世行项目：循环经济指标体系研究—中国2000-2004...

Environment & Social Development

Sector Unit (EASES)

East Asia and Pacific Region

The World Bank

Circular Economy Indicators Study: China Material Flow

Accounting in 2000 to 2004 and the Guidelines

Material Flow Accounting Report

Liu Bin

Nov. 12, 2006

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Table of Contents

1 China Material Flow Accounting in 2003...................................................................42 Accounting Principles...............................................................................................43 Detailed Methodological Descriptions.....................................................................4

3.1 Accounting of DMI.............................................................................................53.1.1 Domestic Material Extraction....................................................................53.1.2 Imported Physical Amount........................................................................123.1.3 Recycled Physical Amount........................................................................13

3.2 Accounting of Domestic Processed Output (DPO)..........................................143.2.1 Emissions to air........................................................................................153.2.2 Emissions to water....................................................................................173.2.3 Ultimate disposal of industrial and urban solid waste.............................173.2.4 Dissipative uses of products and dissipative losses..................................17

3.3 Accounting of Exported Physical Amount.......................................................193.4 Accounting for Balancing Items at Input and Output Ends..............................19

3.4.1 Balancing items of air and water relative to the input.............................203.4.2 Balancing items of carbon in the output...................................................20

3.5 Accounting of NAS..........................................................................................213.5.1 Indirect calculation...................................................................................213.5.2 Direct calculation.....................................................................................22

3.6 Results of MFA on China in 2003....................................................................303.6.1 Results of MFA on China in 2003.............................................................303.6.2 Material flow chart in China in 2003.......................................................33

4 Results of MFA in China from 2000 to 2004.........................................................334.1 DMI..................................................................................................................334.2 DPO..................................................................................................................34

5 References.................................................................................................................36

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1 China Material Flow Accounting in 2003

In the methodology report of this project, we focus our attention on features of Material Flow Accounting (MFA) in China and the MFA methodology we adopted, This report presents a detailed MFA on material flows in China in 2003. It will also: explain the status of MFA in China in detail; presents data for the period between 2000 and 2004; and produce results expressing national MFA accounting from 2000 to 2004. Through these methods, this report will lay a solid foundation for research on the establishment of a circular economy indicator system in China.

2 Accounting Principles

We identify the following principles for applying MFA at the state level:

1) Identifying the system boundary according to the requirements of MFA methodology. We expand the application of physical input-output tables (PIOT) from the main economic products to the entire economic system as we conduct accounting based on the PIOT data. Meanwhile, in order to avoid double counting, intermediate products are excluded from domestic resources.

2) Using the economic sectors defined in MFA in this report. As also emphasized in the methodology report, accounting is based on these sectors, building on data in the PIOT format. Therefore, we have to be clear about the differences in the meaning of “sectors” in MFA methodology and PIOT. When we use PIOT data in MFA methodology, we choose data from the relevant “line” or “row” according to different accounting objects.

3) In order to facilitate the formulation of circular economy indicators and compare accounting results at the international level, this report mainly conducts accounting on three indicators: Direct Material Input (DMI), Domestic Processed Output (DPO) and Net Additions to Stock (NAS).

Here, we provide an example of MFA in China in 2003, and so demonstrate the collection, processing and calculation methods using the above mentioned data.

3 Detailed Methodological Descriptions

This section of the report will provide detailed descriptions of the calculation methods for domestic material input (DMI), domestic processed output (DPO), exported physical amount, and new addition to stock (NAS).

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3.1 Accounting of DMIDMI = Domestic Extraction of Materials + Material Imports + Recycled Materials(Equation 1-1)

3.1.1 Domestic Material Extraction

Domestic material extraction includes primary energy, mineral resources, building materials, farm produce and forestry products obtained from nature and directly brought into domestic economic activities during the course of a year.

Table 1 - Domestic Material Extraction - Accounting and Classification

SS/N Name Contents

1 Primary energies Coal, oil and natural gas.

2 Industrial metal oresIron ore, manganese ore, copper ore, bauxite ore, lead-zinc ore, etc.

3Industrial non-metal ores

Limestone (used in iron and steel industries), dolomite, carbon products, firebricks, ferroalloy, sulfur ore, inorganic salt, phosphorus ore, borax, crude salt, etc.

4 Building materialsSand, stone stock, limestone (used in areas other than iron and steel industries), gesso, steatite, kaolin and clay.

5 Renewable resources

1. Forestry products: timber (including logs and kindling wood), forestry products, etc.;

2. Farm produce: grain, fiber, fruit and vegetable, sweetener crop, oil plants, cotton and linen and residues from agricultural processing;

3. Aquatic food: saltwater and freshwater products;

4. Fodder from grasslands.

1. Primary energy

In 2003, China used a total of 1861.6Mt of primary energy, according to the China Statistical Yearbook1. Data concerning natural gas are converted from volume (m3) into weight through a molecular weight calculation.

Table 2 - Amount of primary energy consumed in China (2003)

1 Million tons, same as below.

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Name Unit: Mt Source Calculation Method

Primary energy

1861.6

Coal 1667China Statistical Yearbook

Oil 169.6China Statistical Yearbook

Natural gas 25.00China Statistical Yearbook

Molecular amount calculation per gram

3.5 billion m3×16/22.4

2. Industrial metal ores

Data concerning iron and manganese ore come from China Iron and Steel Statistics, while the remaining data are taken from the China Non-Ferrous Metals Industry Yearbook. Except for copper, bauxite, lead and zinc ores, the many other industrial metal ores are referenced as associate ores. Therefore, we have the difference between the total non-ferrous output and outputs of copper, aluminum, lead and zinc as the output of other non-ferrous metals.

Table 3 - Amount of Industrial Metal Ores Inputted in China


Industrial metal ores

353.1

Iron ores 262.72China Iron and Steel Statistics1

Manganese 1.81China Iron and Steel Statistics

Copper ores 58.02 China Non-Ferrous Metals Industry Yearbook

Output of the national copper system (original amount)

Bauxite 14.57 China Non-Ferrous Metals Industry Yearbook

Output of the national aluminum system (original amount)

Lead-zinc 15.97China Non-Ferrous Metals Industry Yearbook

Output of the national lead-zinc system (original amount)

Other non-ferrous metals

38.34China Non-Ferrous Metals Industry Yearbook

Output of other non-ferrous metals (original amount)

3. Industrial non-metal ores

1 Or China Iron and Steel Industry Yearbook, the same below.

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The data concerning industrial non-metal ores are found from China Statistical Yearbook and China Chemical Industry Yearbook. In order to be consistent with the existing statistical calibre, troilite is calculated as containing 35 per cent of S, phosphorite ore is calculated as containing 30 per cent of P2O5, and figures concerning raw salt are found in China Iron and Steel Statistics.

