlh Hkh fookn dk gy xka/kh ds fopkjksa

esa ekStwn gSA Lokoyacu] vkRefuHkZjrk] xzke fodkl]xkS oa’k laj{k.k] LoPNrk] LoLFk eu] fopkj vkSj

vfHkO;fDr] LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa f’k{kk dh miyC/krkvkt dh vko’;drk gSA ;g lHkh fopkj xka/kh dslaokn ds eq[; LraHk jgs gSA blfy, xka/kh vktigys ls T;knk izklafxd gks x, gSA

• xka/kh yksdxhr] dud frokjh] laiknd] e/;inzs’k vkfnoklh yksddyk ifj"kn~] Hkksiky

• fo'okfe= mik/;k;] yksdxhrksa esa Økafrdkjh psruk] çdk'ku foHkkx] ubZ fnYyh

• dqekj vEcjh’k papy] mÙkj çns'k dh Hkkstiqjh yksdxhr] lEiknd] egsUæ çtkifr] lelkef;d

l`tu] fnYyh

• lqjkt] dfiy frokjh] e/;inzs’k vkfnoklh yksddyk ifj"kn~] Hkksiky

• Jh d`".knklyksdxhrksa dh lkekftd O;k[;k] izdk'kd] lkfgR; Hkou fyfeVsM] bykgkckn

• Q.kh'ojukFk js.kq] eSyk vkapy] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyh

• M‚DVj bUæukFk pkS/kjh] xka/kh] muds fopkj vkSj Hkkjrh; ys[ku] okxFkZ]fnYyh

• fo".kq çHkkdj] 'yksd& lkfgR; ds ;k;koj] /kjrh xkrh gS] ifjf'k"V&rhu

• Lokeh ukjk;.kkuan ^v[rj*] vktknh ds xhr] ejsa Hkh vxj rks Lons'kh dQu gks

• fca-cz‚] fgUnh le; osclkbV]egkRek xka/kh varjjk"Vªh; fgUnh fo'ofo|ky;

• 'kadj n;ky flag] le; % lUnHkZ vkSj xka/kh

• ia- jk-uk- mik/;k;] xka/kh fopkj ;k=k] ubZ fnYyh] Hkkjrh; çdk'ku laLFkku

lanHkZ llwph

46

ehfM;k eehekalk


vkèkqfud jktuhfrd jkT; O;oLFkk dk fodkl

M‚- vfouk'k oktis;hdUgS;k >k

iizzLLrrkkoouukk jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk fo’o iVy ij izkphu le; ls gh jgh gSA Hkkjr lesr nqfu;k ds vU;

ns’kksa esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fy, xgu fpaaru gq, gSaA Hkkjr esa egkRek xka/kh] dkSfVY; rFkk iafMrnhun;ky mik/;k; ds fopkjksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA le; ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; O;oLFkk dsLo:i esa ifjorZu gq,A 17oha 'krkCnh esa fo'o çk—frd voLFkk ls vkS|ksxhdj.k dh vksj c<+k] bldsdkj.k fo'o dh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa vkewypwy ifjorZu ns[kus dks feysA ns'kksa esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dslapkyu ds fy, lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA vk/kqfud jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dsoy uhfrxr O;oLFkku gksdj cktkjksUeq[kh O;oLFkk gks xbZA vusd fopkj/kkjk vk/kkfjr vkUnksyuksa ds dkj.k fo'o esa lÙkkifjorZu ns[kus dks feysA fo'o cSad ds mn~Hko ls ns'kksa esa vk;kr fu;kZr esa cnyko gqvkA cgqjk"Vªh;dEifu;k¡ ns'kksa ds vkarfjd ekeyksa esa rFkk uhfr;ksa dks çHkkfor djus yxhaA 20oha 'krkCnh rd vkrs&vkrslHkh ns'k vc varjjk"Vªh; laxBuksa ls laxr gksus ds fy, vkt etcwj gks pqds gSaA

''kkkkss//kk ii== ddss mmííss'';;

1- vk/kqfud jktuhfrd jkT; O;oLFkk dk v/;;u

2- laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk dh 'kq#vkr

3- fopkj/kkjk vk/kkfjr jkT; O;oLFkk dk v/;;u

4- cktkj dk mn~Hko ,oa jkT;ksa ij çHkko

5- futh cSadksa dk jkT;ksa ij çHkko

6- fo'o cSad dk jkT;ksa esa gLr{ksi

7- iwathoknh 'kklu O;oLFkk ,oa çHkko

8- lkE;oknh 'kklu O;oLFkk ,oa çHkko

9- cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa dk jkT;ksa esa gLr{ksi

10-cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa dk jktuhfrd nyksa ls

laca/k

''kkkkss//kk ii))ffrr ,,ooaa rrFF;;kkssaa ddkk llaaddyyuu

çLrqr 'kks/k i= ds fy, ,sfrgkfld ,oa

o.kZukRed i)fr dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ,Q

,y fºoVuh ds vuqlkj *,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku

vrhr dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA bldk mís';

vrhrdkyhu ?kVuk&Øe] rF; rFkk vfHko`fÙk ds

vk/kkj ij lkekftd leL;kvksa dk fparu ,oa

fo'ys"k.k djuk gS ftudk vc rd lek/kku ugha

gks ldk gSA ;g ekuo fopkjksa rFkk fØ;kvksa ds

fodkl dh fn'kk dh [kkst djrk gS] ftlds }kjk

lkekftd fØ;kvksa ds fy, vk/kkj çkIr gks lds*

t‚u MCY;w csLV ds vuqlkj *o.kZukRed vuqla/kku

cht 'kCn & vk/kqfud jkT; O;oLFkk] lafo/kku] cktkj dk fodkl] futh cSadksa dk fodkl] fo'o cSad] —f"k] lkE;oknh 'kklu O;oLFkk] iwathoknh 'kklu O;oLFkk] cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh] jktuhfrd ny] jktuhfrd nyksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj

* çksQslj] ek[kuyky prqosZnh jk"Vªh; i=dkfjrk ,oa lapkj fo'ofo|ky;] Hkksiky

* * 'kks/kkFkhZ] ek[kuyky prqosZnh jk"Vªh; i=dkfjrk ,oa lapkj fo'ofo|ky;] Hkksiky

ehfM;k eehekalk


*D;k gS* dk o.kZu ,oa fuoZpu djrk gSA

ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vFkok lEcU/k tks fo|eku gSa] O;ogkj

tks çpfyr gS] fo'okl] fopkj/kkjk] vFkok

vfHko`fÙk;ka tks ikbZ tk jgh gS] çfØ;k,¡ tks py

jgh gSa] ifj.kke tks vuqHko fd;s tk jgs gSa] vFkok

ço`fÙk;ka tks fodflr gks jgh gSa] mUgha ls ;g

lEcfU/kr gSA çLrqr 'kks/k i= ds fy, rF;ksa rFkk

lUnHkksaZ dk ladyu fofHkUu iqLrdksa] fjiksVZ~l rFkk

'kks/k i=ksa esa ls ,df=r fd;s x, gSaA

jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk laHko% ekuo fodkl ds

lkFk tqM+k gqvk gSA Hkkjr esa rks izkphu dky ls gh

lekt ds dq’ky lapkyu dh O;oLFkk jgh gSA vkt

nqfu;k ds 185 ns'k laçHkq jkT; ds :i esa fo|eku

gSA ftldk lapkyu ogka dh jkT; O;oLFkk

djrh gSA tc ge vk/kqfud jkT; O;oLFkk dh ckr

djrs gSa rks mlesa 4 rRo vfuok;Z :i ls ik, tkrs

gSa&

1½ Hkw&Hkkx

2½ tula[;k

3½ ljdkj

4½ laçHkqrk

;g lHkh 4 rRo jkT; esa jktuhfrd

lajpuk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA *;g jktuhfrd thou

dk ,slk :i gS ftlesa ekuo vkcknh laçHkqrk çkIr

jkT;ksa ds chp vyx&vyx bl çdkj caVh gqbZ gS

fd os jk"Vª fufoZokn :i ls lg vfLrRo ds fl)kar

ij vey djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa* ¼ikej vkSj ikfdaZl½A

laçHkq ns'kksa dks vkil esa vusd çdkj ds O;olk;

esa layXu jguk gksrk gS blds fy, muds e/;

lEcU/k Hkh cuk;s tkrs gSaA fe- bZLVu ds vuqlkj

*jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dks varlaZca/kksa ds :i esa ns[kk

gS ftlds }kjk yksx ;g fu.kZ; djrs gSa fd fdu

çfr}anh y{;ksa ,oa egRokdka{kkvksa dks yksduhfr dk

:i fn;k tk;s rFkk lekt esa çHkkoh cuk;k tk;sA*

ççRR;;ssdd nnss''kk ddhh jjkkTT;; llaajjppuukk ooggkkaa ddhh llkkeekkffttdd]] vvkkffFFkkZZdd]] HHkkkkSSxxkkssffyydd ,,ooaa llkkaaLL——ffrrdd vvkk//kkkkjj iijj rr;;

ggkkssrrhh ggSSAA ffoo''oo ddhh ffooffoo//kk ''kkkklluu llaajjppuukk ddkkss uuhhppss ffnn,, xx,, ee‚‚MMyy llss llee>>kk ttkk llddrrkk ggSS %%&&

¼lzksr % Hkkjrh; jktuhfr] lafo/kku ,oa ç'kklfud ljapuk½

48

ehfM;k eehekalk


HHkkkkjjrr eessaa jjkkTT;; ddhh ddYYiiuukk

Hkkjr esa jkT; dh dYiuk dk fodkl osnksa

ls gh çkjEHk gks x;k FkkA _Xosn ds iq#"k lwä

¼10-91½ esa jk"Vª dh miek 'kjhj ls nsrs gq,

ÞjktU;ß vFkkZr jktk dh rqyuk ^ckgw* vFkkZr 'kjhj

dh lqj{kk djus okyh Hkqtkvksa ls dh gSA blh

dYiuk ds vuqlkj jk"Vª dh lqj{kk dks jktk

¼{kf=;½ ds /keZ ls tksM+k x;k FkkA jkek;.k dky

esa Hkh Hkkjr ns'k vusd NksVs&NksVs jkT; ,d Hkko

rFkk laLd`fr dks thrs FksA ;Kksa }kjk buds chp

vkilh lkSgknZ cuk, j[kk tkrk FkkA

vkt ls yxHkx 2300 o"kZ iwoZ Hkkjr esa

dkSfVY; us vkt dh rjg dk gh ,d dsaæh—r

jkT; LFkkfir fd;k FkkA 'kfä'kkyh jktk

NksVs&NksVs jkT;ksa ij vf/kdkj dj lkezkT;ksa dh

LFkkiuk dj jgs FksA fons'kh vkØe.kksa ls lqj{kk Hkh

dsaæh—r jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk esa ,d eq[; dkj.k cu

x;h FkhA [ksrh vkSj vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa ds O;kikj

es cgqr rsth vk jgh Fkh] ysfdu jkT;ksa ds

lhek&dkuwuksa esa fofo/krk gksus ls #dkoVsa iSnk

gksrh FkhA dsaæh—r O;oLFkk esa ,d leku dkuwu

cukdj bu #dkoVksa dks nwj fd;k x;k FkkA

jkT; dh O;oLFkk ds lapkyu ds fy, vkt

dh gh rjg dj dk izko/kku fd;k x;k FkkA bl

dky esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk vkt ls dkQh fHkUu

FkhA vkt dh dsUæh; O;oLFkk esa jkT;ksa ds ikl

dkQh vf/kdkj gSa rFkk vkt turk jk"Vªk/;{k dk

pquko djrh gSA ysfdu og le; jktra= dk le;

FkkA

;;wwjjkkssii ddkk iiqquuttkkZZxxjj..kk

;wjksi esa 17oha 'krkCnh iqutkZxj.k dk dky

FkkA iqutkZxj.k ds ifj.kkeLo#i ijaijkxr fopkjksa

ds LFkku ij vc rdZ vkSj cqf) ds vk/kkj ij

O;oLFkk,a fodflr gksus yxhA blds dkj.k ;wjksi

e/; ;qx ls fudydj vk/kqfud ;qx dh vksj ços'k

dj x;kA bl ;qx esa rdZ ds vk/kkj ij vk/kqfud

O;oLFkk dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZA vk/kqfud O;oLFkk ds

ckjs esa 17oha lnh ds vkjEHk ls ;wjksi esa ,d u;h

'kklu O;oLFkk 'kq: gqbZ ftls QksdkSy us iqfyl

vFkok vuq'kklu dh O;oLFkk dgk gSA lsuk ds

lkFk&lkFk vU; laLFkkvksa tSls f'k{kk rFkk vkarfjd

lqj{kk vkfn dk fodkl gqvkA bl le; dh

vkfFkZd uhfr dks Mercantilism ;k of.kdokn dgk

x;kA of.kdokn dk vFkZ gS dksbZ ns'k vius ns'k esa

de ls de vk;kr djs rFkk vf/kd ls vf/kd

fu;kZr djs] blds fy, ns'k esa vkcknh vf/kd ls

vf/kd gks rFkk lHkh dks dke fn;k tk;A osru

de ls de gksa rFkk oLrqvksa ds nke Hkh de ls

de j[ks tk,¡] ftlls fd mudk fu;kZr dj jk"Vª

ds fy, vf/kd ls vf/kd lksuk dek;k tk ldsA

bl O;oLFkk ds dkj.k ;wjksi esa u,&u, m|ksxksa dk

fodkl gqvk rFkk c<+rs m|ksxksa ds dkj.k ;wjksi esa

'kgjhdj.k rst xfr ls c<+us yxkA 18oha lnh ds

mÙkjk/kZ esa ,d u;h vfkFkZd uhfr gkoh gqbZ ftls

ykus okys HkkSfrdra= ¼Physiocratie½ dgs x,A

fo}kuksa ds ,d lewg }kjk ;g fl)kar fn;k x;k

fd bl O;oLFkk ds varxZr *jk"Vªksa dh laifÙk iwjh

rjg ls *Hkwfe —f"k* ;k *Hkwfe fodkl* ds

ehfM;k eehekalk


ewY; ls yh xbZ Fkh vkSj —f"k mRiknksa dh vR;f/kd

dher gksuh pkfg,A muds fl)kar Ýkal esa iSnk gq,

vkSj 18 oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk/kZ ds nkSjku fo'o Hkj

esa yksdfç; gks x,A HkkSfrdra= 'kk;n vFkZ'kkL= dk

igyk fodflr fl)kar gSA *¼fefej½ muds vuqlkj

;fn ns'k esa vukt dh deh dks nwj djuk gS rks

vukt dh dher de ugha vf/kd gksuh pkfg,]

