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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 2/2013

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 2/2013

127

RSPUNDEREA PENALA

MINORILOR N REGLEMENTAREA

NOULUI COD PENAL

Viorica-Mihaela FRNTU*

Abstract:Cu privire la minorii care rspund

penal, noul Cod penal prevede un sistem sancionatorspecial, format din msuri educative neprivative delibertatei msuri educative privative de libertate.

Astfel, fa de minorul care, la datasvririi infraciunii, avea vrsta cuprinsntre 14 i18 ani se ia o msur educativ neprivativ de

libertate [art. 114 alin. (1) noul Cod penal]. Msurieducative privative de libertate se pot lua fa de

infractorul minor n urmtoarele cazuri: a) dac amai svrit o infraciune, pentru care i s-a aplicat omsur educativ ce a fost executat ori a creiexecutare a nceput nainte de comiterea infraciuniipentru care este judecat [art.114 alin. (2) lit. a)]; b)atunci cnd pedeapsa prevzut de lege pentruinfraciunea svrit este nchisoarea de 7 ani sau

mai mare ori deteniunea pe via[art. 114 alin. (2)lit. b)]. Msurile educative neprivative de libertate

sunt prevzute n art. 115 alin. (1) pct. 1 din noul Codpenal: stagiul de formare civic, supravegherea,

consemnarea la sfrit de sptmn, asistareazilnic. Msurile educative privative de libertate suntprevzute n art. 115 alin. (1) pct. 2 din noul Codpenal: internarea ntr-un centru educativ, internarea

ntr-un centru de detenie.

Cuvinte cheie: noul Cod penal, msurieducative, rspundere penal, minor

Tratamentul juridic al minorilor carerspund penal este prevzut n Titlul V al priigenerale a Codului penal, intitulatMinoritatea, att n noul Cod penal1 (art.113-134), ct i n Codul penal n vigoare (art.99-1101).

Titlul V al noului Cod penal esterezervat reglementrilor privind minoritateantr-o structurmult lrgitfade Codul penal

CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF MINORS IN

THE NEW CRIMINAL CODE

REGULATIONS

Viorica-Mihaela FRNTU**

Abstract: With respect to minors who are

criminally responsible, the new Criminal Codeprovides a special sanction system, consisting of non-custodial educational measures and custodialeducational measures.

Thus, the minor who at the time of theoffense was aged between 14 and 18 years will be

subjected to non-custodial educational measures [art.114 para. (1) of the new Criminal Code]. Custodial

educational measures can be taken to the juvenileoffender in the following cases: a) if he has committeda crime for which he was subjected to an educationalmeasure that was executed or the execution of whichbegan before commiting the offense for which he wastried [art. 114 para. (2), letter a)], b) if thepunishment provided for the offense is imprisonment

for seven years or more or life imprisonment [art. 114para. (2), letter b)]. Non-custodial educational

measures are provided in art. 115 para. (1) Section 1of the new Criminal Code: civic internship training,

supervision, weekend commitment, daily assistance.Custodial educational measures are provided in art.115 para. (1) Section 2 of the new Criminal Code:internment in an educational center, internment in a

detention center.

Key words: the new Criminal Code,educational measures, criminal liability, minor

Legal treatment of juvenile criminalresposibility is provided in Title V of the

general part of the Criminal code, entitled"Minority", both in the new Criminal Code35(art. 113-134), and in the Criminal code inforce (art. 99-1101).

Title V of the new Criminal Code isreserved for minority regulations in a muchlarger structure in comparison to the Criminal

*Lect. univ. dr., Facultatea de Relaii Internaionale, Drept i tiine Administrative, Universitatea ConstantinBrncui din Tg-Jiu**

University Lecturer, PhD, Faculty of International Relations, Law and Administrative Sciences Constantin

Brncui University of Tg-Jiu

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n vigoare i constituie unul dintre punctelecentrale ale reformei penale2. Cele 22 dearticole care alctuiesc Titlul V al priigenerale a noului Cod penal sunt grupate n 4

capitole i privesc: regimul rspunderii penalea minorului (art. 113-116), regimul msuriloreducative neprivative de libertate (art. 117-123), regimul msurilor educative privative delibertate (art. 124-127) i dispoziii speciale

privind rspunderea penal a minorilor. Larndul lor, cele 15 articole care alctuiescTitlul V al prii generale a Codului penal nvigoare cuprind dispoziii privitoare la limitelei consecinele rspunderii penale a minorilor,la msurile educative (art. 99-108) i la

pedepsele pentru minori (art. 109-1101)3.Ambele coduri prevd un regim

sancionator special pentru infractorii minori iacesta este elementul comun principal al lor.Sub raportul coninutului ns, reglementrilen acest domeniu diferuneori esenial. Astfel,de exemplu, sub raportul sanciunilor, n timpce Codul penal n vigoare prevede pe lngmsuri educative, dintre care unele privative delibertate, i pedepse aplicabile minorilor, noulCod penal prevede numai msuri educative,

privative i neprivative de libertate4. Aadar,principalul element de noutate n materiaminoritii l constituie renunarea completla

pedepsele aplicabile minorilor care rspundpenal i instituirea pentru acetia a unui regimsancionator format doar din msuri educative.Regimul sancionator penal al minorilorinfractori prevzut de noul Cod penal este unregim axat exclusiv pe msuri educative5.

1. Limitele rspunderii penale a

minorilorPrin dispoziiile art. 113 din noul Cod

penal sunt reglementate limitele rspunderiipenale a minorilor n raport cu vrsta i cudiscernmntul acestora. Potrivit acestordispoziii, minorul care nu a mplinit vrsta de14 ani nu rspunde penal; minorul care arevrsta ntre 14 i 16 ani rspunde penal numaidac se dovedete c a svrit fapta cudiscernmnt; minorul care a mplinit vrsta de

16 ani rspunde penal potrivit legii.

Code in force and is one of the central pointsof the criminal reform36. The 22 articles thatmake up Title V of the general part of the newCriminal Code are grouped into four chapters

concerning: regulations for criminal liability ofthe minor (art. 113-116), regulations of non-custodial educational measures (art. 117-123)regulations of custodial educational measures(art. 124-127) and specific provisions oncriminal liability of minors. In turn, the 15articles that make up Title V of the general partof the Criminal Code in force contain

provisions regarding the limits andconsequences of criminal liability of minors oneducational measures (art. 99-108) and

penalties for minors (art. 109-1101)37.Both codes provide a special sanction

regime for juvenile offenders and this is theirmain common element. In terms of content,however, the regulations in this areasometimes differ essentially. Thus, forexample, in terms of sanctions, while theexisting Criminal Code provides in addition toeducational measures, some being custodialmeasures, punishments applicable to minors,the new Criminal Code provides only

educational measures, either custodial or non-custodial38. Thus, the main novelty in the fieldof minority is the complete exclusion of

penalties applicable to minors who arecriminally liable and the establishment of asanction regime for them made up only ofeducational measures. The criminalsanctioning regime of minor offenders

provided by the new Criminal Code is aregime focused exclusively on educationalmeasures39.

1. The limits of criminal liability ofminors

The provisions of art. 113 of the newCriminal Code cover the limits of criminalliability of minors in relation to their age anddiscernment. According to these provisions,minors under the age of 14 years are notcriminally responsible; minors who are aged

between 14 and 16 years are criminally liable

if it is proven that they committed the act with

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Codul penal n vigoare, n art. 99,reglementeaz aceleai limite ale rspunderii

penale a minorului6.Limita superioara vrstei pnla care

persoana este consideratminor este de 18 ani.Dupcum se observ, legea consacromprire a minorilor, din punct de vedere alrspunderii penale, n dou categorii: una, aminorilor care au capacitate penali rspund

penal, i alta, a minorilor care sunt lipsii decapacitate penali care nu rspund penal.

Categoria minorilor care nu rspundpenal cuprinde dou subcategorii i anume:aceea a minorilor care nu au mplinit vrsta de

14 anii care beneficiazde o prezumie legal

absolut de incapacitate penal, i aceea aminorilor n vrst de 14-16 ani, care

beneficiaz numai de o prezumie relativ deincapacitate penal. Dac prezumia absolutde incapacitate penal nu poate fi nlturat

prin probe contrarii, n schimb prezumiarelativ ngduie proba contrar, astfel cestetotui posibil ca un minor avnd vrsta ntre 14i 16 ani srspundpenal, ns, numai dacse dovedete c a svrit fapta cudiscernmnt. Categoria minorilor care

rspund penal cuprinde minorii n vrstde 16-18 ani, precum i minorii n vrstde 14-16 anifade care prezumia relativde incapacitate

penala fost nlturat7.

2. Sistemul sancionator pentruminori

Cu privire la minorii care rspundpenal, noul Cod penal prevede un sistemsancionator special, format din msurieducative neprivative de libertate i msurieducative privative de libertate.