Table 4 - Amount of Industrial Non-Metal Ores Inputted in China

Name Unit: Mt SourceCalculation Method and

Explanation

Industrial non-metals

129.5

Limestone 23.60China Iron and Steel Statistics 2004

Iron-smelting

Dolomite 3.86China Iron and Steel Statistics 2004

Iron-smelting

Carbon products

1.27China Iron and Steel Statistics 2004

Iron-smelting

Firebrick 11.88China Iron and Steel Statistics 2004

Iron-smelting

Ferro-alloy 6.37China Iron and Steel Statistics 2004

Troilite (containing 35% of S)

8.71China Chemical Industry Yearbook 2004/2005, P45

Phosphorus ore (containing 30% of P2O5)

24.47China Chemical Industry Yearbook 2004/2005, P167

Borax 0.40China Chemical Industry Yearbook 2004/2005, P115

Crude salt 34.38China Statistical Yearbook

4. Building materials

Among building materials, data concerning gesso and talcum are taken from China Building Material Industry Yearbook. The statistical data of other items are calculated through accounting with PIOT and by consulting experts.

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The sand used in the mixture of concrete is calculated according to the scale Cement: Sand = 1:2 (according to experts’ estimations). The amount of sand used to produce cement, glass and ceramics is worked out through a back-calculation of the outputs of cement, glass and ceramics using PIOT methodology. The total physical amount is worked out by adding these results together.

According to the estimations of experts on the proportions of cement, sand and stone in road construction and building, we fix the following equation: Cement: Sand: Stone Stock = 1:2:3. The amount of stone stock is worked out through the annual output of cement.

The data of limestone mines in building materials cover the limestone used to produce cement, lime and calcium carbide. Among them, the amount of limestone needed for cement production is worked out through consulting experts. We selected the following proportion: Amount of limestone used: Cement = 1.1:1. The amount of limestone used for other purposes is worked out through back-calculation according to PIOT.

The data concerning kaolin and clay are calculated according to PIOT methodology.

Table 5 - Input Amounts of Building Materials (2003)


Building materials

7402.9

Sand 1875.96Including amounts of sand used for building and building material-making purposes (calculated with PIOT)

Stone stock 2586.24

Including concrete material and other building materials (calculated according to the following equation: Sand: Stone: Stock = 1:2:3)

Limestone117.40

Amount of limestone used in building materials, calcium carbide, non-ferrous, chlor-alkali and environmental protection industries, excluding iron/steel industry

Limestone 948.29 　Amount of limestone used to produce cement is calculated in the following proportion:

Limestone: Cement amount = 1.1:1 (expert estimation)

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Gesso 20.00 China Building Material Industry Yearbook 1997-2001

Talcum 1.90 China Building Material Industry Yearbook 1997-2001

Kaolin 3.60 Calculated according to ceramics output and amount used for paper-making and chemical purposes with PIOT

Clay 1849.50 Calculated according to the weights of bricks, tiles, glass and ceramics with PIOT

5. Renewable resources

5.1) Farm crop accounting

According to the guide book of EU and Austria’s experience (Fischer-Kowalski et al. 1997), we regard farm produce as a part of direct input. As agricultural fiber and residues of agricultural processing are currently widely applied in heating, livestock breeding and other aspects in the countryside, we regard these two parts as direct inputs instead of hidden material flows. The specific data sources are included in Table 6.

5.2) Forestry product accounting

In addition to the national planned output, the actual timber output also includes timber harvested above and beyond official plans and those exploited and consumed by forest users themselves without entering the market. According to data contained in the 2003 China Building Market Yearbook, the timber output of China in 2003 reached 160 million m3. As for yield, we take the average of 812.5 kg/ m3 or 130Mt in weight of coniferous and broad leaved species. The outputs of bamboo and forest plantations is obtained from the China Paper Making Yearbook, and weights are converted from densities. The proportion of actual to planned timber output for 2003 is assumed to be the same as for any other year. Hence, we get the actual timber output for a certain year through the planned output of the same year.

5.3) Aquatic product accounting

Aquatic products include saltwater aquatic products and freshwater aquatic products. We only take the natural part into account, that is, the ocean fishery output and the inland fishery output. Relevant data are obtained from the China Statistical Yearbook.

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5.4) Grassland fodder accounting

Grassland fodder accounting is similar to that of aquatic products accounting. As livestock fodders, (fed in barns), mainly come from the fiber of farm produce and their byproducts, and the feedstock has are already been included in farm crop statistics, we only take the fodders needed for livestock on open pasture into account for grassland fodder accounting. We multiply the theoretical national grassland carrying capacity by the weight of edible hay needed by each sheep unit per year. Using this method, the weight of edible hay needed by sheep unit per year is 700kg, while the theoretical national grassland carrying capacity is 429,200,000 sheep unit1. Upon calculation, the output of grassland fodders in 2003 is 300.44Mt.

Table 6 - Input amounts of renewable resources (2003)


Renewable resources

2311.9

Farm produce

1818.4

Unprocessed food grains

430.7 China Statistical Yearbook Grains, beans and peas, potatoes

Oil plants 28.11 China Statistical Yearbook　Cotton 4.86 China Statistical Yearbook　Linen 0.85 China Statistical Yearbook　Sugar crops 96.42 China Statistical Yearbook Sugar cane, sugar beet

Tobacco leaf 2.26 China Statistical Yearbook　Vegetables 517.27

China Urban Statistics Yearbook

Tea 0.77 China Statistical Yearbook　Fruits 145.14 China Statistical Yearbook　

Fiber 591.99 　The agricultural fiber amount is the total amount of the fiber outputs of paddy, wheat, corn, oil plants, cotton and sugar crops worked out according to respective grain-straw proportions.

Residues of agricultural

84.22 Rice husk, corn cob and sugar cane bagasse

The total amount is worked out according to the proportion between

1 Su Daxue: Regional Distribution and Productivity Structure of Grassland Resources in China, Acta Agrestia Sinica, 1st Edition, 2nd Volume 1994, Page 71-77.

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processingprocessing residues and farm crop output.

Forest products

176.3

Forest products

2.75 China Statistical YearbookTotal output of rubber, pine resin, lacquer, tung-oil seed, tea-oil seed and walnut.

Timber 130.00

China Agriculture Yearbook;

China Building Material Market Yearbook

In addition to logs and firewood, the accounting items include the national planned output, the parts exploited beyond the plan and those exploited and consumed by the peasants themselves that have not entered commercial circulation. As for the density, we take the average density of 812.5 kg/ m3 in weight of logs (conifers) and logs (broad leaves).

Other products: artificial plates, bamboo, saw timber, etc.

43.59China Paper-Making Yearbook

Density of artificial plate: 650kg/m3

Density of bamboo: 5 kg/bamboo

Density of saw timber: 812.5 kg/m3

Aquatic products

16.8

Saltwater aquatic products

14.32 China Statistical YearbookOnly the naturally produced parts—the ocean fishery amount—are taken into account.

Freshwater aquatic products

2.47 China Statistical YearbookOnly the naturally produced parts—the inland fishery amount—are taken into account.

Fodders on grassland

300.44

We multiply the theoretical national grassland carrying capacity by the weight of edible hay needed by each sheep unit per year.

