2011-2012. 06 Organella
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Transcript of 2011-2012. 06 Organella
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Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
Minggu VI
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Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
Plant & animal cell
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Cytoplasm refers to the jelly-like material with organelles init.
If the organelles were removed, the soluble part that wouldbe left is called the cytosol. It consists mainly of water withdissolved substances such as amino acids in it.
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Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
Just as a traffic cop keeps the cars from crashinginto one another, the cytoplasm of a cell keeps the
organelles from smashing into each other.
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mengandung DNA menentukan sintesis proteinPusat pengendali aktivitas sel
Didalam nukleus terdapat organella yang disebutnucleolus (bertanggung jawab dalam pembentukanribosom)
Nukleus diselubungi oleh membran nukleus (doublemembrane) dengan pori-pori / lubang yang disebutnuclear pores. Melalui pori-pori ini ribosom dan materiallain dapat masuk dan keluar
Nucleus
Organella terbesar di dalam sel
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Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
Organela sel berhubungan satu dengan yang lainmelalui sistem endomembran
Reticulum endoplasma :
tersusun atas membran,kantung-kantung yangdatar (flattened sacs),dan vesikula-vesikula
endoplasmic reticulumprovides a tubulartransport system insidethe cell.
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Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
Just as a subway must go through theunderground tunnels, the organelles must travel
through the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
Reticulum Endoplasma
Within cell network
Ada dua macam
RE kasar
interconnected flattened sacs Ada ribosome yang melekat
Tempat sintesis protein
RE halus
interconnected tubules Tidak ada ribosom yang melekat
Tempat sintesis lemak
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RE kasar dan RE halus
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Ribosomes- Organelles that help in the synthesis of proteins. Ribosomes
are made up of two parts, called subunits.
They get their names from their size. One unit is larger than the other so
they are called large and small subunits.
Both these subunits are necessary for protein synthesis in the cell. When
the two units are docked together with a special information unit called
messenger RNA, they make proteins.
Some ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm, but most are attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum. While attached to the ER, ribosomes make
proteins that the cell needs and also ones to be exported from the cell for
work elsewhere in the body.
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RE halus
Tempat sintesis lemak : Asam lemak
Fosfolipid
Steroids (misal pada sel-sel ovarium dan testis)
Pada hati, RE halus mengandung enzim-enzim yang dapatmemproses / mendetoksifikasi obat atau senyawa-senyawalain yang berbahaya
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Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
Undisirable complications can result when liver cellsrespond to drug
Obat / senyawa berbahaya
Meningkatkan jml RE halus & enzim-enzim
detoksifikasi
Meningkatkan daya tahan sel tubuh thd obat-obatan
Enzim detoksifikasi kadang tidak spesifik Penggunaan barbiturate dapat menurunkan efektifitas
penggunaan antibiotik tertentu.
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Fungsi lain RE halus
Tempat simpanan ion-ion Ca
Pada sel otot : Jika sel syaraf memberi sinyal padasel otot, ion-ion Ca akan terlindih dari RE haluskedalam sitoplasma, kemudian ion-ion Ca akanberfungsi untuk memacu kontraksi sel-sel otot
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Fungsi RE kasar
Membentuk membran baru
Memodifikasi protein yangakan ditransport ke organelalain atau yang akan disekresi
oleh sel Misal : insulin (hormon yangdisekresi oleh sel-sel didalam pancreas)
Polipeptida disintesis oleh ribosom
Masuk RE kasar, bergabung dg molekulGula membentuk glikoprotein
Packing dalam vesikula, travel ke badan golgi untuk proses selanjutnya
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Badan golgi
stack of saccules (3-20) pancakes
receiving side faces ER
protein or lipid filled sacs sending side
faces plasma membrane
vesicles of modified proteins or lipids
lysosomes produced here
packages, modifies and distributes molecules
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Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
Golgi complex- merupakan organella yang
bertanggung jawab dalam pensortiran dan
pengiriman protein yang disintesis dalam RE
Just like our postal packages which should have a
correct shipping address, the proteins produced in
the ER, should be correctly sent to their respective
address.
In the cell, shipping and sorting done by the Golgi
complex. It is a very important step in protein
synthesis.
If the Golgi complex makes a mistake in shippingthe proteins to the right address, certain functions in
the cell may stop.
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The movement of transport vesicles from ERto golgi is an energy requiring process. If oneblocks production of ATP, the transport willnot happen.