Codul penal n vigoare prevede, pentruminorii care rspund penal, un sistemsancionator special, format din msurieducative i pedepse, ambele categorii desanciuni avnd caracterul de sanciuni de drept

penal8. Astfel, art. 100 din Codul penal nvigoare prevede n alin. (1) cfade minorulcare rspunde penal se poate lua o msureducativori i se poate aplica o pedeaps. La

alegerea sanciunii se ine seama de gradul de

discernment; minors who attained the age of16 are criminally liable according to law.

The Criminal Code in force, in art. 99,provides the same limits of criminal liability of

minors40

.The upper age until which a person isconsidered a minor is 18 years.

As noted, the law establishes a divisionof minors, in terms of criminal liability, in twocategories: one, that of minors who arecriminally capable and are subject to criminalliability, and another, of minors who lackcriminal capacity and sre not criminally liable.

The category of minors who are notcriminally liable comprise two subcategories

namely: that of minors who have not reachedthe age of 14 and who have absolute legal

presumption of criminal incapacity and that ofminors aged 14-16, receiving only a rebuttable

presumption of criminal incapacity. If absolutepresumption of criminal incapacity may berebutted by evidence to the contrary, howeverrebuttable presumption rebuttable permits, so itis still possible that a minor aged between 14and 16 criminally liable, but "only if it is

proven that the minor committed the act with

discretion". The category including criminallyresponsibile minors, as well as that of minorsaged 16-18 years and 14-16 years age minorsto whom the rebuttable presumption ofcriminal incapacity was removed41.

2. The sanction system for minorsWith respect to minors who are

criminally responsible, the new Criminal Codeprovides a special sanction system, consistingof non-custodial educational measures andcustodial educational measures.

Criminal Code in force provides, forminors who are criminally liable, a specialsanction system, consisting of educationalmeasures and sanctions, both sanctioncategories having punitive sanctions ofcriminal law42. Thus, art. 100 of the CriminalCode in force provides in para. (1) that againstthe minor who is criminally liable there can betaken an educational measure or he may be

applied a penalty. When choosing the penalty

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pericol social al faptei svrite, de stareafizic, de dezvoltarea intelectuali moral, decomportarea lui, de condiiile n care a fostcrescut i n care a trit i de orice alte

elemente de natur s caracterizeze persoanaminorului. n alin. (2) al aceluiai articol seprevede c pedeapsa se aplic numai dac seapreciaz c luarea unei msuri educative nueste suficientpentru ndreptarea minorului.

Msurile educative care se pot lua fade infractorii minori, prevzute n Codul penaln vigoare, sunt: mustrarea, libertateasupravegheat, internarea ntr-un centru dereeducare i internarea ntr-un institut medical-educativ (art. 101). Primele trei msuri sunt

prevzute n ordinea gravitii lor, de la simpladojanpnla privarea de libertate. Ultima areun caracter special i complex, avnd nu numaicaracter de msur educativ privativ delibertate, dar i de msur de tratamentmedical9.

n art. 109 din Codul penal n vigoarese prevede c pedepsele ce se pot aplicaminorului sunt nchisoarea sau amenda

prevzute de lege pentru infraciunea svrit.Limitele pedepselor se reduc la jumtate. n

urma reducerii, n nici un caz minimulpedepsei nu va depi 5 ani.

Nu se aplic minorilor pedeapsadeteniunii pe via; cnd legea prevede pentruinfraciunea svrit pedeapsa deteniunii pevia, se aplicminorului nchisoarea de la 5 la20 de ani. De asemenea, nu se aplicminorilor

pedepsele complementare, iar condamnrilepronunate pentru infraciunile comise ntimpul minoritii nu atrag incapaciti saudecderi, o astfel de condamnare neputndconstitui prim termen al recidivei.

Spre deosebire de actualul Cod penal,care prevede cfade minorul care rspunde

penal se poate lua o msur educativ ori sepoate aplica o pedeaps, noul Cod penalprevede drept consecina rspunderii penale aminorilor doar luarea unor msuri educative,fie privative, fie neprivative de libertate10.

Astfel, fa de minorul care, la datasvririi infraciunii, avea vrsta cuprinsntre

14 i 18 ani se ia o msur educativ

it shall be taken into account the seriousness ofthe offense, the physical, intellectual and moraldevelopment, his behavior, the conditions inwhich he was raised and where he lived and

any other elements capable of representing theminor. Paragraph (2) of the same articleprovides that the penalty applies only if it isconsidered that taking an educational measureis not sufficient to rehabilitate the minor.

Educational measures that can be takenagainst minor offenders under the CriminalCode in force are: reprimand, supervisedfreedom, institutonalization in a rehabilitationcenter and hospitalization in a medical-educational institution (art. 101). The first three

measures are listed in order of their severity,from simple reprimand to imprisonment. Thelatter has a special and complex character,

being not only an educational measureinvolving deprivation of liberty, but also ameasure of medical treatment43.

In art. 109 of the Criminal Code inforce it is stated that punishments that can beapplied to the minor are imprisonment orfine

prescribed by law for the offense committed.Punishment limits are reduced by half.

Following the reduction, in any case shall theminimum penalty exceed 5 years.

Minors are not applied the punishmentof life imprisonment; when the law provideslife imprisonment for the offense commited,the minor is applied imprisonment from 5 to20 years. Moreover minors are not appliedcomplementary penalties, and convictions forcrimes committed during minority do notinvolve disabilities or forfeiture, such aconviction not being considered the first termof relapse.

Unlike the current Criminal Code,which provides that against the minor liable forcriminal charge there can be take aneducational measure or penalty may beapplied, the new Criminal Code provides asconsequence of minors criminal liability onlytaking eduational measures, either custodial ornon-custodial.44

Thus, against the minor who at the time

of the offense was aged between 14 and 18

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neprivativde libertate [art. 114 alin. (1) noulCod penal].

Msuri educative privative de libertatese pot lua fa de infractorul minor n

urmtoarele cazuri:a) dac a mai svrit o infraciune,pentru care i s-a aplicat o msureducativcea fost executatori a crei executare a nceputnainte de comiterea infraciunii pentru careeste judecat [art. 114 alin. (2) lit. a) noul Cod

penal];b) atunci cnd pedeapsa prevzut de

lege pentru infraciunea svrit estenchisoarea de 7 ani sau mai mare orideteniunea pe via [art. 114 alin. (2) lit. b)

noul Cod penal].Prin urmare, n concepia noului Cod

penal, un minor infractor se sancioneaz, deregul, cu o msur educativ neprivativ delibertate, iar n mod excepional, cnd recade ninfracionalitate sau comite chiar pentru primaoaro infraciune gravsau deosebit de grav,fa de acesta se ia o msur educativ

privativde libertate11.Msurile educative neprivative de

libertate sunt prevzute n art. 115 alin. (1) pct.

1 din noul Cod penal: stagiul de formarecivic, supravegherea, consemnarea la sfritde sptmn, asistarea zilnic.

Msurile educative privative delibertate sunt prevzute n art. 115 alin. (1) pct.2 din noul Cod penal: internarea ntr-un centrueducativ, internarea ntr-un centru de detenie.

Potrivit dispoziiilor din alin. (2) ale art.115 din noul Cod penal, alegerea msuriieducative care urmeaz s fie luat fa deminor se face, n condiiile art. 114 privitor laconsecinele rspunderii penale a minorului, pe

baza criteriilor generale de individualizare apedepsei prevzute n art. 74 alin. (1) lit. a) - g)noul Cod penal12. Aceste criterii trebuie s fiefolosite mai nti pentru a decide care dintrecele dou categorii de msuri educative esteaplicabil n cauz i apoi pentru alegerea iindividualizarea msurii aplicabile. Cu privirela msurile educative privative de libertate,hotrtoare sunt condiiile prevzute n art. 114

alin. (2) din noul Cod penal, att pentru

years it is taken a non-custodial educationalmeasure [art. 114 para. (1) the new CriminalCode].

Custodial educational measures can be

taken against the juvenile offender in thefollowing cases:a) if he has committed a crime for

which he was applied an educational measurewhich was executed or whose execution began

before the offense for which he is judged [art.114 para. (2). a) the new Criminal Code];

b) when the punishment provided bylaw for the offense is imprisonment for 7 yearsor more or life imprisonment [art. 114 para.(2). b) the new Criminal Code].

Therefore, according to the concept ofthe new Criminal Code, a juvenile offender isusually punished with a non-custodialeducational measure, and exceptionally, whenthe minor relapses into crime or commits aserious or very serious offense for the firsttime, the measure taken against the minor shall

be a custodial educational measure.45Non-custodial educational measures

provided in art. 115 para. (1) Section 1 of thenew Criminal Code: civic internship training,

supervision, weekend commitment, dailyassistance.

Custodial educational measuresprovided for in art. 115 para. (1) Section 2 ofthe new Criminal Code: institutionalization inan educational center, institutionalization in adetention center.