3.1.2 Imported Physical Amount

The data concerning the imported physical amount per year are found in the Customs

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Yearbook. However, as the classification of physical customs imports is different from that of resource input in MFA, we don’t strictly identify whether a product is a resource product, an intermediate product or an ultimate product in substantial items. Our classification of imported physical materials is as identical as possible to that of China. The items measured in non-weight units in the customs statistics are converted into weight units (t).

Table 7 - Classification of imported physical materials

ClassificationDetailed

descriptionRelevant Commodity Category

in Customs StatisticsData of 2003

(Mt)

Non-renewable energies

Primary energyMineral fuels, mineral oils and their distilled products; asphalt; mineral wax

142.77

Industrial metal ores

Ore sand, slag and ash158.37

Industrial non-metal ores Salt; sulfur; mud and stone stock;

gesso, lime and cement

12.45

Building materials

Renewable energies

Farm producePlant products; animal and plant greases and their products; food; feedstuffs; tobacco leaves, etc.

36.37

Forest productsWood and wooden products; wooden pulp; paper and its products

39.37

Livestock productsLiving animals; animal products; leather products

4.65

Intermediate products

Oil products Plastics, rubber products 23.85

Chemical productsOrganic and inorganic chemicals; medicines; fertilizers, etc.

47.63

Metals and their products

Steel, copper, aluminum and their products

63.47

Other intermediate products

Textile materials and products; shoes and hats; stone stock, gesso and cement products; glasswork; ceramics products

8.87

Ultimate products

Machines; vehicles, planes, vessels; instruments and equipments; Sundry products

7.31

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ClassificationDetailed

descriptionRelevant Commodity Category

in Customs StatisticsData of 2003

(Mt)

Total 545.10

3.1.3 Recycled Physical Amount

Recycled physical amount refers to the materials recycled from domestically generated wastes that are brought back into economic activity upon recycling in the current year. The specific classification is shown in Table 8. According to technical and economic indicators concerning waste steel consumption in converter and electric furnace steel-making each year as referenced in China Iron and Steel Statistics, and by taking into account steel outputs of converters and electric furnaces each year, it is possible to determine the amount of waste steel consumed by the iron and steel industry. The amount of waste steel recycled at home by the iron and steel industry is determined by subtracting the amount of imported waste steel each year from the iron and steel industry, and then adding the amount of exported waste steel. Since waste production steel and non-production steel recycled by the iron and steel industry is directly used as raw materials for steel making within the steelworks themselves, we regard both as recycled waste steel.

According to the contents of page 545 of the China Non-Ferrous Metals Industry Yearbook 2005, the amount of recycled waste copper and aluminum is regarded as a part of copper output and aluminum output except for mineral products. Therefore, this report does not take the amount of aluminum directly used in the form of waste into account.

Waste paper may be used in the paper and pulp industry after recycling, and the amount can be obtained from the China Paper-Making Yearbook.

It is hard to get statistical data on waste glass, waste plastics and waste rubber. Given that the amounts are relatively small, they are ignored in this report.Data concerning industrial solid wastes are taken from the China Environment Yearbook.

In terms of urban solid waste, we assume that non-metals, paper and other materials have already been recycled before the ultimate disposal stage. Therefore, we ignore the recyclable substance amounts in urban solid waste and assume that all the industrial soot has been comprehensively utilized. The SO2 in industrial waste gas may, upon recycling, be used to produce H2SO4 or building materials like gesso. Industrial soot mainly comes from thermal power and cement plants, while industrial dusts mainly come from cement plants. Both may be used to produce bricks and cements.

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Table 8 - Quantity of recycled materials

Detailed Classification Rules

Remarks Data (Mt) in 2003

Total 834.71

Waste steelConsumption of waste steel by the iron and steel industry (waste steel coming from homes)

38.57

Waste copper Copper output 0.43

Waste aluminum Aluminum output 0.42

Waste paperChina Paper-Making Industry Yearbook

14.7

Waste glass, waste plastics, waste rubber, etc.

Ignored

Utilization of industrial solid wastes

China Environment Yearbook 560.4

Amount of recycled urban solid waste

Ignored

Amount of recycled SO2 (sulfur calculated alone)


Industrial sootChina Environment Yearbook, assuming that all the recycled parts have been comprehensively utilized

156.49

Industrial dustChina Environment Yearbook, assuming that all the recycled parts have been comprehensively utilized

59.95

3.2 Accounting of Domestic Processed Output (DPO)According to MFA methodology, DPO includes emissions to the air, emissions to the water, dissipative uses of products and dissipative losses, and urban and industrial solid waste upon ultimate disposal. We explain these elements based on the principles of accounting.

3.2.1 Emissions to air

Emissions to air mainly refers to waste gas, dusts and soot generated from fossil fuel combustion, industrial production activities and incineration in industrial and urban

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solid waste landfill sites.

The amount of waste gases, dusts and soot refer to the quantities that are ultimately emitted into the atmosphere upon removal treatment (relevant data found in China Environment Yearbook). Waste gases mainly include CO2, SO2, CO and nitrogen oxides. Relative to MFA methodology, the quantity of air and nitrogen coming into the economic system is not taken into account in this research. Instead, the carbon and sulfur content of waste gases is calculated.

Carbon is mainly emitted as a result of fuel burning, industrial production and the incineration of solid waste landfill sites and solid waste. The amount of CO2 emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels is calculated according to the following formula:

CO2 Emission Amount = Combustion Consumption Amount * Heat Value Conversion Coefficient * Carbon Emission Coefficient * Oxidation Rate * M(CO2)/M(C)

(Equation 1-2)

The equation’s fossil fuel heat value conversion coefficient, carbon emission coefficient and oxidation rate are shown in Table 9.

Table 9 - CO2 emission coefficients of fossil fuel

Coal Oil Natural Gas

Heat value conversion coefficient/TJ/t

20.934 41.868 0.039

Carbon emission coefficient/t(C)/TJ 24.74 19.89 15.30

Carbon oxidation rate 0.90 0.98 0.99

According to expert estimates, about 55 per cent1 of the fibers are used as biofuels or are burnt directly in China2. Assuming that the fibers have gone through full combustion, the combustion amount of the fiber is calculated according to the average carbon content of fibers, which is 40 per cent.

During the course in which quicklime is made from limestone, the limestone, when heated, will release CO2 which is emitted into the atmosphere. This is how the majority of the carbon emitted during industrial production enters the atmosphere. The CO2 emitted during the production of precipitated calcium carbonate is not taken into account in this report. By taking experts’ opinions into account on the CO2 emitted by the cement industry, the CaO content of cement per t is 47.5 per cent, and 1 Gu Shuhua, Zhang Xiliang and Wang Gehua: Energy Utilization and Agricultural Sustainable Development, Beijing Press, 2001 Edition, Page 26.2 Basic Industry Department of State Development Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China: White Book of New Energy and Renewable Energy in China (1999), China Planning Press in Beijing, 2000 Edition, page 92.

