2. TOs Reducing energy use Transient...
Transcript of 2. TOs Reducing energy use Transient...
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Transient effects
Transient or dynamic losses due to behaviour of the machine at non‐design conditions –Changes in ambient conditions –Changes in heat load –Compressor starting –Pressure equalisation
Often ‘hidden’ potential for improvement
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Transient effects – improvement examples
Variable‐speed compressors +++ Variable‐capacity compressors +++
Adaptive/optimised electronic control +++ Expansion valve instead of capillary tube +++
Floating head pressure control ++ Flow regulation valves (for multi‐evaporator systems) + Phase‐change materials within cold box, condenser ++
Off‐cycle migration valve (prevent pressure equalisation) + Two, multi‐compressors ++
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Cooling demand
Not directly related to efficiency, but can reduce energy use –Quality of insulation –Amount of infiltration –Solar gain –Electrical loads –Product temperature –Use patterns
A greater cooling demand (heat load) increases energy consumption
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Cooling demand – improvement examples
Increase cabinet insulation ++ Better quality insulation (vacuum insulation panels, gas
panels, alternative foams) ++
Increase door insulation + Decrease door leakage (better gaskets) +
Use of night blinds ++ Glass door/lid +++
Adaptive defrosting ++ Off‐cycle defrosting ++
Hot gas/reverse cycle defrost +
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Cooling demand – improvement examples
Low power lighting (LEDs, etc), choice of ballasts for fluorescents ++
External lighting ++ Adaptive lighting +
Reduce IR gain (reflective glass, etc) ++ Improve anti‐sweat trim heaters / dew point control +
Reduce internal volume +
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
2. TOs – Reducing energy use – Integration of measures
Benefit of above measures rarely additive –Typically for each additional measure, effectiveness lessens
Eventually, adding more and more features simply adds cost –Must determine most cost‐effective set of options
Important to first analyse current design to determine most effective measures
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
2. TOs – Reducing energy use – implementation
Means of imposing reduction in energy Options
–Energy labelling
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
2. TOs – Reducing energy use – implementation
Means of imposing reduction in energy Options
–Minimum efficiency rules –Test standards
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs Currently, the selected AOs are not the BAU options
–Various reasons for this
Generally explicit cost implications plus various other types of barriers –Availability, supply, knowledge of technology, high investment, lack of skills, etc, etc
Money is primary denominator for adopting TOs –Additional cost required for investment –Estimating cost‐effectiveness, i.e., € per tCO2‐eq
Therefore, necessary to convert “barriers” into equivalent costs
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs
Necessary to identify various barriers to introducing the TOs Typically, most barriers can be overcome, provided sufficient funding is applied – If barriers are analysed, the subsequent cost for overcoming the barrier can be approximated (for specific TOs)
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs Barrier Reason Interventions Cost implications Cost group
No refrigerant availability
No demand
Local supplier makes refrigerant available
Purchase of refrigerant Set up import/distribution Conformity to relevant rules Different material costs
Refrigerant price
Refrigerant has high price
Small demand
Additional resources to make products available
Market introduction cost Market introduction cost
No suitable compressor available
No demand
Compressor manufacturer makes compressor available
R&D of new compressors Conversation of existing compressor production line Awareness raising of new compressor Different material costs
Compressor price
Suitable compressor high price
Small demand
Additional resources to make available
Market introduction cost Market introduction cost
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs Barrier Reason Interventions Cost implications Cost group
Suitable system components not available
NBo demand Additional resources to make products available
Market introduction cost
Market introduction cost
Suitable ancillary components too high price
Small demand
Additional resources to make products available
Market introduction cost
Market introduction cost
Additional components increases cost
Not needed for conventional system
[none – it just costs more…]
Purchase of additional components Different material costs
Additional parts costs
Additional ancillary/safety components increase cost
Not needed for conventional system
[none – it just costs more…]
Purchase of additional components/material costs Development of safety mechanisms
Additional parts costs
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs Barrier Reason Interventions Cost implications Cost group
Technicians need additional tools/ equipment
To handle different characteristics of AOs
Provide with necessary tools/ equipment
Purchase of additional tools/ equipment
Technician tools
Technicians not competent/ disciplined
No need to work on AO
Enable technicians to become competent
Provide dedicated training Technician assessment Technician certification and registration scheme Disseminate technical information
Technician training Licensing/ registration Awareness raising
Design engineers lack knowledge
No need to work on AO
Educate engineers
Provide dedicated training Disseminate technical information
R&D costs Awareness raising
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs Barrier Reason Interventions Cost implications Cost group