ftlls fons'kh Hkh vukt cspus ds fy, vkdf"kZr

gksaxsA blds fy, vukt ds O;kikj dks eqä fd;k

x;kA bl O;oLFkk ds varxZr gj O;fä dks NwV

Fkh fd og ogka vukt csps tgka vf/kd ls vf/kd

ykHk feyus dh lEHkkouk gksA vFkkZr ;fn çR;sd

O;fä dks vius ykHk dks vf/kdre djus dh

lqfo/kk nh tk;xh rks mlesa lHkh dk fgr gksxkA

bl O;oLFkk esa 'kklu dks dsoy O;kikfj;ksa ds fgr

dh j{kk djuh FkhA bl çdkj cktkj dk tUe

gqvkA vc ljdkj fu;a=.k u dj dsoy çca/ku

djrh FkhA vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk dekus dks

çkd`frd dgdj ;qä djkj fn;k x;kA

mmnnkkjjookknn ;;kk iiwwaatthhookknn

vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr ds QyLo:i yksxksa esa

vf/kd ls vf/kd /ku dekus dh gksM+ 'kq: gks pqdh

FkhA turk igys rks ppZ vkSj fQj ckn esa jkt'kkgh

dh lÙkk dks udkj pqdh FkhA ubZ lÙkk dks turk

dk jkT; dgk x;k ysfdu laln esa opZLo m|ksx-

ifr;ksa dk FkkA lHkh ns'kksa ds fy, ;g vko';d gks

x;k fd og jkT; ds jktLo dks vf/kd ls vf/kd

c<+k;sA turk dh gh rjg ns'k Hkh vf/kd ls vf/kd

lksuk tksM+us esa yx x, Fks ftlls jkT; vkfFkZd

:i ls le`) gks ldsA 17oha lnh ds e/; esa

;wjksih; jk"Vªksa ds chp ,d laf/k oSLVQsfy;k laf/k

gks pqdh Fkh] ftlds QyLo:i iwjs fo'o esa

;wjksih; jk"Vª viuh dkyksfu;k¡ cuk jgs FksA ;g

laf/k vk/kqfud varjkZ"Vªh; laf/k dh 'kq#vkr ds :i

esa çfl) gSA

lkezkT;oknh 'kfä;ksa dks vius mRiknksa ds

fy, dPpk eky rFkk etnwj pkfg, Fks] ftlds

fy, xqyke ns'kksa esa mUgsa iwjh NwV FkhA vÝhdk ds

ns'kksa ls etnwjksa dks i'kqvksa dh rjg tgktksa esa

Hkjdj vesfjdk vkfn ns'kksa esa ys tk;k tkrk FkkA

vius e'khu ls rS;kj fd, eky dh [kir ds fy,

Hkkjr ds ikjEifjd m|ksx /ka/kksa dks u"V fd;k x;k

FkkA tc 'kks"k.k euq";ksa dk gks jgk Fkk rks ç—fr

ds va/kk/kq¡/k 'kks"k.k ds fy, rks dksbZ jksd&Vksd gksuh

gh ugha FkhA bl lHkh 'kks"k.k dk dsaæ yanu vkfn

cM+s 'kgj FksA blfy, lkezkT;oknh jk"Vªksa dh 'kklu

i)fr Hkh tks fodflr gqbZ og jkt'kkgh ls fHkUu

ugha FkhA QdZ bruk Fkk fd vc fu;a=.k ,d jktk

vkSj mlds ifjokj dk u gksdj m|ksxifr;ksa dk

Fkk tks ;k rks laln esa çR;{k :i esa cSBrs Fks vFkok

vçR;{k :i ls lkalnksa ij fu;a=.k j[krs FksA

m|ksxifr;ksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd /ku dekus dh

Lora=rk ;k fycVhZ pkfg, Fkh] blfy, ubZ

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks liberalism ;k mnkjokn

dgk x;k] ftlds vuqlkj 'kklu dk dke eq[;r%

m|ksxifr;ksa dks 'kks"k.k djus nsuk rFkk ml ywV esa

ls Lo;a ds fy, dqN j[kuk gks x;k FkkA ;g

mnkjokn gh okLro esa iw¡thokn gSA

50

ehfM;k eehekalk


llkkeezzkkTT;;ookknn ddkk nn''kkZZuu

17oha lnh ds vkf[kj esa t‚u y‚d us vius

nks xzaFkksa }kjk lkezkT;okn dks ,d nk'kZfud vk/kkj

fn;kA fdlh Hkh lÙkk ls iwoZ dh fLFkfr dks mUgksusa

ftls state of Nature vFkok çkd`frd jkT; dgkA

bl n'kk esa dkuwu rks gksrs gSa] ysfdu fy[ks u gksus

ds dkj.k lc viuh lksp ls mu dkuwuksa dks ykxw

djrs gSa] ftuds nq"ifj.kkeksa dks lHkh dks Hkqxruk

gh iM+rk gSA jktuhfrd lÙkk ds fy, O;fäxr

rFkk lkewfgd lEifÙk dh lqj{kk t:jh gSA blds

fy, 'kklu dks mfpr dkuwu cukus dk rFkk e`R;q

naM rd nsus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;kA lkFk gh

'kklu dk oS/k gksuk Hkh t:jh gS] blds fy,

'kklu rFkk leqnk; ds chp ,d vuqca/k ;k social

contract dh dYiuk dh x;hA t‚u y‚d ds xzaFkksa

ds ihNs muds nks mís'; Fks %

1- 'kklu ls jktk ,oa mlds ifjokj ds nSfod ,oa

lkoZHkkSe vf/kdkj dks lekIr djuk

2- 'kklu rFkk O;fäxr Lora=rk ds chp ,d

lkeatL; cukuk

Hkkjr esa vaxzsth 'kklu dky ds nkSjku

ftl Hkwfe ij [ksrh gksrh Fkh dsoy mls gh

O;fäxr laifÙk ekuk x;kA vkfnokfl;ksa dh

taxykr dh Hkwfe dks çk—frd voLFkk esa ekuk x;k

ftls dksbZ Hkh ?ksj dj ml ij vf/kdkj dj ldrk

FkkA mlh rjg ;fn dksbZ euq"; ,sls gh ?kwerk ik;k

tk;] ftldk fdlh ns'k ls lEcU/k u gks rks mls

xqyke cuk;k tk ldrk FkkA bl çdkj t‚u ykWd

ds fl)karksa us lkezkT;okn dks ekU;rk çnku dhA

llaaffoo//kkkkuu

vk/kqfud lafo/kku cukus dk dke 18 oha

lnh ds vfUre o"kksaZ esa vesfjdk dh Lora=rk ls

'kq: gqvkA yxHkx mlh le; ÝkUl esa Hkh Økafr

gqbZ vkSj ogk¡ Hkh lafo/kku cuk;k x;kA 19oha lnh

esa vusd ;wjksih; jk"Vªksa ds lafo/kku cusA bu lHkh

jk"Vªksa us vesfjdk] ysfVu vesfjdk ,oa ,f'k;k ds

ns'kksa esa dkyksfu;ka cuk;h gqbZ FkhaA bu fo'o Hkj esa

fc[kjh gqbZ dkyksfu;ksa ds fy, dsaæh—r 'kklu

O;oLFkk vf/kd mi;ksxh FkhA chloha lnh ds e/;

esa vf/kdka'k dkyksfu;ka vktkn gqbZ] ysfdu bu lc

us lkezkT;oknh dsaæh—r lafo/kku dks gh viuk

fy;k FkkA Hkkjr esa Hkh ,slk gh gqvkA

jjkkTT;; OO;;ooLLFFkkkk vvkkSSjj xxkkaa//kkhh

xka/khth dh O;oLFkk Lojkt ds i{k esa gSA

Lojkt vkSj e/;&dkyhu Hkkjr dh lkeqnkf;d

O;oLFkk yxHkx ,d lh gS] ftldk fp=.k

/keZikyth us viuh iqLrd ¼Essay on Tradition

Recovery and Freedom½ esa foLrkj ls fd;k gSA 1760

ls 1770 ds chp caxky] fcgkj] rfeyukMq ds dkQh

cM+s {ks= esa ,slh lkeqnkf;d O;oLFkk,a ekStwn FkhaA

/keZiky th us psaxyiêw rfeyukMq dh ,d

lkeqnkf;d O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls fy[kk gS]

bls ogka ij leqnk;e dgk tkrk FkkA

;g 2000 xk¡oksa dk ,d leqnk; FkkA çR;sd xk¡o

esa ,d lfpoky; gksrk Fkk tks xk¡o ds mRikn]

tehu vkfn dk iwjk ys[kk&tks[kk j[krk FkkA xk¡o

dh viuh iqfyl gksrh FkhA leqnk; ds mRikn ,oa

ehfM;k eehekalk


vk; esa xk¡o ds lHkh dfeZ;ksa dk fgLlk gksrk FkkA

flapkbZ ,oa mlds j[k&j[kko ds fy, Hkh dqN Hkkx

j[kk tkrk FkkA

çR;sd xk¡o esa dqy tehu dk yxHkx NBk

fgLlk ekU;e dgykrk Fkk tks eafnjksa ds fu;a=.k

esa gksrk FkkA bl ij dksbZ Hkh Hkwfeghu [ksrh dj

ldrk Fkk vkSj viuh ethZ ls mRikn dk dqN Hkkx

eafnj dks nsrk FkkA ckdh tehu LorU=e dgykrh

Fkh ftl ij fejklnkj vFkkZr ftudk tehu ij

LFkk;h gd gksrk Fkk os [ksrh djrs FksA LorU=e dh

vk; ls gh xk¡o dh iwjh O;oLFkk pyrh FkhA tehu

ij ekfydkuk gd O;fä dh txg leqnk; dk

gksrk FkkA eafnj f'k{kk ds LFky Hkh ds tgka mudh

vk; ls Nk=ksa ds jgus [kkus dh fu%'kqYd O;oLFkk

gksrh FkhA

çR;sd leqnk; dh ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

Hkh FkhA fdlh Hkh ,d leqnk; esa vusd tkfr;ka]

vkSj fcjknfj;ka gksrh FkhaA budh iwtk i)fr vkSj

iwtk LFky muds ?kj ds ikl Fks] lekt ds dY;k.k

ds fpUru ds fy, o"kZ esa ,d ckj fcjknjh ds dqN

yksx eafnj esa n'kZu ds fy, vkrs Fks vkSj ogka vius

iwtk LFky esa jgrs Hkh Fks] ns'k vkSj leqnk; dh

xfrfof/k;ksa ij ppkZ djrs Fks] ogka ds j[k&j[kko

ds fy, /ku nsrs Fks rFkk eafnj esa vU; fcjknjh

okyksa ls ifjp; djrs FksA ;gk fo}kuksa dk ,d

lewg lnSo lekt ds fgr esa fparu ds fy, LFkkbZ

:i ls jgrk FkkA

xk¡o dh vk; dsoy xk¡o esa gh [kpZ ugha

gksrh Fkh] mldk dqN Hkkx {ks= ds /kkfeZd]

lkaLd`frd] lsuk rFkk jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds

fy, Hkh gksrk FkkA bl çdkj çR;sd xk¡o ,d cM+h

O;kid O;oLFkk dk vax Hkh FkkA xk¡o ls dsUæh;

lÙkk dks tkus okyk /ku 5 ls 10 çfr'kr gksrk FkkA

;g gh xka/khth dh o`Ùkksa dh O;oLFkk Fkh] ftlesa

van:uh o`Ùk viuh Lok;Ùkk dk;e j[krs gq, ckgjh

o`Ùkksa dks mu dkeksa ds fy, lg;ksx djrk Fkk tks

LFkkuh; Lrj ij ugha gks ldrs FksA

uuoo&&mmnnkkjjookknn

f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds ckn fczVsu dh txg

vesfjdk fo'o esa lcls 'kfä'kkyh ns'k cu x;k

FkkA vesfjdk dh çkFkfedrk vc mRiknu ds fy,

cktkj <w¡<us dh txg vius futh cSadksa dh iwath

ds fy, ekdsZV miyC/k djkuk FkkA tqykbZ 1944 esa

vesfjdk us czsVu oqM~l esa ,d lEeysu dk

vk;kstu fd;kA bl lEeysu esa fo'o cSad]

vkbZ,e,Q] rFkk xSV vFkkZr General Agreement

on Trade and Tariff laLFkkvksa dks LFkkfir fd;k

x;k A ;w,uvks ¼UNO½ dh LFkkiuk Hkh yxHkx rHkh

gqbZ FkhA bu laLFkkvksa ds çfr vesfjdh #[k ds ckjs

esa jkscVZ osM us lu 2003 esa vius ,d ys[k esa

fy[kkA

bu oSf'od laLFkkvksa esa vusd ns'kksa ds

'kkfey gksus ls vesfjdk ds oSf'od Iyku dks ,d

ekU;rk feyhA fQj buesa Hkkx ysuk rks vkidk

viuk fu.kZ; gksrk gSA vki lg;ksx rHkh nks tc

fu;e vkids fglkc ls cus gksa vkSj ;fn fu.kZ;

vkidks ilan u vk;s rks vkidks ohVks djus dk

vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg,A

52

ehfM;k eehekalk


ffoo''oo ccSSaadd rrFFkkkk ——ff""kk

lu 1963 esa fo'o cSad ds u, çsflMsaV us

fodflr ns'kksa dh iwath ds fu;kZr ds fy, —f"k {ks=

ij /;ku nsuk 'kq: fd;kA Hkkjr lesr vusd

fodkl'khy ns'k viuh ?kuh vkcknh ds dkj.k *iwath

fu;kZr* ds fy, vPNs cM+s ekdsZV FksA rhljh nqfu;k

ds ns'kksa ij 'kq: ls vius ns'k ds cktkj dks

fons'kh iwath rFkk lkeku ds fy, [kksyus dk ncko

FkkA b/kj QksMZ rFkk jksDQsyj QkmaMs'ku Hkh —f"k

{ks= esa gfjr ØkfUr ij dke dj jgs FksA Hkkjr Hkh

,d fodkl'khy ns'k gS vkSj ;gk¡ dh tehu ds

mitkÅ gksus ls —f"k ges'kk ls Lo;a esa l{ke jgh

gSA Hkkjr esa lfn;ksa rd cht] [kkn vkSj i'kq ds

fy, dqN [kpZ djus dh t:jr gh ugha gksrh FkhA

lÙkj ds n'kd esa gfjr ØkfUr dks viuk;k x;kA

vc jklk;fud ¼Chemical½ [kkn vkSj dhVuk'kd

vk;kr gksus yxs rFkk chtksa ij Hkh [kpZ c<+kA

vfodflr ,oa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vius

m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy, fons'kh mRiknksa ij

lhek&'kqYd yxkuk t:jh FkkA vLlh ds n'kd esa

Hkkjr lesr fo'o ds vusd fodkl'khy ns'kksa ij

fons'kh dtsZ dk Hkkjh cks> gks x;k FkkA vHkh rd

ljdkjsa viuh uhfr;k¡ fcuk fdlh ncko ds Lo;a

cukrh FkhaA ysfdu vc fo'o cSad dk ljdkjh

uhfr;ksa esa gLr{ksi 'kq: gks x;k FkkA

ljdkjh uhfr;ksa esa cnyko dks fo'o cSad

us ns'kksa dks dtZ nsus ls tksM+kA bls gh mUgksaus

Structural Adjustment Program vFkok lSi dgk]

ftlds fy, ljdkjksa dks fuEufyf[kr fgnk;rsa nh

x;ha %&

1- ljdkj vius [kpsZ de djsA ifCyd lsDVj

laLFkkuksa esa vius fuos'k dks de djsA ;gk¡ rd

fd og turk dh LokLF; rFkk vU; ukxfjd

lsokvksa ls Hkh vius dks eqä djsA

2- fons'kh eqæk dekus ij tksj nsuk pkfg, rFkk tks

oLrq tgk¡ miyC/k gS ogka ls vk;kr djuk

pkfg,A

lu 1989 esa :l esa lkE;oknh O;oLFkk dk

var gksus ls uo&mnkjokn ds :i esa iwathokn lu

1991 ls lEiw.kZ fo'o ij gkoh gks x;kA Hkkjr us

Hkh rqjar ykbZlsUl&ijfeV jkt [kRe dj futh {ks=

dks c<+kok nsuk 'kq: fd;kA fiNys nks n'kdksa ds

ç;klksa ls lEiUurk rks vk;h] ijarq dqN fxus&pqus

yksxksa rd lhfer gksdj jg x;h gSA uo mnkjokn

us jk"Vª dh dYiuk dks rgl&ugl fd;k gS vkSj

yxkrkj djs tk jgk gSA iukek isilZ bldk lcwr

gSA

MMCCyyww-VVhh-vvkkss-

bldh LFkkiuk 1 tuojh 1995 esa gqbZA

LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh vesfjdk }kjk yk;s x, Mady