According to the provisions of para. (2)of art. 115 of the new Criminal Code, choosingeducational measures to be taken against theminor is done in terms of art. 114 regarding theconsequences of the criminal liability ofminors, based on the general criteria forindividually deciding on the punishment

provided in art. 74 para. (1) letters a) - g) of thenew Criminal Code.46These criteria should beused first to decide which of the two categoriesof educational measures is applicable inquestion and then for selecting andindividualizing the applicable measure.Regarding custodial educational measures,

crucial are the conditions provided by art. 114

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opiunea n favoarea acestui grup de msuri,ct i pentru alegerea uneia dintre cele doumsuri prevzute de lege, urmnd ca laindividualizarea msurii alese sse foloseasc

cu precdere criteriile generale deindividualizare13.n conformitate cu art. 116 din noul

Cod penal, n vederea efecturii evaluriiminorului, potrivit criteriilor prevzute n art.74, instana va solicita serviciului de

probaiune ntocmirea unui referat care vacuprinde i propuneri motivate referitoare lanatura i durata programelor de reintegraresocialpe care minorul ar trebui sle urmeze,

precum i la alte obligaii ce pot fi impuse

acestuia de ctre instan [alin. (1)]. Referatulde evaluare privind respectarea condiiilor deexecutare a msurii educative sau a obligaiilorimpuse se ntocmete n toate cazurile n careinstana dispune asupra msurilor educative oriasupra modificrii sau ncetrii executriiobligaiilor impuse, precum i la terminareaexecutrii msurii educative [alin. (2)].

3. Regimul msurilor educativeneprivative de libertate

Msurile educative neprivative delibertate prevzute la art. 115 alin. (1) pct. 1din noul Cod penal sunt enumerate ntr-oordine care nu este ntmpltoare, ci reprezinto scar de msuri din ce n ce mai aspre nconinut, corespunztoare gradului de pericolsocial concret al faptei svrite i a graduluide pervertire morala minorului14.

Stagiul de formare civic (art. 117).Msura educativa stagiului de formare civicconst n obligaia minorului de a participa laun program cu o duratde cel mult patru luni,

pentru a-l ajuta sneleagconsecinele legalei sociale la care se expune n cazul svririide infraciuni i pentru a-l responsabiliza cu

privire la comportamentul su viitor.Organizarea, asigurarea participrii i

supravegherea minorului, pe durata cursului deformare civic, se fac sub coordonareaserviciului de probaiune, fr a afecta

programul colar sau profesional al minorului.

Supravegherea (art. 118). Msura

para. (2) of the new Criminal Code, both forthe option in favour of this group of measures,as well as for choosing between the twomeasures provided by law, and upon the

individualization of the chosen measure it iscrucial to use especially the general criteria ofindividualization.47

In accordance with art. 116 of the newCriminal Code, in assessing the minoraccording to the criteria provided in art. 74, thecourt will require to the probation service the

preparation of a report which will include thereasoned proposals regarding the nature andduration of social reintegration programswhich the minor should follow, as well as

other obligations that may be imposed on himby the court [para. (1)]. The assessment reporton compliance or enforcement of theeducational measure or imposed obligationsshall be drawn up in all cases where the courtdecides on educational measures or themodification or termination of the execution ofthe imposed obligations, as well as whencompleting the educational measure [para. (2)].

3. The regime of non-custodialeducational measures

Custodial educational measuresprovided in art. 115 para. (1) Section 1 of thenew Criminal Code are listed in an order that isnot accidental, but a scale of measuresincreasingly harsher in content, according tothe level of the real social danger of the offensecommitted and the degree of moral perversionof minors.48

The civic education stage (art. 117).The educational measure of civic educationstage consists of the obligation of the minors to

participate in a program lasting at most fourmonths, to help them understand the legal andsocial consequences that he is exposed to whencommitting criminal offenses and to makethem accountable on its future behavior.

The organization, ensuring theparticipation and supervision of the minorduring the civic education class are madeunder the supervision of the probation service,without affecting the minor's school or

vocational program.

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educativa supravegherii constn controlareai ndrumarea minorului n cadrul programuluisu zilnic, pe o duratcuprinsntre doui 6luni, sub coordonarea serviciului de

probaiune, pentru a asigura participarea lacursuri colare sau de formare profesional iprevenirea desfurrii unor activiti sauintrarea n legturcu anumite persoane care ar

putea afecta procesul de ndreptare a acestuia.Consemnarea la sfrit de

sptmn (art. 119). Msura educativ aconsemnrii la sfrit de sptmn const nobligaia minorului de a nu prsi locuina nzilele de smbt i duminic, pe o duratcuprinsntre 4 i 12 sptmni, afarde cazul

n care, n aceastperioad, are obligaia de aparticipa la anumite programe ori de adesfura anumite activiti impuse de instan.Supravegherea se face sub coordonareaserviciului de probaiune.

Asistarea zilnic (art. 120). Msuraeducativa asistrii zilnice const n obligaiaminorului de a respecta un program stabilit deserviciul de probaiune, care conine orarul icondiiile de desfurare a activitilor, precumi interdiciile impuse minorului. Msura

educativ a asistrii zilnice se ia pe o duratcuprinsntre 3 i 6 luni, iar supravegherea seface sub coordonarea serviciului de probaiune.

Obligaii ce pot fi impuse minoruluin cazul dispunerii unei msuri educativeneprivative de libertate

Pe durata executrii msuriloreducative neprivative de libertate, instana va

putea impune minorului respectarea uneia saumai multora dintre obligaiile prevzute expresla art. 121 din noul Cod penal, serviciile de

probaiune avnd obligaia de a supravegheandeplinirea acestor obligaii precum i modulde executare a msurilor educative neprivativede libertate, urmnd s sesizeze instana ncazul n care au intervenit motive care justificmodificarea obligaiilor ce au fost impuse sauncetarea vreuneia dintre aceste obligaii, saudac persoana supravegheat nu respectcondiiile de executare a msurii sau nuexecutobligaiile ce i revin15.

Obligaiile pe care instana le poate

Supervision (art. 118). Thesupervision educational measure consists ofcontrolling and guiding the minor within hisdaily program, over a period between two and

six months, under the supervision of theprobation service, to ensure participation inschool or vocational training courses and

prevention of conducting activities or gettingin touch with certain people that might affectthe minor's correction process.

Weekend commitment (art. 119).The educational measure of weekendcommitment is the obligation of the minor notto leave home on Saturdays and Sundays for a

period between 4 and 12 weeks, except if,

during this period, it is required to participatein certain programs or to carry out certainactivities imposed by the court. Supervision iscoordinated by the probation service.

Daily assistance (art. 120). Theeducational measure of daily assistanceconsists of the minor's obligation to meet aschedule set by the probation service, whichcontains the schedule of activities andconditions, as well as restrictions imposed onthe minor. The educational measure of daily

assistance is done for a period between 3 and 6months and supervision is coordinated by the

probation service.Obligations that may be imposed to

the minor in the case of providing a non-custodial educational measure

During the execution of non-custodialeducational measures, the court may requirethe minor to comply with one or more of theobligations expressly provided in art. 121 ofthe new Criminal Code, probation serviceshaving the obligation to monitor the fulfillmentof these obligations and the manner ofexecution of non-custodial educationalmeasures, and subsequently will notify thecourt if there occured any grounds to justifychanges of the obligations that were imposedor termination of any of these obligations, or ifthe supervised person does not comply withthe execution conditions of the measure ordoes not perform his obligations.49

The obligations that the court may

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impune minorului concomitent cu una dintremsurile educative neprivative de libertate (art.121) acoper, n linii generale, o arie similarcu cea a obligaiilor impuse majorului infractor

ce beneficiaz de o modalitate deindividualizare a pedepsei neprivativ delibertate, dar coninutul lor va fi adaptat nfuncie de persoana i conduita minorului i despecificul infraciunii comise16.

n dispoziiile din art. 121 alin. (1) seprevede c, pe durata executrii msuriloreducative neprivative de libertate, instana

poate impune minorului una sau mai multedintre urmtoarele obligaii:

a) s urmeze un curs de pregtire

colarsau formare profesional;b) s nu depeasc, fr acordul

serviciului de probaiune, limita teritorialstabilitde instan;

c) snu se afle n anumite locuri sau laanumite manifestri sportive, culturale ori laalte adunri publice stabilite de instan;

d) snu se apropie i snu comunicecu victima sau cu membri de familie aiacesteia, cu participanii la svrireainfraciunii ori cu alte persoane stabilite de

instan; cnd stabilete aceast obligaie,instana individualizeaz, n concret, coninutulacestei obligaii, innd seama de mprejurrilecauzei [art. 121 alin. (2)].

e) s se prezinte la serviciul deprobaiune la datele fixate de acesta;

f) s se supun msurilor de control,tratament sau ngrijire medical.