Charge size limits restrictive
Conservative standards
New standards Develop low charge systems
Develop new/revised rules Carry out R&D
Legislation R&D costs
Installation rules are restrictive
Conservative standards
New standard Develop new safety systems
Develop new/revised rules Carry out R&D
Legislation R&D costs
Consumers not interested in technology option
Consumers ignorant of issues
Make consumers aware
Introduce marketing schemes
Awareness raising
Retails not interested in technology option
Retailers ignorant of issues
Make retailers aware
Introduce marketing schemes
Awareness raising
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs Barrier Reason Interventions Cost implications Cost group
High production costs
New, more expensive production line equipment
Provide new production line equipment
Purchase of equipment Internal training Infrastructure changes, disruption
Production line equipment
High production operation costs
More expensive production line operation
[none – it just is…]
Longer process times Additional processes
Production line process
Longer installation time
Longer time, more complex
[none – it just takes more time…]
Different type of piping, components, etc Different processes Different working procedures
Installation time
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs Barrier Reason Interventions Cost implications Cost group
High installation material costs
Different piping, more complex
[none – it just costs more…]
Different type of piping, components Additional parts, materials
Installation materials
Higher service and maintenance costs
Longer working procedures Higher cost of materials
[none – it just costs more…]
High cost components Higher cost refrigerant
Current rules/ regs have general prohibition
No previous concern
Modify existing rules/regs
Assessment of existing regulations
Legislation
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs From analysing barriers, several common cost groups identified –Refrigerant price –Compressor price –Product parts –Technician tools –Technician training –Technician licensing/registration –Legislation changes
Different TOs used for different subsectors may incur incremental changes in these cost groups
–Awareness raising –R&D costs –Production line equipment –Production line process – Installation time – Installation materials
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs Certain other costs are considered “Market introduction” costs
–Account for placing a product on the market; admin, etc
Energy‐related costs –Energy use for lifetime of equipment –Based on typical capacity, efficiency and running hours
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs For energy costs, two variations are considered: equal efficiency and improved efficiency Equal efficiency
–The design of any TO is adjusted up or down in order to achieve the same annual average efficiency as the original baseline technology
–Therefore incremental cost most also account for efficiency matching of TOs, e.g., difference in cost for larger or smaller heat exchangers
Improved efficiency – Improvements are added incrementally up to 2030 in order to achieve high efficiency; these incur high costs
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs Necessary to formulate cost framework Costs may be per enterprise or lumped as industry‐wide costs; therefore two different categories –“Direct product costs” are those which are embedded into the product which the consumer pays for when taking receipt of the system
–“Societal costs” are those which are obliged to other enterprises and organisations to enable the adoption of a particular alternative
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
3. Barriers and costs
Depending upon selection of TO, differences in system costs comprise three types: –Where an existing system is (more or less) retained but the refrigerant is changed, so costs are limited to (small) changes in the design of that system
–Where an existing system is exchanged for a different type of system (but of the same capacity), so costs are strongly dependent upon the main characteristics of the systems
–Where a number of smaller systems (or a single large system) is changed to a single large (or many smaller) system
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
4. Maximum penetration of TOs Maximum market potential of a TO to replace new system relying upon HFCs in a particular sector –Essential to identify the maximum potential that a specific TO has in each subsector
Penetration a function of constraints to market introduction –Safety –Efficiency –Cost –Availability of materials and components –System complexity and design know‐how
Any given TO is rarely universal to a subsector
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
4. Maximum penetration of TOs
Determination of penetration rates For each of the constraints, proportion (of refrigerant mass) displaced to be estimated –Considered over a reasonable time scale (10 years) –Must also consider technological developments, legislative changes and market developments over this period
No formalised method for precisely determining penetration –Based on market data for products and “best feel”
Values typically between 20% and 100%
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
4. Maximum penetration of TOs
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
Brazil: Introduction of a comprehensive refrigerator recycling programme The purpose of this pilot project is to assist the Brazilian Ministry of the
Environment with the development of a comprehensive recycling system for old household refrigerators and freezers. It includes installation of a state‐of‐the‐art refrigerator recycling plant to recover CFCs from the cooling systems and the foam insulation. The project will also assist with the development of a professional take‐back system of refrigerators and integrate the informal sector into this new waste management system.