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the specific formula is as follows:

Amount of Carbon Emitted by the Cement Industry = Cement Output * CaO Content of Cement/t * M(C)/M(CaO)

(Equation 1-3)

Data concerning limestone consumption in the iron and steel industry are obtained from the China Iron and Steel Statistics. The amount of limestone consumed by the calcium carbide industry is calculated using a chemical formula according to the annual calcium carbide output. Because the amounts of the chlor-alkali, non-ferrous and environmental protection industries are relatively small, we assume that the total amount remains unchanged at 9.4Mt1. As for the amount of limestone used by the building material industry, China Building Material Industry Yearbook 2004 estimates a value of 100Mt. Based on this figure, and by supposing that the amount of limestone consumption for each year’s building material production is positively correlated with cement output, we also have the amount of limestone used in building material production in the past few years.

Table 10 - Physical quantity of emissions to air

Classification Detailed Rules Remarks Data of 2003

Total of Emissions to the Air 1114.06

Sulfur emitted into the atmosphere

Emission amount of SO2 (S calculated only)


Solid wastes emitted into the atmosphere

Emission amount of industrial dusts


Emission amount of industrial soot


Total Amount of Carbon Emitted 1086.43

Carbon emitted from fuel combustion

Oil combustion The part used as fuel 162.96

Coal combustion The part used as fuel 709.49

Natural gas combustion

The part used as fuel 9.20

Fiber combustionThe part used as fuel or the part burnt directly

102.16

Carbon emitted as a result of

Cement industry Emission as a result of limestone calcining

87.75

1 Source: China Building Material Industry Yearbook 2004.

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Classification Detailed Rules Remarks Data of 2003

industrial production

Other industries (calcium carbide, iron and steel, building material, chlor-alkali, non-ferrous and environmental protection)

Emission as a result of limestone calcining

14.87

3.2.2 Emissions to water

We only calculate the carbon content of emissions to the air. The influences of inorganic substances and hydrogen are ignored. The amount of carbon discharged into water is calculated by assuming that all the chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been used to produce carbon oxide.

3.2.3 Ultimate disposal of industrial and urban solid waste

Data concerning industrial solid waste is taken from the China Environment Yearbook. However, according to existing statistical data, industrial solid waste will ultimately be discharged, comprehensively utilized, or stored. As well, the amount comprehensively utilized and disposed of may involve the stocks from previous years. We subtract the comprehensively utilized amount from the amount of industrial solid wastes generated in the same year. The remaining part is regarded as industrial solid wastes for ultimate disposal. The data concerning urban solid waste come from the China City Construction Statistical Yearbook. In this report, we regard the amount of domestic solid waste collected as the amount of urban solid waste that has been disposed of.

3.2.4 Dissipative uses of products and dissipative losses

Dissipative uses of products and dissipative losses include human excrement and the manure of farm animals, including poultry, solid waste dispersed in the fields in the countryside, seeds, fertilizers and pesticides applied to farmlands, salts dispersed on road surfaces to melt snow, and various types of synthetical detergents. Also included are the losses and leakages that occurr during certain processing and consumption procedures, such as when particulates rub off vehicle tires, and when paints, pigments and architectural coatings are volatilized into the environment.

According to MFA methodology, changing fibers to manure and the collection of losses and waste fibers are believed to be dissipative uses of products and dissipative losses. This accounts for about 30 per cent of the amount of fibers generated.Human excrement, the manure of animals and domestic solid waste generated by rural residents are also regarded as dispersed wastes. The amount is worked out by

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multiplying the rural population with the 20.11kg of excrement (dry) produced by each rural resident. In the same way, we work out the amount of manure generated by the livestock on hand. The amount of rural domestic solid waste is calculated as the result of 1.232kg of domestic solid waste generated by one person a day multiplied by 365 days.

The amount of seeds applied to fields is estimated according to the Chinese PIOT from 1992 by assuming that the production of 1 ton of grain consumes 0.0376t of seeds. Other oil plants and sugar crops are calculated in the same way.

According to MFA methodology, we regard dissipative losses as fertilizers and pesticides applied, as well as synthetic detergents, paints and architectural coatings produced each year. Data concerning these wastes are obtained from the China Agriculture Yearbook, China Statistical Yearbook, China Coating Industry Yearbook and China Economics Yearbook respectively.

As it is difficult to estimate the amount of salt and other agents used to thaw snow on road surfaces, the rubber granules that wear off from tires, and the waste leakages which occur during processing and consumption, and the figures are quite small, we ignore them in this report for the time being.

Table 11 - Dissipative uses of products and dissipative losses (2003)


Calculation Methodology Data of 2003 (Mt)

Total 1659.74

Changing fibers to manure, collecting lost or waste fibers

Calculated according to 30% of the amount of fiber generated

191.54

Amount of excrement (dry) generated by rural residents

Calculated according to the estimation that each rural resident produces 20.1kg of excrement (dry) a year

15.45

Amount of manure (dry) generated by livestock

Amount of dry substances calculated in the same way

431.40

1 Assuming that one person generates 90kg of excrement and 70kg of urine a year, among which dry substance accounts for 20 per cent and 3 per cent respectively.2 Wang Junqi: Urban and Rural Domestic Solid waste and Domestic Sewage Discharging and Treatment, China Hygiene Engineering, 2004, 4th Edition, Page 202, the mean value of the investigation values for various provinces and cities is 1.23kg.

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Calculation Methodology Data of 2003 (Mt)

Rural residents’ domestic solid waste

Calculated according to the assumption that each resident produces 1.23kg of domestic solid waste

945.27

Seeds applied in the field

Calculated with PIOT 23.05

Amount of fertilizers applied (calculated according to amount converted to pure amount)

China Agriculture Yearbook 44.12

Amount of pesticides consumed

China Agriculture Yearbook 1.33

Synthetic detergents China Statistical Yearbook 3.87

Paints China Coating Industry Yearbook 1.65

Architectural coatings China Environment Yearbook 0.90

Pigments China Economics Yearbook 1.16

3.3 Accounting of Exported Physical AmountThe methodology used to determine the exported physical amount is identical to that of determining the imported physical amount in 3.1.2.

3.4 Accounting for Balancing Items at Input and Output EndsAccording to the law of material conservation, the disparity between input and output is the net addition to stock (NAS). According to the system boundary defined by MFA, air and water (except for the water contained in materials) are not calculated as accounting items. However, during the substantial accounting process, the moisture in certain materials may evaporate and then react with O2 to produce CO2 and water. Therefore, from the perspective of material flow balance, we estimate air and water as balancing items.

