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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fundamentals of

Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITION

Freder

icH.Mart

ini

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by

Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland,Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

Chapter 23, part 3The Respiratory System

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SECTION 23-7Pulmonary Ventilation

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Movement of air depends upon

Boyles Law

Pressure and volume inverse relationship

Volume depends on movement ofdiaphragm and ribs

Pressure and airflow to the lungs

Compliance an indication of theexpandability of the lungs

Air movement

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Figure 23.14 Respiratory Pressure and VolumeRelationships

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Relationship between intrapulmonary pressureand atmospheric pressure determines direction

of air flow Intrapleural pressure maintains pull on lungs

Pressure in the space between parietal and

visceral pleura

Pressure changes during inhalation andexhalation

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Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of PulmonaryVentilation

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Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of PulmonaryVentilation

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Single cycle of inhalation and exhalation

Amount of air moved in one cycle = tidalvolume

Respiratory cycle

Animation: Pulmonary VentilationPLAY

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/media_cd/ip/systems/pulmvent.htmlhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/media_cd/ip/systems/pulmvent.htmlhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/media_cd/ip/systems/pulmvent.html

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Figure 23.16 Pressure Changes duringInhalation and Exhalation

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Quiet breathing (eupnea)

Diaphragm and external and internalintercostals muscles

Forced breathing (hyperpnea)

Accessory muscles

Mechanisms of breathing

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Figure 23.17 The Respiratory Muscles

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Alveolar volume

Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

Tidal Volume (VT)

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each

breath

Vital capacity

Tidal volume plus expiratory and inspiratory

reserve volumes Residual volume

Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation

Respiratory volumes

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Figure 23.18 Respiratory Volumes andCapacities

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SECTION 23-8Gas Exchange

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Daltons Law and partial pressure

Individual gases in a mixture exert pressure

proportional to their abundance

Diffusion between liquid and gases (Henrys law)

The amount of gas in solution is directly

proportional to their partial pressure

The gas laws

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Figure 23.19 Henrys Law and the Relationshipbetween Solubility and Pressure

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Figure 23.19 Henrys Law and the Relationshipbetween Solubility and Pressure

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Gas exchange across respiratory membrane isefficient due to:

Differences in partial pressure

Small diffusion distance

Lipid-soluble gases

Large surface area of all alveoli Coordination of blood flow and airflow

Diffusion and respiratory function