Modificarea sau ncetareaobligaiilor17. Art. 122 din noul Cod penalreglementeaz cazurile n care instana, lasolicitarea serviciului de probaiune, dispunemodificarea obligaiilor impuse a fi ndeplinite

pe durata executrii msurilor educativeneprivative de libertate sau ncetarea executriiunora dintre acestea.

Potrivit acestui text, ori de cte oriserviciul de probaiune constat, pe parcursulsupravegherii c au intervenit motive care

justific fie impunerea unor noi obligaii, fiesporirea sau diminuarea condiiilor de

executare a celor existente ori c unele

impose to the minor concomitantly with non-custodial educational measures (art. 121)cover, in general, an area similar to theobligations imposed on the major offender,

receiving way of individualizing non-custodialsentence, but their content will be adapteddepending on the person and conduct of theminor and the characteristics of the offensecommitted.50

The provisions of art. 121 para. (1)provides that, during the execution of non-custodial educational measures, the court mayimpose the minor one or more of the followingobligations:

a) to attend a course of school

education or vocational education;b) not to exceed, without the probation

service consent, the territorial limit establishedby the court;

c) not to be in certain places or atcertain sporting or cultural events or other

public meetings set by the court;d) to stay away and not to

communicate with the victim or members ofhis family, with the participants in the offenseor other persons determined by the court; in

determining this obligation, the courtspecifically individualizes the content of thisobligation, given the circumstances of the case[art. 121 para. (2)].

e) to report to the probation service indue time set by them;

f) to obey being subject to measures ofmedical control, treatment or care.

Modifying or completingobligations51.Article 122 of the new CriminalCode covers cases in which the court, at therequest of the probation service, modifies theobligations imposed to be fulfilled during theexecution of non-custodial educationalmeasures or provides to cease the performanceof some of them.

According to this text, wheneverprobation service found, during surveillance,that there intervened any grounds for imposingnew obligations or increase or decrease ofexisting performance conditions or obligations

imposed are no longer needed, notifies the

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obligaii impuse nu mai sunt necesare,sesizeazinstana care va dispune modificarea,n mod corespunztor, sau ncetarea acestorobligaii pentru a asigura persoanei

supravegheate anse mai mari de ndreptare18

.Prelungirea sau nlocuirea msuriloreducative neprivative de libertate.

Sunt reglementate dou situaii cndinstana dispune prelungirea sau nlocuireamsurilor educative neprivative de libertate(art. 123)19. Prima situaie, cnd minorul nurespect, cu rea-credin, condiiile deexecutare a msurii educative sau a obligaiilorimpuse. n aceastsituaie instana dispune:

a) prelungirea msurii educative, fra

putea depi maximul prevzut de lege pentruaceasta;

b) nlocuirea msurii luate cu o altmsur educativ neprivativ de libertate maisever;

c) nlocuirea msurii luate cu internareantr-un centru educativ, n cazul n care, iniial,s-a luat msura educativ neprivativ delibertate cea mai sever (asistarea zilnic), pedurata maxim;

d) nlocuirea msurii educative

neprivative de libertate cu msura internriintr-un centru educativ, n cazurile prevzute laliterele a) i b), dacnici de aceastdatnu aufost respectate condiiile de executare a msuriieducative sau a obligaiilor impuse.

A doua situaieeste cea cnd minorulaflat n executarea unei msuri educativeneprivative de libertate svrete o nouinfraciune sau este judecat pentru o infraciuneconcurent svrit anterior. n aceastsituaie, instana dispune:

a) prelungirea msurii educative luateiniial, fra putea depi maximul prevzut delege pentru aceasta;

b) nlocuirea msurii luate iniial cu oalt msur educativ neprivativ de libertatemai sever;

c) nlocuirea msurii luate iniial cu omsureducativprivativde libertate.

Pe durata executrii msurii educativece a fost prelungit sau a executrii msurii

educative neprivative de libertate mai severe ce

court that will have them altered accordingly,or termination of these obligations to ensurethat the supervised person is more likely tocorrect.52

The extension or replacement ofnon-custodial educational measures.There are two situations where the

court has covered extension or replacement ofnon-custodial educational measures (art.123)53. The first situation, when the minor, in

bad faith, does not observe the executionconditions of the educational measure or theimposed obligations. In this situation, the courtorders:

a) the extension of the educational

measure, without exceeding the maximumstatutory for that;

b) the replacement of the measure witha more severe non-custodial educationalmeasure;

c) the replacement of the measuretaken with the institutionalization in anedicational center, where initially there wastaken the most severe non-custodialeducational measure (daily assitance) duringthe maximum period;

d) the replacement of the non-custodialeducational measure with the measure ofinstitutionalization in an edicational center, inthe cases provided in letters a) i b), if neitherthis time the execution conditions of theeducational measures or imposed obligationswere observed.

The second situation is when theminor in the execution of a non-custodialeducational measure commits a new crime oris tried for a rival offense committed prior tothis one. In this case, the court orders:

a) the extension of the educationalmeasure, without exceeding the maximumstatutory for that;

b) the replacement of the measure witha more severe non-custodial educationalmeasure;

c) the replacement of the initialmeasure with a custodial educational measure.

During the execution of the educational

measure that has been extended or

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a nlocuit msura luat iniial, instana poateimpune minorului executarea unor noi obligaiisau sporirea condiiilor de executare a celordeja dispuse20.

4. Regimul msurilor educativeprivative de libertate

Noul Cod penal prevede dou msurieducative privative de libertate: internareantr-un centru educativ i internarea ntr-uncentru de detenie.

Art. 114 alin. (2) din noul Cod penalprevede c fa de minorul care, la datasvririi infraciunii, avea vrsta cuprinsntre14 i 18 ani se poate lua o msur educativ

privativde libertate n urmtoarele cazuri:a) dac a mai svrit o infraciune,

pentru care i s-a aplicat o msureducativcea fost executatori a crei executare a nceputnainte de comiterea infraciunii pentru careeste judecat;

b) atunci cnd pedeapsa prevzut delege pentru infraciunea svrit estenchisoarea de 7 ani sau mai mare orideteniunea pe via.

Msurile educative privative de

libertate constituie astfel o excepie de laexecutarea msurilor educative fr scoatereaminorului din mediul familial, justificat fie derepetarea comportamentului infracional, fie degravitatea infraciunii svrite21.

Internarea ntr-un centru educativ(art. 124). Msura educativa internrii ntr-un centru educativ const n internareaminorului ntr-o instituie specializat nrecuperarea minorilor, unde va urma un

program de pregtire colar i formareprofesionalpotrivit aptitudinilor sale, precumi programe de reintegrare social [art. 124alin. (1)].

Dei privativ de libertate, msurainternrii ntr-un centru educativ este o msureducativ, n cadrul creia preponderent este

programul formativ i educativ, avnd caobiectiv resocializarea minorului22.

Durata acestei msuri educative estestabilitde instan, pe baza criteriilor generale

de individualizare a pedepsei prevzute n art.

enforcement of the more severe custodialeducational measure which replaced theoriginal measure, the court may impose newobligations to the minor or increase the

execution conditions of those alreadydisposed.54

4. The regime of custodialeducational measures

The new Criminal Code provides twocustodial educational measures: admission intoeducational centerand institutionalization in adetention center.

Article 114 par. (2) of the newCriminal Code provides that the minor who, at

the time of the offense, was aged between 14and 18 years can be subjected to a custodialeducational measure in the following cases:

a) if he committed a crime for whichhe was applied an educational measure thatwas executed or the execution of which began

before the offense for which it is judged;b) where the punishment provided by

law for the offense is imprisonment for sevenyears or more or life imprisonment.

Custodial educational measures are

thus an exception to the enforcement ofeducational measures without removing thechild from the family, justified either byrepeated criminal behavior or by the gravity ofthe offense committed.55

Institutionalization in an educationcenter (art. 124). The educational measure ofinstitutionalization in an educational center is

placing the minor in an institution specializedin the rehabilitation of minors, where he willfollow a program of education and vocationaltraining according to his ability, and socialreintegration programs [art. 124 para. (1)].

Although involving deprivation ofliberty, the measure of institutionalization in aneducational center is an educational measure,in which is the formative and educational

program prevails, aiming at the resocializationof the minor.56

During this educational measure isdetermined by the court, based on the general

criteria for deciding on the punishment

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74 din noul Cod penal, ntre unu i 3 ani i nueste influenatde mplinirea de ctre minor avrstei de 18 ani, ca n legea penal n`vigoare23.

Legiuitorul a luat n considerareposibiliti multiple privind comportamentulminorului i a stipulat deciziile pe care le poatelua instana24.

Astfel, dac n perioada internriiminorul svrete o nou infraciune sau este

judecat pentru o infraciune concurentsvrit anterior, instana poate meninemsura internrii ntr-un centru educativ,

prelungind durata acesteia, fr a depimaximul prevzut de lege, sau o poate nlocui

cu msura internrii ntr-un centru de detenie[art. 124 alin. (3)].