çLrkoksa dks ysdj fookn 'kq: gks x,A Mady

çLrkoksa esa fdlkuksa dks ljdkj }kjk nh tkus okyh

lfClMh ij çfrcU/k FksA Mady çLrkoksa esa isVsaV dk

ekeyk Hkh 'kkfey FkkA ;fn ,d [kkl fdLe ds

cht dh [kkst vejhdk esa gqbZ gS rks ml rjg dk

cht dksbZ vkSj ns'k ugha cuk ldrk gS vkSj ugha

csp ldrk Fkk] tc rd fd og ns'k vejhdk ls

mldk ykblsal u ysA ;s isVsaV chl o"kZ dh vof/k

ds fy, gksrs FksA

ehfM;k eehekalk


fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fo'o cSad ds bu gLr{ksiksa ls

—f"k {ks= esa vkt dqN fons'kh oSf'od daifu;ksa dk

opZLo gks x;k gS %

• fo'o ds 90 çfr'kr [kk|ku O;kikj ij dsoy 5

daifu;ksa dk vf/kdkj gSA

• fo'o ds dhVuk'kd O;kikj dk 75 çfr'kr dsoy

6 daifu;ksa ds vf/kdkj esa gSA

• is: ds nw/k O;kikj dk 80 çfr'kr dsoy ,d

cgq jk"Vªoknh dEiuh ds gkFk esa gSA

cgq&jk"Vªh; daifu;ka ,d vkSj çdkj ls

jk"Vªksa ij dCtk djrh gSaA fo'o ds çk;% lHkh ns'kksa

esa pquko gksrs gSa] ftuds fy, usrkvksa dks /ku dh

vko';drk gksrh gSA cgq&jk"Vªh; daifu;ka bldk

Hkh Qk;nk mBkrh gSaA vkt cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ka

cgqr 'kfä'kkyh gSa vkSj 'kklu esa iwjk gLr{ksi

djrh gSaA

lleekkttookknn

if'pe dk ;g 'kks"k.k dkyksfu;ksa ds

vykok muds vius ukxfjdksa dk Hkh gqvk ftlds

fojks/k esa 19oha lnh esa dkyZ ekdZ~l us ,d

Økafrdkjh fl)kar lektokn dh ckr dhA mUgksaus

rks ;gk¡ rd dgk fd ns'k esa iw¡thokfn;ksa dh txg

etnwjksa ,oa fdlkuksa dk jkt gks tk,xkA blh

fl)kar ij 1917 esa :l esa Økafr ds ckn dE;qfuLV

ikVhZ dk 'kklu LFkkfir gqvkA ysfdu 1989 esa

cfyZu dh nhokj fxjus ds ckn vkSj lksfo;r la?k

ds fo?kVu ds ckn lektokn ds fl)kar dks foQy

djkj dj fn;k x;kA rks ç'u mBrk gS fd lek-

tokn foQy D;ksa gqvk vkSj ç—fr ,oa euq"; nksuksa

ds 'kks"k.k ij vk/kkfjr iw¡thokn D;ksa fot;h gqvk\

okLro esa iw¡thokn fueZe gSA og fdlh vkSj

fopkj/kkjk dks iuius gh ugha nsxkA mlus lek-

tokn dks :lh Økafr ds le; Hkh Hkwz.k esa gh

lekIr djus dk ç;kl fd;k FkkA iw¡thokn Li/kkZ

fojks/kh dks usLrukcwn dj ds gh ne ysrk gSA

Winner Takes All vFkkZr gkjus okys ds fy, dqN

ugha] gh mldk fl)kar gSA ;su&dsu çdkjs.k

fot; gh mldk y{; gksrk gSA ;g cktkjokn dk

;qx gSA blesa fot;h ogh gksrk ftlds ikl vf/kd

iw¡th gksrh gSA ubZ rduhdh esa Hkh ogh fuos'k dj

ldrk gS ftlds ikl vf/kd iwath gksxh] D;ksafd

tc rd çkstsDV lQy ugha gksrk] mlesa /ku

yxkuk gksrk gSA de iw¡th okyk rks ekdsZV esa viuh

xk¡B ds iSls Hkh x¡ok nsrk gSA

fo'o esa iw¡thokn ds pyrs Hkkjr tSls fod-

kl'khy ns'kksa esa] eq[;r% xjhcksa dh eqf'dyksa dks

le>k tk ldrk gSA if'pe us fiNys nks lkS o"kksaZ

esa iwathokn ds fl)karksa ds vk/kkj ij gh viuh

O;oLFkk dks cuk;k gSA ekdsZV esa ogh fcdrk gS tks

pedrk gSA blfy, jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa ds chp

lÙkk ds la?k"kZ esa iSlk pyrk gSA vf/kd ls vf/kd

/ku dekus ds fy, O;fä dh nch ls nch bPNk

dks mHkkjk tkrk gS] pkgs og fdruh gh vuSfrd

D;ksa u gksA O;fä gh ugha lqj{kk midj.kksa dks cspus

ds fy,] jk"Vªk/;{kksa ,oa turk dh vlqj{kk dh

Hkkouk dks Hkh gok nh tkrh gS] pkgs mlls yk[kksa

csxqukgksa dh tkusa tk,A

fo'o cktkj ij dCtk djus ds fy,

fodflr ns'kksa esa gksM+ 'kq: gqbZA if'peh jk"Vªksa ds

54

ehfM;k eehekalk


bl ;q) dks 'khr;q) dgk x;kA ;g ;q) viuk

lkeku cspus ds fy, cktkj ij viuk opZLo cukus

dk ;q) FkkA blds fy, if'peh jk"Vªksa us oSf'od

laLFkkvksa fo'o cSad] la;qä jk"Vª la?k vkfn dks

LFkkfir fd;k] ftu ij vçR;{k :i ls if'pe dh

cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk vf/kdkj FkkA phu esa Hkh

dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk jkT; gSA ysfdu vLlh ds

n'kd esa vesfjdk us :l ds fo#) 'khr;q) esa phu

dk mi;ksx fd;k] ftldk phu us Hkh Hkjiwj Qk;nk

mBk;k vkSj og vkt ,d fo'o 'kfä cu x;k gSA

iw¡thokn vkSj lektokn fodkl dh uhfr;k¡ FkhaA

,d uhfr ds ewy esa 'kks"k.k Fkk blfy, U;k;ijd

ugha gks ldrh FkhA nwljh uhfr çfrfØ;k Lo:i

vk;h Fkh ftlesa O;fäxr Lrj dh Li/kkZ dks lekIr

dj fn;k x;k FkkA iwjh O;oLFkk ukSdj'kkgh ij

vk/kkfjr FkhA muds Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k turk dks

U;k; ugha feyrk FkkA iw¡thokn dh ekfdZV dh

ladYiuk esa Li/kkZ *likV* tehu ij gksuh pkfg,A

ysfdu iw¡thokn fdlh vkSj çfr}anh vkSj fopkj/kkjk

dks iuius gh ugha ns ldrkA blfy, 'kklu ls

xBtksM+ dj ekdsZV esa viuk opZLo cukrk gSA

,,ddkkRRee eekkuuooookknn

Hkkjr esa vktknh ds ckn lektokn tSlh

gh fodkl uhfr dks viuk;k x;kA ljdkjh {ks= esa

iwjh rjg ls fu;kstu dj cM+s&cM+s m|ksx yxk,

x, blfy, fodkl nj cgqr /kheh jghA ns'k ij

fons'kh dtZ dk cks> Hkh c<+rk tk jgk FkkA lu

1990 esa vpkud ns'k us fn'kk cnyh vkSj iw¡thokn

dk lekos'k dj futhdj.k dks c<+kok fn;k x;kA

fiNys dqN o"kksaZ esa dqN ljdkjh m|ksxksa dks xfr

nsus ds fy, futh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+k;k x;k gSA

iaå nhun;ky mik/;k; dks 1951 esa

tula?k dk vf[ky Hkkjrh; egkea=h fu;qDr fd;k

x;kA vFkkZr og tula?k ds ewy fopkj ds cht:Ik

FksA ,dkRe ekuookn ds vius fl)kar dks ikVhZ ds

le{k mUgksaus 1965 ds fot;okM+k vf/kos'ku esa

j[kkA bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj O;fä dks vkfFkZd

:i esa l'kä djus ls gh og ns'k vkSj fo'o ds

fodkl esa ;ksxnku dj ldrk gSA O;fä ds bl

l`tukRed dk;Z esa ç—fr ls rknkRE; cgqr t:jh

gSA jk"Vª }kjk lekt ds vkf[kjh O;fä rd

igqapuk gh mudk vUR;ksn; dk;ZØe gSA mudk

Li"V er Fkk fd fcuk xjhc ds dY;k.k ds dksbZ

Hkh yksdra= thfor ugha jg ldrk gSA

yksdra= dSlk gksuk pkfg, blds fy,

iafMr th }kjk fn;k x;k n’kZu rFkk mudk thou

lHkh ds fy, izsj.kk dk fo"k; gSA tkSuiqj yksdlHkk

pquko esa iafMr th viuh lkekU; fo}r ’kSyh esa

yksxksa dks lacksf/kr djrs Fks rks dqN yksxksa us mUgsa

dgk tc rd jktuhfr esa udkjkRed ckrsa ugha

djsaxs rc rd turk vkdf"kZr ugha gksxh rFkk ge

gkj Hkh ldrs gSaA iafMr th us rqjar mRrj fn;k

fd ;fn ,slk gS rks eq>s gkjuk ilan gS ysfdu eSa

fdlh Hkh izdkj ls O;fDrxr vkykspuk dk fojks/kh

gwaA ,d lQy yksdra= ds fy, ;g O;ogkj

jktuSfrd nyksa ds dk;ZdrkZvksa esa gksuk pkfg,A

iafMr th dk iwjk thou gh jktuSfrd n’kZu gSA

tks vkn’kZ yksdra= dh LFkkiuk ds fy, lHkh ds

ehfM;k eehekalk


fy, izsj.kk iznku djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA orZeku

ljdkj ds nhun;ky vUR;ksn;] LoPN Hkkjr vkfn

vfHk;ku blh fn'kk esa dne gSaA

ia- nhun;ky th dk ,dkRe ekuookn dk

fl)kar osn lEer gSA Hkkjr ges'kk ls _f"k;ksa dk

ns'k jgk gS] ftuds ckjs esa os fy[krs gSa] *Hkæa

i';fUr _"k;%* vFkkZr _f"k og gS tks fdlh O;fä

vFkok leqnk; ds fy, ugha cfYd lcds dY;k.k

dh dkeuk djrk gSA Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh ;K]

iwtk&ikB vkfn ds ek/;e ls çR;sd ifjokj ,oa

O;fä rd igqapk tkrk gSA orZeku ljdkj

dsaæh;—r O;oLFkk dks dk;e j[krs gq, mijksä

vjktuSfrd O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx dj ,dkRe

ekuookn ij vk/kkfjr vius dk;ZØeksa dk csgrj

fØ;kUou dj ldrh gSA xka/khth us vius lR;kxzg

dk;ZØeksa esa lk/kq&laU;kfl;ksa dh enn yh FkhA

• Security, Territory, Population,; Michel Foucault; LECTURES AT THE COLLÈGE DE FRANCE,1977-78.

• The Birth_of Biopolitics, Michel Foucault; Edited by Michel Senellart, General Editors: Frans:ois Ewald and Alessandro Fontana; LECTURES AT THE COLLEGE DE FRANCE,1978-79

• The world’s World Bank problem; Robert Wade; Open Democracy, 10 July 2007.

