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Conservation GeneticsConservation Genetics

Biotechnology & Conservation of Endangered Species

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วั�ตถุ�ประสงค์�

เพื่��อให้�นั�กศึ�กษาสามารถุ1. เข้�าใจค์วัามห้มายข้อง

conservation genetics 2. สามารถุอธิ บายห้ลั�กการแลัะองค์�

ประกอบข้อง conservation genetics ได้�

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เค์�าโค์รงเนั�'อห้า

• ค์วัามห้มายข้อง conservation genetics

• เม��อไรนั�กวั ทยาศึาสตร�จ�งจะใช้�conservation genetics

•conservation genetics ท*าได้�อย+างไร• วั ธิ,อะไรบ�างท,�นั�กวั ทยาศึาสตร�ใช้�ในั

conservation genetics

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• The Clouded Leopard SSP is pleased to announce the establishment of a cooperative breeding and research program in Thailand that will support wild clouded leopard conservation and enhance breeding success in both Thai and American zoos. This project has two primary components:

• a captive breeding project and a wild clouded leopard conservation and research project.

ส�ตวั�สงวันัพื่�นัธิ��ในัสวันัส�ตวั�ไทย (เข้าเข้,ยวั): แมวัป.า

ท��วัโลักม, Clouded Leopard ประมาณ 162 ต�วั

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ตะโข้ง ม,ประมาณ 600+ต�วั ท��วัโลัก* พื่บทางใต�ข้องประเทศึไทย จนัถุ�งมาเลัเซี,ยลั�กษณะ    ร1ปร+างเพื่ร,ยวัค์วัามยาวั

ประมาณ 2.80-3.0 เมตร ห้�วัยาวั เร,ยวัค์ลั�ายปลัากระท�งเห้วั ปากแห้ลัม

เร,ยวัยาวัมาก ไม+ม,ก�อนัเนั�'อตอนัปลัาย จม1ก ไม+ม,เกลั2ด้ท�ายทอยให้�เห้2นั ม,ผั�ง

ผั�ด้ท,�นั 'วัเท�าเห้2นัได้�ช้�ด้ม,แถุบส,ด้*าพื่าด้ข้วัางลั*าต�วัแลัะห้าง

นิ�สั�ย     ช้อบอย1+เฉย ๆ ไม+ปราด้เปร,ยวั เห้ม�อนัจระเข้�นั*'าเค์2ม ไม+ค์+อยเค์ลั��อนั

ย�ายไปไห้นั นัอนัเกยห้าด้เฉย ๆ ได้�เป6นั เวัลัานัานั

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ส�ตวั�ส1ญพื่�นัธิ��:เส�อทาสมาเนั,ยนัห้ร�อไทลัาซี,นั

The last known Tasmanian Tiger, or Thylacine, died in captivity in 1936, but a team of biologists believe the animal's extinction may simply be a 70-year hiccup. 

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passenger pigeon

(ส1ญพื่�นัธิ��แลั�วั)

Red pandas are one of a very few carnivorous mammals that have specialized for herbivory

*only Asian carnivore with the soles of their feet completely covered by hair

ใกลั�ส1ญพื่�นัธิ��

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Passenger Pigeons of north America, now extinct due to

man’s wanton extermination of a single species,

there is an insufficient population to sustain the

species and it cannot survive.

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The Quagga was a southern subspecies of the plain zebra with withers of 1.30 meter. It differed from other zebras mainly in having been striped on the head, neck, and front portion of its body only, and having been brownish, rather than white, in its upper parts.

The last free Quaggas may have been caught in 1870. The Quagga went extinct because it was ruthless hunted down for meat and leather by South African farmers

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Endangered Impatiens gordonii with the Seychelles Botanic Gardens and the Eden Project.  *This species has only been recorded on Mahe and Silhouette islands.  For many years it was thought to be extinct but two plants were rediscovered on Mahe.  In 1995 a population of some 200 plants was found on Silhouette.

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Conservation Biology + Genetics = Conservation

Genetics• Animals, plants, and other species become

endangered when their normal habitats are lost or altered. Effective management of ecosystems can help preserve threatened species.

• The science of Conservation Biology studies individuals and populations that have been affected by habitat loss, exploitation, and/or environmental change. That information is used to make informed decisions to ensure the survival of organisms in the future.