Instana va proceda la meninerea iprelungirea internrii n centrul educativ atuncicnd, fa de gravitatea infraciunilor i demprejurrile n care au fost svrite, deconduita general a minorului, apreciaz cacesta se poate ndrepta n cadrul centruluieducativ, cu prelungirea duratei internrii, frdepirea maximului de 3 ani prevzut de lege.Dimpotriv, fa de gravitatea infraciunii

concurente anterioare sau a noii infraciunisvrite pe perioada internrii, dac

prelungirea duratei internrii nu mai esteposibil, instana va proceda la nlocuireaacestei msuri cu internarea ntr-un centru dedetenie, n condiiile prevzute de lege25.

n cazul n care pe durata internriiminorul a dovedit interes constant pentrunsuirea cunotinelor colare i profesionalei a fcut progrese evidente n vedereareintegrrii sociale, dupexecutarea a cel puin

jumtate din durata internrii, instana poatedispune: a) nlocuirea internrii cu msuraeducativa asistrii zilnice pe o perioadegalcu durata internrii neexecutate, dar nu maimult de 6 luni, dac persoana internat nu amplinit vrsta de 18 ani; b) liberarea dincentrul educativ, dac persoana internat amplinit vrsta de 18 ani. Odat cu nlocuireasau liberarea instana impune respectarea uneiasau mai multora dintre obligaiile prevzute n

art. 121 pn la mplinirea duratei msurii

provided in art. 74 of the new Criminal Code,between one and three years and is notinfluenced by the minor reaching the age of 18,as in criminal law in force57.

The legislator has considered multipleoptions regarding juvenile behavior and statedthat the decisions that the court can take.58

Thus, if during hospitalization theminor commits a new crime or is tried for acompeting offense previously committed, thecourt may maintain the measure ofinstitutionalization in an educational center,extending its duration, without exceeding themaximum statutory, or it can replace it withthe measure of institutionalization in a

detention center [art. 124 para. (3)].The court will proceed to the

maintenance and extension of admission to aneducational center when, compared to thegravity of the offenses and the circumstancesin which they were committed, the generalconduct of the minor, believes that he canstraighten out in the educational center, by

prolonging institutionalization withoutexceeded the maximum of three years

prescribed by law. Conversely, in comparison

to the gravity of the prior competing offense orto the new crime during institutionalization, ifthe prolongation of institutionalization that isno longer possible, the court will proceed toreplace this measure with institutionalization ina detention center, as provided by law.59

If during hospitalization the minorshowed constant interest in acquiring academicand professional knowledge and made good

progress in social reintegration after serving atleast half of the admission period, the courtmay order: a) the replacement of admissionwith the educational measure of dailyassistance for a period equal to the duration ofhospitalization not yet completed, but notlonger than 6 months if the person admitted isunder the age of 18 years; b) exemption fromthe educational center, if the person admittedhas reached the age of 18. With thereplacement of measures or liberation the courtorders the observation of one or more of the

obligations under art. 121 until they fulfill the

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internrii [art. 124 alin. (4) i (5)].Dac minorul nu respect, cu rea-

credin, condiiile de executare a msuriiasistrii zilnice sau obligaiile impuse, instana

revine asupra nlocuirii sau liberrii i dispuneexecutarea restului rmas neexecutat din duratamsurii internrii ntr-un centru educativ [art.124 alin. (6)].

n cazul svririi, pn la mplinireaduratei internrii, a unei noi infraciuni de ctreo persoancare nu a mplinit vrsta de 18 anii fa de care s-a dispus nlocuirea msuriiinternrii ntr-un centru educativ cu msuraasistrii zilnice, instana revine asupranlocuirii i dispune: a) executarea restului

rmas din durata msurii internrii iniiale, cuposibilitatea prelungirii duratei acesteia pnlamaximul prevzut de lege; b) internarea ntr-uncentru de detenie [art. 124 alin. (7)].

Internarea ntr-un centru de detenie(art. 125). Msura educativa internrii ntr-un centru de detenie const n internareaminorului ntr-o instituie specializat nrecuperarea minorilor, cu regim de paz isupraveghere, unde va urma programeintensive de reintegrare social, precum i

programe de pregtire colar i formareprofesionalpotrivit aptitudinilor sale [art. 125alin. (1)].

Distincia dintre centrul educativ icentrul de detenie constn aceea cn centrulde detenie procesul de recuperare a minoruluiurmeaz s aib loc n regim de paz isupraveghere, programele de reintegraresocial urmnd s aib un caracter intensiv,spre deosebire de centrul educativ, n cadrulcruia procesul de recuperare nu va avea locsub pazi supraveghere26.

Internarea se dispune pe o perioadcuprinsntre 2 i 5 ani, afarde cazul n care

pedeapsa prevzutde lege pentru infraciuneasvriteste nchisoarea de 20 de ani sau maimare ori deteniunea pe via, cnd internarease ia pe o perioad cuprins ntre 5 i 15 ani.[art. 125 alin. (2)].La determinarea concretaduratei internrii, ntre limitele prevzute delege, instana ine seama de criteriile generale

de individualizare prevzute n art. 74 alin. (1)

length of the hospitalization measure [art. 124para. (4) and (5)].

If the child does not comply, in badfaith, the conditions of fulfilling the daily

assistance measure or obligations imposed, thecourt returns to the measure substitution orliberation and enforces the execution of theunexecuted remainder of the duration ofhospitalization in the educational centerinstitutionalization measure [art. 124 para. (6)].

If up to completing the period ofinstitutionalization, a new crime is commited

by a person under the age of 18 and who wassubjected to the replacement of the admissioninto educational center measure with the daily

assistance measure, the court returns upon thereplacement and orders: a) the execution of theremaining period of the initialinstitutionalization measure, with the

possibility of extending its duration to themaximum provided by law; b) the placementin a detention center [art. 124 para. (7)].

Institutionalization in a detentioncenter (art. 125). The educational measure ofinstitutionalization in a detention center is

placing the minor in an institution specialized

in the recovery of minors, providing a securityand surveillance system, where he will attendintensive programs of social reintegration and

programs of education and training accordingto his skills [art. 125 para. (1)].

The distinction between educationaland the detention center is that in the detentioncenter the minor's recovery process to take

place under security and surveillance, socialreintegration programs will be intensive innature, unlike the educational center in whichthe recovery process will not take place insecurity and surveillance.60

Admission is disposed over a period ofbetween 2 and 5 years, unless the punishmentprovided for the offense is imprisonment for20 years or more or life imprisonment, whenadmission is taken over a period of between 5and 15 years. [art. 125 para. (2)]. Indetermining the actual duration ofhospitalization, within the limits provided by

law, the court shall take into account the

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lit. a) g) pentru individualizarea pedepselor ise bazeaz pe cunoaterea exact a datelorrealitii, la care se refer criteriile respective.Oricare ar fi ns durata i condiiile de

executare a internrii ntr-un centru de detenie,aceast sanciune este o msur educativ, inu o pedeaps i de aceea are un caractereminamente educativ i preventiv, iar nurepresiv ca n cazul pedepsei27.

Dac n perioada internrii minorulsvrete o nou infraciune sau este judecat

pentru o infraciune concurent svritanterior, instana prelungete msura internrii,fr a depi maximul prevzut n alin. (2) alart. 125, determinat n raport cu pedeapsa cea

mai grea dintre cele prevzute de lege pentruinfraciunile svrite. Din durata msuriieducative se scade perioada executatpn ladata hotrrii [art. 125 alin. (3)].

Legiuitorul a luat n considerare isituaiile n care minorul condamnat ddovezitemeinice de ndreptare28. Astfel, n cazul ncare pe durata internrii minorul a doveditinteres constant pentru nsuirea cunotinelorcolare i profesionale i a fcut progreseevidente n vederea reintegrrii sociale, dup

executarea a cel puin jumtate din duratainternrii, instana poate dispune: a) nlocuireainternrii cu msura educativa asistrii zilnice

pe o perioad egal cu durata internriineexecutate, dar nu mai mult de 6 luni, dac

persoana internat nu a mplinit vrsta de 18ani; b) liberarea din centrul de detenie, dac

persoana internata mplinit vrsta de 18 ani.Odat cu nlocuirea sau liberarea, instanaimpune respectarea uneia sau mai multoradintre obligaiile prevzute n art. 121, pnlamplinirea duratei msurii internrii [art. 125alin. (4) i (5)].