• How Tax Havens Are Misused by the Rich and Powerful; Economic and Political Weekly, April 9, 2016

• Final GATT Agreement, An Assessment; V M Tarkunde, Economicand Political Weekly

September 3, 1994

• Palmer,C. Perkins, International Relations, 3rd Edition,CBS, 2001

• Easton, David. A System Analysis of Political life, University of Chicago Press, 1979

• Dharampal, Essays on Tradition] Recovery and Freedom, Other India Press Mapusa 403 507,Goa, India, 2000

• Basu, Ratan Lal, Kautilyas Arthasastra (300 B.C.), Economic Ideas, Smashwords Edition, 2011

• feJk] MkW- fouksn] ia- nhun;ky dk ,dkRe ekuookn n’kZu] 2007

• flag] vejthr] eSa nhun;ky mik/;k; cksy jgk gwwa] izHkkr izdk’ku]

• Hkkjrh; jktuhfr] lafo/kku ,oa iz’kklfud lajpuk] nwjLFk yfuZax izksxzke] n`f"V] n fot+u]

dksM % MPPM03

• fefej] fgUnh dk fo’o dks"k] n fot+u] dksM % MPPM03

https://mimirbook.com/hi/fa5c9d312f5 ¼rnkuqlkj 28 uoacj 2020½

lanHkZ llwph

56

ehfM;k eehekalk


dksfoM&19 ds nkSj esa fizaV ehfM;k dh pqukSfr;ka

MkW- vk'kh"k f}osnh

llkkjjfdlh le; teZu fo}ku tqjxu gScjekl

us yksdo`Rr ;kuh îfCyd LQh;j^ dh ftlvo/kkj.kk dks tUe fn;k Fkk] lks'ky ehfM;k us mlslkdkj :i ns fn;k gSA lks'ky usVodZ ,d rjgds dkWQh gkml dh rjg dke dj jgs gSa tgka yksxvius dks vla[; rjhds ls dE;qfudsV dj jgs gSaAfiNys dqN lkykas esa lks'ky ehfM;k ds IysVQkWeZijaijkxr ehfM;k ds lkeus ,d cM+h pqukSrh cudjmHkjs gSaA [kkldj fizaV ehfM;k ds lkeusA mldkcM+k vlj ;g gqvk fd fiNys ,d n'kd esa fizaVehfM;k dk ,d cM+k ek/;e eSxthu rks ifjn`';ls yxHkx xk;c gh gks x;kA ogha v[kckjksa ds izfrHkh ubZ ih<+h dk #>ku cgqr rsth ls de gqvk gSSAdksfoM&19 ds nkSjku rks v[kckjksa esa dksjksukok;jl dh ,d vQokg ds pyrs ns'k Hkj esa mudsizlkj ij dkQh vlj gqvk gSA ftlls fizaV ehfM;kvHkh rd ugha mcjk gSA vke vkneh us v[kckj lsnwfj;ka cukuk 'kq: dj nha vkSj og lwpukvksa dsfy, lks'ky ehfM;k ij fuHkZj gks x;kA bl ek/;edh lcls cM+h [kwch ;g Fkh fd blus lHkh dksviuh ckr dgus vkSj fopkj lk>k djus dk eapiznku fd;kA ,d rjg ls ;g îfCyd Qksje^ ds:i esa gekjs lkeus gS tks lekt ds ml oafpr oxZdh vkokt cudj mHkjk ftldh fdlh vkSj eapij dHkh lquokbZ ugha gqbZA lks'ky ehfM;k fdlcls cM+h [kwch pwafd mldk ^baVjsfDVo^ gksuk gSblfy, Hkh ;g iajijkxr ehfM;k dh rqyuk esaT;knk yksdfiz; gks x;kA

bl ckr esa dksbZ nks jk; ugha fd gky dscjlksa esa lwpuk vkSj bldh izkS|kSfxdh ds {ks= esa;q) Lrj ij ifjorZu vk;s gSaA bu ifjorZuksa dhxfr Hkh yxkrkj rst gksrh tk jghs gSA lwpuk Økafrds fodkl ds lkFk gh fo'o Hkj esa eqDr vFkZO;oLFkkdh vksj mUeq[k uomnkjoknh vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dkizHkqRo Hkh dk;e gqvk gS vkSj blds }kjkHkwe.Myhdj.k dh izfØ;k us vius ikao tek, gSaSAopZqvy fj;fYkVh ds fl)kardkj ysfu;j us fy[kkgS fd ûgha] ugha] ugha ns[kks opZqvy fj;fyVh gekjsckgjh txr ij vlj Mkyrh gSA gekjs vkarfjdtaxr ij vlj ugha MkyrhA rqe blesa je.k djldrs gks] ;g Li"Vr% laØe.k'khy gSA rqe bldhphtksa dk nq#i;ksx ugha dj ldrs^ ,d tekuk Fkktc opZqvy fj;fyVh gkf'k;s ij Fkh ysfdu vktdsanz esa gS A og opZLo LFkkfir fd, fcuk viukfodkl ugha djrhA lks'ky ehfM;k ij vki flQZikBd vkSj n'kZd ugha gSa cfYd ltZd Hkh gSa]ys[kd Hkh gSa] ogka vius dke dks tSlk pkgs vatkens ldrs gaSA

fizaV ehfM;k ds le{k igys fnu ls ghmlds vfLrRo dks ysdj dbZ rjg dh pqukSfr;kajgha gSaA mldks vktknh ds igys vius mn;dkyls gh ljdkjh dksiHkktu] dkyss & dkuwwuksa vkSjvkfFkZd ladV ls nks & pkj gksuk iM+k gSA vktknhds ckn Hkh gkykr dqN cgqr vPNs ughsa jgsAvkikrdky ds le; esa Hkh lkjs v[kckjksas ijljdkj dh lsaljf'ki Fkh rCk Hkh fdlh us ;gloky ughsa fd;k fd D;k fizaV ehfM;k viuk otwn

cht 'kCn & lks'ky ehfM;k] ykWdMkmu] czkMcSaM] dksjksuk ok;jl] LØhu Vkbe] fizaV ehfM;kA

* funs'kd] bad ehfM;k baLVhV~;wV vkWQ ekl dE;qfuds'ku ,aM vkbZ-Vh-] lkxj ¼e-iz-½

ehfM;k eehekalk


dk;e j[k ik,xk \ vkSj ;g loky rc Hkh ughamBk tc Vsyhfotu ds vkus ckn lekpkj i=ksa ijladV ds ckny Nk x, FksA ysfdu dksfoM & 19ds nkSj essa ftl rjg yksxkas dk /;ku cgqr rsth lsVssyhfotu vkSj eksckby LØhu ij tkus yxk vkSjmlh Øe essa v[kckjksa ls eksgHkax gksus yxk rks,dckjxh ;gh yxk fd ;g fizaV ehfM;k dk cgqrcqjk nkSj gSA

fpark rc vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrh gS tc Hkkjrds v[kckjksa dh lcls cM+h laLFkk bafM;u U;wtisij lkslk;Vh dh fjiksVZ dgrh gS fd 2020 dsvar rd fizaV ehfM;k baMLVªh dks djhc nks vjcMkWyj dk uqdlku gqvk gSA ,sls esa cM+k iz'umHkjdj vkrk gS fd lekpkj i=ksa dks ;fn viukvfLrROk cpk, j[kuk gS rks yksxksa dks lks'kyehfM;k ds eksgtky ls fudkyuk gksxkA ysfduloky ;g gS fd og bls dSls dj ik,axs \ fdlhle; ekuk tkrk Fkk fd oLrqfu"Brk vkSj rVLFkrkfdlh Hkh v[kckj dk ewy gS ijUrq vkt ds le;;s nksuksa vPNkbZ;ka gh v[kckj dh detksfj;ka curhtk jgha gSaA vkt dk ikBd gj [kcj ds lkFk dghau dgha dksbZ ,axy pkgrk gS ftlls mldkn`f"Vdks.k >ydsA likV 'kCnksa esa dg ldrs gaS fddksbZ Hkh [kcj fdlh ds ikys esa [kM+h fn[krh gks]fojks/k ds ;k leFkZu ds fcuk og [kcj vkxs c<+rhugha fn[krhA fMftVy ehfM;k ij ;g vfHk;kuvkidks Li"V utj vkrs gSaA ,d cM+k ladVv[kckjksa ds lkFk ;g Hkh gS fd og ,d cM+h baMLVªhdk :i ys pqdk gSA ftldk ,d cM+k vk/kkjHkwrcqfu;knh <kaPkk gS] dqN&dqN ,d gkFkh dh rjgftldh gj fnu dh Hkjiwj [kqjkd gSA gtkjksadeZpkfj;ksa] fizafVx gkml] Hkou] e'khusa lHkh dqNblesa 'kkfey gSaA bu lcdk izca/ku djuk Hkhvklku dke ugha gSA

Hkkjr esa vf/kdak'k v[kckj ;fn gkaQrs gq,py jgs gSa rks mldh otg Hkh ;gh gS fd os reke

rjg ds izca/kdh; pkrq;Z ds ckn Hkh uqdlku esa ghtk jgs gSaA bl lcds ckotwn dqN ckrsa gSa tksv[kckj ds i{k esa tkrh gSa ftlesa lcls vOOky gS&fo'oluh;rkA tSlk fd e'kgwj v[kckj ^xkfMZ;u^dh laiknd dSFkjhu fouj crkrh gSa * ,d v[kckjiw.kZ gS] ;g vius vki esa iDdk gS] fuf'pr gS]blds foijhr fMftVy lekpkj dks yxkrkjviMsV fd;k tkrk gS] la'kksf/kr vkSj ifjofrZrfd;k tkrk gSA dSFkjhu dgrh gSa fd ;gh iw.kZrkv[kckjkssa dh rkdr gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ij lekp-kjksa dks ijkslus ds dbZ ra= fodflr gksus yxs gSaAbl izfØ;k dks ^MkWfDlax^ dgrs gSa ftlesa fdlhfuth vfHk;ku ds fy, lks'ky ehfM;k VwYl fdenn ls VSDLV] ohfM;ks] MkD;wesaV dk bLrseky dj[kcj tSlh fn[kus okyh lkexzh rS;kj dh tkrh gSA;g tks MkWfDlax dh izfØ;k gS] lekpkj i=ksa dslkeus ,d cM+h pqukSrh cudj mHkjh gSA bldsvykok lks'ky ehfM;k ij pyus okys ohfM;ksCykWx] eSlsftax xzqi] U;wt ,i] ,Iyhds'ku Hkh gSaAubZ ih<+h ds le{k budk viuk izHkko gSA lh/khckr ;g fd ;fn fizaV ehfM;k dks ehfM;k ds cktkjesa jguk gS rks og dsoy vius ijaijkxr Lo:i]fjiksfVZax] ,fMfVax ds ne ij ugha oju fMftVyra= dh] le> ls tqM+ dj vius esa cnyko djukgksxkA

iizzLLrrkkoouukk

dksfoM&19 ds dkj.k ns'k Hkj esa djhc rhuekg pys ykWdMkmu ds nkSj esa cPPkksa ls ysdj cM+kasrd dk LØhu Vkbe dkQh c<+ x;kA tc iwjhnqfu;k esa lks'ky fMLVsaflax dh ckr gks jgh Fkh rcyksx lks'ky ehfM;k ls tqM+dj }kjk ,d nwljs dsvkSj djhc vk jgs FksA ,d fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcdykWdMkmu ds nkSjku nqfu;k dh djhc vk/khvkcknh lks'ky ehfM;k ij lfØ; jghA

58

ehfM;k eehekalk


;g fjiksVZ crkrh gS fd iwjh nqfu;k esa lks'kyehfM;k ij ,fDVo yksxksa dh la[;k djhc 400djksM+ gSA yanu dh fjlpZ QeZ Xykscy osc baMsDlus Hkh 18 ns'kksa esa lks'ky ehfM;k ij losZ fd;kftlls ;g irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjr ds yksx igysds eqdkcys lks'ky ehfM;k ij 59 izfr'kr T;knkle; fcrk jgs FksA blus lks'ky ehfM;k dk lclsT;knk bLrseky djus okys VkWi 10 ns'kksa dh lwphtkjh dh ftlesa Hkkjr nwljs uacj ij jgkA

lks'ky ehfM;k ds reke IysVQkWeZ pkgsQslcqd gks] V~foVj gks] OgkVl,i ;k cPPkksa dsxsfeax ,iA ifCyd Vhoh dgs tkus okys ;wV~;wc dksHkh [kwc ns[kk x;kA ns'k vkSj nqfu;k ds rktkgkykr dks tkuus ds lkFk vius 'kgj vkSjvklikl dh ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh ds fy, Hkhlks'ky ehfM;k ij fuHkZjrk c<+us yxhA pwafd bufnuksa *odZ Ýke gkse*a dk Hkh dYpj fodflr gqvk]blfy, Hkh yksxksa us ?kjksa es jgdj viuk dke ;krks eksckby ;k ysiVkWi ds lgkjs gh fd;kA vizSyesa vkbZ gSEkjdkWIQ daaaaaaT;wej losZ dh fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd ykWdMkmu ds nkSjku 'kq#vkrh ,d g¶rsesa gh Hkkjrh;ksa esa lks'ky ehfM;k dk bLrseky 87izfr'kr rd c<+ x;k FkkA

igys yksx lks'ky ehfM;k ij tgkavkSlru 150 feuV fcrkrs Fks] ysfdu ykWdMkmuds nksSjku ;s 280 feUkV rd tk igqapkA losZ dgrk gS fd bl nkSjku baVjusV czkmftax esa72 izfr'kr rd btkQk gqvkA dSVj dalfYVaxdaiuh dk ,d losZ Hkh crkrk gS fd nqfu;k Hkj esaOgkWV~,li dk bLrseky 40 izfr'kr rd c<+ x;kAtgka rd xsfeax dh ckr gS rks jkW;VlZ dh ,dfjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ykWdMkmu ds nkSjku xseMkWmuyksM djhc 40 izfr'kr rd c<++ x,A V~foVjbafM;k ds ,eMh us ,d lk{kkRdkj esa ekuk fdykWdMkmu esa muds ,fDVo ;wtlZ dh la[;k esa 24izfr'kr rd btkQk gqvkA lks'ky ehfM;k ds

IysVQkWeZ dk mi;ksx djus esa izR;sd ns'k vkSjizR;sd oxZ ds yksxksa esa vizR;kf'kr o`f) gqbZA Hkkjresa bldk vanktk blh ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrkgS fd ge baVjusV LIkhM esa 141 ns'kkas dh lwphesa 128 oas ik;nku ij vk fxjs] ;g n'kkZrk gS fdHkkjr esa dksfoM&19 ds nkSjku fdl rjg lks'kyehfM;k IysVQkWeZ vkSj baVjusV lsokvksa dk bLrsekyfd;k x;kA

fctusl VqMs dh 30 ekpZ 2020 dks izdkf'kr ,d fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd dksjksuk ok;jl dsnkSjku lks'ky ehfM;k ds mi;ksx esa 87 izfr'krrd dh o`f) ntZ dh xbZA vke Hkkjrh; 'kq#vkrhnkSj esa gh djhc pkj ?kaVs Qslcqd vkSj OgkWV~,liij fcrk jgk FkkA