Setelah vesikula masukdalam cisternae, proteinditeruskan ke bagian
"trans face".
Protein kmd diletakkandalam vacuoles yang munculdari daerah tsb. Ukurandan jumlah vacuola ini
berbeda pada masing-masing sel.
Didalam vacuola proteinmengalami kondensasi kmdditransfer ke membran
untuk sekresi
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The Golgi complex controls trafficking ofdifferent types of proteins
Some are destined for secretion. Others are destined for the extracellular matrix. Other proteins, such as lysosomal enzymes, may need to be sorted
and sequestered from the remaining constituents because of theirpotential destructive effects.
There are two types of secretory pathways. The regulated secretory pathway: is a pathway for proteins that requires
a stimulus or trigger to elicit secretion. Some stimuli regulate synthesisof the protein as well as its release.
The constitutive pathway allows for secretion of proteins that areneeded outside the cell, like in the extracellular matrix. It does notrequire stimuli, although growth factors may enhance the process.
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Can proteins be transported back to the roughendoplasmic reticulum?
Sometimes vitalproteins needed in therough endoplasmicreticulum are
transported along withthe other proteins inthe Golgi complex. TheGolgi complex has amechanism for trappingthem and sending them
back to the roughendoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi-localized proteins to the ER. J Cell Biol 1-15, 1998.
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Lisosome
Lysosomes are the "garbage disposals" of the cell andcontain digestive enzymes to break up old cellcomponents and bacteria.
produced in Golgi
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Lysosomes alsodegrade worn out
organelles such asmitochondria.
A third function
for lysosomes is tohandle the productsof receptor-mediatedendocytosis such asthe receptor, ligandand associatedmembrane.
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Lysosomes memiliki hydrolases yang dapatmendegradasi nucleotides, proteins, lipids,phospholipids, serta membongkar gugus karbohidrate,sulfate, atau phosphate dari molekul-molekul
Hidrolase aktif pada pH asam, sehingga jika terjadileakingtidak merusak sel (pH 7.2) kecuali jika pH selmenjadi asam
A Hydrogen ion ATPase is found in the membrane oflysosomes to acidify the environment.
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Lysosomal morphology varieswith the state of the cell andits degree of degradativeactivity.
Lysosomes have pieces of
membranes, vacuoles,granules and parts ofmitochondria inside.
Phagolysosomes may haveparts of bacteria or the cellit has injested.
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Abnormal lysosome
Menyebabkan penyakit keturunan : Lysosomalstorage diseases Pompes disease : lisosom tidak memiliki enzim yang
mampu mencerna glikogen glikogen terakumulasipada sel otot dan hati
Tay-sachs disease : lisosome tidak memiliki enzimyang mampu memecah lemak pada membran selsyaraf sel-sel syaraf otak akan rusak
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Peroxisome Merupakan organella yang mengandung
enzim-enzim oksidatif misalnya D-amino acid oxidase, ureate oxidase, and catalase.
Mirip dengan lysosome, tetapi tidak dibentuk didalam Golgi complex.
Peroxisomes dapat dibedakan dengan adanya struktur seperti kristal didalamnya,
Peroxisomes berfungsi untuk mengeluarkan senyawa
racun seperti hydrogen peroxide, atau metabolitelainnya. Peroksisom menggunakan banyak oksigen danterdapat umumnya di hati dimana senyawa toksik hasilsamping metabolisme akan terkumpul
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Vesicles- This term literally means "small vessel". This organelle helps
store and transport products produced by the cell.
The vesicles are the transport and delivery vehicles like our mail
and Federal Express trucks. Some vesicles deliver materials to parts of
the cell and others transport materials outside the cell in a process called
exocytosis
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Vakuola
Kantung bermembran, biasanya lebih besar dari padavesikula
Bentuk, ukuran dan fungsinya berbeda Pada tumbuhan : dapat berisi KH, pigmen
Pada paramaecium : vakuola makanan, vakuola kontraktil
Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
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Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
converts food energy into ATP energy
double membrane
intermembrane space matrix
folds called cristae
increase surface area available for energy production
Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
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Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell andcontain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration.
The inner membrane of themitochondrion is folded into cristaewhich hold the enzymes needed inenergy transformations to make ATP.
Very active cells contain thousands
of mitochondria.
Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
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Kloroplas
Reaksi fotosistem terjadi
Pada membran tilakoid
Siklus calvin terjadi distroma
Tim Dosen Pengampu M KBi S l M l F Bi UGM