Per a contrario, dac minorul nurespect, cu rea-credin, condiiile deexecutare a msurii asistrii zilnice sauobligaiile impuse, instana revine asupranlocuirii sau liberrii i dispune executarearestului rmas neexecutat din durata msuriiinternrii ntr-un centru de detenie [art. 125alin. (6)].

n cazul svririi, pn la mplinirea

general criteria set out on individualization inarticle 74 para. (1). a) g) for theindividualization of sentences and relies onaccurate knowledge of the real data, which the

respective criteria refer to. Whatever theduration and conditions of execution ofinstitutionalization in a detention center, the

penalty is an educational measure, not apunishment and therefore is eminentlyeducational and preventive, not punitive likethe punishment.61

If during institutionalization the minorcommits a new crime or is tried for acompeting offense committed prior to it, thecourt extends the measure of

institutionalization, without exceeding themaximum specified in par. (2), art. 125,determined in relation to the worst of the

punishments provided by law for the crimes.Out of the educational measure period there issubtracted the period of time served until thedecision time [art. 125 para. (3)].

The legislator also took intoconsideration the situations when the convictedminor condamnat gives solid proofs ofcorrection62. Thus, if the child during

hospitalization the minor showed constantinterest in acquiring academic and professionalknowledge and made good progress in socialreintegration after serving at least half of theadmission, the court may order: a) thereplacement of hospitalization to theeducational measure of daily assistance for a

period equal to the duration of hospitalizationexecuted, but not longer than 6 months if the

person admitted is under the age of 18 years;b) release from the detention center if theperson admitted reached the age of 18. Withthe substitution or release, the court requirescompliance with one or more of the obligationslaid down in art. 121, up to the fulfillment ofthe hospitalization measure [art. 125 para. (4)and (5)].

Per a contrario, if the minor does notcomply, in bad faith, the execution conditionsof daily assitance measure conditions or theimposed obligations, the court revises the

substitution or release and enforces the

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duratei internrii, a unei noi infraciuni de ctreo persoancare nu a mplinit vrsta de 18 anii fa de care s-a dispus nlocuirea msuriiinternrii ntr-un centru de detenie cu msura

asistrii zilnice, instana revine asupranlocuirii i dispune: a) executarea restuluirmas din durata msurii internrii ntr-uncentru de detenie; b) prelungirea durateiacestei internri n condiiile prevzute n alin.(3) al art. 125[art. 125 alin. (7)].

Dac n cursul executrii unei msurieducative privative de libertate persoanainternat, care a mplinit vrsta de 18 ani, areun comportament prin care influeneaznegativ sau mpiedicprocesul de recuperare i

reintegrare a celorlalte persoane internate,instana poate dispune continuarea executriimsurii educative ntr-un penitenciar [art. 126].n acest caz, sanciunea iniial nu setransform ntr-o pedeaps, ea i pstreazaceeai naturjuridic de msureducativmodificndu-se doar instituia de executare. Pecale de consecin, regimul de executare almsurii educative n penitenciar va fi diferit deregimul de executare al pedepsei nchisorii29.

Pornind de la asemnarea dintre

msurile educative privative de libertate ipedepse, sub aspectul duratei acestora,dispoziiile din art. 127 din noul Cod penaltrimit, n ceea ce privete modul de calculare aduratei msurilor educative, la dispoziiile art.71-73 privitoare la calculul duratei pedepselor,cu precizarea c i durata executrii msuriieducative privative de libertate se socotete dinziua n care minorul a nceput executareahotrrii definitive prin care s-a dispus aceastmsur, ziua n care nceteaz socotindu-se ndurata executrii30.

5. Dispoziii comune privindrspunderea penala minorului

Art. 128 din noul Cod penalreglementeazefectele cauzelor de atenuare iagravare n cazul infraciunilor svrite ntimpul minoritii.Potrivit acestui text, n cazulinfraciunilor svrite n timpul minoritii,cauzele de atenuare i agravare sunt avute n

vedere la alegerea msurilor educative i

unexecuted remainder duration of the of themeasure of internalization in a detention center[art. 125 para. (6)].

If up to the duration of hospitalization,

a new crime is committed by a person underthe age of 18 years and who has been orderedto replace the measure of hospitalization in adetention center with the daily assistancemeasure, the court revises the substitution andorders: a) the execution of the reamainder

period of the internment in a detention centermeasure; b) the extension of the admission inthe center as provided in par. (3), art. 125 [art.125 para. (7)].

If during the execution of a custodial

educational measure the hospitalized personwho has reached the age of 18, has a behaviorwhich adversely affect or hinder the recoveryand reintegration of others hospitalized, thecourt may order to continue the execution ofthe educational measure in a prison [art. 126].In this case, the initial sanction does not turninto a punishment, it retains the same juridicalstatus of educational measure justmodifying the executing institution.Consequently, the system of enforcement of

the educational measure in the prison systemwill be different from execution of prisonsentence63.

Based on the similarity betweencustodial educational measures and penalties,in terms of their duration, the provisions of art.127 of the new Criminal Code, regarding thecalculation of the duration of educationalmeasures, the provisions of art. 71-73regarding the calculation of the duration ofsentences, stating that during the execution ofthe custodial educational measure shall runfrom the day the minor began the execution ofthe final judgment that ordered the measure,considering the ceasing day during theexecution64.

5. Common regulations regardingthe criminal liability of the minor

Article 128 of the new Criminal Coderegulates the effects of mitigation and

aggravation cases for crimes committed during

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produc efecte ntre limitele prevzute de legepentru fiecare msureducativ.

La art. 129 din noul Cod penal seprevede modul de rezolvare a pluralitii de

infraciuni, stabilindu-se precis soluia ce sepronunde ctre instann astfel de situaii31.Astfel, art. 129 prevede n alin. (1) c

n caz de concurs de infraciuni svrite ntimpul minoritii, se stabilete i se ia osingurmsur educativpentru toate faptele,n condiiile art. 114, innd seama de criteriile

prevzute n art. 74.n alin. (2) al aceluiai articol se

prevede c n cazul svririi a douinfraciuni, dintre care una n timpul minoritii

i una dup majorat, pentru infraciuneacomis n timpul minoritii se ia o msureducativ, iar pentru infraciunea svritdup majorat se stabilete o pedeaps, dupcare:

a) dac msura educativ esteneprivativ de libertate, se execut numai

pedeapsa;b) dacmsura educativeste privativ

de libertate, iar pedeapsa este nchisoarea, seaplic pedeapsa nchisorii, care se majoreaz

cu o durat egal cu cel puin o ptrime dindurata msurii educative ori din restul rmasneexecutat din aceasta la data svririiinfraciunii comise dupmajorat. n acest caz,

potrivit dispoziiei din alin. (3) al art. 129, dindurata pedepsei aplicate se scade ceea ce s-aexecutat din momentul svririi infraciuniicomise dupmajorat pnla data judecrii. Deasemenea, potrivit dispoziiei din alin. (5) alart. 129, pedeapsa astfel stabilitnu poate faceobiectul amnrii aplicrii pedepsei sau alsuspendrii executrii sub supraveghere.

c) dac pedeapsa aplicat pentruinfraciunea svrit dup majorat estedeteniunea pe via, se executnumai aceast

pedeaps;d) dacmsura educativeste privativ

de libertate, iar pedeapsa este amenda, seexecut msura educativ, a crei durat semajoreaz cu cel mult 6 luni, fr a depimaximul prevzut de lege pentru aceasta.

Conform alin. (4) al art. 129, n cazul

minority. According to this text, for crimescommitted during minority, mitigation andaggravation causes are considered whenchoosing educational measures and produce

effects within the limits prescribed by law forevery educational measure.Art. 129 of the new Criminal Code sets

out the way of solving the plurality of crime,establishing a precise solution ordered by thecourts in such situations65.

Thus, art. 129 provides in para. (1) thatin the case of multiple offenses committedduring minority , there is established and takenone educational measure for all the deeds, interms of art. 114, taking into account the

criteria set out in art. 74.Paragraph. (2) of the same article

provides that in case of committing twocrimes, one during and one after reaching thefull age, for the crime committed duringminority it is taken an educational measure,and for the offense commited after reachingthe full age there is established a punishment,whereupon:

a) if the educational measure is non-custodial, the penalty is executed only;

b) if the educational measure iscustodial, and the punishment is imprisonment,the punishment of imprisonment is applied,which shall be increased by a period equal to atleast a quarter of the way through the rest ofthe educational measure or unserved at thetime of this offense committed after reachingfull age . In this case, as provided in par. (3),art. 129, from the length of applied sentence itis subtracted what was executed from themoment of the offense committed afterreaching full age until trial. Also, under the

provisions of par. (5), art. 129, the penalty thusestablished may be subject to postponement of

penalty application or suspension of executionunder surveillance.

c) if the penalty imposed for theoffense commited after reaching full age is lifeimprisonment, this penalty only is executed;

d) if the educational measure is acustodial one, and the penalty is a fine, there is

executed the educational measure, the duration

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svririi dup majorat a dou sau mai multeinfraciuni concurente se aplic mai ntiregulile referitoare la concursul de infraciuni,dup care se face aplicarea dispoziiilor alin.