''kkkkss//kk ddss mmÌÌss'';; &&

bl 'kks/k i= dk mÌs'; ;g tkuuk gS fdfdl rjg ykWdMkmu ds nkSjku lks'ky ehfM;k usyksxksa dks viuk ,fMDV cuk fy;kA bl ckr esadksbZ nks jk; ugha gS fd ykWdMkmu ds djhc lkSfnu gj fdlh ds fy, eqf'dy Hkjs FksA lks'kyehfM;k ds vR;kf/kd mi;ksx dh otg ls dbZ yksxblds ,fMDV gks x,] os lks'ky ehfM;k cuZvkmVds f'kdkj rd gks x,A

blh dks vk/kkj cukdj ;g tkuus dkiz;kl gS fd lks'ky ehfM;k us fdl rjg yksxksadks O;Lr j[kk] mudks lwpuk,a Hkh feyrh jgha] osviuk xqckj Hkh fudkyrs jgs vkSj euksjatu Hkhdjrs jgsA fcanqckj blds mÌs';kas dks bl rjgle> ldrs gSaA1- ykWdMkmu esa cPpksa dk LØhu Vkbe fdruk c<+k

vkSj daifu;ka dkSu ls u;s xsfeax ds ,i o Qhpj ykbaZ \

2- D;k lks'ky ehfM;k us fizaV ehfM;k ds le{k cM+h pqukSrh [kM+h dj nh gSA

ehfM;k eehekalk


''kkkkss//kk ffooff//kkbl 'kks/k i+= dks rS;kj djrs le;

voyksdu] fo'ys"k.k vkSj losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksxfd;k x;k gSA

''kkkkss//kk llkkeexxzzhh'kks/k lkexzh ds rkSj ij v[kckjksa esa

izdkf'kr fjiksVZ] fofHkUu losZ ,tsafl;ksa }kjk fd,x, losZ{k.k vkSj yksxksa ls gqbZ ckrphr dks vk/kkjcuk;k gSA

dksjksukdky esa fizaV ehfM;k dks lclsT;knk uqdlku dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ykWdMkmuds dkj.k v[kckjksa dk izlkj u gksuk] v[kckjksa lssdksjksuk QSyus dh vQokg vkSj foKkiunkrkvksa}kjk foKkiu u nsus ds dkj.k v[kckjksa dk vkfFkZd<kapk Hkh cqjh rjg pjejk x;kA vizSy ds igyslIrkg esa gh e/;izns'k ds 300 ls vf/kd NksVs vkSje>ksys v[kckjksa us vius & vius v[kckj LFkk;h:i ls Nkiuk can dj fn;kA vdsys e/;izns'k dhckr djsa rks izns'k esa tulaidZ foHkkx esa iathd`rdqy 670 v[kckjksa dks ljdkjh foKkiu feyrs gSaftuesa ls 287 vdsys gh Hkksiky ls gh izdkf'krgksrs Fks ysfdu fLFkfr bruh [kjkc gks x;h Fkh 52ftyksa essa ls 95 Qhlnh ftyksa esa bl rjg dsv[kckj Niuk can gks x;sA

fganqLrku VkbEl ds ,fMVj bu phQlqdqekj jaxukFku us dgk fd dksjksukdky esa eqacbZds djhc 80 Qhlnh v[kckjksa esas viuk izdk'kujksd fn;kA muds vuqlkj blds rhu cM+s dkj.kFksA igyk] ;g fujk/kkj vQokg fd v[kckjlaØfer gksrs gSaA nwljk] v[kckjkas dk gkFkksa&gkFkcaVuk eqf'dy gks jgk Fkk D;ksafd vikVZesaVlkslk;Vh us ckgjh cSaMjks dks vkus ls euk dj fn;kFkkA rhljk v[kckj ckaVus okys gWkdlZ dks iqfylus ijs'kku djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA fganw ds ekdZsfVax

,DthD;wfVo us ekuk fd ge fu;fer :i lsv[kckj fizaV ugha dj ik jgs gSa D;ksafd os ?kjksa rdugha igaqp jgs] bldk eryc ;gh gqvk fd foKkiuHkh r; la[;k rd ?kjksa rd ugha igqap jgsA tEewds ,d v[kckj foØsrk us lekpkj ,tsalh ,,uvkbZdks crk;k fd ge dksjksuk ds igys 70 ls 80 gtkjv[kckj cspk djrs Fks og la[;k ?kVdj 15 gtkjij vk xbZA dksydkrk esa Hkh v[kckjksa dh fcØh 80Qhlnh rd fxj xbZ] ;gka Hkh T;knkrj lkslk;Vhesa gkWdlZ dks tkus dh vuqefr ugha FkhA ns'kHkj esadbZ v[kckj ;k rks vius bZ&otZu] ihMh,Q Qkby;k fQj U;wt ,i ds tfj;s yksxksa rd igqap jgsFksA ftuesa fganw] fganqLrku VkbEl] bafM;u ,Dlizsl]yksder] nSfud HkkLdj] ns'kca/kq tSls cM+s v[kckj'kkfey jgsA

lks'ky ehfM;k dk fdl rjg fizaV ehfM;kij vlj gqvk mls le>us ds fy, vyx&vyxlosZ fjiksVZ dk v/;;u djuk t:jh gSA blls irkpyrk gS fd fdl rjg ykWdMkmu ds 'kq:vkrhnkSj ls gh yksxksa us fizaV ehfM;k ls ukrk rksM+djlks'ky ehfM;k ds u;s&u;s IysVQkWeZ ls tqM+uk 'kq:dj fn;k FkkA LVsfVLdk dh 30 ekpZ 2020 dks vkbZfjiksVZ ;g crkrh gS fd ykWdMkmu ds igys lIrkgesa gh yksxksa ds vkWuykbu ohfM;ks ns[kus esa 60Qhlnh rd dk bTkkQk gks x;kA ogh Vsyhfotu'kks vkSj ewoht ns[kus esa 57 izfr'kr dh c<+ksÙjhgqbZA ogha ,d vU; lks'ky losZ lkbV gkWVlwV dseqrkfcd igys dh rqyuk esa yksx lks'ky ehfM;kij 43 izfr'kr le; T;knk fcrk jgs FksA

eSlsatj lfoZl vkSj E;qftd lfoZl ijØe'k% 42 vkSj 37 Qhlnh le; T;knk nsus yxsA,d losZ{k.k yksxksa fd mez dks iSekuk cukdj fd;kx;k ftlesa ik;k x;k fd 16 ls 24 o"kZ dh vk;qds 58 Qhlnh yksx lks'ky ehfM;k ls tqM+s jgs ogha55 ls 64 vk;qoxZ ds yksxksa essa lks'ky ehfM;k lstqM+ko dk izfr'kr 32 jgkA

60

ehfM;k eehekalk


yykkWWddMMkkmmuu ddss nnkkSSjjkkuu 558822 HHkkkkjjrrhh;;kkssaa iijj ffdd,, xx,, lloossZZ ddhh ffjjiikkssVVZZ

lzksr% gkVlwV loZs& tqykbZ 2020 lzksr% gkVlwV loZs& vizSy 2020

lkj.kh Øekad&1 lkj.kh Øekad&2

llkkss''kkyy eehhffMM;;kk ddss uu,, IIyyssVVQQkkWWeeZZ&&Qslcqd us ohfM;ks dkWfyax dh fMekaM dks ns[krsgq, viuk [kqn dk ohfM;ks dkWfyax Qhpj eSlsatj,Il ykWUp fd;kA bl ,Ik ds tfj, ;wtlZ ,dlkFk ipkl yksxksa ls ohfM;ks dkWUÝsal dj ldrsgSaA bl ,i dh [kkl ckr ;g gS fd ;wtj ds iklQslcqd vdkmaV gks ;k u gks rc Hkh vki eSlsatj,Il ls dusDV gks ldsaxsA

ohfM;ks dkWUÝsal ,Il dks VDdj nsus dsfy, OgkV~l,i esa vius ohfM;ks dkWfyax Qhpj dksvixzsM fd;k gSA vc bl ,i ds tfj, ,d ckjesa vf/kd ;wtlZ ls dusDV fd;k tk ldsxkAtcfd igys blesa pkj ;wtlZ gh dusDV gks ikrsFksA

dksjksuk ds pyrs lks'ky ehfM;k us Hkhvius Lo:Ik esa dbZ ifjoZru fd,A tSls gh ,fDVo;wtlZ dh la[;k esa btkQk gksus yxkA Qslcqd usmlds vuqlkj gh vius dks viMsV djuk 'kq: djfn;kA tc MCY;w,pvks us ;g lykg nh fd yksxvdsysiu ls cpus ds fy, ohfM;ks xse [ksyas rks dbZdaifu;ksa us vius ,Ik ykap djuk 'kq: dj fn,A;g vyx ckr gS fd ;gh MCY;w,pvks igys blrjg ds *xsfeax fMlkWMZj* dks ,d chekjh ekurkFkkA ykWdMkmu ds pkSFks lIrkg esa Qslcqd us [kqndk Ýh xsfeax IysVQkWeZ ykap fd;k FkkA

Qslcqd ds vykok xsEl baMLVªh ls tqM+hVkWi xsfeax dalksy daifu;ksa us Hkh viuk :[k

cnydj nqfu;k Hkj esa eq¶r xsEl ds IysVQkWeZ nsuk'kq: fd;kA Tkkikuh daiuh fuafVaMks ds xsfeaxdaalksy fLop dh ekax esa dksjksuk egkekjh ds cknls rsth vkbZ gSA ftlds pyrs daiuh us djhc 2-5 djksM+ ls T;knk fMokbl cuk,A lcls e'kgwjxse esa 'kkfey ,fuey Økflax% U;w gkWjkbtu gSAbl xse dh fcØh esa fjdkWMZ btkQk gqvkA oghaekbØkslkW¶V ds xsfeax IysVQkWeZ ,DlckWDl us vesfjdk esa dksfoM&19 QaM esa nku djus dk u;krjhdk fudkykA blesa xsEklZ [ksydj gkfly fd,ikabV~l nku djsaxs] ftlds cnys ekbØkslkWa¶V QaMesa MkylZ nku djsxkA gkykafd blus dksbZ Hkh ÝhxsEl ykap ugha fd;kA lksuh IysVQWkeZ us ;wtlZ dkspkj xsEl eq¶r nsus dk QSlyk fd;kA HHkkkkjjrr ddkk xxssEEll eekkddssZZVV &&

,d fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd dsoy 22 vizSyrd gh ns'k esa rhu rjg ds vkWuykbu xsEl vkSjmuds cktkj esa dgha 18 izfr'kr btkQk fjdkWMZfd;k x;k rks dgha 30 izfr'kr rdA dStqvyxsEl&,axzh cMlZ] ywMks] dSaMh Ø'k tSls xsEl [ksyusokyksa dh la[;k nqxquh gks xbZA ftlls jsosU;ww esa[kklk equkQk gqvkA blh rjg bZ&LiksV~lZ ds ;wtlZHkh 50 izfr'kr rd c<+ x,A blesa QksVZukbV] yhxvkWQ ystsaM~l] icth ]dkmaVj LVkbd buesa ls dqNxsEl eq¶r gkfly gq, rks dqN isMA gkykafd cknds nkSj esa phu ls rukruh ds chp cgqr lspkbuht ,i vkSj xsEl izfrcaf/kr dj fn, x,A

ehfM;k eehekalk


fizaV ehfM;k ij ladV& fizaV ehfM;k ijykWdMkmu ds 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa gh fdl rjg dkladV ns[kk x;k bldh ,d foospuk izsl,lksfl,'ku bafM;u tuZfyLV ;wfu;u vkSj ofdZaxU;wt dSejkeSu ,lksfl,'ku us tkjh izsl uksV esacrkbZ FkhA ftlds vuqlkj ykWdMkmu ds rhljsg¶rs esa gh bafM;u ,Dlizsl vkSj fctusl LVSaMMZv[kckj us i=dkjksa ds osru esa dVkSrh dj nhAVkbEl vkWQ bafM;k us laaMs eSXkthu dh iwjh Vhedks gh fudky fn;kA vkmVyqd us viuk izdk'kugh can dj fn;kA if=dk us rks ns'k Hkj esa u flQZcM+s iSekus ij NaVuh dh cfYd vius dbZ fizaV,fM'ku ij rkys rd tM+ fn, vkSj viusdeZpkfj;ksa dks *odZ ÝkWe gkse* dj fn;kA HkkLdjus vius fnYyh dk;kZy; ls ,d lkFk ntZu Hkjyksxksa dh NqV~Vh dj nhA fizaV ehfM;k ij ,d lkFkfrgjh ekj iM+ jgh FkhA

,d rks egkekjh dh otg ls ldqZys'ku esaHkkjh fxjkoV ntZ dh xbZA ykWdMkmu ds nkSjkucktkj can jgs rks foKkiuksa esa Hkh LokHkkfod eanhvk xbZA ogha U;wt fizaV ij yxus okyh dLVeM~;wVh ls Hkh dksbZ jkgr ugha feyhA ykWdMkmu dsckn Hkh fizaV ehfM;k igys tSlh fLFkfr esa ugha vkldkA veweu lHkh txg yksxksa us 10 ls 20izfr’kr v[kckj ysuk can bl ckr esa dksbZ nks jk;ugh fd ykWdMkmu ds le; lcls T;knk uqdlkuesa dksbZ ehfM;k jgk gS rks og gS fizaV ehfM;kA ,drks v[kckj ij ok;jl dh ekStwnxh dh [kcjksa usikBdksa ds eu esa ,d vn`'; Hk; dk lapkj dj

fn;kA urhtk ;g gqvk fd ns'k Hkj esa cM+h la[;kesa yksxksa uss v[kckj ysuk can dj fn;kA dbZ txgrks v[kckj ds caMy LVs'ku ij iMs+ jgsA dksbZ,tsaV ;k gkWdj mUgsa ckaVus rsS;kj ugha gqvkA vdsyslkxj esa gh djhc ikap ls lkr gtkj izfr;ka yksxksaus can dj nhaA gkykafd vc /khjs&/khjs iqu% v[kckjksa dh vksj #[k dj jgs gSaA ysfdu bldkvuqikr vis{kkd`r de gh gSA egkjk"Vª esa rksv[kckjkas dh ih-Mh-,Q Qkby ikBdksa dks Hksth xbZAv[kckjksa ds bZ isij [kwc ns[ks x,A v[kckjksa ds lkFknksgjh ekj ;g Hkh jgh fd tgka ,d vkSj mudhizlkj la[;k esa fxjkoV vkbZ ogha foKkiuksa esa HkhdkQh deh vkbZ tks muds jkTkLo dk lcls vgefgLlk ekuk tkrk gSA lSdM+kas i=dkj lkfFk;ksa dhukSdjh pyh xbZA

vc loky ;g mBrk gS fd D;k vkus okysnkSj esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr jgsxhA D;k fMftVy ehfM;kds vkHkkeaMy eas ijaijkxr ek/;eksa ds le> pqukSrh[kM+h gks tk,xhA bldk tokc gS fcYdqyA vHkhiwjh rjg ugha rks vkus okys le; esa gesa bldsfy, ekufld :i ls rS;kj jguk gksxkA dksjksukds nkSj esa ;g vkgV gS fd ubZ ih<+h cgqr rsth lslwpukvksa] lekpkjksa vkSj euksjatu ds fy, v[kckjVsyhfotu ls gVdj eksckby] ysiVkWi vkSj ckdhu,&u, xStV~l dk bLrseky djus yxh gSAv[kckjksa us Hkh bl ckr dks le>dj viusfMftVy otZu cgqr igys gh 'kq: dj fn;s Fksysfdu vc bl vksj mudks vkSj Hkh /;ku nsukgksxkA

ffuu""dd""kkZZ'kks/k dk fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd dksjksuk ds nkSjku lks'ky ehfM;k ,d cM+s fodYi ds :i eas lkeus

vk;k gS] gkykafd bldh fo'oluh;rk Hkys gh lafnX/k gks ysfdu rkRdkfydrk] 'kh?kzrk vkSj lqfo/kk dsfglkc ls yksxksa dh fuHkZjrk blh vksj c<+ jgh gSA fuf'pr rkSj ij ehfM;k ds ijaijkxr ek/;eksa dsfy, pqukSrh Hkjk nkSj vkus okyk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ds IysVQkWeZ yxkrkj buksos'ku djrs gq, yksxksa dksu,&u, QhplZ miyC/k djk jgs gSaA viuh lk[k dks c<+kus ds fy, Hkh iz;kljr gSa] ftldk lh/kk vlj;g gS fd vkcknh dk ,d cM+k fgLlk bu ek/;eksa ls gh lwfpr] f'kf{kr vkSj euksjaftr gksus yxk gSA