The data need to be corrected according to MFA methodology. Therefore, we must introduce balancing items both at the input and output ends. That is:

DMI + Balancing Items of Air and Water and the Input End etc. = DPO + NAS + Export + Balancing Items of Carbon at the Output End etc.

(Equation 1-4)

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3.4.1 Balancing items of air and water relative to the input

While calculating water, we take the moisture that is included in the accounting items into the input but not in DPO items or stocks. In this report, we assume that all moisture in DMI is vaporized into the air during the consumption process in the same year. However, as only about 55 per cent of fibers are directly burnt as fuel, only the moisture contained in the burnt part of the fibers is taken into account.

O2 in the air is involved in the reactions and is ultimately changed into water and CO2. However, we only conduct accounting on the carbon emitted during the course of DPO accounting. Therefore, to avoid double counting, the amount of O2 involved in reactions is not taken into account in this report, and we only calculate the amount of hydrogen at the output end. The hydrogen mainly comes from primary energy, and we suppose that it completely changes into water in economic activities. The hydrogen content in coal is five per cent, in oil it is 13 per cent, and the hydrogen in natural gas is 22.5 per cent.

Given the limitation of the existing statistical system, some statistical items are different from those defined in MFA methodology. Therefore, we give them separate consideration. For instance, since we list fertilizer as dispersed wastes, we take the N2 needed to produce synthetic ammonia into the input. As the statistical data concerning nitrogenous fertilizer in the existing statistics are regarded as the data of a substance containing 100 per cent nitrogen, the amount of N2 is approximately regarded as the output of nitrogenous fertilizer (containing 100 per cent nitrogen). When we calculate the solid wastes in DPO, we regard gangue as a type of solid waste because of the existing environmental statistics. Therefore, we add the amount of gangue in solid wastes and the amount of N2 that has entered economic activities into the input. The amount of gangue is found in the China Environment Yearbook.

3.4.2 Balancing items of carbon in the output

According to MFA methodology, as carbon and methane are emitted by humans and animals through breathing, we need to take the balance of carbon of the balancing items into the output.

The amount of carbon emitted by human beings through metabolic processes is calculated by assuming that 0.9kg of CO2 is exhaled by each person every day. As for the amount of carbon emitted by animals through metabolic processes, only the carbon exhaled by pigs, cattle and sheep are taken into account. The amount of CO2 exhaled by animal per head per year is as follows: cattle: 4000kg; pig: 400kg; sheep: 450kg.

As for the calculation of the amount of carbon discharged through the fermentation of

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urban solid waste and sewage, we only take the discharge of carbon by landfill sites into account and calculate the carbon content of all the biological gases, including methane. In this report, we assume that the coefficient for DOC content is 0.15, and the coefficient for genuine degradation is 0.77.1 The calculation of the amount of carbon emitted by ruminants and through livestock manure is calculated according to the discharging factors of different animals. As water is regarded as an input material at the input end while both urban and rural solid waste contain large amounts of moisture (50 per cent)2, we include the output of solid waste in the DPO at the output end. Therefore, we subtract the amount of this part of water from the balancing items of the output end. In this report, we assume that the water contents of both urban and rural domestic solid waste are both 50 per cent.

3.5 Accounting of NASAccording to MFA methodology, there are two ways to calculate NAS. One is direct and the other is indirect.

3.5.1 Indirect calculation

According to the law of material and energy conservation, we know that:

DMI + Balancing Items of Air and Water etc. = DPO + NAS + Export + Balancing Items of Carbon etc.

(Equation 1-5)

So: NAS = DMI + Balancing Items of Air and Water etc – DPO – Export - Balancing Items of Carbon etc.

(Equation 1-6)

Table 12 - Direct calculation method for 2003’s NAS

Input End Output End

Items at the input end Data of 2003 (Mt)Items at the output end

Data of 2003 (Mt)

Total 12616.11 Total 12616.11

DMI 13437.93Mt

Domestic extraction

12060 DPO 3371.25

Import 545.10 Export 311.06

Recycled physical quantity

834.71 NAS 9092.79

1 China Climate Change Group, China Climate Change Country Study, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2000, Page 66.2 Source: List of Sources and Sinks for Greenhouse Gases of Wastes in China.

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Balancing items of air and water, etc.

- 823.31Balancing items of carbon, etc.

-175.2

3.5.2 Direct calculation

Direct calculation involves dividing asset stocks into four categories: construction infrastructures, vehicles, mechanical equipment and durable consumer goods. The net additions to stocks and the depreciated stocks of the four categories are calculated separately. From the results we get the result of NAS accounting. Assuming that all other consumed resources except for renewable energies are converted into stocks in the same year, we analyze the distribution of energies and mineral resources in the four categories of asset stock with PIOT. Based on the above analysis and through calculating the total asset stocks and respective depreciation rates, we finally make clear the distribution and depreciation of various consumed amounts in the asset stocks.

This paper is written based on the PIOT data of 1992. However, as time goes by, significant changes are taking place in consumption patterns of some products. Therefore, we have made adjustments according to new research findings. Below we give a detailed explanation on the calculation methods.

1) New Additions to Stock

a) Vehicles

Newly added vehicle stock may be divided into six parts: motor vehicles, passenger and freight trains, civil steel ships, bicycles and railroad tracks.

i) Motor vehicles

The weight of a majority of the raw materials consumed by motor vehicles in 1992 is taken from PIOT in China 1992. The weight of steel consumed by the automobile industry annually from 2000 to 2002 comes from the Several Suggestions Concerning Steel Market Forecasting and the Development Strategy of the Iron and Steel Industry of China Iron and Steel Association. The automobile output is obtained from the China Statistical Yearbook.

Consumption Amount of Steel in 2003 and 2004 = Steel Consumption Amount in 2002/Automobile Output in 2002 * Automobile Outputs in 2003 and 2004

(Equation 1-7)

The amount of consumed raw materials (type k) other than steel is obtained through the following formula:

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Consumption Amount of Type k Raw Material in t1 = Consumption Amount of Type k Raw Material in 1992/Motor Vehicle Output in 1992 * Motor Vehicle Output in t

(Equation 1-8)

ii) Passenger and freight trains

The data concerning passenger train output are taken from China Statistical Yearbook, and the weight of the various raw materials consumed for passenger trains in 1992 comes from PIOT in China 1992. The weight of type k raw material consumed for passenger trains from 2000 to 2004 is obtained through the following formula:

Consumption Amount of Type k Raw Material in t = Consumption Amount of Type k Raw Material in 1992/Passenger Train Output in 1992 * Passenger Train Output in t

(Equation 1-9)

The data concerning freight train output are taken from the China Statistical Yearbook, and the weight of the various raw materials consumed for freight trains in 1992 is obtained from PIOT in China 1992. The weight of type k raw material consumed for freight trains from 2000 to 2004 is obtained through the following formula:

Consumption of Type k Raw Material in t = Consumption of Type k Raw Material in 1992/Freight Train Output in 1992 * Freight Train Output in t

(Equation 1-10)

The value of steel consumption determined by using the above methods is apparently relatively small. A possible explanation is that passenger and freight train production in China has grown relatively fast in recent years. In our actual calculations then, we make corrections by adding up the consumption of the various raw materials for passenger and freight trains. Then a ratio expresses the actual steel consumption of trains in 2002 to the steel consumption obtained through trial calculations. Finally, we arrive at an approximate value by multiplying the ratio with the trial values of various raw materials. This serves as the correction to the above material consumption calculation.

iii) Civil steel ships

The output of civil steel ships in 1992 and between 2000 to 2003 is taken from

1 t ranges from 2000 to 2004, the same below.