(2). Dispoziiile din art. 130 din noul Codpenal, cu denumirea marginal Descoperireaunei infraciuni svrite n timpul minoritii,reglementeaz situaia unei infraciunisvrite n timpul minoritii, dar descoperit

pe perioada termenului de supraveghere alamnrii aplicrii pedepsei, al suspendrii subsupraveghere a executrii pedepsei ori alliberrii condiionate a persoanei respective,

pentru care s-a luat, chiar dup expirarea

termenului o msur educativ privativ delibertate32.

Potrivit acestor dispoziii, dac pedurata termenului de supraveghere al amnriiaplicrii pedepsei, al suspendrii subsupraveghere ori al liberrii condiionate sedescoper c persoana supravegheat maisvrise o infraciune n timpul minoritii

pentru care s-a luat, chiar dup expirareaacestui termen, o msur educativ privativde libertate, amnarea, suspendarea sau

liberarea se anuleaz, aplicndu-se n modcorespunztor dispoziiile art. 129 alin. (2)-(4)din noul Cod penal.

n art. 131 din noul Cod penal estereglementat prescripia rspunderii penale aminorilor. n ceea ce privete prescripiarspunderii penale pentru minori, prevederilenoului Cod penal sunt similare cu ale Codului

penal n vigoare, aceste termene fiind reduse lajumtate, n raport cu termenele de prescripieprevzute de lege pentru majori, ntrerupereasau suspendarea cursului prescripiei fiindreglementatca i n cazul majorilor33.

Prescripia executrii msuriloreducative este reglementatn art. 132 din noulCod penal. n temeiul dispoziiilor noului Cod

penal, termenul de prescripie a executriimsurilor educative este diferit dup cummsura educativ este neprivativ de libertatesau privativ de libertate. Astfel, msurileeducative neprivative de libertate se prescriu

ntr-un termen de 2 ani de la data rmnerii

of which is increased by no more than 6months, without exceeding the maximumstatutory for that.

According to para. (4), art. 129, if after

reaching full age there are committed two ormore multiple crimes, there shall be appliedfirst the rules on multiple crime, then applyingthe provisions of par. (2).

The provisions of art. 130 of the newCriminal Code, marginally titled "Thediscovery of a crime commited duringminority" regulate the situation of crimesduring the minority, but discovered during thesurveillance period of the postponed of penaltyapplication, of supervised suspension of the

sentence or of the conditional release of theperson concerned, against which there hasbeen taken, right after the due date expiry, acustodial educational measure66.

Under these provisions, if during theperiod of postponing penalty application, ofsuspension under supervision or of conditionalrelease it is discovered that the person hadcommitted another offense during minority,against which it was taken, right after this duedate expiry, a custodial educational measure,

the postponement, suspesion or release arecancelled, properly applying the provisions ofart. 129 para. (2) - (4) of the new CriminalCode.

Art. 131 of the new Criminal Coderegulates the limitation of criminal liability ofminors. Regarding juvenile criminal liabilitylimitation, the provisions of the new CriminalCode are similar to those of the Criminal Codein force, these terms being reduced by half,compared with the time limits provided by lawfor adults, interruption or suspension oflimitation rate being regulated similarly to themajors cases67.

Limitation of enforcement ofeducational measures is regulated in art. 132 ofthe new Criminal Code. Under the provisionsof the new Criminal Code, the limitation ofenforcement of educational measures isdifferent as far as the educational measure isnon-custodial or custodial. The non-custodial

educational measures are prescribed in a period

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definitive a hotrrii prin care au fost luate, ntimp ce msurile educative privative delibertate se prescriu ntr-un termen egal cudurata msurii educative luate, dar nu mai

puin de 2 ani.Termenele de prescripie a executriimsurilor educative se ntrerup i se suspendn condiiile prevzute de lege pentru majori.

n cazul nlocuirii msurilor educative,executarea se prescrie n raport cu msuraeducativ mai grea i curge de la datarmnerii definitive a hotrrii prin care s-adispus nlocuirea.

Art. 133 din noul Cod penalreglementeazefectele msurilor educative, n

sensul c acestea nu atrag interdicii, decderisau incapaciti.

n art. 134 din noul Cod penal, cudenumirea marginalMinorul devenit major,se prevede c dispoziiile Titlului VMinoritatea se aplic i majorilor care, ladata svririi infraciunii, aveau vrstacuprinsntre 14 i 18 ani.

De asemenea, se instituie posibilitateainstanei de judecat, ca n cazul cndinfractorul a svrit o infraciune n timpul

minoritii, dar la data pronunrii hotrriiprin care s-a luat o msur privativ delibertate a mplinit 18 ani, s dispunexecutarea msurii educative ntr-un

penitenciar, innd seama de posibilitile salede ndreptare, de vrsta acestuia, precum i decelelalte criterii prevzute n art. 74 din noulCod penal34.

Bibliografie:

1.

G. Antoniu (coord.), Al. Boroi, B.-N.Bulai, C. Bulai, t. Dane, C. Duvac,M.-K. Guiu, C. Mitrache, Cr. Mitrache,I. Molnar, I. Ristea, C. Sima, V.Teodorescu, I. Vasiu, A. Vlceanu,

Explicaii preliminare ale noului Cod

penal, Vol. II (art. 53-187), EdituraUniversul Juridic, Bucureti, 2011;

2. Al. Boroi, Drept penal. Parteageneral, Editura C.H. Beck,

Bucureti, 2010;

of 2 years from the date of the final decisionthat was taken, while custodial educationalmeasures are prescribed within a period equalto the period of educational measures taken,

but not less than 2 years.Limitation of enforcement ofeducational measures is interrupted andsuspended as provided by law for adults.

If changing educational measures,execution is prescribed against the worsteducational measure and runs from the date the

judgment ordering the substitution becomesfinal.

Article 133 of the new Criminal Coderegulates the effects of educational measures,

in that they do not attract prohibition,disqualification or disability.

In art. 134 of the new Criminal Code,marginally titled "The Minor Become Major"states that the provisions of Title V "Minority"also applies to adults who, at the time of theoffense, were aged between 14 and 18.

Also, there is the possibility of thecourt, as in the case when the offender hascommitted a crime during the minority, but theday of the judgment that order to be taken a

custodial measure the minor turns 18, to orderthe execution of the educational measure in a

prison, taking into account his correctionpossibilities and also other criteria set out inart. 74 of the new Criminal Code68.

Bibliography:

G. Antoniu (coord.), Al. Boroi, B.-N.Bulai, C. Bulai, t. Dane, C. Duvac,M.-K. Guiu, C. Mitrache, Cr. Mitrache,I. Molnar, I. Ristea, C. Sima, V.Teodorescu, I. Vasiu, A. Vlceanu,

Preliminary Explanations of the New

Criminal Code, Vol. II (art. 53-187),Juridical Universe Publishing House,Bucharest, 2011;Al. Boroi, Criminal Law. The General

Part, C.H. Beck Publishing House,Bucharest, 2010;Al. Boroi, Criminal Law. The General

Part, Second Edition, All Beck

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3. Al. Boroi, Drept penal. Parteageneral, Ediia a II-a, Editura AllBeck, Bucureti, 2000;

4. C. Bulai, B.N. Bulai,Manual de drept

penal. Partea general, EdituraUniversul Juridic, Bucureti, 2007;5. T. Dascl,Minoritatea n dreptul penal

romn, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti,2011;

6. I. Pascu,Drept penal. Partea general,Ediia a II-a, Editura Hamangiu,Bucureti, 2009;

7. I. Pascu, P. Buneci, Noul Cod penal,Partea generali Codul penal, Partea

general n vigoare. Prezentare

comparativ, Ediia a II-a, revzut iadugit, Editura Universul Juridic,Bucureti, 2011;

8. I. Pascu, V. Dobrinoiu, T. Dima, M.A.Hotca, C. Pun, I. Chi, M. Gorunescu,M. Dobrinoiu, Noul Cod penalcomentat. Partea general, vol. I,Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti,2012;

9. V. Paca, Drept penal. Parteageneral, Editura Universul Juridic,

Bucureti, 2011.

Publishing House, Bucharest, 2000;C. Bulai, B.N. Bulai,Criminal LawGuide. The General Part, JuridicalUniverse Publishing House, Bucharest,

2007;T. Dascl, Minority in RomanianCriminal Law, C.H. Beck PublishingHouse, Bucharest, 2011;I. Pascu, Criminal Law. The General

Part, Second Edition, HamangiuPublishing House, Bucharest, 2009;I. Pascu, P. Buneci, The New CriminalCode, The General Part and the

Criminal Code, The General Part in

Force. Comparative Presentation,

Second Edition, revised and enlarged,Juridical Universe Publishing House,Bucharest, 2011;I. Pascu, V. Dobrinoiu, T. Dima, M.A.Hotca, C. Pun, I. Chi, M. Gorunescu,M. Dobrinoiu, Comments on the NewCriminal Code. The General Part, vol.I, Juridical Universe Publishing House,Bucharest, 2012;V. Paca, Criminal Law. The General

Part, Juridical Universe Publishing

House, Bucharest, 2011.