It is estimated that the recycling of annually 350,000 refrigerators will capture up to 40 tonnes of CFC‐12 from the refrigeration system and 98 tonnes of CFC‐11 from the insulation foam. This will result in the reduction of an equivalent of 890,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions.
06.08.2012
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
China: Pilot production of climate‐friendly room air conditioners This pilot project introduces the production of room air‐conditioning systems using climate‐friendly hydrocarbon refrigerants at the Chinese manufacturer Gree Electric Appliances Inc. The company Gree is the biggest manufacturer of air conditioners worldwide with 70 million units manufactured in 2007/2008. The conversion to hydrocarbons will reduce emissions from currently used ozone‐ and climate‐damaging HCFCs.
06.08.2012
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
China: Converting XPS foam production from F‐gases to climate‐friendly CO2 technology The purpose of this pilot project is to install a new production line for XPS foam at the site of
the company Beijing Beipeng New Building Materials Co. Ltd near Beijing to demonstrate the use of environmentally friendly CO2 as blowing agent instead of the currently used fluorinated gases. This insulation foam is based on European standards and adapted to Chinese conditions and regulations.
The project will avoid 1.6 million tonnes CO2e direct emissions through the permanent replacement of the blowing agents HCFC‐142b and HCFC‐22, based on an annual production of 4,320 tonnes XPS insulation foam.
06.08.2012
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
Mauritius: Converting large air‐conditioning systems in public buildings The project will demonstrate the operation of ammonia chillers in the tropical
country Mauritius. It will replace old, inefficient central air-conditioning systems in public buildings, which are currently operating with CFCs, with more energy-efficient ones, operating with the both ozone- and climate-friendly natural refrigerant ammonia.
06.08.2012
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
South Africa: Conversion of supermarket systems from F‐gases to natural refrigerants The project will support Pick 'n Pay, one of the largest supermarket chains in Southern Africa,
to convert their refrigeration and air‐conditioning systems in two supermarket stores to a cascade system with energy‐efficient ammonia and CO2 technology. Furthermore, service technicians will be trained in the professional maintenance and servicing of the new equipment to ensure optimal performance and safe handling of the equipment and to maximise energy efficiency.
Direct emissions of 2,000 tonnes CO2e per year are sustainably and permanently eliminated through replacement of HCFC‐22 with natural refrigerants.
06.08.2012
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
Southern Africa: Solar powered refrigerators in Southern Africa ‐ SolarChill Project The aim of the project is to complete the technical development of the existing SolarChill
prototypes to make the SolarChill concept (amongst others developed by Greenpeace and GTZ Proklima) suitable for use in temperatures over 45°C. The project includes also support for the set‐up of a production line at the local manufacturer Palfridge (Swaziland) to provide initial manufacturing capacity and to study the economics of the production and marketing of this technology.
Every operational SolarChill unit avoids direct refrigerant emissions of approx. 0.2 tonnes CO2e per unit during lifetime usage. A further reduction of annually 0.5 tonnes per appliance of indirect CO2 emissions from the avoided use of fossil fuels for electricity generation can be achieved.
06.08.2012
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
Swaziland: Introducing hydrocarbon technology in refrigeration The project converts the entire production for domestic and commercial refrigeration
equipment at the local manufacturer Palfridge from climate‐damaging fluorinated refrigerants (HFC‐134a and HFC‐404a) to hydrocarbon technology. Furthermore, intensive training and education material for safe handling of the hydrocarbons will be made available within the project.
The replacement of the fluorinated refrigerants (former consumption 20 tonnes HFC annually) will lead to a prevention of direct emissions of 29,000 tonnes CO2e.
06.08.2012
Baseline and Mitigation Strategy for Thai RAC
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