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the China Industrial Economy Statistics Yearbook. The steel consumption of civil steel ships from 2000 to 2002 is taken from the Several Suggestions Concerning Steel Market Forecasting and the Development Strategy of the Iron and Steel Industry of China Iron and Steel Society. The weight of the various raw materials consumed for civil steel ships in 1992 come from PIOT in China 1992.

Consumption of Steel in 2003 = (Steel Consumption in 2004/Civil Steel Sheep Output in 2004) * Civil Steel Sheep Output in 2003

(Equation 1-11)

The consumption of other types of raw materials (type k) is obtained through the following formula:

Consumption of Type k Raw Material in t ＝Consumption of Type k Raw Material

in 1992/Steel Consumption of Civil Steel Ships in 1992 * Steel Consumption of Civil Steel Ships in t

(Equation 1-12)

As time goes by, the weight of civil steel ships produced may increase. So, we adopt the steel consumption of civil steel ships as the ratio coefficient for this formula instead of the output.

iv) Bicycles

The output of bicycles in 1992 and from 2000 to 2004 has been taken from the China Statistical Yearbook, and the weight of the various raw materials consumed for bicycles in 1992 comes from PIOT in China 1992.

Consumption of Type k Raw Material for Bicycles in t = Consumption of Type k Raw Material in 1992/Bicycle Output in 1992 * Bicycle Output in t

(Equation 1-13)

v) Railroad tracks

The reason for our inclusion of railroad tracks in vehicles is that the “construction industry” column, the “heavy rails” column and the “light rails” column in PIOT in China 1992 are separated. We believe PIOT has not included the weight of the raw materials consumed by railway tracks in the construction industry. As a result, we include railroad tracks in vehicles.

The output of railway tracks (both heavy and light rails) in 1992 and from 2000 to 2003 is taken from the China Industrial Economy Statistics Yearbook, and the weights of the various raw materials consumed for railway tracks in

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1992 is found from PIOT in China 1992.

Consumption of Type k Raw Material by Railroad Tracks in t = Consumption of Type k Raw Material in 1992/Railway Track Output in 1992 * Railway Track Output in t

(Equation 1-14)

b) Mechanical equipment

The direct consumption coefficient of the various raw materials consumed for mechanical equipment may be obtained from PIOT in China 1992. There are 18 types of products in all. The consumption coefficient here is the total consumption coefficient of these products.

The weight of steel consumed for mechanical equipment in 2003 is obtained from the internet, and the data from 2000 to 2002 come from the Several Suggestions Concerning Steel Market Forecasting and the Development Strategy of the Iron and Steel Industry of China Iron and Steel Society. The data for 2004 are obtained by multiplying the ratio of the steel consumption of the mechanical equipment industry in 2003 with the value of the overall weight of the steel consumption of the whole country in 2004.

The calculation formula for the consumption of other raw materials is as follows:

Consumption of Type k Raw Material in t = Direct Consumption Coefficient of Type k Raw Material in 1992/Direct Consumption Coefficient of Steel in 1992 * Steel Consumption for Machinery Equipments in t

(Equation 1-15)

We determine the annual output of ceramics from the China Industrial Economy Statistics Yearbook. Since import and export may be ignored, the annual output of industrial ceramics is regarded as the ceramics consumption for mechanical equipment.

c) Durable consumer goods

In PIOT in China 1992, we find the raw material direct consumption coefficients of five types of typical durable consumer goods: refrigerators, washing machines, microcomputers, video tape recorders and color TVs. The China Statistical Yearbook provides the annual outputs of these five types of durable consumer goods. The weight of consumed raw materials can be determined by multiplying the annual output by the direct consumption coefficient. The difference between the steel consumption amount (total raw material amounts of the five types of durable consumer goods) and the total steel consumption of all durable consumer

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goods (obtained from the Several Suggestions Concerning Steel Market Forecasting and the Development Strategy of the Iron and Steel Industry of China Iron and Steel Society) is relatively large. According to our estimate, there are two reasons for this:

Firstly, some durable consumer goods with relatively heavy weights and high sales volumes such as air conditioners have not been included in PIOT. Secondly, the unit weights of certain durable consumer goods are becoming higher.

Predicted Value of Total Consumption of Durable Consumer Goods = (Steel Consumption of Durable Consumer Goods 2000-2002/ Steel Consumption of the 5 Types of Durable Consumer Goods)* Total Raw Material Consumption of the 5 Types of Durable Consumer Goods

(Equation 1-16)

The outputs of light leather and fur from 2000 to 2003 are found in the China Industrial Economy Statistics Yearbook. Since the China Statistical Yearbook does not contain the imported amount of leather, we ignore it. The amount of exported leather is then obtained from the China Statistical Yearbook. The increased stock is the difference of the exported amount subtracted from the output.

The outputs of chemical fiber, gauze, cloth and silk are obtained from the China Statistical Yearbook, the unit conversion of cloth (from 100 million meters to a ton) is obtained from the China Customs Statistics Yearbook, and the import and export volumes are found from the China Statistical Yearbook. The increased stock is the export volume subtracted from the output plus the import volume. Since leather and textile basically belong to clothes and shoe manufacturing industries, the increase in the above stocks is included in the column “durable consumer goods.”

Most ceramics included in durable consumer goods are ceramics of everyday use. We find their outputs (unit: 10,000 pieces) and export volumes (unit: ton) in the China Statistical Yearbook. The unit conversion (from 10,000 pieces to a ton) of ceramics output is drawn from the suggestion of the Building Material Research Institute (that the average unit weight is 0.25kg).

d) Infrastructure

The weight of raw materials consumed for infrastructure in 1992 is obtained from PIOT in China 1992. The weight of steel consumed by infrastructures from 2000 to 2002 is obtained from the Several Suggestions Concerning Steel Market Forecasting and the Development Strategy of the Iron and Steel Industry of China Iron and Steel Association. The other data are obtained through the following

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formula:

Consumption of Type k Raw Material in t = Direct Consumption Coefficient of Type k Raw Material in 1992/Steel Consumption in 1992 * Steel Consumption for infrastructures in t

(Equation 1-17)

The consumption of hygiene ceramics in 2003 comes from the internet. The consumption of hygiene ceramics in other years is estimated through the following formula:

Consumption of Hygiene Ceramics in t = Consumption of Hygiene Ceramics in 2003/Steel Consumption for Infrastructures in 2003 * Steel Consumption for Infrastructures in t

(Equation 1-18)

The unit conversion (from 10,000 pieces to a ton) of hygiene ceramics drawns on the approach of the Building Material Research Institute and estimates the average unit weight at 15kg/piece. The consumption of ceramic bricks in 2003 is from the internet, and the consumption of ceramics bricks in other years is estimated according to the following formula:

Consumption of Ceramic Bricks in t = Consumption of Ceramics Bricks in 2003/ Steel Consumption for Infrastructures in 2003 * Steel Consumption for Infrastructures in t

(Equation 1-19)

The unit conversion (from 100 million m2 to a ton) of ceramics bricks takes into account documents from the internet. We also estimate its bulk and density.

e) Amendments to PIOT methodology

The above methodology is mainly based on the PIOT of 1992. Taking into consideration technical advancement and material updates, the calculation is amended according to the consumption of the following bulk raw material consumption factors:

i) Copper

Copper Consumption Amount of an Industry in t = Total Copper Consumption Amount in t * Copper Consumption Percentage of the Industry.

As it is impossible to calculate the figures of vehicles and the building industry, and the proportions taken up by the two are relatively small, we

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choose not to make amendments.

ii) Aluminum

If the proportion of aluminum consumed between 2000 and 2004 is similar to that of aluminum in 2005 used in all industries:

Aluminum Consumption Amount of An Industry in t = Total Aluminum Consumption Amount in t * Aluminum Consumption Percentage of the Industry.

The data of aluminum in all four industries should be amended.

iii) Timber

The proportion of timber consumed in some of the industries has also changed greatly. According to the consumption proportions of timber in various industries in 1999 obtained from the internet, we make amendments to building industry and durable consumer goods based on the fact that timber consumption is significant for both, and data can be collected while assuming that the proportions from 2000 to 2004 are the same.

Timber Consumption Amount of An Industry in t = Total Timber Consumption Amount in t * Proportion of Timber Consumption Amount of the Industry to Total Timber Consumption Amount in All Industries.

The output and import volume of timber is found in the China Statistical Yearbook. The export volume is ignored.

2) Depreciation of stock

a) Calculation of depreciation rate

i) Vehicles

Mean value is taken for the depreciation rates of the four types of vehicles which consume more raw materials: motor vehicles, ships, passenger and freight trains.

Consumption = Output + Import - Export

Depreciation Rate of Motor Vehicles in t = (Motor Vehicle Stock in t + Motor Vehicle Consumption in t - Motor Vehicle Stock in (t + 1))/Motor Vehicle Stock in t

(Equation 1-20)

After the depreciation rate of each year has been worked out, we choose the

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mean value of the depreciation rate of different years which then serve as the depreciation rate of motor vehicles. The data are taken from the China Industrial Economy Statistical Yearbook and China Mechanical Industry Yearbook.

ii) Mechanical equipments

The estimation of 25 years of average service life of power generating sets serves as the depreciation rate of mechanical equipments and we adopt the estimation method in which the depreciation rate is equal to the reciprocal of the average service life. The newly installed capacity is obtained by subtracting the total installed capacity in the first year from that in the second year. The amount of stock/increment is obtained by dividing the total installed capacity by the new installed capacity.

In order to calculate the depreciation value of the mechanical equipment industry, we first obtain the raw material stock in 2000 by multiplying the new raw material stock in 2000 with the ratio of the stock in 2000 to the increment in 2000. The raw material stocks from 2001 to 2004 are calculated according to the following formula:

Stock of Type k Raw Material in t = Stock of Type k Raw Material in (t -1) * Total Installed Capacity in t/Total Installed Capacity in (t-1)

(Equation 1-21)

Then, we get the depreciation amount for each year by multiplying the raw material stock of the same year with the depreciation rate of mechanical equipment. The data are obtained from China Electric Power Yearbook.

iii) Durable consumer goods

We assume the depreciation rate of refrigerators is the same as the depreciation rate of durable consumer goods.

iv) Infrastructure

The depreciation rate of infrastructure is obtained from the weighted average of road depreciation rates and house depreciation rates.

b) Estimation of the stocks in various industries

i) Vehicles

The stocks of the various raw materials of vehicles:

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Stock of Type k Raw Material in t = Amount of Motor Vehicle in Stock/Motor Vehicle Consumption in t * Weight of Type k Raw Material Among New Motor Vehicle Stock in t * New Stock of Type k Raw Materials in Vehicles in t/Weight of Type k Raw Materials in New Motor Vehicle Stock in t

(Equation 1-22)

ii) Mechanical equipments

We reach the ratio of the stock to the increment according to the possession and consumption of tractors each year. Then, we get the incremental ratio of the average stock by obtaining the mean value of the stock increments of each year.

The stock of various raw materials in the mechanical equipment industry:

Stock of Type k Raw Material in t = Increment of Type k Raw Material in Mechanical Equipment Industry in t * Incremental Ratio of Average Stock

(Equation 1-23)

iii) Durable consumer goods

We determine the incremental ratios of refrigerator, washing machine and color TV stocks each year. Then, we get the incremental ratio of the average stock by obtaining the mean value.

Stock of Type k Raw Material in Durable Consumer Goods Industry in t = Increment of Type k Raw Material in Durable Consumer Goods Industry in t * Incremental Ratio of Average Stock in t

(Equation 1-24)

iv) Infrastructure

We obtain the incremental ratio of each year’s stock by dividing the area of new houses in the year from the total house area at the end of the year.

Stock of Type k Raw Material in Infrastructure in t = Increment of Type k Raw Material in Infrastructure in t * Incremental Ratio of Average Stock in t

(Equation 1-25)

After the depreciation rate and the stock has been worked out according to the above method, the depreciation amount is the product of the two:

Depreciation Amount of Type k Raw Material in Industry n in t = Stock of Type k

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Raw Material in Industry n in t * Depreciation Rate of Industry n(Equation 1-26)

3.6 Results of MFA on China in 2003According to the selection, processing and calculation of the above data, we get the ultimate results and the chart of MFA on China in 2003.

3.6.1 Results of MFA on China in 2003

1. DMI

Table 13 - DMI in China in 2003

MFA Indexes Detailed Rules Amount (Mt) Total (Mt)Percentage

Among DMI

DMI Total 13439.43 13439.43 100.00%

Non-renewable resources

Primary energies 1861.60

9747.70 72.53%Metal minerals 353.10

Industrial non-metal minerals 130.10

Building materials 7402.90

Renewable resources

Farm produce 1818.40

2311.94 17.20%Forest products 176.30

Aquatic products 16.80

Grassland fodders 300.44

Recycled physical quantity

Waste steel (domestic) 38.57

834.71 6.21%

Waste copper 0.43

Waste aluminum 0.42

Waste paper 14.70

Comprehensive utilization amount of industrial solid wastes

560.40

Recycle and utilization

amount of waste gases220.19

Physical imported quantity

Primary energies 142.77 545.11 4.06%

Industrial metal ores 158.37

Industrial non-metal ores 6.14

Building materials 6.31

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Among DMI

Renewable energies 80.39

Intermediate and ultimate products 151.13

The DMI in China in 2003 is 13439Mt. Broken down, the domestic extraction amount is 12060Mt, accounting for about 90 per cent of the total DMI amount; the recycled amount is 835Mt, accounting about 6 per cent of the total amount; and the physical imported amount is 545Mt, which accounts for about 4 per cent of the total amount.