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ykWdMkmu dk vf/kd le; bu ek/;eksa ij gh xqtjk gSA bl IysVQkWeZ dh [kwch ;g gS fdgj oxZ ds fy;s ;gka dqN u dqN lkexzh ekStwn gSA cPpksa ds fy;s baVjusV ij xsEl ds dbZ :Ik gaS rksfd'kksj o ;qok oxZ ds fy;s LiksV~lZ] ,Mosapj ls tqMs+ xse gSaA ;wV~;wc ij efgykvksa ds fy;s nqfu;k Hkjdh jSflih ls ysdj C;wVh fVIl] gsYFk fVIl lHkh ekStwn gSaA lks'ky ehfM;k ds IysVQkWeZ pwafd baVjsfDVogSa blfy;s ;g yksxksa dh LokHkkfod ilan gSaA ;gka viuh ckr vkSj fopkj dks dbZ yksxksa rd lk>kfd;k tk ldrk gS bl ekeys esa gekjk ijaijkxr ehfM;k lhfer utj vkrk gSA ;g n'kkZrk gS fdvkus okyk le; fMftVy vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k dk gh gSA c'krsZ og viuh fo'oluh;rk dks cjdjkjj[k ldsA vf'k"V vkSj vHknz fdLe dh Vªksfyax] vQokg] v'yhyrk] Qsd U;wt vkfn ij dM+s dkuwucuk,A fiazV ehfM;k dks ;fn nkSM+ esa cus jguk gS rks mls ubZ ih<+h esa i<+us dh vknr Mkyuh gksxhAv[kckj i<+us ds Qk;ns ij cdk;nk Ldwyh Lrj ij vos;jusl dSai pykus gksaxs vkSj u;s buksos'ku djusgksaxsA rc tkdj os cktkj esa fVds jgsaxsA

• lwpuk Økafr dh jktuhfr vkSj fopkj/kkjk lqHkk"k /kwfy;k] i`"B& 5] 29

• xzaFk f'kYih (bafM;k) izkbosV fyfeVsM

• HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj Xykscy ehfM;k txnh'k prqosZnh lq/kk flag] i`"B&31] 59

• vukfedk ifCy'klZ ,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZ (izk-) fyfeVsM

• nSfud HkkLdj& 3 twu 2020 i`"B &6

• nSfud HkkLdj & 31 ebZ 2020 i`"B&8

• losZ fjiksVZ jkW;VlZ baLVhV~;wV QkWj n LVMh vkWWQ tuZfyTe

• gSejdkWIQ dT;wej losZ dh fjiksVZ&6 tqykbZ 2020

• Vh vkj ih fjiksVZ& ebZ 2020

• tulRrk ] 10 fnlacj 2020&i`"B&6

• v[kckj ds ikBd vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k ;wtlZ ls ckrphr ij vk/kkfjr

• www.whoint/covid-19/infomation

• increasing use of social media in lock down- Bhukya bharath naik, sept-9, 2020

• DNA: Zee News 24 July 2020

lanHkZ lwph %%

ehfM;k eehekalk


Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ,oa chtsih dh lapkj j.kuhfr dk rqyukRed v/;;u

¼e/;izns'k fo/kkulHkk pquko 2018 ds lanHkZ esa½

MkW- latho xqIrk

lanhi JhokLro

llkkjjnks n'kd igys rd gksus okys vke pqukoksa esa ukjs vkSj okns rks gksrs Fks] ysfdu ehfM;k ds izca/ku

dh bruh vko';drk fdlh Hkh jktuSfrd ny dks ugha iM+rh FkhA orZeku esa lHkh jktuSfrd ikfVZ;kaftruk dke tehuh Lrj ij djrh gSa mruh gh e'kDdr ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls izpkj&izlkj ij djuhiM+rh gSA vkt vkye ;g gS fd tks ny ;k tuizfrfuf/k ehfM;k esa ftruk T;knk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS mlsvke yksx mruk gh vf/kd lfØ; ekurs gSaA vFkkZr~ vc pquko ds nkSjku ;k mlds ckn Hkh ehfM;k dkslk/kuk yxHkx lHkh jktuSfrd ikfVZ;ksa dh izkFkfedrk cu xbZ gSA jktuSfrd ny }kjk vketu rdviuh ckr igqapkus ds fy;s fdl lapkj ek/;e vkSj j.kuhfr dk fdl izdkj mi;ksx tk,] ;g 'kks/kdk fo"k; gSA izLrqr 'kks/k esa rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij izns'k ds nksuksa izeq[k jktuSfrd nyksa }kjk mi;ksx esayk;h xbZ lapkj j.kuhfr dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

iizzLLrrkkoouukkdqN o"kZ iwoZ dh rqyuk esa vc pquko ds

nkSjku ehfM;k dks lk/kus ds lkFk gh lks'kyehfM;k ij lfØ; jguk yxHkx lHkh jktuSfrdikfVZ;ksa dh izkFkfedrk cu xbZ gSA ;gh dkj.k gSfd lHkh nyksa us viuh ehfM;k lsy cuk yh gSAftlds deZpkjh ;k ikVhZ izoDrk ehfM;kizfrfuf/k;ksa dks viuh miyfC/k ;k izfr}anh dhdfe;ksa dks crkus dk dke djrs gSaA e/;izns'k dslanHkZ esa ns[ksa rks ;gka izns'k ds xBu ls vHkh rdizeq[k :i ls Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ vkSj dkaxzsl ghlÙkk esa jgh gSaA fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa dks vfHkO;Drdjus dh Lora=rk ns'k ds lafo/kku us lHkhukxfjdksa dks leku :i ls nh gSA lapkj O;fDr

dh ewyHkwr vko';drk gksus ds lkFk lkekftdlejlrk dk vk/kkj Hkh gSA v[kckj] Vhoh] jsfM;ksvkSj lks'ky ehfM;k lapkj ek/;e dk dk;Z dj jgsgSaA pquko ds le; jktuSfrd nyksa }kjk tkjhfd;k x;k ?kks"k.kk i= ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls vkeyksxksa ds lkeus yk;k tkrk gSA gkykafd orZeku esa?kks"k.kk i= esa mYysf[kr ?kks"k.kk,a turk ls iwNdjfy[kus ds lkFk mUgsa opu i= dh laKk nh tk jghgSA jktuSfrd ny Qslcqd] okWV~~l,i vkSj V~~foVjij izpkj izlkj djus ds lkFk gh baLVkxzke ,oavU; lks'ky lkbV ij vius QkWyksoj c<+kus dkdke fujarj dj jgs gSaA orZeku esa e/;çns'k esa dqy90 iath—r jktuhfrd ny gSaA buesa ls Hkkjrh;turk ikVhZ lfgr vU; Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds

cht 'kCn & lapkj j.kuhfr] jktuSfrd ny] fo/kkulHkk pquko] lks’ky ehfM;kA

* foHkkxk/;{k] lapkj 'kks/k] ek[kuyky prqosZnh jk"Vªh; i=dkfjrk ,oa lapkj fo’ofo|ky;] Hkksiky

* * 'kks/kkFkhZ] ek[kuyky prqosZnh jk"Vªh; i=dkfjrk ,oa lapkj fo’ofo|ky;] Hkksiky

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vykok lektoknh ikVhZ] cgqtu lektoknh ikVhZvkSj vke vkneh ikVhZ us izns'k esa gq, fo/kkulHkkpquko 2018 esa tksj vktekb'k dh FkhA 'kks/k esae/;izns'k esa dkaxzsl ,oa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dhizR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls dh tkus okyh lapkjj.kuhfr esa Hkk"kk ,oa lans'k dh izLrqfr dkrqyukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

llkkffggRR;; iiqquujjkkooyykkssdduu

'kks/k fo"k; ls lacaf/kr lkfgR; ds varxZry[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; ds i=dkfjrk ,oa tulapkjfoHkkx esa Þtuer fuekZ.k esa ehfM;k dhHkwfedk&pquko ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esaß fo"k; ij 'kks/kdk;Z gqvkA 'kks/kkFkhZ Jh vkKkjke ik.Ms; us izLrqr'kks/k esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk n'kkZ;h gSA 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjkpquko ds nkSjku tuer dks ehfM;k fdl izdkjizHkkfor djrk gS vkSj mldk pquko urhtksa ijfdruk izHkko iM+rk gS] fo"k; ij 'kks/k dks dsafnzrfd;k x;kA izLrqr 'kks/k esa jktuSfrd nyksa dhlapkj j.kuhfr dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa v/;;u fd;k x;kgSA

,l- LVhQu us jktuSfrd vfHk;kuksa esaehfM;k dh Hkwfedk dk v/;;u fd;kA 'kks/k esa vesfjdk esa gq;s pqukoksa esa Vhoh fMcsV dkernkrkvksa ij iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;u fd;kx;kA 'kks/k esa ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls fdlh tuizfr-fuf/k dh Nfo vkSj mldk pquko ;k ny dh [;kfrij izHkko dk vkdyu fd;k x;kA izLrqr 'kks/k esalapkj j.kuhfr ds rgr~ cuk, x, lans'k lsernkrkvksa ds er fuekZ.k dk v/;;u izLrkfor gSA

'kks/kdrkZ fouksn dqekj us egf"kZ n;kuanfo'ofo|ky; jksgrd ls gfj;k.kk esa ljdkjh Ldwyds f'k{kdksa }kjk U;w ehfM;k midj.kksa dh iz;ksxi)fr ij v/;;u fd;kA 'kks/k esa ehfM;k midj.kksadh mi;ksfxrk ds lkFk ehfM;k ds izfr f'k{kdksa ds

:>ku dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA izLrqr 'kks/k esajktuSfrd nyksa dh lapkj j.kuhfr esa ehfM;kmidj.kksa dh Hkwfedk dk vkdyu izLrkfor gSA

tulapkj dk ;qokvksa esa izHkko fo"k; ij'kks/kkFkhZ vYdk flag ,oa dsds flag us jhok uxjfuxe {ks= ds varxZr okMZ dz- 05 ds ;qokvksa ijv/;;u fd;kA ftldk izdk'ku baVjus'kuy tuZyvkWQ ,IykbM fjlpZ esa gqvkA mDr 'kks/k dsifj.kke vuqlkj tulapkj ds ek/;e ls ;qokvksa dsthou esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA muesa tkx:drk dklapkj gksus ds lkFk lwpuk izkIr djus dh bPNk'kfDr esa Hkh c<+ksrjh gqbZ gSA izLrqr 'kks/k esajktuSfrd nyksa ds lapkj ls ;qokvksa dh le> ijiM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk izLrkforgSA

nf{k.k fcgkj dsanzh; fo'ofo|ky;] x;k esaehfM;k foHkkx ds ,lksfl;sV izksQslj MkW- vkfr'kikjk'kj us iVuk fo'ofo|ky; ds Lukrd ikB~;Øeds Nk=ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa jktuhfrd ys[ku esafganh Hkk"kk ,oa lks'ky ehfM;k dh mi;ksfxrk ijv/;;u fd;kA v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fdjktuhfrd ys[ku esa lks'ky ehfM;k ,oa fganh dhmi;ksfxrk cgqr O;kid gSA ;qokvksa ds chp lks'kyehfM;k ftruk yksdfiz; gS mruk gh fganh esa izkIrlwpuk ;k muds vke ys[ku esa Hkh fganh loksZifjgSA fganh ys[ku ds fofHkUu ,Ii vkus ls lks'kyehfM;k ij fganh esa viuh ckrksa o fopkjksa dksvf/kdkf/kd yksxksa rd igqapk ikus esa ;qok bldkbLrseky dj jgs gSaA jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk Hkh;qokvksa dks yf{kr djds fganh esa vius ny dsfØ;kdykiksa dks izpkfjr fd;k tk jgk gSA jktuhfrd lekpkjksa ,oa ys[kksa dh lks'ky ehfM;kij c<+rh mifLFkfr dh tkudkjh bl v/;;u lsfeyhA 'kks/k v/;;u ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd iVukfo'ofo|ky; esa fcgkj jkT; ds yxHkx izR;sdftys ds Nk=&Nk=k,a ekStwn gSa vr% bl v/;;u

ehfM;k eehekalk


ls fcgkj ds ;qokvksa ds jktuhfrd ys[ku esa fganh,oa lks'ky ehfM;k dh mi;ksfxrk dk Hkh vkdyugqvkA iVuk fo'ofo|ky; ds fo|kFkhZ jktuhfrd:i ls fcgkj esa lcls T;knk lfØ; Nk= gSa vr%mudk fganh ds izfr >qdko ;g lkfcr djus dsfy;s dkQh gS fd orZeku le; esa jktuhfrdys[ku esa fganh vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k ds eap Qslcqddk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gSA izLrqr 'kks/k esa ;g tkuusdk iz;kl fd;k x;k fd e/;izns'k esa dkSu lsjktuhfrd ny lks'ky ehfM;k ij fdl Hkk"kk dkiz;ksx vf/kd djrs gSaA

n phi eksckby Qksu bt , VkWi QkbobUosa'ku vkmVyqd] 3 uoEcj 2014 dh fjiksVZ dsvuqlkj lsyQksu us'ku ds ys[kd vkSj flaxkiqjus'kuy ;wfuoflZVh foftfVax izksQslj jksfcu tsQjhds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa cgqtu lekt ikVhZ igyhjktuhfrd ikVhZ Fkh ftlus yksxksa dks laxfBr djusds fy, lLrs eksckby Qksu ds izlkj dk ykHkmBk;kA gtkjksa yksxksa dks cgqrk;r esa lans'k Hkstusls mruk ykHk ugha gksrk ysfdu ny ds dk;ZdrkZvksa,oa ny dh fopkj/kkjk ls lgkuqHkwfr j[kus okysyksxksa dks tksM+us esa eksckby Qksu us ,d l'kDrek/;e dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ;g izsfjr yksxksa dksvlk/kkj.k rjhds ls laxfBr djrk gSA izLrqr 'kks/kesa jktuSfrd nyksa dh lapkj j.kuhfr esa u;smidj.kksa dh mi;ksfxrk vkSj rkSj rjhdksa dks tkuusdk iz;kl fd;k x;kA