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•Conservation genetics is a mixture of ecology, molecular biology, population genetics, mathematical modeling and evolutionary systematics (the construction of family relationships). It is both a basic and an applied science. Scientists must first understand the genetic relationships of the organisms under study. Once this basic science is understood by scientists, management techniques must then be applied by wildlife managers to preserve biological diversity in these species.

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*Conservation genetics: the use of laboratory assays and analytical tools to provide genetic perspectives on the conservation of biodiversity.  *Genetic analyses may address:  inbreeding in small populations, hybridization, strength and patterns of genetic variation in space or through time, population differentiation, and relationships among similar organisms. 

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When Do Scientists Use Conservation Genetics?

1) Habitat Destruction *Duck and geese populations might be

monitored because of new hunting regulations

*a population of plants may be studied if it is known that a shopping mall will destroy its habitat.

2) Change in Population Size *natural catastrophes, *environmental changes or mutations.

sudden decreases in population size.

reduce genetic diversity.

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genetic drift

*Changes in migration*selective

pressures*geographical isolationการเปลั,�ยนัแปลังค์วัามถุ,�ข้องย,นัแบบไร�

ท ศึทาง ม�กเก ด้ข้�'นัในัประช้ากรท,�ม,ข้นัาด้เลั2กท*าให้�ค์วัามถุ,�ข้องย,นัเปลั,�ยนัได้�ง+าย

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How Is Conservation Genetics Done?

1. Define populations and areas of interest. 2. Observe the population. (known forms of the

species, morphological features used to classify the different species, known or suspected relatives of the species?

3. Examining genetic characteristics of the organisms (DNA or protein evidence). Form hypotheses about relationships between populations and/or species

4. Analyze the data by mathematical models. how much diversity exists, and the rate gene flow is occurring between populations.

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What Genetic Tools Do Scientists Use?

1. Comparison of similar proteins between species. Since the sequence of a protein is determined by the DNA sequence, comparison of key proteins in different individuals allows a portion of the DNA sequence of the organisms to be compared.

2. Differences in the number of chromosomes between closely related species. Especially in plants, the characteristic number of chromosomes in a species can be different from the chromosome number in a closely related species.

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Using chromosomes to classify plant species

Variations in chromosome number are even more common in the plant kingdom. In plants, chromosome number is an important indicator for determining relationships between plant species.

Species of Notholaena from other states have multiples of 30

Chromosomes.

One Utah species originally assigned to Notholaena has 27 chromosomes.

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•Conservation Genetics of Wild and Captive Cats in Thailand

After the completion of his carnivore survey in 2002, Lon Grassman has partnered with Jan Janecka, also of the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M-Kingsville, on a new study in collaboration with Dr. Whichan Eiadthong, Department of Forest Biology, Kasetsart University, Thailand. This study will use molecular genetics to enhance the conservation and captive breeding of clouded leopards and other wild cats in Thailand. The application of genetics to conservation provides critical insight into the history, current status, and future conservation of threatened populations.

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• Currently, no information exists on the population genetics of the clouded leopard, Asiatic golden cat, marbled cat, and leopard cat. Because Lon was able to obtain samples of genetic material from these species through the collection of blood and hair samples in his previous study, the team now has the opportunity to analyze these samples and estimate a number of genetic parameters. They will also examine other samples obtained from these species in previous studies. In addition, they hope to partner with the Zoological Parks Organization of Thailand to evaluate samples from cats living in captivity in Thailand's Khao Kheow Open Zoo

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•By analyzing microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA sequences, the researchers hope to examine

*the cats' genetic variation, *effective population size, *gene flow, *population structure, *relatedness, and *kinship.

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• In May 2002 the Evolutionary Biology Unit at the Australian Museum in Sydney successfully replicated individual Tasmanian Tiger genes using a process known as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).  These new discoveries and the story of the Museum's ongoing efforts have been exclusively documented by the Discovery Channel in The End of Extinction: Cloning the Tasmanian Tiger, premiering in 155 countries world-wide, including Australia, on July 7 at 7.30pm.