2. DPO

Table 14 - DPO in China in 2003


Among DPO

DPO 3371.25 100%

Wastes emitted into the atmosphere

Carbon emitted into the atmosphere

1086.43

1114.06 33.05%Sulfur emitted into the atmosphere

8.96

Dusts and soot emitted into the atmosphere

18.67

Wastes discharged into the water 5.00 5.00 0.15%

Wastes discharged into the soil

Industrial solid waste 443.88592.45 17.57%

Urban solid waste 148.57

Dispersed wastes

Fibers changed to manure, lost fibers collected and waste fibers

191.541659.74 49.23%

Excrement of rural inhabitants and manure of livestock

446.85

Rural domestic solid waste 945.27

Application amount of agricultural fertilizer

44.12

Seeds applied to the field 23.05

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Among DPO

Pesticide, synthetic detergent, paint, architectural coating, pigment

8.91

The DMI in China in 2003 is 3371Mt. Among this figure, emissions into the air is 1114Mt which accounts for about 33.05 per cent of the total amount of DPO. The amount of wastes discharged into the soil is 592Mt or about 17.57 per cent of the total amount. The emissions into the water is 500Mt or some 0.15 per cent of the total. Finally, the value of dissipative uses of products and dissipative losses is 1660Mt, accounting for about 49.23 per cent of the DPO.

3.6.2 Material flow chart in China in 2003

According to the accounting results shown in the MFA indicators in China in 2003, we have drawn the following material flow chart in China in 2000.

Diagram 3.1 - Material flow chart in China in 2000

The chart clearly shows the major indicators, which reveals the relationship between

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social and economic development and resources and the environment such as the overall resource input, the material amount discharged into the environment, the social cumulation amount and the amount of materials upon ultimate disposal. These are also the indicators we nned to focus on in order to develop a circular economy.

4 Results of MFA in China from 2000 to 2004

We have conducted accounting on the material flows in China 2000-2004 by adopting the analysis methods mentioned above.

4.1 DMIThe following table shows the constitution and changes in the DMI amount in China from 2000 to 2004. As for the amount, the average DMI amount in China has been on the increase in recent years, and the DMI amount per capita in China in 2004 reached 10.72t. Judging from the constitution, most of the DMI in China comes from domestically exploited resources which account for about 96 per cent of the total amount.

Table 15 – Composition and changes of DMI in China 2000-2004

Unit: Mt 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

DMI 9797.36 10434.93 11244.13 12604.72 13940.27

Domestic extraction

Amount 9469.15 10060.13 10809.10 12059.62 13256.14

Percentage in DMI

96.65% 96.41% 96.13% 95.68% 95.09%

Physical imported quantity

Amount 328.22 374.79 435.03 545.10 684.12

Percentage in DMI

3.35% 3.59% 3.87% 4.32% 4.91%

DMI per capita 7.73 8.18 8.75 9.75 10.72

Increase in DMI over the previous year

6.51% 7.75% 12.10% 10.60%

4.2 DPOThe following table shows the constitution and changes in DPO in China 2000 to 2004. The annual DPO in China has exceeded 3000Mt.

Table 16 – Composition and changes in DPO in China 2000-2004

Unit: Mt 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

DPO 3026.11 3069.55 3219.47 3371.25 3501.87

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Unit: Mt 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Wastes emitted into the atmosphere

Amount 776.49 839.58 961.41 1114.06 1136.30

Percentage in DPO 25.66% 27.35% 29.86% 33.05% 32.45%

Wastes discharged into the soil

Amount 559.76 549.31 580.98 592.45 677.34


Wastes discharged into the water

Amount 5.42 5.27 5.13 5.00 5.02


Dispersed wastes

Amount 1684.44 1675.39 1671.95 1659.74 1683.22


Increase in DPO over the previous year 1.44% 4.88% 4.71% 3.87%

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5 References

[1] China Statistical Yearbook, 2000-2005, China Statistical Press. [2] China Environment Yearbook, 2000-2004, China Environment Yearbook

Press.[3] China Agriculture Yearbook, 2000-2004.[4] China Customs Yearbook, 2002-2004, China Customs Yearbook Press.[5] China Iron and Steel Industry Yearbook, 2000-2004, Editorial Department

of China Iron and Steel Industry Yearbook.[6] China Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Yearbook, 2000-2004. Editorial

Committee of China Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Yearbook.[7] China Industrial Economy Statistics Yearbook.[8] China Mechanical Industry Yearbook.[9] China Building Material Industry Yearbook, 1997-2002. China Building

Material Industry Press.[10] China Papermaking Industry Yearbook, 2000-2004. China Light Industry

Press.[11] Several Suggestions Concerning Steel Market Forecasting and the Development

Strategy of the Iron and Steel Industry, China Iron and Steel Association.[12][13] Zhou Dadi et al., China Sustainable Energy Prospect for 2020, China

Environmental Sciences Press.[14] 2003 China Environmental Statistics Yearbook, the State Administration

of Environmental Protection.[15] Zhou Hongchun, Liu Yanhua et al, Circular Economy, China Development

Press.[16] Wen Hongjun, Advantages Enjoyed by Nuclear Power: A Comparison

over the External Costs of Nuclear Energy and Those of Coal Power, China Nuclear Press, 4 th edition in 2005, the 60 th edition in all.

[17] Wei Xuehao and Zhou Hao, Evaluation of Environmental Value Standard for Reduction of Waste Discharging of the Thermal Power Generation Industry in China, Environmental Science Research, 1 st Edition 2003.

[18] Zhu Dajian, From Sustainable Development to Circular Economy. World Environment 3rd Edition, 2000: PG 6-12.

[19] Liu Bin, Wang Suliang and Wu Zongxin. Study on Establishing an Index System of Circular Economy in China Based on Material Flow Accounting. 2005, 81(9): PG 907-915.

[20] Department of Industry and Transport Statistics of National Bureau of Statistics of China and Energy Bureau of the National Development and

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Reform Commission. China Energy Statistics Yearbook 2004. China Statistical Press, 2005.

[21] Fischer-Kowalski, M., H. Haberl and H. Payer. 1997. Austria: Indicators for Society's Metabolism and for the Intensity of Colonizing Nature. In: SCOPE.: Sustainability Indicators: A Report on the Project on Indicators of Sustainable Development. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 358-366.

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