'kkfyuh tks'kh ,oa f'koizlkn tks'kh dhiqLrd u;k ehfM;k % v/;;u vkSj vH;kl] isafXoubafM;k] ebZ 2015 ds vuqlkj 2009 ds yksdlHkkpqukoksa esa 543 lhVksa esa ls 54 lhVksa ij thr@gkjdk varj nl gtkj erksa ls de FkkA yksdlHkkpquko esa pquko izpkj ,tsafl;ka igyh ckj ernkudj jgs ;qokvksa dks yf{kr djds pquko izpkj djjgh FkhA blesa lks'ky ehfM;k lcls izeq[k ek/;ecuhA izLrqr 'kks/k esa e/;izns'k ds lanHkZ esa ;qokvksa

dks yqHkkus esa lks'ky ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk vkSjjktuSfrd nyksa dh lks'ky ehfM;k ij lfØ;rk dkv/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

okf'kaxVu iksLV] n fgUnw] esa 25 vizSy2014 dks izdkf'kr ys[k ds vuqlkj vesfjdk dsf'kdkxks ;wfuoflZVh ds izksQslj eSF;q tsaVdkso vkSjvFkZ'kkL=h tsl 'kSfijks us feydj ,d v/;;u dsek/;e ls ;g irk yxk;k fd fMftVy ehfM;kvFkkZr bUVjusV ijEijkxr eq[;/kkjk ds ek/;eksa dhrqyuk esa T;knk rsth ls /kzqohdj.k djrk gSA bllsLi"V gksrk gS fd rduhd jktuSfrd /kzqohdj.k esaennxkj lkfcr gks jgh gSA izLrqr 'kks/k esa ;gtkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k fd jktuSfrd /kzqohdj.k ds fy, jktuSfrd ny ehfM;k dk fdlizdkj mi;ksx djrs gSaA

^fFkaXl , fyfVy cMZ VksYM eh^ ds ys[kdvkSj fV~oVj ds lg laLFkkid fct LVksu ds bafM;kVqMs esa 5 ebZ] 2014 dks izdkf'kr lk{kkRdkj dsvuqlkj ek/;e dks ges'kk rVLFk jguk pkfg,AHkkjrh; pqukoksa esa fV~oVj ds bLrseky ij mudkekuuk Fkk fd baVjusV ij ftruh vf/kd lekufopkj okyksa dh la[;k gksxh vkidh vkokt mruhÅaph gksxhA mudk ;g Hkh ekuuk Fkk fd lks'kyehfM;k us /kzqohdj.k fd;k gS ysfdu bldhvuqifLFkfr esa Hkh /kzqohdj.k gksrk jgk gS ysfduek/;e vyx&vyx jgs gSaA izLrqr 'kks/k ;g tkuusds fy, vko';d gS fd vf/kd l'kDr lapkjek/;e dkSu lk gSA

ek;k jaxukFku ds ys[k n gwV MkWV vksxZds vuqlkj jktuhfrd ny vkSj usrk viuh ckrj[kus ds fy, eq[;/kkjk ehfM;k ds xsVdhilZ vkSjmuds U;wt ykWftd ds eksgrkt ugha jgsA eq[;/kkjkdh ehfM;k ds ,tsaMs vkSj iwokZxzg ls nwj rduhdizseh ;qokvksa rd igqapus ds fy, lks'ky ehfM;k ,dl'kDr gfFk;kj ds :i esa lkeus vk;kA izLrqr 'kks/kernkrkvksa ds vuqlkj lapkj ek/;e ds p;u ds

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ehfM;k eehekalk


vk/kkj dk v/;;u izLrkfor gSAbaVjusV ,aM eksckby ,lksfl;'ku vkWQ

bafM;k vkSj bafM;k bafMisaMsaV vk;fjl ukWystQkmMs'ku dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa 81 djksM+40 yk[k ernkrkvksa esa ls 20 djksM+ baVjusV vkSjfV~oVj tSls lks'ky lkbV~~l ij lfØ; gSaA 18 ls22 lky dh mez ds ernkrk igyh ckj erkf/kdkjdk iz;ksx djrs gSaA izLrqr 'kks/k jktuSfrd nyksa dksernkrkvksa dh vk;q ds vuqlkj lapkj j.kuhfrrS;kj djus esa ennxkj lkfcr gksxhA

''kkkkss//kk mmnn~~nnss'';;

izLrqr 'kks/k esa fuEufyf[kr mn~ns’;ksa ds vk/kkj ijv/;;u fd;k x;k gS &

• Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dh lapkj Hkk"kk vU; nyksa

ls T;knk izHkkoh FkhA

• dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds ?kks"k.kk i= ij ernkrkvksa us

vis{kkd`r T;knk Hkjkslk fd;kA

• Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ }kjk izdkf'kr foKkiuksa esa

mfpr Hkk"kk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk jpukRedrk FkhA

''kkkkss//kk ddkk eeggRRoo

dksbZ Hkh 'kks/k fcuk mís'; ds iw.kZ ugha ekuktkrk gS vkSj u gh mldk dksbZ egRo gksrk gSAizR;sd dk;Z dks djus dk ,d fof'k"V mn~ns';gksrk gSA 'kks/k oLrqfLFkfr dks rF;kRed Lo:i dslkFk mn~?kkfVr djus ,oa vUos"k.k dh ,d izfØ;kgSA ftldk mn~ns'; iwoZ Kkr Kku dk ijh{k.kdjrs gq, uohu Kku dh [kkst djuk gSA izR;sd?kVuk ds ihNs dksbZ dkj.k gksrk gS ;k dksbZifjorZu fdlh dkjd dh otg ls gksrk gSA dkjdksa dh ryk'k izkjaHk ls gh ekuo djrk vk jgkgSA euq"; dh [kksth izo`fRr ds dkj.k gh fodkllaHko gks ik;k gSA izLrqr 'kks/k dk mís'; Hkkjr tSl

fodkl'khy ,oa yksdrkaf=d ns'k esa fdl izdkjjktuSfrd ny viuh csgrj lapkj j.kuhfr lstuekul ds fopkjksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA dq'kylapkj j.kuhfr ds tfj;s fdl rjg eqís cuk;s ;kfoyksfir fd;s tkrs gSaA blds vykok jktuSfrdny vke yksxksa ds chp fdl rjg viuk lans'kigqapkrs gSaA 'kks/k leL;k ds dkj.k vkSj mRrjtkuus ds fy, 'kks/k mn~ns';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;kx;k gSA blds vk/kkj ij v/;;u dks fu"d"kZ rdigqapk;k x;kA izLrqr 'kks/k fo"k; dk fuEufyf[kregRo gS&

• jktuSfrd nyksa dh lapkj j.kuhfr le>us esa

lgk;dA

• jktuSfrd nyksa dh lapkj Hkk"kk vkSj

izLrqfrdj.k tkuukA

• jktuSfrd nyksa dh ehfM;k lsy dh j.kuhfr

dk v/;;u djukA

''kkkkss//kk iizzjjppuukk ,,ooaa iizzffooff//kk

izLrkfor 'kks/k ds fy;s o.kZukRedvuqla/kku izjpuk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk mfpr gSAbldk mn~ns’; fo"k; ds laca/k esa okLrfod rF;ksadks ,d= dj muds vk/kkj ij fooj.k izLrqrdjuk gSA blesa eq[; tksj bl ckr ij fn;k tkrkgS fd leL;k ls lacaf/kr ,df=r rF; okLrfod,oa fo’oluh; gksaA

lleexxzz ,,ooaa ffuunn’’kkZZuu

'kks/k ds fy;s lexz ls rkRi;Z jktuSfrdikVhZ ds ?kks"k.kk i=] izdkf'kr foKkiu] fV~oVj vkSjQslcqd ij vkus okyh iksLV ls gSA v/;;u gsrqfun’kZu dk p;u bl izdkj fd;k x;k fd oglexz dk izfrfuf/kRo djsA fun’kZu ds fy;s jSaMelSaiy fof/k ds varxZr ykWVjh fof/k dk iz;ksx djrs

ehfM;k eehekalk


gq;s lexz ls fun’kZu dk p;u fd;k x;kA fun'kZuds rkSj ij izfr ny ds 70 dk;ZdrkZvksa ds vykok,d ekg esa izfr jfookj dks izdkf'kr foKkiu vkSjlks'ky ehfM;k ij vkus okyh iksLV dks fy;k x;kArrFF;; llaaddyyuu iizzffooff//kk

rF;ksa ds ladyu ds fy;s izkFkfed L=ksrds :i esa fun'kZu esa fy, x, izdkf'kr foKkiuds lkFk gh ?kks"k.kk i= o opu i=ksa dk ladyufd;k x;kA blds vykok lajfpr iz'ukoyh dsek/;e ls feyh tkudkjh ,d= dj fo'ys"k.k fd;kx;kA f}rh;d L=ksr ds :i esa 'kks/ki=] foHkkxh;izfrosnu] ys[k] vo/kkj.kk vkSj iqLrdsa lgk;dlkfcr gq;sA blds vykok baVjusV dk Hkh mi;ksxfd;k tkuk 'kks/k esa mi;ksxh gqvkAmmiiddYYiiuukk,,aa1 Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dh lapkj Hkk"kk 'kSyhvis{kkd`r izHkkoh jghA2 ernkrkvksa us dkaxzsl ds ?kks"k.kki= ij vf/kdHkjkslk trk;kA3 Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ }kjk izdkf’kr foKkiuvf/kd rF;ijd ,oa jpukRed jgsA

ffoo''yyss""kk..kk ,,ooaa iiffjj..kkkkeemijksä 'kks/k dk;Z esa dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k

dk eq[; :i ls Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dh Hkk"kk'kSyh T;knk la;fer o çHkkoh gksus ,oa fofHkUuçdkj ds tulkaf[;dh; tSls vk;q] ts.Mj]'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds e/; okLrfod vko`fÙk;ksa ,oalaHkkfor vko`fÙk;ksa ds vlkeurk Kkr djus dsmís'; ls fd;k x;k gSA mä 'kks/k dk;ZifjdYiuk ds çek.khdj.k gsrq mi;ksx esa yk;stkus okys nksuksa gh pj dksfVc) gS vFkkZr blvoLFkk esa dsoy dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k dk gh ç;ksxfd;k tkuk laHkkfor gSA ''kkwwUU;; iiffjjddYYiiuukk H01.1: rhuksa vk;q oxZ ¼;qok] çkS<+ ,oa o`)½ ds e/;

Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh T;knk la;fer o çHkkoh gksus esa dksbZ varj ugha gSA

H01.2: iq#"kksa ,oa efgykvksa ds e/; Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh T;knk la;fer o çHkkoh gksus esa dksbZ varj ugha gSA

H01.3: rhukas 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rkvksa tSls bUVjehfM,V] Lukrd ,oa ijkLukrd ds Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh T;knk la;fer o çHkkoh gksus esa dksbZ varj ugha gSA

68

ehfM;k eehekalk


• HHkkkkjjrrhh;; ttuurrkk iikkVVhhZZ ddhh HHkkkk""kkkk ''kkSSyyhh TT;;kknnkk

llaa;;ffeerr oo ççHHkkkkoohh ggSS ,,ooaa vvkk;;qq ddss ee//;; ddkkbbZZ ooxxZZiijjhh{{kk..kk ddkk ffuu""dd""kkZ &

mijksä lkj.kh ds vuqlkj 5% ¼0-05½lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 6 Lora=rk dh dksfV ds fy,dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku 12-592 lkFkZd gS tksçkIr dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k ds eku 26-019 ls de gSAvr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vlR; gS vFkok vLohdkj dhtk ldrh gSA vFkkZr ifj.kke ds vuqlkj ;g dgktk ldrk gS fd rhu çdkj dh vk;q oxZ tSls fd;qok] çkS<+ ,oa o`) mÙkjnkrkvksa esa Hkkjrh; turkikVhZ dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh T;knk la;fer o çHkkoh gksusdks ysdj vo/kkj.kk esa varj ik;k x;k gSA


llaa;;ffeerr oo ççHHkkkkoohh ggSS ,,ooaa ttss..MMjj ddss ee//;; ddkkbbZZ ooxxZZiijjhh{{kk..kk ddkk ffuu""dd""kkZZ &

mijksä lkj.kh ds vuqlkj 5% ¼0-05½lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 3 Lora=rk dh dksfV ds fy,dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku 7-815 lkFkZd gS tks çkIrifj.kke Lo:i çkIr dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k ds eku 13-645 ls de gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vlR; gSvFkok vLohdkj dh tk ldrh gSA vFkkZr ifj.kkeds vuqlkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd iq#"k ,oaefgyk mÙkjnkrkvksa esa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dhHkk"kk 'kSyh T;knk la;fer o çHkkoh gksus dks ysdjvo/kkj.kk esa varj ik;k x;k gSA


llaa;;ffeerr oo ççHHkkkkoohh ggSS ,,ooaa ''kkSS{{kkff..kkdd ;;kkssXX;;rrkk ddss ee//;;ooxxZZ ddkkbbZZ ooxxZZ iijjhh{{kk..kk ddkk ffuu""dd""kkZZ &

mijksä lkj.kh ds vuqlkj 5% ¼0-05½lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 6 Lora=rk dh dksfV ds fy,dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku 12-592 lkFkZd gS tksçkIr ifj.kke Lo:i çkIr dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k ds eku25-301 ls de gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vlR; gS

vFkok vLohdkj dh tk ldrh gSA vFkkZr ifj.kkeds vuqlkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd rhu çdkjdh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rkvksa tSls fd baVjehfM,V]Lukrd ,oa ijkLukrd mÙkjnkrkvksa esa Hkkjrh;turk ikVhZ dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh T;knk la;fer o çHkkohgksus dks ysdj vo/kkj.kk esa varj ik;k x;k gSA