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PCR = การเพื่ �ม ปร มาณ DNA ในั

ห้ลัอด้ทด้ลัองด้�วัยการใช้�ค์วัาม

ร�อนัแยก DNA เกลั,ยวัค์1+ให้�เป6นัสายเด้,�ยวัเพื่��อใช้�เป6นัต�นัแบบในั

แต+ลัะรอบ

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In 1999 DNA was successfully extracted from an ethanol preserved Tasmanian Tiger pup sample (in EtOH). Additional DNA has been extracted from two other individual pups in 2001.  These other tissue sources included bone, tooth, bone marrow and dried muscle.

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•"The Australian Museum is absolutely delighted with yet another major breakthrough in the cloning project," said Professor Mike Archer, Director of the Australian Museum.  "This technique was an extremely critical step in producing sufficient amounts of Tasmanian Tiger DNA to proceed with the research and extremely good news for future steps in accomplishing this project."

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•The most significant breakthrough to date has been the replication of individual Tasmanian Tiger genes using the PCR process. These PCRs show that short fragments of the DNA are undamaged and undoubtedly Tasmanian Tiger DNA, and that there is no reason why these should not work in a living cell.

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•The next stage is to make large quantity copies of all the genes of the Tasmanian Tiger so these can be used to construct synthetic chromosomes.

•The film also includes exclusive behind-the-scenes footage of the extraction of Tasmanian Tiger tissue, the processing of the DNA and the next steps of the genetic engineering which could make cloning the Thylacine a reality.

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ex situ conservation

การอนั�ร�กษ�พื่�นัธิ��ส�ตวั�ห้ร�อพื่�ช้ท,�ใกลั�ส1ญพื่�นัธิ��โด้ยกระท*าภายนัอกเข้ตท,�อย1+อาศึ�ยตามธิรรมช้าต (อาจเป6นัในัส�ตวั�ท,�เลั,'ยงไวั�ในัเข้ตก�กก�นั, การเก2บร�กษาไข้+/สเปอร�มโด้ยการแช้+แข้2ง, การรวับรวัมเมลั2ด้พื่�นัธิ�� )เป9าห้มายข้องการอนั�ร�กษ�ด้�งกลั+าวัเพื่��อจะ

นั*า species นั�'นักลั�บค์�นัส1+ป.า, เพื่��อค์งไวั� ซี��งประช้ากรนั�'นั ห้ลัายห้นั+วัยงานัต�อง

เก,�ยวัข้�อง สวันัส�ตวั� ท,�เลั,'ยงส�ตวั�นั*'า สวันั พื่ฤกษศึาสตร� มห้าวั ทยาลั�ย

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Biotechnology & Conservation of

Endangered Species*Artificial insemination:

*Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: *Embryo

transfer: *Cloning procedures:

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*Artificial insemination has been widely used in cattle farming.

*Frozen samples of sperm are thawed and introduced into females that are ovulating.

*The quality of cattle has been improved using selected males to breed entire generations.

Artificial insemination: การ

ผัสมเท,ยม

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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

*Intracytoplasmic Sperm injection is a technique that microinjects the sperm directly into the oocyte.

*Only a single sperm cell is needed for the fertilization, therefore, a small sample from an animal can go a long way.

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Cloning procedures

Cloning procedures have been widely used in animal farming for quite a number of years and has proven to be very feasible. These procedures can be modified for use in conservation biology

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Animal cloning

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ต�วัอย+างการใช้�เทค์โนัโลัย,ช้,วัภาพื่ในัพื่�นัธิ�ศึาสตร�เช้ งอนั�ร�กษ�

*20 adult deer were inseminated using sperm that had been thawed after being frozen cryogenically.

*Nine of the deer became pregnant ad produced healthy offspring. The black footed ferret which was once thought to have been extinct was rediscovered in Wyoming in 1981.

*A captive breeding program was very effective and eventually led to the return of some of the animals back into the wild.

*Three of five females that were hormonally treated to increase the chances of fertilization became pregnant and gave birth to live kits after being inseminated with thawed sperm.

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ReferencesReferences1. http://www.austmus.gov.au/archive.cfm?id=7882. http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/conservation/ 3. ส�มณฑา พื่รห้มบ�ญ 2539( ) พั�นิธุ ศาสัตร์�ปร์ะชากร์แลัะวิ�วิ�ฒนิาการ์ มห้าวั ทยาลั�ยศึร,นัค์ร นัทรวั โรฒ4. http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/biology/CBCN/genetics/khan.htm

6. http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/birds/gene/the_e.cfm