1 Noul Cod penal a fost adoptat prin Legea nr. 286/2009, publicat n Monitorul Oficial nr. 510/24.07.2009.Acest Cod penal va intra n vigoare la data de 1 februarie 2014 (Legea nr. 187/2012 pentru punerea n aplicare aLegii nr. 286/2009 privind Codul penal, publicatn Monitorul Oficial nr. 757/11.12.2012).2I. Pascu, P. Buneci,Noul Cod penal, Partea generali Codul penal, Partea generaln vigoare. Prezentarecomparativ, Ediia a II-a, revzuti adugit, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2011, p. 1583 G. Antoniu (coord.), Al. Boroi, B.-N. Bulai, C. Bulai, t. Dane, C. Duvac, M.-K. Guiu, C. Mitrache, Cr.Mitrache, I. Molnar, I. Ristea, C. Sima, V. Teodorescu, I. Vasiu, A. Vlceanu,Explicaii preliminare ale nouluiCod penal, Vol. II (art. 53-187), Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2011, p. 3274Idem, p. 3285V. Paca,Drept penal. Partea general, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2011, p. 440

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6Potrivit art. 99 Cod penal n vigoare (1) Minorul care nu a mplinit vrsta de 14 ani nu rspunde penal. (2)Minorul care are vrsta ntre 14 i 16 ani rspunde penal, numai dac se dovedete c a svrit fapta cudiscernmnt. (3) Minorul care a mplinit vrsta de 16 ani rspunde penal.7Al. Boroi,Drept penal. Partea general, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti, 2010, p. 4058Al. Boroi,Drept penal. Partea general, Ediia a II-a, Editura All Beck, Bucureti, 2000, p. 2939C. Bulai, B.N. Bulai, Manual de drept penal. Partea general, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2007, p.60510T. Dascl,Minoritatea n dreptul penal romn, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti, 2011, p. 30011I. Pascu,Drept penal. Partea general, Ediia a II-a, Editura Hamangiu, Bucureti, 2009, p. 47412Potrivit art. 74 alin. (1) din noul Cod penal Stabilirea duratei ori a cuantumului pedepsei se face n raport cugravitatea infraciunii svrite i cu periculozitatea infractorului, care se evalueazdupurmtoarele criterii: a)mprejurrile i modul de comitere a infraciunii, precum i mijloacele folosite; b) starea de pericol creatpentruvaloarea ocrotit; c) natura i gravitatea rezultatului produs ori a altor consecine ale infraciunii; d) motivulsvririi infraciunii i scopul urmrit; e) natura i frecvena infraciunilor care constituie antecedente penale aleinfractorului; f) conduita dupsvrirea infraciunii i n cursul procesului penal; g) nivelul de educaie, vrsta,starea de sntate, situaia familiali social. 13G. Antoniu (coord.) i colab., op. cit., p. 33814T. Dascl, op. cit., p. 302-30315V. Paca, op. cit., p. 44316Ibidem17 Art. 122 din noul Cod penal: (1) Dac, pe parcursul supravegherii, au intervenit motive care justific fieimpunerea unor noi obligaii, fie sporirea sau diminuarea condiiilor de executare a celor existente, instanadispune modificarea obligaiilor n mod corespunztor, pentru a asigura persoanei supravegheate anse mai maride ndreptare. (2) Instana dispune ncetarea executrii unora dintre obligaiile pe care le-a impus, cnd apreciazcmeninerea acestora nu mai este necesar.18I. Pascu, P. Buneci, op. cit., p. 16619I. Pascu, op. cit., p. 47620V. Paca, op. cit., p. 44621Ibidem22G. Antoniu (coord.) i colab., op. cit., p. 35123Idem, p. 351-35224I. Pascu, V. Dobrinoiu, T. Dima, M.A. Hotca, C. Pun, I. Chi, M. Gorunescu, M. Dobrinoiu,Noul Cod penalcomentat. Partea general, vol. I, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureti, 2012, p. 67725G. Antoniu (coord.) i colab., op. cit., p. 35226V. Paca, op. cit., p. 44927G. Antoniu (coord.) i colab., op. cit., p. 35528I. Pascu i colab., op. cit., p. 68029Al. Boroi, op. cit., 2010, p. 41130G. Antoniu (coord.) i colab., op. cit., p. 35831T. Dascl, op. cit., p. 31732G. Antoniu (coord.) i colab., op. cit., p. 36233T. Dascl, op. cit., p. 31934I. Pascu, P. Buneci, op. cit., p. 18035 The new Criminal Code was adopted by Law no. 286/2009, published in the Official Gazette no.510/07.24.2009. This Criminal Code penal will be in force starting with the 1st of February 2014 (Law no.187/2012 for implementing Law no. 286/2009 regarding the Criminal Code, published in the the Official Gazetteno. 757/12.11.2012).36 I. Pascu, P. Buneci, The New Criminal Code, The General Part and the Criminal Code, The GeneralPart in Force. Comparative Presentation, Second Edition, revised and enlarged, Juridical Universe PublishingHouse, Bucharest, 2011, p. 15837 G. Antoniu (coord.), Al. Boroi, B.-N. Bulai, C. Bulai, t. Dane, C. Duvac, M.-K. Guiu, C. Mitrache,Cr. Mitrache, I. Molnar, I. Ristea, C. Sima, V. Teodorescu, I. Vasiu, A. Vlceanu,Preliminary Explanations ofthe New Criminal Code, Vol. II (art. 53-187), Juridical Universe Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011, p. 32738 Idem, p. 32839 V. Paca, Criminal Law. The General Part, Juridical Universe Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011, p.440

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40 According to art. 99 of the Criminal Code in force "(1) A minor under the age of 14 years is notcriminally responsible. (2) A minor who is aged between 14 and 16 is criminally liable only if it is proved that hecommitted the act with discretion. (3) A minor who has attained the age of 16 criminally responsible".41 Al. Boroi, Criminal Law. The General Part, C.H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2010, p. 40542 Al. Boroi, Criminal Law. The General Part, Second Edition, All Beck House, Bucharest, 2000, p. 29343 C. Bulai, B.N. Bulai, Criminal Law Guide. The General Part, Juridical Universe Publishing House,Bucharest, 2007, p. 60544 T. Dascl,Minority in Romanian Criminal Law, C.H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011, p. 30045 I. Pascu, Criminal Law. The General Part, Second Edition, Hamangiu Publishing House, Bucharest,2009, p. 47446 According to art. 74 para. (1) of the new Criminal Code " Setting the duration or the amount of the

penalty is commensurate with the gravity of the offense committed and the offender's dangerousness, which isassessed on the following criteria: a) circumstances and manner of commission of the offense and the meansused; b) the state of danger created for the defended value; c) nature and severity of the outcome or otherconsequences of the offense; d) crime reason and purpose; e) nature and frequency of offenses that constitutecriminal history of the offender; f) conduct after committing the crime and during the criminal trial; g) educationlevel, age, health, family and social situation".47 G. Antoniu (coord.) and collab., op. cit., p. 33848 T. Dascl, op. cit., p. 302-30349 V. Paca, op. cit., p. 44350 Ibidem51

Art. 122 in the new Criminal Code: "(1) If during surveillance there intervened any grounds forimposing new obligations, either increasing or decreasing the existing performance conditions, the court ordersthe proper modification of obligations, in order to provide the supervised person higher chances for correction.(2) The court shall terminate execution of the obligations imposed when it considers that it is no longernecessary to maintain tehm."52 I. Pascu, P. Buneci, op. cit., p. 16653 I. Pascu, op. cit., p. 47654 V. Paca, op. cit., p. 44655 Ibidem56 G. Antoniu (coord.) an collab., op. cit., p. 35157 Idem, p. 351-35258 I. Pascu, V. Dobrinoiu, T. Dima, M.A. Hotca, C. Pun, I. Chi, M. Gorunescu, M. Dobrinoiu,Comments on the New Criminal Code. The General Part, vol. I, Juridical Universe Publishing House, Bucharest,2012, p. 67759 G. Antoniu (coord.) and collab., op. cit., p. 35260 V. Paca, op. cit., p. 44961 G. Antoniu (coord.) and collab., op. cit., p. 35562 I. Pascu i colab., op. cit., p. 68063 Al. Boroi, op. cit., 2010, p. 41164 G. Antoniu (coord.) and collab., op. cit., p. 35865 T. Dascl, op. cit., p. 31766 G. Antoniu (coord.) and collab., op. cit., p. 36267 T. Dascl, op. cit., p. 31968 I. Pascu, P. Buneci, op. cit., p. 180

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