• ddkkaaxxzzssll iikkVVhhZZ ddss ??kkkkss""kk..kkkk ii== iijj eerrnnkkrrkkvvkkssaa uuss

vviiss{{kkkkdd`̀rr TT;;kknnkk HHkkjjkkssllsseeaann ,,ooaa ffooffHHkkUUuu ççddkkjj ddhhttuullkkaaff[[;;ddhh;; ddss ee//;; ddkkbbZZ ooxxZZ iijjhh{{kk..kk &

mijksä 'kks/k dk;Z esa dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k dkeq[; :i dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds ?kks"k.kk i= ijernkrkvksa us vis{kkd`r T;knk Hkjkslsean ,oafofHkUu çdkj ds tulkaf[;dh; tSls vk;q] ts.Mj]'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds okLrfod vko`fÙk;ksa ,oalaHkkfor vko`fÙk;ksa ds vlekurk Kkr djus dsmís'; ls fd;k x;k gSA mä 'kks/k dk;Z ifjdYiukds çek.khdj.k gsrq mi;ksx esa yk;s tkus okys nksuksagh pj dksfVc) gS vFkkZr bl voLFkk esa dsoydkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k dk gh ç;ksx fd;k tkuk laHkkforgSA

''kkwwUU;; iiffjjddYYiiuukk,,a

H02.1: rhuksa vk;q oxZ ¼;qok çkS<+ ,oa o`)½ ds e/;dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds ?kks"k.kk i= ij ernkrkvksa usvis{kkd`r T;knk Hakjkslsean gksus esa dksbZ varj ughagSA

H02.2: iq#"kksa ,oa efgykvksa ds e/; dkaxzsl ikVhZds ?kks"k.kk i= ij ernkrkvksa us vis{kkd`r T;knkHkjkslsean gksus esa dksbZ varj ugha gSA

H02.3: rhuksa 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rkvksa tSlsbUVjehfM,V] Lukrd ,oa ijkLukrd ds e/;dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds ?kks"k.kk i= ij ernkrkvksa usvis{kkd`r T;knk Hkjkslsean gksus esa dksbZ varj ughagSA

ehfM;k eehekalk



vis{kkd`r T;knk Hkjkslsean gksus ,oa vk;q ds e/;dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k dk fu"kd"kZ &

mijksä lkj.kh ds vuqlkj 5% ¼0-05½lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 6 Lora=rk dh dksfV ds fy,dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku 12-592 lkFkZd gS tksçkIr dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k ds eku 87-289 ls vf/kdgSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk lR; gS vFkok Lohdkjdh tk ldrh gSA vFkkZr ifj.kke ds vuqlkj ;gdgk tk ldrk gS fd rhu çdkj dh vk;q oxZ tSlsfd ;qok] çkS<+ ,oa o`) mÙkjnkrkvksa esa dkaxzsl ikVhZds ?kks"k.kk i= ij ernkrkvksa us vis{kkd`r T;knkHkjkslsean gksus dks ysdj fopjksa esa varj ugha ik;kx;k gSA•


vis{kkd`r T;knk Hkjkslsean gksus ,oa ts.Mj ds e/;dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k dk fu"kd"kZ &

mijksä lkj.kh ds vuqlkj 5% ¼0-05½lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 6 Lora=rk dh dksfV ds fy,dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku 7-815 lkFkZd gS tks çkIrifj.kke Lo:i çkIr dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k ds eku 7-

370 ls de gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vlR; gSvFkok vLohdkj dh tk ldrh gSA vFkkZr ifj.kkeds vuqlkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd iq#"k ,oaefgyk mÙkjnkrkvksa esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds ?kks"k.kk i=ij ernkrkvksa us vis{kkd`r T;knk Hkjkslsean gksusdks ysdj vo/kkj.kk esa varj ik;k x;k gSA•

• dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds ?kks"k.kk i= ij ernkrkvksa

us vis{kkd`r T;knk Hkjkslsean gksus ,oa 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds e/; oxZ dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k dkfu"d"kZ &

mijksä lkj.kh ds vuqlkj 5% ¼0-05½lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 6 Lora=rk dh dksfV ds fy,dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku 12-592 lkFkZd gS tksçkIr dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k ds eku 15-932 ls de gSAvr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vlR; gS vFkok vLohdkj dhtk ldrh gSA vFkkZr ifj.kke ds vuqlkj ;g dgktk ldrk gS fd rhu çdkj dh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rkvksatSls fd bUVjehfM,V] Lukrd ,oa ijkLukrdmÙkjnkrkvksa esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds ?kks"k.kk i= ijernkrkvksa us vis{kkd`r T;knk Hkjkslsean gksus dksysdj vo/kkj.kk esa varj ik;k x;k gSA

70

ehfM;k eehekalk



mfpr Hkk"kk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk jpukRedrk Fkh &

mijksä 'kks/k dk;Z esa dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k dkmi;ksx eq[; :i ls Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ }kjkizdkf'kr foKkiuksa esa mfpr Hkk"kk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFkjpukRedrk ,oa fofHkUu çdkj ds tulkaf[;dh;tSls vk;q] ts.Mj] 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds e/;okLrfod vko`fÙk;ksa ,oa laHkkfor vko`fÙk;ksa dsvlekurk Kkr djus ds mís'; ls fd;k x;k gSAmä 'kks/k dk;Z ifjdYiuk ds çek.khdj.k gsrqmi;ksx esa yk;s tkus okys nksuksa gh pj dksfVc)gS vFkkZr bl voLFkk esa dsoy dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.kdk gh ç;ksx fd;k tkuk laHkkfor gSA

''kkwwUU;; iiffjjddYYiiuukk H03.1: rhuksa vk;q oxZ ¼;qok] çkS<+ ,oa o`)½ ds e/;

Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ }kjk izdkf'kr foKkiuksa esa mfpr Hkk"kk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk jpukRedrk esa dksbZ varj ugha gSA

H03.2: iq#"kksa ,oa efgykvksa ds e/; Hkkjrh; turkikVhZ }kjk izdkf'kr foKkiuksa esa mfpr Hkk"kk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk jpukRedrk esa dksbZ varj ugha gSA

H03.3: rhuksa 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rkvksa tSls bUVjehfM,V] Lukrd ,oa ijkLukrd ds e/; Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ }kjk izdkf'kr foKkiuksa esa mfpr Hkk"kk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk jpukRedrk esa dksbZ varj ugha gSA


mfpr Hkk"kk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk jpukRedrk Fkh ,oavk;q ds e/; dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k dk fu"d"kZ &

mijksä lkj.kh ds vuqlkj 5% ¼0-05½lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 6 Lora=rk dh dksfV ds fy,dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku 12-592 lkFkZd gS tksçkIr dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k ds eku 40-567 ls de gSA

vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vlR; gS vFkok vLohdkj dhtk ldrh gSA vFkkZr ifj.kke ds vuqlkj ;g dgktk ldrk gS fd rhu çdkj dh vk;q oxZ tSls fd;qok] çkS<+ ,oa o`) mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ }kjk izdkf'kr foKkiuksa esa mfpr Hkk"kk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk jpukRedrk esa varj ik;k x;k gSA

ehfM;k eehekalk



mfpr Hkk"kk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk jpukRedrk FkhA,oa ts.Mj ds e/; dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k dk fu"d"kZ &

mijksä lkj.kh ds vuqlkj 5% ¼0-05½lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 3 Lora=rk dh dksfV ds fy,dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku 7-815 lkFkZd gS tks çkIrifj.kke Lo:i çkIr dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k ds eku 20-553 ls vf/kd gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk lR; gSvFkok Lohdkj dh tk ldrh gSA vFkkZr ifj.kkeds vuqlkj iq#"k ,oa efgyk mÙkjnkrkvksa esa lsHkkjrh; turk ikVhZ }kjk izdkf'kr foKkiuksa esamfpr Hkk"kk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk jpukRedrk dksysdj vo/kkj.kk esa varj ik;k x;k gSA


mfpr Hkk"kk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk jpukRedrk FkhA,oa 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds e/; oxZ dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.kdk fu"d"kZ &

mijksä lkj.kh ds vuqlkj 5% ¼0-05½lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 6 Lora=rk dh dksfV ds fy,dkbZ oxZ dk lkj.kh eku 12-592 lkFkZd gS tksçkIr ifj.kke Lo:i çkIr dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k ds eku14-6082 ls vf/kd gSA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk lR;gS vFkok Lohdkj dh tk ldrh gSA vFkkZr ifj.kkeds vuqlkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd rhu çdkjdh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rkvksa tSls fd bUVjehfM,V]

Lukrd ,oa ijkLukrd mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls Hkkjrh;turk ikVhZ }kjk izdkf'kr foKkiuksa esa mfpr Hkk"kk,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk jpukRedrk dks ysdj vo/kkj.kkesa varj ik;k x;k gSAvvUU;; iiffjj..kkkkee

Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds 60 izfr’kr foKkiurqyukRed jgsA

Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds 40 izfr’kr foKkiuU;wure vk/kk i`"B ij izdkf'kr gq,A

lks'ky ehfM;k ds lHkh IysVQkWeZ esa Qslcqdlcls l'kDr ek/;e jgkA

lks'ky ehfM;k ij 67 Qhlnh iksLV dks cwLVfd;k x;kA

48 Qhlnh mRrjnkrkvksa us ?kks"k.kki= dks erfu/kkZj.k esa fu.kkZ;d ekukA

Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ us lnL; cukus ds fy,eksckby ,l,e,l dk lcls T;knk mi;ksxfd;kAllqq>>kkoo

eSuLVªhe ehfM;k ls T;knk izHkkoh lks'kyehfM;k gSA vr% bldk mi;ksx vU; lapkjek/;e dh vis{kk vf/kd fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

izfr}a}h ny dh deh fn[kkrs le; vkadM+ksadh izLrqfr rF;ijd gksuk pkfg,A

jktuSfrd ny dh fopkj/kkjk ds lkFkmEehnokj dh miyfC/k Hkh crkuk pkfg,A

1- ghaxM vk'kk] tSu e/kq ,oa ikjhd lq'khyk] lapkj ds fl)kar r``rh; laLdj.k] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh

ISBN 978-93-5131-106-5

2- MkW- jÙkw Ñ".k dqekj] n`';&JO; ,oa tulapkj ek/;e] f}rh; laLdj.k] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh]

ISBN 978-81-7137-788-6

3- MkW- Hkkukor latho] lapkj 'kks/k izfof/k;ka] izFke laLdj.k] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkndh]

ISBN 978-81-7137-748-0

4- frokjh eerk] pquko yksdra= vkSj ehfM;k] laLdj.k&2012] Mk;eaM ikWdsV cqDl ¼izk-½ fy-]]ISBN 81-288-1880-5

5- pquko vk;ksx] bysD'kal MkWV bu

llaannHHkkZZ llwwpphh %%

72

ehfM;k eehekalk


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ys[kdksa ds fy, fn'kk&funsZ'k

Û 'kks/k if=dk dk mn~ns'; orZeku ifjn`'; esa lapkj] ehfM;k izca/ku] tulapkj] U;w ehfM;k] i=dkfjrk vkSj dEI;wVj vuqiz;ksx laca/kh fo"k;ksa esa uokpkj ,oa vuqla/kku dks c<+kok nsuk gSA

Û if=dk esa

izdk'ku gsrq izsf"kr 'kks/k i= ewy gksuk pkfg, vkSj fdlh vU; if=dk esa izdkf'kr ugha gksuk pkfg,A

Û ys[kd dks

'kks/k i= ds lkFk ?kks"k.kk i= izLrqr djuk gksxk] ftlesa Li"V :i ls mYys[k djuk gksxk

fd 'kks/k i= mudk ekSfyd ys[ku gS vkSj izdk'ku ds fy, vU; dks izLrqr ugha fd;k x;k gSA csgrj gksxk fd 'kks/k i= ys[kd vius 'kks/k vkys[k ds laca/k esa IysxsfjTe (

Plagiarism)

fjiksVZ layXu dj izsf"kr djsaA

Û ys[kdksa dks viuk vkys[k fuEu izk:i esa izLrqr djuk gksxk %& lkj] dhoMZ] baVªks] mn~ns’;] jkbV vkWQ ysVj]ifjdYiuk] vuqla/kku i)fr] rkfydk;sa ,oaa js[kkadu] vuqla/kku ,oa fo’ys"k.k] fu"d"kZ] lanHkZ lwphA

Û 'kks/k i=

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vkSj

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k dks bZ&

esy%

mediami

mansa@

mcu.ac.

in ij izsf

"kr

djuk

gksxkA

Û i=kpkj ds

fy, ys[kd

dks 'kks/k i

= izsf"kr

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lkFk gh ck

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izLrqr

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ftlesa 'kks/k

i= dk 'kh"

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dk uke]

inuke]

laidZ uEcj

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vkbZMh ,oa

iksLVy ,Mª

sl lac/kh

tkudkjh

miyC/k

djkuh

gksxkhA

Û 'kks/k dk

lkj 200&

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dk gksuk

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esu fLdzIV

esa QqVuksV

ugha gksuk

pkfg,A 'kks

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var esa

lUnHkZ fn;s

tkus pkfg,

A lUnHkZ

dks

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lwphc} fd

;k tkuk

pkfg,A

Û 'kks/k i=

esa

rkfydkvksa

vkSj vkadM+

ksa dks

dzfed :i

ls dzekafdr

fd;k tkuk

pkfg, vkSj

izR;sd

rkfydk o

vkadMksa ds

var esa

mlds lzksr

dk mYys[k

vko';d :

i ls djuk

gksxkA

Û 'kks/k i= esa mYysf[kr rF;kRed v'kqf} vkSj dkWihjkbV dh ftEesnkjh 'kks/k ys[kd dh gksxhA

ll nn LL ;;rr kk

=Sekfld 'kks/k if=dk ehfM;k ehekalk dh lnL;rk fu;ekuqlkj gksxh%&,d izfr % Rs

.100@&] okf"kZd % Rs.350@&

NN kk == kkss aa ,, oo aa '' kk kkss// kk kk ff FF kk ZZ ;;kk

ssaa ddss ff yy,,

,d izfr % Rs

.75@&] okf"kZd % Rs.200@&

ll aa LL FF kk kk uukkss aa ddss

ff yy ,,Rs.1000@& ¼lnL;rk 'kqYd okf"kZd½ll EE ii dd ZZ

lEiknd eaMy] ehfM;k ehekalk] i=dkfjrk foHkkx] ek[kuyky prqosZnh jk"Vªh; i=dkfjrk ,oa lapkj fo'ofo|ky;] egkjk.kk izrki uxj] tksu&1] Hkksiky- ¼e-iz-½ Hkkjr] fiu&462011Qksu ua- 0755&2574530bZ&esy% [email protected]

29 may 2021 dammy - mcu.ac.in

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Transcript of 29 may 2021 dammy - mcu.ac.in